第十章 替换与重复
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第十章替换与重复(Substitutive vs.Reiterative)一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。
许多英语作文教师甚至告诫学生“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.”当然这种说法未免过分,但其目的是提醒学生不要忘了可以用替换的办法来避免不必要的重复。
Fowler兄弟在“The King‟s En g lish”一书中也指出:Even when the repetition is a part of the writer‟s original plan,consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass:it is implied in the terms …rhetorical‟or significant repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out;the repetition,that is to say,is more or less abnormal,and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance,and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.例如以下的各种重复在英语里都是不正常的,试比较:1)音节重复原句:Commercials seldom make for entertain ing and relax ing listen ing.改写:Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.原句:Close examination of the results of the investi gation led to a reorgan ization of the department.改写:Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.2)词语重复原句:We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.改写:We li stened to an account of the villager‟s customs.原句:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will scourge in France.改写:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as grave ad the absinthe scourge in France.原句:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.改写:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.3)句式重复原句:Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election.All are against corruption,and so they should vote the Reform ticket.This is not a foolish thing,for the voters can elect anyone they want.But the people must turn out heavily,for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.改写:Everybody should turn out to vote in this election,for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office.If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers,they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4)意义重复原句:He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.改写:He asked the divisions to cooperate on the projeet.原句:The bachelor‟s degree is a necessary requisite for matric ulation.改写:a)The bachelor‟s degree is necessary (or: a requisite) for matriculation.b)The bachelor‟s degree is required for matriculation./Matriculation require$the bachelor…s degree.原句:May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?改写:a)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to aeronautics?b)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to eronautics?意义重复又如以下词组:advance planning still remainsexactly identical entirely completeforeign imports assembled togetherrepeat again audible to the earthroughout the entire summer dash quickly英语文体学家批评这类重复是粗心的(careless)、笨拙的(clumsy),因而也是令人厌烦的(boring)。
10.替换与重复一般来说,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是避免重复,而汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。
重叠构词不仅使得词语音节匀称,形式整齐,而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。
一、替代1.替代的形式(1)名词性替代:用代词或某些名词来取代名词(短语):Eg:A:英语中,我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。
Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation.B:汉语中:Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。
(2)动词性替代:用动词的替代词来取代动词。
Eg:A:英语中:代动词:do.复合代动词:so do.do it.do that.B:汉语中:You don't want to lag behind .Neither does he.你不愿意落后,他也不愿意落后(3)分句性替代:用替代词来取代分句或分句的一部分。
Eg:A:英语中:用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语或that从句。
B:汉语中:一个人的工作,究竟是三分成绩七分错误还是七分成绩三分错误,必须有个根本的估价。
