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美国刑事诉讼法规定英文版In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law …在一切刑事訴訟中，被告應享受下列之權利：發生罪案之州或區域之公正陪審團予以迅速之公開審判，其區域當以法律先確定之；Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966), was a United States Supreme Court case that examined the rights of freedom of the press （新聞自由）as outlined in the 1st Amendment when weighed against a defendant…s right to a fair trial （受公平審判權）as required by the 6th Amendment.After suffering a trial court conviction（定罪）of second-degree murder（二級謀殺）for the bludgeoning （棍棒毆打的）death of his pregnant（懷孕的）wife, Sam Sheppard challenged the verdict（陪審團裁定）as the product of an unfair trial（不公正審判）.Sheppard, who maintained his innocence（無辜）of the crime, alleged that the trial judge failed to protect him from the massive, widespread, and prejudicial（有偏見的）publicity（公開宣揚）that attended（出席、伴隨）his prosecution（起訴）.陪審團宣告無罪Once acquitted（宣告無罪）, a defendant may not be retried （重新審判）for the same offense（同一犯罪行為）: “A verdict （陪審團裁定）of acquittal（宣告無罪）, although not followed by any judgment（法院判決）, is a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the same offense.“ Acquittal by a jury is generally final and cannot be appealed（上訴）by the prosecution（檢方）.法院自己判無罪An acquittal in a trial by judge (bench trial) is also generally not appealable by the prosecution（檢方）. A trial judge may normally enter an acquittal if he deems the evidence insufficient for conviction（不足以定罪）. If the judge makes this ruling before the jury reaches its verdict, the judge…s determination is final. If, however, the judge overrules（推翻）a conviction by the jury, the prosecution may appeal to have the conviction reinstated（恢復）證據不足撤銷定罪If a defendant appeals a conviction and is successful in having it overturned（推翻）, they are subject to retrial（接受重審）.An exception arises if the verdict is overturned on the grounds of evidentiary insufficiency（證據不足）, rather than on the grounds of procedural faults（程序錯誤）.不同罪名Another exception arises in cases of conviction for lesser offenses（較輕罪名）. If a defendant charged with murder in the first degree（一級謀殺）is convicted for murder in the second degree, and later the jury…s conviction is overturned on procedural grounds, the defendant may be retried for second degree but not firstdegree murder; the jury, by convicting the defendant of second degree murder, is deemed to have implicitly（暗示）acquitted them of first degree murder.同一犯罪De fendants may not more than once be placed in jeopardy for the “same offense”（同一犯罪行為）. Sometimes, however, the same conduct may violate different statutes. The defendant had first been convicted of operating an automobile without theowner…s consent, and l ater of stealing（偷竊）the same automobile. The Supreme Court concluded that the same evidence was necessary to prove both offenses, and that in effect there was only one offense. Therefore, it overturned the second conviction.審判無效mistrialMistrials（審判無效）are generally not covered by the double jeopardy clause. If a judge dismisses the case or concludes the trial without deciding the facts in the defendant's favor (for example, by dismissing the case on procedural grounds), the case is a mistrial and may normally be retried.Furthermore, if a jury cannot reach a verdict（陪審團無法達成裁定）, the judge may declare a mistrial and order a retrial. When the defendant moves for（提議）a mistrial, there is no bar to retrial, even if the prosecutor or judge caused the error that forms the basis of the motion.雙重主權The clause, it has been held, does not prevent separate trials by different governments, and the state and federal governments are considered “separate sovereigns”（不同主權）. Therefore, one may be prosecuted for a crime in a state court, and prosecuted for the same crime in another state, a foreign country, or (most commonly) in a federal court.球隊隊員強暴啦啦隊員In March 2006 Crystal Gail Mangum, an African American student at North Carolina Central University who worked as a stripper（脫衣舞女）,dancer and escort（儀隊）, falsely accused three white Duke University students, members of the Duke Blue Devils men…s lacrosse（曲棍球）team, of raping her at a party held at the house of two team's captains in Durham, NorthCarolina on March 13, 2006.DNA檢測Shortly after the party, the prosecution ordered 46 of the 47 team members to provide DNA samples.On Monday, April 10, 2006, it was revealed that DNA testing had failed to connect any of the 46 tested members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team.