替换与重复
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第十章替换与重复(Substitutive vs.Reiterative)一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。
许多英语作文教师甚至告诫学生“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.”当然这种说法未免过分,但其目的是提醒学生不要忘了可以用替换的办法来避免不必要的重复。
Fowler兄弟在“The King‟s En g lish”一书中也指出:Even when the repetition is a part of the writer‟s original plan,consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass:it is implied in the terms …rhetorical‟or significant repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out;the repetition,that is to say,is more or less abnormal,and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance,and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.例如以下的各种重复在英语里都是不正常的,试比较:1)音节重复原句:Commercials seldom make for entertain ing and relax ing listen ing.改写:Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.原句:Close examination of the results of the investi gation led to a reorgan ization of the department.改写:Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.2)词语重复原句:We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.改写:We li stened to an account of the villager‟s customs.原句:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will scourge in France.改写:Dr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as grave ad the absinthe scourge in France.原句:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.改写:Even to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.3)句式重复原句:Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election.All are against corruption,and so they should vote the Reform ticket.This is not a foolish thing,for the voters can elect anyone they want.But the people must turn out heavily,for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.改写:Everybody should turn out to vote in this election,for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office.If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers,they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4)意义重复原句:He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.改写:He asked the divisions to cooperate on the projeet.原句:The bachelor‟s degree is a necessary requisite for matric ulation.改写:a)The bachelor‟s degree is necessary (or: a requisite) for matriculation.b)The bachelor‟s degree is required for matriculation./Matriculation require$the bachelor…s degree.原句:May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?改写:a)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to aeronautics?b)May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to eronautics?意义重复又如以下词组:advance planning still remainsexactly identical entirely completeforeign imports assembled togetherrepeat again audible to the earthroughout the entire summer dash quickly英语文体学家批评这类重复是粗心的(careless)、笨拙的(clumsy),因而也是令人厌烦的(boring)。
10.替换与重复一般来说,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是避免重复,而汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。
重叠构词不仅使得词语音节匀称,形式整齐,而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。
一、替代1.替代的形式(1)名词性替代:用代词或某些名词来取代名词(短语):Eg:A:英语中,我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。
Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation.B:汉语中:Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。
(2)动词性替代:用动词的替代词来取代动词。
