The Stylistic Features on the Lexical Level of Inaugural Address

现代广告英语的文体特征葛艳丽（聊城大学外国语学院 山东聊城 252059）[摘 要]在当今日益激烈的市场竞争中，广告是争夺市场的重要手段之一。

因此，研究广告的文体特征具有重要意义。

现代广告英语经过长期的发展，已成了一种特殊的实用文体，具有自身的文体特征。

本文将引用大量广告实例，从词汇特征、句法特征和修辞手段这三个方面分析这种特殊文体。

[关键词]广告英语；词汇特征；句法特征；修辞手段一、引言“广告”一词源于拉丁语advertere，具有“宣传产品”、“吸引大众注意力”、“推销所需”等含义告是为了吸引公众对产品的注意而进行的一种商业活动。

广告英语是一种具有较高商业价值的实用文体，其文体特征与其社会功能（提供信息，拓展市场，吸引顾客，推销产品）紧密联系。

广告语言具有很强的说服力，其作用就是吸引注意，激发兴趣，刺激欲望，产生信念，采取行动。

（秦秀白，2002：298）许多学者对广告英语进行了文体分析，并且探讨了造成英语广告表达方式各异的原因。

本文从词汇特征，句法特征和修辞手段这三个方面分析广告英语的文体特征。

二、广告英语的词汇特征2.1褒义色彩浓厚的评价性形容词。

英语广告经常大量使用褒义色彩浓厚的评价性形容词（evaluative adjectives），以期使广告所介绍的产品或传播的信息在消费者心目中树立一个模糊却又美好的形象，从而达到促销的目的。

如：Supreme Reds.（巴黎欧莱雅护发染发霜系列广告：绚丽红）2.2经常选用简短动词。

英语广告经常使用一些单音节或字母数较少的简短动词。

Get one free. 如用get代替obtain，buy代替purchase，用use代替Buy one pair. Take TOSHIBA utilize 等等，使广告语言简洁生动，内容一目了然。

比如：（太阳镜广告：买一送一。

）A Mars a day keeps you work，rest and play.（Mars 牌巧克力广告：一天一块马斯巧克力，让你好工作和休息）2.3妙用人称代词。