照片指認問題During the photo identifications（照片指認）, Mangum was told that she would be viewing Duke University lacrosse players who attended the party, and was asked if she remembered seeing them at the party and in what capacity.this was essentially a “multiple-choice test（複選題）in which there were no wrong answers",… "[t]he officer was telling the witness that all are suspects, and say, in effect, 'Pick three.' U.S. Department of Justice guidelines suggest to include at least five non-suspectfiller photos for each suspect included撤回起訴On April 11, 2007, North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper dropped（撤回）all charges and declared the three players innocent（無辜）. Cooper stated that the charged players –Reade Seligmann, Collin Finnerty, and David Evans –were victims of a “tragic rush to accuse.”（急於指控之悲劇）檢察官被除名That June, Nifong was disbarred for “dishonesty（不誠實）, fraud（詐欺）, deceit （欺騙）and misrepresentation（不實陳述）”, making Nifong the first prosecutor in North Carolina history to lose his law license（證照）based on actions in a case. Nifong was found guilty of criminal contempt（藐視）and servedone day in jail. Mangum never faced any charges for her false accusations as Cooper declined to prosecute her.法律倫理“Legal ethics” （法律倫理）in the United States is generally understood to primarily apply to lawyers, while codes of professional responsibility（專門職業人員責任）also apply in a derivative sense (indirectly) to non-lawyers who work with lawyers, such as paralegals（律師助理、法務）or private investigators（私人調查員）.美國律師公會職業行為規則The American Bar Association （美國律師公會）has promulgated（公布）the Model Rules of Professional Conduct （職業行為模範規則）which, while formally only a recommendation by a private body, have been influential in many jurisdictions.各州州法自行規定律師執業守則In the United States, the practice of law is regulated by the governments of the individual states and territories（領域）.Each state or territory has a code of professional conduct dictating rules of ethics. These may be adopted by the respective state legislatures and/or judicial systems.各州懲戒權Every town in the United States has a regulatory（管制性）body (usually called a state bar association) that polices（維持）lawyer conduct. When lawyers are licensed （被許可）to practice(職業) in a state, those lawyers subject themselves to this authority. Overall responsibility often lies with the highest court in a state (such as state supreme court).懲戒Lawyers who fail to comply with（遵守）local rules of ethicsmay be subjected to discipline（懲戒）ranging from private (non-public) reprimand（訓斥）to disbarment （取消資格）.。
Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
Article ISection 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。
Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
英美司法制度contractlawContract Law in the United States and the United KingdomContract law is a crucial aspect of the legal systems in both the United States and the United Kingdom. It provides the legal framework for individuals and businesses to enter into agreements and enforce their rights and obligations. Although there are similarities between the contract laws in these two countries, there are also notable differences in terms of formation, interpretation, and remedies available to parties in case of a breach.Formation of Contracts:In both the United States and the United Kingdom, a contract is formed when there is an offer, acceptance, consideration, and an intention to create legal relations. However, there are some differences in the formation process.In the United States, contracts can be formed orally or in writing, unless there is a specific statute requiring a written agreement, such as for the sale of real estate. This is known as the "statute of frauds." In contrast, the United Kingdom has a stricter requirement for written agreements, as most contracts must be in writing to be enforceable.Interpretation of Contracts:Both countries use similar principles of contract interpretation, such as looking at the plain meaning of thewords used, the intentions