汉英语言对比_第十讲_替换与重复
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第十章替换与重复(Substitutive vs.Reiterative)一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。
许多英语作文教师甚至告诫学生“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.”当然这种说法未免过分,但其目的是提醒学生不要忘了可以用替换的办法来避免不必要的重复。
Fowler兄弟在“The King‟s En g lish”一书中也指出:Even when the repetition is a part of the writer‟s original plan,consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass:it is implied in the terms …rhetorical‟or significan t repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out;the repetition,that is to say,is more or less abnormal,and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance,and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.例如以下的各种重复在英语里都是不正常的,试比较:1)音节重复原句:Commercials seldom make for entertain ing and relax ing listen ing.改写:Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.原句:Close examination of the results of the investi gation led to a reorgan ization of the department.改写:Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.2)词语重复原句:We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.改写:We li stened to an account of the villager‟s customs.原句:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will scourge in France.改写:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as grave ad the absinthe scourge in France.原句:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.改写:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.3)句式重复原句:Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election.All are against corruption,and so they should vote the Reform ticket.This is not a foolish thing,for the voters can elect anyone they want.But the people must turn out heavily,for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.改写:Everybody should turn out to vote in this election,for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office.If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers,they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4)意义重复原句:He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.改写:He asked the divisions to cooperate on the projeet.原句:The bachelor‟s degree is a necessary requisite for matri culation.改写:a)The bachelor‟s degree is necessary (or: a requisite) for matriculation.b)The bachelor‟s degree is required for matriculation./Matriculation require$the bachelor…s degree.原句:May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?改写:a)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to aeronautics?b)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to eronautics?意义重复又如以下词组:advance planning still remainsexactly identical entirely completeforeign imports assembled togetherrepeat again audible to the earthroughout the entire summer dash quickly英语文体学家批评这类重复是粗心的(careless)、笨拙的(clumsy),因而也是令人厌烦的(boring)。
10.替换与重复一般来说,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是避免重复,而汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。
重叠构词不仅使得词语音节匀称,形式整齐,而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。
一、替代1.替代的形式(1)名词性替代:用代词或某些名词来取代名词(短语):Eg:A:英语中,我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。
Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation.B:汉语中:Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。
(2)动词性替代:用动词的替代词来取代动词。
Eg:A:英语中:代动词:do.复合代动词:so do.do it.do that.B:汉语中:You don't want to lag behind .Neither does he.你不愿意落后,他也不愿意落后(3)分句性替代:用替代词来取代分句或分句的一部分。
Eg:A:英语中:用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语或that从句。
B:汉语中:一个人的工作,究竟是三分成绩七分错误还是七分成绩三分错误,必须有个根本的估价。
We must have a fundamental education of a person's work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent ,or vice ve rsa .总得来说,英语名词代称,以避免重复,汉语名词代称,名词实称,因而重复,汉语代词的使用也远不如英语。
英语的代词在时常常采用复说、还原或省略的方法加以处理。
英汉语篇衔接手段中替换与重复的对比分析作者:丁小芝来源:《学习导刊》2014年第01期摘要:语篇衔接作为语篇重要的组成部分,逐渐应用到翻译的研究。
连淑能教授在《英汉对比研究》中,对中英衔接手段中的替换和重复进行了详尽的对比。
本文基于前人关于衔接理论的研究上,尝试着以连淑能教授关于语篇衔接中的替代和重复两方面的研究为出发点,对沈从文先生的散文《鸭巢围的夜》以及其英译文中英汉衔接手段的使用进行定性分析,以了解英汉语篇在衔接手段—替换和重复上的使用情况,并探讨了差异产生的原因,以及如何根据英汉语篇衔接手段的差异,处理翻译中语篇衔接的问题。
关键字:衔接理论;替换;重复;《鸭巢围的夜》;翻译一引言语篇衔接理论的建立,以韩礼德和哈桑1976年的著作《英语中的衔接》为标志,对语篇的研究产生了深远的影响。
作为语篇的重要组成部分,胡壮麟(1995)、朱永生(2001)、张德禄(2001)等学者都对衔接理论进行了补充研究。
而目前,仅有少数学者将英汉语篇衔接理论应用于翻译语篇分析,如左岩(1995),对比分析了《背影》及其英译文的部分语篇衔接手段;彭明强(2008),主要从形合与意合角度,谈英汉语篇衔接手段差异及翻译策略;宋燕(2012)以《想北平》汉英两个版本为例,对英汉语篇衔接手段的对比,进行实证研究。
他们的尝试证明了将语篇衔接理论分析引入翻译研究的可能性,也给英汉语篇对比研究提供了一个新的角度。
《鸭巢围的夜》是沈从文《湘西散记》中的名篇,体现了沈先生散文创作的特点及最高成就。
该散文基于沈先生1934年回家探亲旅途中的所见所感,不仅描写了鸭巢围冬天漫长寒冷、美丽迷人的夜,更是通过对水手和吊脚楼妇女等人物细腻深入描写,集中表达了沈先生对湘西世界的思考和感情。