Eg:A:英语中:代动词:do.复合代动词:so do.do it.do that.B:汉语中:You don't want to lag behind .Neither does he.你不愿意落后,他也不愿意落后(3)分句性替代:用替代词来取代分句或分句的一部分。
Eg:A:英语中:用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语或that从句。
B:汉语中:一个人的工作,究竟是三分成绩七分错误还是七分成绩三分错误,必须有个根本的估价。
We must have a fundamental education of a person's work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent ,or vice ve rsa .总得来说,英语名词代称,以避免重复,汉语名词代称,名词实称,因而重复,汉语代词的使用也远不如英语。
英语的代词在时常常采用复说、还原或省略的方法加以处理。
英汉语篇衔接手段中替换与重复的对比分析作者:丁小芝来源:《学习导刊》2014年第01期摘要:语篇衔接作为语篇重要的组成部分,逐渐应用到翻译的研究。
连淑能教授在《英汉对比研究》中,对中英衔接手段中的替换和重复进行了详尽的对比。
本文基于前人关于衔接理论的研究上,尝试着以连淑能教授关于语篇衔接中的替代和重复两方面的研究为出发点,对沈从文先生的散文《鸭巢围的夜》以及其英译文中英汉衔接手段的使用进行定性分析,以了解英汉语篇在衔接手段—替换和重复上的使用情况,并探讨了差异产生的原因,以及如何根据英汉语篇衔接手段的差异,处理翻译中语篇衔接的问题。
关键字:衔接理论;替换;重复;《鸭巢围的夜》;翻译一引言语篇衔接理论的建立,以韩礼德和哈桑1976年的著作《英语中的衔接》为标志,对语篇的研究产生了深远的影响。
作为语篇的重要组成部分,胡壮麟(1995)、朱永生(2001)、张德禄(2001)等学者都对衔接理论进行了补充研究。
而目前,仅有少数学者将英汉语篇衔接理论应用于翻译语篇分析,如左岩(1995),对比分析了《背影》及其英译文的部分语篇衔接手段;彭明强(2008),主要从形合与意合角度,谈英汉语篇衔接手段差异及翻译策略;宋燕(2012)以《想北平》汉英两个版本为例,对英汉语篇衔接手段的对比,进行实证研究。
他们的尝试证明了将语篇衔接理论分析引入翻译研究的可能性,也给英汉语篇对比研究提供了一个新的角度。
《鸭巢围的夜》是沈从文《湘西散记》中的名篇,体现了沈先生散文创作的特点及最高成就。
该散文基于沈先生1934年回家探亲旅途中的所见所感,不仅描写了鸭巢围冬天漫长寒冷、美丽迷人的夜,更是通过对水手和吊脚楼妇女等人物细腻深入描写,集中表达了沈先生对湘西世界的思考和感情。
“汉语文学英译巨匠”杨宪益和戴乃迭(Gladys Yang),较为成功地翻译了该散文。
译文文字优美、地道,较好地再现了原文的风貌。
本文试图对《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文提供一个新的研究角度,拟从Halliday衔接理论出发,着重采用连淑能教授对英汉语篇衔接手段中的替换与重复分类标准,对《鸭巢围的夜》原文及其英译文中,出现的替换与重复的运用,进行实证分析,从而验证英汉两种语言在语篇衔接—替换与重复方面的使用异同,并且尝试着从语篇衔接手段角度,再次解读欣赏《鸭巢围的夜》及其英译文。
Substitutive VS Reiterative替换与重复壹替换(Substitutive )贰重复(Reiterative )第一部分Substitutive替换英语中为了避免重复,句子中的某些部分可以省略省略02用替代的形式来代替句中或上文已出现的词语或内容,这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。
01 替代一个英语单词通过词形转换可以变成很多个不同词性的单词.03 变换M: I am taller than he, which is unquestionable. W: he does be shorter than you.1 替代替代用自己的话来说就是:用另一个词或词组替代文中需要再一次出现的词。
这一类词有:第三(非)人称代词,指示代词(this , that , those , these ),关系代词(who , whom , whose , that , which ),连接代词(who , where , what , which ),不定代词(one , much , other , both ),名词,动词等The more we practice a foreign language, the easier it is 。
我们练习一门外语越多,这门外语就越容易。
人称代词1 替代The language of a child differs from that of his parents. 孩子们的语言不同于家长的语言指示代词关系代词He first met the woman whom he would one daymarry.他第一次遇见那个女人,后来他终于和那个女人结婚了1 替代Can you give me a few nails? I need some .你能给我几颗钉子吗?我需要一些钉子。
不定代词名词I don`t want any more coffee . I`ve had enough .我不想和咖啡了。
替换与重复(Substitutive vs. Reiterative)一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。
讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。
可以用替换或省略的办法来避免不必要的重复。
I. 替代(Substitution)用替代的形式来代替句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容(shared words and content),这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。
如:Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。
He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature.他雄心勃勃,但从未如愿以偿。
人们觉得,要不是他那贪得无厌的本性,他也许会有所作为的。
Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out.阿谀比怨恨更危险,因为阿谀掩饰了污点,而怨恨却能使人消除污点。
II. 省略(Omission)省略和替代一样,也是避免重复的一种常用手段。
两者常常互相替换使用。
英语省略的类型很多,有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略;有句法方面的省略,也有情景方面的省略。
在并列结构中,英语常常省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语则往往重复这些词语。
如:A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.说一个人自私自利,并非因为他只图自己的利益,而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。