模拟试卷（1）I . Each of the statements below is followed by four choices. Please choose the one that best completes each statement.（10 %）1. In the word internationalists, nation is ________.A. rootB. stemC. baseD. root, stem, base2. ________is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock.A. ProductivityB. StabilityC. CollocabilityD. All national character3. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except________.A. slangB. Anglo-Saxon wordsC. argotsD. neologisms4. It is assumed that the world has 3 000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly _language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 200 B. 300C. 400D. 5005. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except________.A. Balto-SlavicB. Indo-IranianC. ArmenianD. Italic6. In the Eastern set, Armenian and________are the sole modern languages in the tworespective families.A. AlbanianB. RussianC. SlovenianD. Lithuanian7.The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as __________ .A. wordsB. allomorphsC. morphemesD. morphs8. The ________ are "actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning".A. morphsB. allomorphsC. morphemesD. allophones9. Morphemes are _____ units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as ________ .A. concrete; allomorphsB. abstract; morphsC. abstract; lexemesD. concrete; morphs10. 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through _________ .A. compoundingB. affixationC. conversionD. shortening11. The prefixes mal- in maltreat, mis- in misleading and pseudo- in pseudo-scientificare ________ prefixes.A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative12. A word is the combination of ________ and ________.A. spelling, soundB. form, meaningC. spelling, meaningD. sound, meaning13. By form we refer to________.A. its symbolsB. its spellingC. its pronunciationD. both its pronunciation and spelling14. Reference is the relationship between language and________.A. the worldB. the conceptC. the senseD. the motivation15. All of the following are sense relations except________.A. polysemyB. ameliorationC. homonymyD. antonymy16. ________ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages because the majorityof words have more than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. SynonymyC. PolysemyD. Homonymy17. Which of the following words does not undergo the process of narrowing of meaning?A. Meat.B. Liquor.C. Disease.D. Journal.18. ________factor is the one that often contributes to the associated transfer ofmeaning and euphemistic use of words, etc.A. ScientificB. PsychologicalC. HistoricalD. Internal19. The change of word meaning is achieved by modes of____A. degradation and elevationB. transference and euphemismC. extension and narrowingD. all the above20. A word has meaning only when a connection has been established between the linguisticsign and a________.A. referenceB. referentC. conceptD. sense?II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. （10 %）21. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, studying the origins and ________ of words.22. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and________function.23. Modern English expands its vocabulary chiefly through________.24. The three main means of creating new words in modern English are ________,compounding and conversion.25. The overwhelming majority of blends are________.26. Words imitating natural sounds are________words.27. Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has _______ .28. The relationship between the word form and meaning is conventional andarbitrary, and most words can be said to be _______.29. Componential analysis, according to Leech, is the process of breaking down the sense ofa word into its ________ components.30. At the time when the words were created, it was endowed with only onemeaning. The first meaning is the ________ meaning and the latter meanings are ________meaning.31. ________is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecenter and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.32. Extension and______are the most common modes of word meaning changes.33. Narrowing of meaning is also known as______, which is the opposite of______.34. The extra-linguistic context refers to the________situation, which may extend to embrace the entire________.35. Linguistic context can be subdivided into_______ context and_____ context.36. Context can be divided into ____and _____ context.37. Regarded as a derivational process without the addition of an affix, conversion can be called as _______.38. ________are the most complete description of words available to us. They are large in scope and size, containing at least 200 000 headwords.39. ________ are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50 000 to 150 000. And they are most used on desk.40. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three types: ________, homographs and________.??III. Please decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)?( ) 41. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) 42. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) 43. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) 44. In early Middle English period, English, Latin, and Celtic existed side by side.( ) 45. The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( ) 46. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 47. Conversion not only changes the grammatical function of items involved but their original meaning.( ) 48. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained acceptance.( ) 49. Backformation is considered to be the opposite process of affixation.( ) 50. Complementaries can be used in comparative degrees.( ) 51. In a language, there are more synonyms than antonyms.( ) 52. Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.( ) 53. The meaning of paper in "a white paper" is determined by grammatical context. ( ) 54. The ambiguity in "They saw her duck" is due to polysemy.( ) 55. The clue for the meaning of jetty in "The harbour is protected by a jetty — a wall built out into the water" is definition.( ) 56. Idioms are generally felt to be informal; therefore they are usually inappropriate for formal settings.( ) 57. The stylistic features of idioms are fixed and unchangeable.( ) 58. Idioms are peculiar to native culture and language.( ) 59. Dictionary is closely related to lexicology because they both deal with the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.( ) 60. In the Anglo-Saxon period, difficult Latin words and definitions were often collected into lists called glossaries for the sake of research.?IV. Please give the meaning of the following prefixes (the italicized part of the word).You are to write your answer in English on the answer sheet. (10%)61. a political 62. dis obey 63. il literate 64.de centralize65. un bug 66. mal treat 67. mis interpret 68.pseudo-scientific69. arch bishop 70. co direct 71. extra-large 72. hyper active 73. macro economics 74. micro computer 75. mini-bus 76.over-anxious77. out swim 78. sub-system 79. sub normal 80.super sophisticated???V. Please give the direct expressions of the following euphemisms. (10%)81. pass away 82. social disease83. custodian 84. extermination engineer85. meet engineer 86. sanitation engineer87. mortician 88. hairdresser89. Gee 90. Gosh almighty?VI. Please translate the following idioms into Chinese.（20%）91. in a brown study92. lip service93. bury the hatchet94. tit for tat95. the lion's share96. diamond cut diamond97. like cures like98. a fish out of water99. the salt of the earth100. see eye to eye with101. as green as grass102. once in a blue moon103. ride the high horse104. a bed of roses105. make bricks without straw106. an apple of discord107. Jack of all trades108. a fly in the ointment109. cut and dried110. wide of the mark?VII. Answer the following questions. (30%)111. In what way are words related to vocabulary?112. What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words?113. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes? Give examples to illustrate their relationships.114. What are the merits and demerits of componential analysis?115. What is hyponymy??模拟试卷（1）答案及评分标准I. Please choose the one that best completes each statement. (10%)1-5 D D B B D6-10 A C A B B11-15 C B D A B16-20 C D B D B?评分标准：本题共20道题，共10分；每题0.5分。

宜春学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目:ON THE APPLICATION OF RHETORIC IN ENGLISN ESSAY学院：外国语学院教研室专业：英语师范班级：06英师（1）班学号：0651302113姓名：聂黎芳指导教师：胡宜平填表日期：2009 年11 月10 日一、选题依据及意义依据：近几十年来，写作在大学英语专业和和非英语专业受到了相当高的重视，而且在各类英语等级考试中，作文分数占了较大的比例，而写作技能是听说读写四项能力中难最高的。