“汉语文学英译巨匠”杨宪益和戴乃迭(Gladys Yang),较为成功地翻译了该散文。
译文文字优美、地道,较好地再现了原文的风貌。
本文试图对《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文提供一个新的研究角度,拟从Halliday衔接理论出发,着重采用连淑能教授对英汉语篇衔接手段中的替换与重复分类标准,对《鸭巢围的夜》原文及其英译文中,出现的替换与重复的运用,进行实证分析,从而验证英汉两种语言在语篇衔接—替换与重复方面的使用异同,并且尝试着从语篇衔接手段角度,再次解读欣赏《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文。
英汉语言比较系列之八综合语(synthetic)的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系,拉丁语、德语及古英语等都属于综合语。
分析语(analytic)的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系,汉语是典型的分析语。
现代英语是从古代英语发展出来的,仍然保留着综合语的某些特征,但是也具有分析语的特点:有形态变化,但不象典型的综合语那么复杂;词序笔汉语灵活,但相对固定;虚词很多,用得也相当频繁。
因此,现代英语属于综合-分析语(synthetic- analytic language)。
从语源(Etymology)观来说,英语属印欧语系(Indo-European Language),汉语则属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan language)。
八:替换与重复(Substitute vs. Reiterative)一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语、句式或意义往往感到厌烦。
在能明确表达意思的前提下,英语尽量采用替代、省略或变换等方法来避免无意图的重复。
汉语则比较习惯于重复,因而常用实称、还原和复说的表达方法。
汉语的重复倾向与其语音文字的特点有密切的关系,汉语讲究均衡美的特点往往促成用词造句的重复倾向。
英语的代词在汉译时常常采用还原、复说或省略的办法加以处理。
41)He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others. 他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。
42)You don’t want to lag behind.Neither does she.(替代)你不愿意落后,她也不愿意落后。
43)Reading ex ercises one’s eyes; speaking,one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind.(省略)(F. Bacon)阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维。
英汉语言差异之十替换与重复Substitutive vs. ReiterativeIntroductoryEnglish students are urged not to “use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity”. This is because repetition is considered by stylists to be careless, clumsy and boring .What kind of repetitions is to be avoided in English language?英语中要避免的4种重复1) syllabic 语音重复Eg. Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.Improved as: Commercials seldom entertain and relax listeners.2) Lexical 词汇重复We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.Improved as: We listened to an account of the villagers’ customs.3) Syntactical 句法重复Eg. Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.Improved as: Everybody should turn out to vote in this lection, for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office. If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough number, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4) Semantic语义重复Eg.He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.Improved as: He asked the division to cooperate on the project.Means employed in English language to avoid repetition英语避免重复的方式替代省略变换名词性替代分句性替代动词性替代用代词或部分名词代替名词用替代词代替谓语动词/组用替代词so/not代替that 从句省略并列结构中已出现词语承前省略谓语动词或其中部分概括词替换下属词同义(同指称)重复1 Substitution(替代):Definition[定义]: An approach by which pro-forms are used to replace the shared word or content in a sentence or neighboring lines.R. Quirk points out thatLike ellipsis, substitution is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. In this second respect it is similar to the use of lexical equivalents that are not identical repetition. Across sentences, substitution seems to be optional, and for stylistic reasons. Within sentences, it is sometimes obligatory. Most of the substitutes or Pro-forms within sentences are also used across sentences.[句子内的省略是强制性的,句子间的省略可以根据文体需要进行。
英汉语言比较:关于重复写在前面:“知己知彼,百战百胜”,同样,要做好翻译,了解英语和汉语各自的特点和不同,很必要。
虽然实战有趣,理论枯燥,但是,细细体会理解理论后,实战会更有趣,更能欣赏到语言的魅力。
所以推出我的边学便输出理论系列,参考的是庄绎传先生的书,后续可能会增添其他大家的理论学习。
慢慢来。
英汉重大差别之关于重复关于重复,英语和汉语有一个重大的差别:英语不喜欢重复,汉语不怕重复先看例子举一个简单的例子:人世间的事情,复杂起来真复杂;简单起来,也是真简单参考译文(庄绎传):Life can be so complex, and yet sosimple再来一个稍复杂的:这就是要倾听人民群众的意见,要联系人民群众,而不要脱离人民群众的道理。
人民群众对应的英文是the mass,但在英文翻译中,可不要出现三个the mass,英文表达中除了第一个外,其他一般用代词替代,比如them继续:夺取这个胜利,已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的气力了;巩固这个胜利,则是需要很久的时间和要花费很大的气力的事情。
译文:To win this victory will not require much more time and effort, but to consolidate it will.这个是庄先生的例子,他印象蛮深刻的一个,原话说:原文里重复出现的词语,译文没有重复,一个小小的will竟然替代了原文用二十多个字表达的意思。
我在这里看到了道地的英语。
汉译英:英语如何避免重复?汉译英时,英语怎么避免重复呢?可以分几种情况吧,名词重复用代词替代,多用代词,如前面例子中的人民群众,用代词them 替代。
这一类很常见。
动词重复不但名词可以用代词来替代,动词、形容词也有相应的词来替代。
如果Pfizer 疫苗不能产生消除性免疫力的话,就得去找另一种能产生这种免疫力的疫苗。
英文:If the Pfizer vaccine does not **provide sterilising immunity** there will be a need for **one** that **does**这里用了do (does)来替代了重复的动词部分provide sterilising immunity.用 one 替代了vaccine.还有我们上面例子中的will等表语重复形容词,副词也有重复的情况,英语常用so as来替代中国曾经是一个封建社会,其政治是封建的社会,其经济是封建的经济Chinese society was ever feudal, sowere its politics and its economy其他重复当然,要根据实际情况,如果重复的词在上下文中离得稍远,也不妨还是得用实称。