of the parties, and the surrounding circumstances. However, there are differences in the approach taken by the courts.In the United States, the courts tend to focus more on the written terms of the contract and give less weight to the intentions of the parties. This is known as the "plain meaning rule." In the United Kingdom, the courts take a more holistic approach and consider the intentions of the parties as well asthe surrounding circumstances when interpreting the contract.Remedies for Breach of Contract:In cases of breach of contract, both the United States and the United Kingdom provide various remedies to the injured party. These remedies aim to put the non-breaching party in theposition they would have been in if the contract had been performed.Conclusion:Contract law plays a crucial role in both the United States and the United Kingdom, providing a legal framework for individuals and businesses to enter into agreements. While there are similarities in the formation, interpretation, and remedies for breach of contract, there are also notable differences. Understanding these differences is essential for individuals andbusinesses engaging in contractual relationships in either country.。
权利法案（美国）（中英文）1787年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。
因此，《宪法》补充了10条修正案，统一称为《权利法案》，英文叫The Bill of Rights.由于补充了《权利法案》，《宪法》在13个州均获批准，并于1789年生效。
第一条 Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion， or prohibiting the free exercise thereof； or abridging the freedom of speech， or of the press； or the right of the people peaceably to assemble， and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。
第二条 Amendment IIA well regulated Militia， being necessary to the security of a free State， the right of the people to keep and bear Arms，shall not be infringed.译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
第三条 Amendment IIINo Soldier shall， in time of peace be quartered in any house， without the consent of the Owner， nor in time of war，but in a manner to be prescribed by law.译文：未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。
AmericanLegalSystem美国大法学家哈罗德·伯尔曼曾提出：法律必须被信仰，否则它将形同虚设（The lawmust be faith, otherwise it will be useless）.American Legal System美国的法律体制The United States Constitution allocates powers between the state and nationalgovernments. A fundamental tenetof these state and federal constitutions is the separation of powers between the legislative, judicial, andexecutive branches of government. All three branches exercise some form of lawmaking power.在美国，由其宪法规定州政府与联邦政府的权力。
其中，州宪法与联邦宪法的一个基本原则即为将立法机构、司法机构与行政机构的权力分离开来，但这三种权力机构均可行使特定形式的立法权。
Legislative Branch:Legislatures enact statutes within the authority granted to them by state andfederal constitution. However, they cannot amend a constitution in the same waythat they enact statutes. For example, Article V of the United StatesConstitution authorizes Congress to propose constitutional amendaments, butsuch proposals do not become effective until ratified by the legislatures orconstitutional conventions of three-fourths of the states.立法机构立法机构在州宪法与联邦宪法规定的条件下制定成文法。
美国法律英文作文I think the American legal system is quite complex and can be difficult to navigate for the average person. There are so many laws and regulations to follow, and it can be overwhelming to try to understand it all.One thing that I find interesting about American law is the concept of "innocent until proven guilty." This means that a person is considered innocent of a crime until it can be proven otherwise. I think this is an important principle because it protects individuals from being wrongly accused and ensures that the burden of proof is on the prosecution.Another aspect of American law that I find fascinating is the idea of a trial by jury. In many cases, a group of ordinary citizens is responsible for determining the guilt or innocence of a defendant. I think this is a unique and democratic approach to justice.It's also interesting to me how different states in the US can have their own laws and regulations. This can make things quite complicated, especially for people who travel or do business across state lines. It seems like it would be challenging to keep up with all the different legal requirements.I also think that the role of lawyers in the American legal system is quite significant. They play a crucial part in representing individuals and ensuring that their rights are protected. However, I can see how the reliance on lawyers can also make the legal process more expensive and inaccessible for some people.Overall, I think the American legal system is both fascinating and daunting. It's a complex web of laws, regulations, and procedures that can be difficult to understand and navigate. However, it's also a system thatis designed to protect the rights of individuals and ensure justice is served.。
