汉英语言对比_第十讲_替换与重复共16页
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10.替换与重复一般来说,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是避免重复,而汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。
重叠构词不仅使得词语音节匀称,形式整齐,而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。
一、替代1.替代的形式(1)名词性替代:用代词或某些名词来取代名词(短语):Eg:A:英语中,我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。
Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation.B:汉语中:Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。
(2)动词性替代:用动词的替代词来取代动词。
Eg:A:英语中:代动词:do.复合代动词:so do.do it.do that.B:汉语中:You don't want to lag behind .Neither does he.你不愿意落后,他也不愿意落后(3)分句性替代:用替代词来取代分句或分句的一部分。
Eg:A:英语中:用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语或that从句。
B:汉语中:一个人的工作,究竟是三分成绩七分错误还是七分成绩三分错误,必须有个根本的估价。
We must have a fundamental education of a person's work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent ,or vice ve rsa .总得来说,英语名词代称,以避免重复,汉语名词代称,名词实称,因而重复,汉语代词的使用也远不如英语。
英语的代词在时常常采用复说、还原或省略的方法加以处理。
《汉英语言对比》讲义Contrastive Studies of Chinese and English Languages王家年桂林电子科技大学国际学院2013年秋季学期《汉英语言对比》讲义Contrastive Studies of Chinese and English Languages王家年2013年秋季学期课程介绍(Introduction to the Course)•主讲教师(Chief Course Instructor)王家年(PhD, Professor)•教学目的(Objectives)学习者通过本门课程的学习,①了解和掌握汉英语言对比的基本理论和方法;②能从宏观和微观两方面系统地分析汉语和英语在语音、词汇、语法、篇章、语用、修辞和语言文化方面的异同;③能应用汉英对比的方法开展汉语国际教育(对外汉语教学)研究、翻译研究和汉语本体研究。
•教学方法(Teaching Methods)以主题教学法(Theme-based Approach/Thematic Approach)、探究式学习法(Inquiry Learning Method)为主,辅以以知识信息传递为目的、多媒体课件为手段的讲授法(Expository Method)。
•考核方式(Evaluation Modes)①平时成绩(30%)+期末考试成绩(70%);②期末考试在“课程论文”和“综合试卷”中任选一种。
•开课学期与学时(Semester & Periods)第七学期(the Seventh Semester),32学时(32 credit hours)。
•教材及参考书目(Textbook & References)教材:潘文国.《汉英语言对比概论》,北京:商务印书馆,2013.参考书目:许余龙.《对比语言学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.何善芬.《英汉语言对比研究》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.第一章导论(Prolegomena)•本章主题(Themes in this chapter):I. 比较语言学与对比语言学考辨II. 西方对比语言学的历史沿革III. 汉英语言对比:内容和方法IV. 汉英语言对比在外语教学中的学术地位(理论意义与实践意义)(注:通读教材、查阅文献,任选一个题目完成3000字以上的小论文,或能就你最熟悉的一个专题开展交流和讨论)•汉英语言对比的三层次(Levels in this course):汉英语言对比在我国是一个发展比较成熟的学科,它对不同的培养对象提出了不同的培养目标和要求,大体可以分为初中高三个层次,分别适应本科生阶段、研究生阶段和博士生阶段的学习。
英汉语篇衔接手段中替换与重复的对比分析作者:丁小芝来源:《学习导刊》2014年第01期摘要:语篇衔接作为语篇重要的组成部分,逐渐应用到翻译的研究。
连淑能教授在《英汉对比研究》中,对中英衔接手段中的替换和重复进行了详尽的对比。
本文基于前人关于衔接理论的研究上,尝试着以连淑能教授关于语篇衔接中的替代和重复两方面的研究为出发点,对沈从文先生的散文《鸭巢围的夜》以及其英译文中英汉衔接手段的使用进行定性分析,以了解英汉语篇在衔接手段—替换和重复上的使用情况,并探讨了差异产生的原因,以及如何根据英汉语篇衔接手段的差异,处理翻译中语篇衔接的问题。
关键字:衔接理论;替换;重复;《鸭巢围的夜》;翻译一引言语篇衔接理论的建立,以韩礼德和哈桑1976年的著作《英语中的衔接》为标志,对语篇的研究产生了深远的影响。
作为语篇的重要组成部分,胡壮麟(1995)、朱永生(2001)、张德禄(2001)等学者都对衔接理论进行了补充研究。
而目前,仅有少数学者将英汉语篇衔接理论应用于翻译语篇分析,如左岩(1995),对比分析了《背影》及其英译文的部分语篇衔接手段;彭明强(2008),主要从形合与意合角度,谈英汉语篇衔接手段差异及翻译策略;宋燕(2012)以《想北平》汉英两个版本为例,对英汉语篇衔接手段的对比,进行实证研究。
他们的尝试证明了将语篇衔接理论分析引入翻译研究的可能性,也给英汉语篇对比研究提供了一个新的角度。
《鸭巢围的夜》是沈从文《湘西散记》中的名篇,体现了沈先生散文创作的特点及最高成就。
该散文基于沈先生1934年回家探亲旅途中的所见所感,不仅描写了鸭巢围冬天漫长寒冷、美丽迷人的夜,更是通过对水手和吊脚楼妇女等人物细腻深入描写,集中表达了沈先生对湘西世界的思考和感情。
“汉语文学英译巨匠”杨宪益和戴乃迭(Gladys Yang),较为成功地翻译了该散文。
译文文字优美、地道,较好地再现了原文的风貌。
本文试图对《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文提供一个新的研究角度,拟从Halliday衔接理论出发,着重采用连淑能教授对英汉语篇衔接手段中的替换与重复分类标准,对《鸭巢围的夜》原文及其英译文中,出现的替换与重复的运用,进行实证分析,从而验证英汉两种语言在语篇衔接—替换与重复方面的使用异同,并且尝试着从语篇衔接手段角度,再次解读欣赏《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文。
英汉翻译教程--汉英语言对比第一部分汉英语言对比翻译教学和研究的经验表明:翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。
英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧,如选词(Diction)、转换(Conversion)、增补(Amplification)、省略(Omission)、重复(Repetition)、替代(Substitution)、变换(Variation)、倒置(Inversion)、拆离(Division)、缀合(Combination)、阐释(Annotation)、浓缩(Condensation)、重组(Reconstruction),以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法,都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。
机器翻译是让计算按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换,也离不开对比分析。
翻译之所以困难,归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。
因此,对比、分析和归纳这些差异,便是翻译学的重要任务。
不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译,也有助于语言交际。
通过对比分析,人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性,在进行交际时,能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法,以顺应这些差异,防止表达错误,避免运用失当,从而达到交际的目的。
(连淑能,《英汉对比研究》)纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。
在他看来,“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”,但同时,“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译,译文更容易走样”。
纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的,既是精神的,也是语言的。
他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中,经历了一系列的考验。
对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇,他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述:描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇,也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。
纪德首先看到的,是语言与文化层面的逻辑性,这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。