We must have a fundamental education of a person's work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent ,or vice ve rsa .总得来说,英语名词代称,以避免重复,汉语名词代称,名词实称,因而重复,汉语代词的使用也远不如英语。
英语的代词在时常常采用复说、还原或省略的方法加以处理。
英汉语篇衔接手段中替换与重复的对比分析作者:丁小芝来源:《学习导刊》2014年第01期摘要:语篇衔接作为语篇重要的组成部分,逐渐应用到翻译的研究。
连淑能教授在《英汉对比研究》中,对中英衔接手段中的替换和重复进行了详尽的对比。
本文基于前人关于衔接理论的研究上,尝试着以连淑能教授关于语篇衔接中的替代和重复两方面的研究为出发点,对沈从文先生的散文《鸭巢围的夜》以及其英译文中英汉衔接手段的使用进行定性分析,以了解英汉语篇在衔接手段—替换和重复上的使用情况,并探讨了差异产生的原因,以及如何根据英汉语篇衔接手段的差异,处理翻译中语篇衔接的问题。
关键字:衔接理论;替换;重复;《鸭巢围的夜》;翻译一引言语篇衔接理论的建立,以韩礼德和哈桑1976年的著作《英语中的衔接》为标志,对语篇的研究产生了深远的影响。
作为语篇的重要组成部分,胡壮麟(1995)、朱永生(2001)、张德禄(2001)等学者都对衔接理论进行了补充研究。
而目前,仅有少数学者将英汉语篇衔接理论应用于翻译语篇分析,如左岩(1995),对比分析了《背影》及其英译文的部分语篇衔接手段;彭明强(2008),主要从形合与意合角度,谈英汉语篇衔接手段差异及翻译策略;宋燕(2012)以《想北平》汉英两个版本为例,对英汉语篇衔接手段的对比,进行实证研究。
他们的尝试证明了将语篇衔接理论分析引入翻译研究的可能性,也给英汉语篇对比研究提供了一个新的角度。
《鸭巢围的夜》是沈从文《湘西散记》中的名篇,体现了沈先生散文创作的特点及最高成就。
该散文基于沈先生1934年回家探亲旅途中的所见所感,不仅描写了鸭巢围冬天漫长寒冷、美丽迷人的夜,更是通过对水手和吊脚楼妇女等人物细腻深入描写,集中表达了沈先生对湘西世界的思考和感情。
“汉语文学英译巨匠”杨宪益和戴乃迭(Gladys Yang),较为成功地翻译了该散文。
译文文字优美、地道,较好地再现了原文的风貌。
本文试图对《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文提供一个新的研究角度,拟从Halliday衔接理论出发,着重采用连淑能教授对英汉语篇衔接手段中的替换与重复分类标准,对《鸭巢围的夜》原文及其英译文中,出现的替换与重复的运用,进行实证分析,从而验证英汉两种语言在语篇衔接—替换与重复方面的使用异同,并且尝试着从语篇衔接手段角度,再次解读欣赏《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文。
翻译实践过程中如何正确再现逻辑关系摘要:译文中是否能正确再现逻辑关系直接影响读者对原文的正确理解;因此,译者必须充分重视逻辑关系在翻译活动中的作用。
本文旨在帮助译者提高正确再现逻辑关系的能力。
关键词:逻辑关系;理解;翻译活动一、逻辑关系的理解逻辑关系是翻译过程中的一个重要问题。
这里说的逻辑关系,是个大概念,不仅指时空关系、因果关系、假设、让步、转折等,而且还指原文作者的立场、观点、感情的合理流露和表达。
换句话说,翻译既然是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维、内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,译文就不仅要再现原文的各种信息本身,而且必须把原文中信息间的逻辑关系再现出来。
不理顺原文中诸事物间的逻辑关系,译文就读不懂,如果把关系反映错了,读者就有可能被引向歧途。
例如:Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes to which we pay little attention.误译:我们很少注意的物质中那些奇异的变化都经常在我们眼前发生。
看到这句话,我们首先问到的问题是,paylittleattention(很少注意的)的宾语是什么?应该是“matter”(物质),还是“wonderfulchanges”(奇妙的变化)?事实上,在英语中这一点已经被指向得很清楚,不会引起歧义;可译文读起来却让人觉得意义模糊不清不明,所以,原因就在于这句话在语法上看似可以用二种办法进行翻译,但进行逻辑分析后,我们会发现“which”在这里应该指代“changes”(变化)。
所以,我们的正确翻译应该是:物质中那些奇异的变化常常就发生在我们眼前,尽管我们很少注意到这一点。
由此可见,译者要通过文本对照批评,把握逻辑的尺度,避免谬误与疏忽。
二、正确理解和再现逻辑关系的途径与方法(一)首先要初步了解英汉语言结构的主要差异1.综合性语与分析性语。
英语属综合性语言,其标志为词的曲折变化形式。
英汉对比之重复作者:王依沁来源:《山东青年》2016年第02期摘要:重复作为一种常见的语言现象在英语和汉语中都存在,然而其出现频率和表现形式有很大差异。
本文主要在连淑能的《英汉对比研究》“替换与重复”一章的基础上,对英汉的重复对比进行更深一步的探讨。
关键词:对比研究;英语重复;汉语重复;头韵;双声;分类现代英语单词“repeat”的中世纪英语是“repete”,意思为“tosayagain”,今天“repetition”汉语翻译成“重复”或“反复”。
[1]TheCassellDictionaryofLiteraryandLanguage(C.Ruse&M.Hopton)对repetition的定义是:Theuseofthesameword,phrase,speechsoundetc.inapoem,speechetc.其意思就是说,在诗歌,话语中使用同样的词、短语、语音。
但本文所讲的重复并不只是指“repetition”这种修辞格,而是一种更广义的重复。
连淑能的《英汉对比研究》绪论第十章“替换与重复”中说道,英语总是倾向避免重复、采用替换的方法,而汉语倾向于重复同一个词,我觉得这样讲未免有点一概而论了。
下面我将从几个方面来阐述我的观点。
一、英语“头韵”与汉语“双声”书中第221讲到英语中需要尽量避免音节重复,但我认为并不是所有类似的音节重复都要去避免。
英语历史上使用最早的一种韵“头韵”,意思是“therepetitionofthesameletter”。
它指的是在一组词、一句话里,在彼此靠近的两个或两个以上的词中,其开头的音节具有相同的字母或声音。
[2]虽然“头韵”并不能算作严格意义上的音节重复,但我觉得它和音节重复有著异曲同工之妙。
现在“头韵”作为一种明显的语言特点,它依然地出现在很多习语和谚语、广告词、文章标题等。
1.习语、俗语中:1)Fortunefavorsthefool.它们言简意赅,形象地揭示了深刻的人生哲理,不失为西方文化精华的一部分。
第十章替换与重复(Substitutive vs.Reiterative)一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。
许多英语作文教师甚至告诫学生“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.”当然这种说法未免过分,但其目的是提醒学生不要忘了可以用替换的办法来避免不必要的重复。