美国法律英文作文英文：As a legal professional in the United States, I have a deep understanding of the complexities of American law. One of the most significant aspects of American law is its federal system, which divides power between the national government and individual states. This means that each state has its own set of laws and regulations, in addition to federal laws that apply across the entire country.One example of this is the difference in gun laws between states. Some states have very strict gun laws, while others have more relaxed regulations. For instance,in California, individuals must obtain a permit to carry a concealed weapon, while in Texas, anyone over the age of 21 can carry a concealed weapon without a permit. This illustrates how state laws can vary widely, even on a topic as controversial as gun control.Another important aspect of American law is the role of the judiciary. The United States has a common law system, which means that judges have the power to interpret and apply the law in individual cases. This allows for a great deal of flexibility in the legal system, as judges can adapt the law to fit the specific circumstances of each case. However, it also means that the law can be somewhat unpredictable, as different judges may interpret the law in different ways.Overall, American law is a complex and multifaceted system that requires a great deal of expertise to navigate. From the federal system to the role of the judiciary, there are many factors that contribute to the legal landscape in the United States.中文：作为美国的法律专业人士，我深刻理解美国法律的复杂性。
《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law第八章英国法律与司法机构联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。
但是英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各自独立的法律制度却有大体的相似之处。
苏格兰的法律制度与英国其他地方的制度相异之处更多，但在许多方面有本质上的同一性。
联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有一部完整的法典。
法律来源包括：(1)成文法(议会法案和经议会授权制订的补充法规)；(2)大量的"不成文"法或称习惯法，源于法院或其他的许多判决；(3)平衡法(对习惯法中没有包括到的那些案例的一种补充性法律手段)；(4)欧共体法，英国加入欧盟后要遵守的法律，主要局限于经济和社会问题。
另一共同特点是刑法和民法之间的区别(刑法处理的是针对整个社会的犯罪行为，而民法处理的是个人之间就权利、责任和义务而产生的纠纷，以及个人与群体，群体与群体之间的交往)Ⅰ.刑事诉讼程序在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
在苏格兰，检察总长，即皇家司法长官负责向高级法院、郡法院和地区法院起诉。
法律规定在全英国任何地方逮捕人，都必须尽快起诉并把其送到到法庭受审。
如果24小时内不能开庭，除非被控人的案情严重，否则皆可保释。
所有刑事审判都在法院公开进行。
因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的，并采取一切可能的步骤不使原告比被告处于有利地位。
审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，若被告的确发表陈述，除非已经以适当的措辞提醒过他，否则他的话不能用作审判他的证据。
不许强迫被告提供证据或在法庭上回答诉方的盘问。
每位被告都有权雇用律师为其辩护，如果他不能支付律师费，可用公共费用提供帮助。
如果他被指控谋杀，自己又无充足的财力，那就必须向他提供法律援助。
在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑(所有审判皆如此)，但陪审团决定是否定罪。
陪审团由法院召集，由普通的独立公民组成。
美国知识产权法制简况一、美国知识产权法律构架和立法程序美国对知识产权保护的立法基础来自于《宪法》第一条第八节第八款和第十八款。
这是一个授权性的条款，即：“（国会有权）（8），通过保障作者和发明人对其作品和发明的有期限的排他权,促进科学和实用技艺的进步；（和）（18)制定一切必要的和适当的法律，以行使上述权力”。
这一条款为专利和版权的宪法条款,而商标权的宪法基础则体现在有关贸易条款中。
商标立法以各州法为主，直至1946年才制定了联邦商标法.因此，美国的知识产权立法中，《专利法》、《著作权法》为联邦立法,《商标法》则主要以州立法为主，联邦法与州法并存。
这也是美国知识产权法制的一个特点.同世界其他国家基本一致，美国知识产权法律保护的范围也是根据智力劳动成果的不同型态和不同权益而确定。
除商业秘密(Trade secrets）之外,其中的区分是根据某种知识、标识或象征符号在一定期间内授与专属的使用权为立法的主要内容。
当然，对于某一特定产品而言，可能同时受到不同型态的知识产权的保护。
美国知识产权法保护的范围有以下几类：（一）版权及邻接权（Copy right and neigh boring rights）美国的《版权法》最早制定于1790年，当时的保护范围只限于书籍、地图和期刊。
1909年才扩大为所有作品。
1976年美国制定了第三部《版权法》，即现行版权法，1978年1月1日开始实施，到目前为止，已进行了多次修改，几乎每年修改1—2次.本世纪初，由于美国不满意《保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约》，另组织一些国家成立了《世界版权公约》,以对抗《伯尔尼公约》。
当时的美国，是一个盗版王国，大量盗版欧洲优秀的文学艺术作品,因此建立了一套与众不同的版权制度。
其突出特点之一就是版权登记制度。
随着国际形势的变化，美国于1988年加入《伯尔尼公约》。
美国加入国际公约的程序是先修改国内法，再批准加入公约，这也是美国内法多次修改的原因之一。