他说:“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性,而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。
英汉语言差异之十替换与重复Substitutive vs. ReiterativeIntroductoryEnglish students are urged not to “use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity”. This is because repetition is considered by stylists to be careless, clumsy and boring .What kind of repetitions is to be avoided in English language?英语中要避免的4种重复1) syllabic 语音重复Eg. Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.Improved as: Commercials seldom entertain and relax listeners.2) Lexical 词汇重复We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.Improved as: We listened to an account of the villagers’ customs.3) Syntactical 句法重复Eg. Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.Improved as: Everybody should turn out to vote in this lection, for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office. If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough number, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4) Semantic语义重复Eg.He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.Improved as: He asked the division to cooperate on the project.Means employed in English language to avoid repetition英语避免重复的方式替代省略变换名词性替代分句性替代动词性替代用代词或部分名词代替名词用替代词代替谓语动词/组用替代词so/not代替that 从句省略并列结构中已出现词语承前省略谓语动词或其中部分概括词替换下属词同义(同指称)重复1 Substitution(替代):Definition[定义]: An approach by which pro-forms are used to replace the shared word or content in a sentence or neighboring lines.R. Quirk points out thatLike ellipsis, substitution is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. In this second respect it is similar to the use of lexical equivalents that are not identical repetition. Across sentences, substitution seems to be optional, and for stylistic reasons. Within sentences, it is sometimes obligatory. Most of the substitutes or Pro-forms within sentences are also used across sentences.[句子内的省略是强制性的,句子间的省略可以根据文体需要进行。
第十章替换与重复(Substitutive vs.Reiterative)一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。
许多英语作文教师甚至告诫学生“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.”当然这种说法未免过分,但其目的是提醒学生不要忘了可以用替换的办法来避免不必要的重复。
Fowler兄弟在“The King‟s En g lish”一书中也指出:Even when the repetition is a part of the writer‟s original plan,consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass:it is implied in the terms …rhetorical‟or significan t repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out;the repetition,that is to say,is more or less abnormal,and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance,and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.例如以下的各种重复在英语里都是不正常的,试比较:1)音节重复原句:Commercials seldom make for entertain ing and relax ing listen ing.改写:Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.原句:Close examination of the results of the investi gation led to a reorgan ization of the department.改写:Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.2)词语重复原句:We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.改写:We li stened to an account of the villager‟s customs.原句:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will scourge in France.改写:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as grave ad the absinthe scourge in France.原句:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.改写:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.3)句式重复原句:Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election.All are against corruption,and so they should vote the Reform ticket.This is not a foolish thing,for the voters can elect anyone they want.But the people must turn out heavily,for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.改写:Everybody should turn out to vote in this election,for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office.If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers,they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4)意义重复原句:He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.改写:He asked the divisions to cooperate on the projeet.原句:The bachelor‟s degree is a necessary requisite for matri culation.改写:a)The bachelor‟s degree is necessary (or: a requisite) for matriculation.b)The bachelor‟s degree is required for matriculation./Matriculation require$the bachelor…s degree.原句:May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?改写:a)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to aeronautics?b)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to eronautics?意义重复又如以下词组:advance planning still remainsexactly identical entirely completeforeign imports assembled togetherrepeat again audible to the earthroughout the entire summer dash quickly英语文体学家批评这类重复是粗心的(careless)、笨拙的(clumsy),因而也是令人厌烦的(boring)。