替换与重复的对比PPT课件

第十章替换与重复(Substitutive vs．Reiterative)一般说来，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。

讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。

许多英语作文教师甚至告诫学生“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity．”当然这种说法未免过分，但其目的是提醒学生不要忘了可以用替换的办法来避免不必要的重复。

Fowler兄弟在“The King‟s En g lish”一书中也指出：Even when the repetition is a part of the writer‟s original plan，consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass：it is implied in the terms …rhetorical‟or significan t repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out；the repetition，that is to say，is more or less abnormal，and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance，and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently．例如以下的各种重复在英语里都是不正常的，试比较：1)音节重复原句：Commercials seldom make for entertain ing and relax ing listen ing.改写：Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener．原句：Close examination of the results of the investi gation led to a reorgan ization of the department．改写：Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department．2)词语重复原句：We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village．改写：We li stened to an account of the villager‟s customs．原句：Dr．Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will scourge in France．改写：Dr．Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as grave ad the absinthe scourge in France.原句：Even to borrow money is wrong，according to Kant，because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow．改写：Even to borrow money is wrong，according to Kant，because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow．3)句式重复原句：Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election．All are against corruption，and so they should vote the Reform ticket．This is not a foolish thing，for the voters can elect anyone they want．But the people must turn out heavily，for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want．改写：Everybody should turn out to vote in this election，for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office．If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers，they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power．4)意义重复原句：He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project．改写：He asked the divisions to cooperate on the projeet．原句：The bachelor‟s degree is a necessary requisite for matri culation．改写：a)The bachelor‟s degree is necessary (or: a requisite) for matriculation．b)The bachelor‟s degree is required for matriculation．／Matriculation require$the bachelor…s degree．原句：May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?改写：a)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to aeronautics?b)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to eronautics?意义重复又如以下词组：advance planning still remainsexactly identical entirely completeforeign imports assembled togetherrepeat again audible to the earthroughout the entire summer dash quickly英语文体学家批评这类重复是粗心的(careless)、笨拙的(clumsy)，因而也是令人厌烦的(boring)。