Restatement of the Law , Third , Torts by The American Law Institute 美国法学会《侵权法第三次重述》Part One: In toduction of Torts侵权法概述 Part Two : Apportionment of Liability ( Rule Sections )第一部分：责任分担 Part Three: P roducts Liability Part One: In toducti on of Torts 在美国，侵权法主要属于各州的法律范畴， 而且主要由判例法组成。
侵权行为可分为故意侵权行为(in te ntion altort)、过失侵权行为(neglige nee neglige nt tort) 和严格责任侵权行为(strict liability tort). 的一般救济方法是对侵权行为所造成的损害予以一定的金钱补偿， 故等领域的侵权赔偿已广范采用了保险赔偿的方式。
Part One: In troduction 基本概念1. The law of tort is still the source of most civil suits in the Un itedStates, with damage claims for automobile accide nts tak ing first pl ace. Many circumsta nces con tribute to this: (a) the plai ntiff in an America n civil suit is ordin arily en titled to try his claim before a jury which will often--andunderstandably--rely more on human than onlegalcon sideratio ns, for in sta nee whe n a child has bee n injured in an automobile accident or through a defective product of a large enterprise;(b) Compen sati on and damages in clude not only the actual loss but also the intan gible damage. A pla in tiff can therefore ofte n p lay on the humanreaction of the jury: for instanee,what is appropriate compensation for a permanent disability such as the loss of a limb? (c) American law permits the p artici patio n of the attor ney in the plain tiff ' s recovery (contingent fee) which not un com monly amounts to 25 to 33 p erce nt of the verdict. As a result of all of these factors, a tort action maybe a lengthy proceeding, result in large expen ses, for in sta nee through hono raria for exp erts (which may deter the "small " plai ntiff from suing at all), and may end in the award of a very large verdict. It is no linger uncommorthat a jury will aware a verdict in excess of$ 100,000. These con diti ons have bee nthe touchst one for several reform en deavors which will be discussed inAMERICAN LAV INSTITUTE iL 美国侵权法(中央文) 卫鲨H IP 乔3 THE LAW, THIRD, TORTS 产品责任侵权法概述or 对侵权行为 在涉及交通事more detail below.在美国，侵权行为法产生的诉讼仍是大多民事诉讼案件的主要来源， 通事故产生的损害赔偿案件居于首位。
清华法学Tsinghua Law Revie wVol 13,No 11(2009)美国法律文化的自由及其局限高鸿钧3摘 要 法国哲学家托克维尔和美国法学家弗里德曼相继考察了美国法律文化,描述了自由的特色及其突出地位。
在美国法律文化中,自由经历了重要的转变,从放任的自由转向调控的自由,这种转变在一定程度上缓解了自由与平等之间的紧张关系。
但是,从协商民主的视角看,这两种自由都有局限,更需要的在于公民的积极自由。
在权威与自由的关系上,美国通过宪政机制防止政治权威滥用权力,并尝试通过大众文化消解政治权威,但根本措施在于公民积极行使公共自主权,主动参与政治和社会治理。
当代美国的法律数量不断增加,调控的领域也不断扩大,这在限制个人自由的同时也加强了对自由的保护,但要使法律与自由相容并真正成为保护自由的有效武器,必须实现公民自我立法,只有公民既是守法者又是立法者时,法律的发展才会与自由的扩大并行不悖。
关键词 美国 法律文化 自由法律文化是指特定社会中植根于历史和文化的法律价值和观念,法律文化直接或间接影响法律制度的运作效果,而法律制度也明显或隐含体现法律文化。
〔1〕美国学者劳伦斯・弗里德曼认为,现代法律文化具有某些跨越民族或国家的共同特征。
〔2〕但这种观点并不否认不同民族或国家的现代法律文化具体不同的特色或“偏好”。
例如美国与其他西方国家之间的法律文化就存在差异。
当问及美国法律文化中的核心价值时,人们便立即会想到“自由”一词。
在美国的法律文化中,“自由”是与“权利”并驾齐驱的另一个核心话语。
早在北美独立战争时期,“自由权”就与“生命权”和“追求幸福权”一道,构成了三大基本权利,并庄严地重申于《独立宣言》之中。
在美国的政治、法律、社会乃至哲学的话语中,自由也许是使用频率最高的词语之一。
许多美式格言都与自由相连,其中流传最广的则是林肯演说中“不自由,3〔1〕〔2〕清华大学法学院教授。
本文得到了教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“英美法系与西方法制文明研究”课题(项目批准号:06JJD820014)的资助。
美国宪法修正案Amendments to the Constitution修正案[一]国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由，剥夺言论自由或出版自由；剥夺人民和平集会和向政府诉冤请愿的权利。
[1791年12月15日批准]Amendment[I]Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.修正案[二]管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全之所必需，此人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯。
[1791年12月15日批准]Amendment[II]A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.修正案[三]士兵在和平时期，未经房主许可不得驻扎于任何民房；在战争时期，除依法律规定的方式外亦不得进驻民房。
[1791年12月15日批准]Amendment[III]No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.修正案[四]人民保护其人身、住房、文件和财物不受无理搜查扣押的权利不得侵犯；除非有合理的根据认为有罪，以宣誓或郑重声明保证，并详细开列应予搜查的地点、应予扣押的人或物，不得颁发搜查和扣押证。
American IP lawChapter 1 The Foundations of Patent ProtectionDiscussion:• 1 What is intellectual property?• 2 What are intellectual property rights?• 3 Name some examples of IPR.• 4 What are the main kinds of IPR laws?• 5 Why do governments establish IPR laws?• 6 Why does America attach great importance to the protection of IPR?•7 Brief introduction to American IPR laws.