Fowler兄弟在“The King‟s En g lish”一书中也指出:Even when the repetition is a part of the writer‟s original plan,consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass:it is implied in the terms …rhetorical‟or significant repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out;the repetition,that is to say,is more or less abnormal,and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance,and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.例如以下的各种重复在英语里都是不正常的,试比较:1)音节重复原句:Commercials seldom make for entertain ing and relax ing listen ing.改写:Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.原句:Close examination of the results of the investi gation led to a reorgan ization of the department.改写:Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.2)词语重复原句:We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.改写:We li stened to an account of the villager‟s customs.原句:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will scourge in France.改写:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as grave ad the absinthe scourge in France.原句:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.改写:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.3)句式重复原句:Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election.All are against corruption,and so they should vote the Reform ticket.This is not a foolish thing,for the voters can elect anyone they want.But the people must turn out heavily,for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.改写:Everybody should turn out to vote in this election,for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office.If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers,they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4)意义重复原句:He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.改写:He asked the divisions to cooperate on the projeet.原句:The bachelor‟s degree is a necessary requisite for matric ulation.改写:a)The bachelor‟s degree is necessary (or: a requisite) for matriculation.b)The bachelor‟s degree is required for matriculation./Matriculation require$the bachelor…s degree.原句:May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?改写:a)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to aeronautics?b)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to eronautics?意义重复又如以下词组:advance planning still remainsexactly identical entirely completeforeign imports assembled togetherrepeat again audible to the earthroughout the entire summer dash quickly英语文体学家批评这类重复是粗心的(careless)、笨拙的(clumsy),因而也是令人厌烦的(boring)。
在能明确表达意思的前提下,英语宜尽量采用替代、省略或变换等方法来避免无意图的(unintentional)重复。
这样不仅能使行文简洁、有力,而且比较符合英语民族的语言心理习惯。
一、替代(Substitution)用替代的形式(pro-forms)来代替句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容(shared words and content),这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。
R.Quirk等人指出:Like ellipsis, substitution is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition.In this second respect it is similar to the use of lexical equivalents that are not identical repetition.Across sentences,substitution seems to be optional,and for stylistic reasons.Within sentences, it is sometimes obligatory.Most of the substitutes or pro-forms within sentences are also used across sentences.这些替代的形式主要有:1.名词性替代(nominal substitution)。
用代词或某些名词来取代名词(词组),这类词如:第三人称代词、指示代词(this,that,these,those)、关系代词(who,whom,whose,that,which)、连接代词(who,whom,whose,what,which)、不定代词(all,each,every,both,either,neither,one/ones,none,little,few,several,many,mueh,other,another,some,any,no)以及名词enough,half,the same,the kind,the sort,the former,the latter等。
英语常用这类替代词来避免重复,汉语则较常重复其所代替的名词(词组),如:1)Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.英译汉不如英译法容易。
2)A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。