•1 What is intellectual property?IP refers to such creations of the mind as inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.2 What is intellectual property right?IP rights are intangible legal rights which protect the products of human intelligence and creation, such as copyrightable works, patented inventions, trade marks, and trade secrets.3 Name some examples of IP.IP is divided into two categories: Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs.4 What are the main kinds of IPR laws?Intellectual property rights laws include patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, which typically protect IP rights.5 Why do governments establish IPR laws?Countries have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to protect creators and others producers of intellectual goods and services by granting them certain time-limited rights to control the use made of those productions. The second is to induce creative people to expend the time, effort, and funds necessary to invent or produce intellectual things and then promote technological innovation and economic growth and enrich people’s spiritual life.6 Why does America attach great importance to the protection of IPR?IP plays a very important role in American economy.7 Brief introduction to American IPR laws.Intellectual property laws include patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, which typically protect IP rights. Patents, copyrights, and trademarks are creations of statute, where thegovernment recognizes and enforces the public expression of an original idea for a limited period of time. Trade secrets, established by common law, can protect IP through contractual and tort remedies. Copyright laws generally protect creative and artistic works such as books, movies, music, paintings, photographs, and software. Patents, trademarks and trade secret laws are used more often to protect industrial properties, as they are generally created and used for industrial or commercial purposes.In the United States, these laws exist at both the state and federal levels. The laws vary somewhat from state to state. At the federal level, the Constitution and legislation authorized under the Constitution deal exclusively with patents and copyrights, and partially with trademarks and related areas of unfair competition. Intellectual property law is extraordinarily complex, and by its very nature, continuously evolving.Chapter 1The Foundations of Patent Protection1.1Ancient Greece The origin of American patent law.At the beginning of medieval times The monarch granted some royal privileges to control various sectors of the market.By the time of Elizabeth The practice of royal patents had become a burden on free competition.1623The Statute of Monopolies effectively ended the most serious monopolies.It was received by the American colonies.By the time of the Revolution Virtually all of the colonies had granted patents;Well-established state patent practices developed.1790The first patent statute was enacted.1793、1836、1952、2007 There have been four major revisions of the Patent Act.1.2 Patent Basics1 The requirements that a patent needs to meet.A. preparing documents: request, specification, claimB. submitting the applicationC. examining the applicationD. granting a patent or rejecting the application2. The right that a patentee hasA. the patentee has the exclusive right to make, use, or sell the invention.1 The owners can exclusively use their patents.2 The owners can sell (assign) their patents.B. the owner has the complete right to determine who will have the right to use, make, or sell the patented item.3 The owners can license their patents.C. the patentee has different ways of using the patent4 The owners can use their patents to invest a factory.D. a patent owner may sue anyone he believes has been using part or all of the basis of the patent without authorization.1.3 The Two Theories of Patent Protection(1) The “bargain”or contract theoryIt starts with the premise that people will be encouraged to produce new inventions if there is some reward as an incentive.(2) the “natural rights”theoryThe product of mental labor is the property of the person who created it. Having all title to the invention, the inventor has no obligation to disclose anything and has every right to be compensated therefor.CommentBoth of the two theories are partially incomplete and both theories have great utility.The present patent system reflects the advantages of both theories.Chapter 2 The Subject Matter of Patents1 The Subject Matter of PatentsChinese relevant provisions.专利保护的客体是指专利保护的对象，也就是说，可以取得专利保护的发明创造。