从我国学生历年的英语考试成绩中也不难看出，英语写作是他们面临的巨大难关。

但是要提高人们的英文素质和写作能力，除了应具备基本的写作知识与能力之外，还必须具备一定的修辞知识和修辞能力。

英语是我国对外交际中使用的主要外语。

因此，这一历史地位对英语写作提出了较高的要求，也就对英语修辞提出了要求。

学习修辞可以自觉地把文章写得准确、鲜明、生动。

鲁迅先生曾说：“作文的人，因为不能修辞，于是也就不能达意。

”大文豪郭沫若也在《关于文风问答〈新观察〉记者问》一文中说：“要使文章写得好，恐怕总得懂一点逻辑、文法和修辞。

”意义：修辞不是写作，但写作需要修辞。

修辞是写作的必要手段，修辞贯穿于整个写作过程之中。

当我们积累了修辞知识，体会到了修辞方式能产生种种动人的魅力，掌握了修辞方法和技巧，认识了客观的修辞规律，就能够帮助我们自觉地应用他们来抒情表意，我们的文章就会感染人，打动人的心灵，激发人的审美共鸣。

对于准备参加各类英语考试的考生来说，谙熟英语中常用的修辞手法，不仅有助于辨别英语语言的各种修辞现象，了解修辞运用的规律，提高分析语言表现技巧的能力，而且还可以有力提高准确、有效地运用语言的能力，从而在英语应试作文中获高分。

马克思被称为严格的修辞家，他的许多文章著作都是修辞的典范。

从短文到《资本论》、《反杜林论》那样的鸿篇巨制，自始至终都体现着修辞运用的卓越功力。

写得既严谨、深刻，又有文采。

英语论文选题英语语言学1. A Study of Adverbs in Legal English2.Linguistic Features of Legal English3.On Cultural Context in Legal English Articles4.Sources of Chinese and English Legal Terms5.Characteristics of Legal Terms6.Functions of Languages in Legislation7.Killing and its Hyponyms in Legal English8.Punctuation in Legal English: for instance, comma, period, colon, etc.9.Abbreviations in Legal English10.Transitional Words in Legal English11.The Application of the Fuzzy Words in Legal English法律语言模糊性词语的运用12.The Differences of the Legal Discourse in Chinese and English英汉法律语篇的结构差异13.On Abbreviations in Business English谈经贸英语中的缩略语现象14.On the Multi-discipline of the Economic English V ocabulary论经济英语语汇的多学科性15.On the Features of Business English Letters浅谈外经贸英语信函的写作特点16.Adjusting the Tone in International Business English经贸英语缓和口吻表达方法探究17.The Stylistic Features of the Contract English协议、合同英语的文体特点18.On Modifiers of Nouns in English for Foreign Economy & Trade略谈外经贸英语中的名词修饰语19.The Negative and Active Function of Fuzzy Language in Business Writing论模糊语言在经贸英语写作中的作用20.The Application of PP (Polite Principle) in Business English Communication21.CP（Cooperative Principle）and Business English Interpretation22.Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages23.Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts24.Remarks on Modern American Slang25.Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News26.News Headlines: Their Features and Style27.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Prepositions28.Death Metaphors in English29.The Pragmatic Functions of Intonation for Language Acquisition30.The Change of English Word Meaning: Factors and Types31.A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究32.Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达33.Features of Network English 网络英语的特点34.Influence of Science and Technology on English V ocabulary 科学技术对英语词汇的影响35. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincol n’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征36.Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征37.Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能64. On the Similarities and Differences of the Speeches by Elder and Younger Bush 论老布什、小布什语言风格的异同38.Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象39.Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际中的语用失误40.Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 论年龄与第二语言习得的关系41.Semantic Analysis of Nominalization in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析42.Analysis of the Speech Acts of Characters I Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》中人物言语行为的分析43.Lexical Relation and Their Cognitive Motivation词汇关系及其认知理据44.An Interpretation of Speech Acts in Death of a Salesman,《推销员之死》言语行为分析45.Effects of Nonverbal Communication on Daily Life 非言语交际对日常生活的影响46.浅析英汉人体隐喻的异同47.论“心”的隐喻认知系统48.从《老友记》的对话看礼貌策略使用的性别差异49.英语中法语借词的历史演变50.英语中“笑”类动词的语义成分分析51.从礼貌的视角比较英汉称赞语52.浅谈英汉中的借词差异及英语借词对汉语的影响53.死亡委婉语的应用及其文化内涵54.探索《傲慢与偏见》中的委婉语55.政治委婉语在伊拉克战争中的使用56.“死亡”委婉语变异的语境分析tin’s Influence on the English V ocabulary in the History Perspective58.The Recognition of Componential Analysis and Its Application59.模糊语的交际/语用功能分析60.The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English 英语中强调语气的表达方式61.A study of the Code-Switching in Internet Communication 网络交际中的语码转换研究62.On Metaphors in Advertising English英语广告中的暗喻e of English abbreviations in Chinese news reports汉语新闻报道中的英语缩略语运用e of English abbreviations in Chinese advertisements汉语广告中的英语缩略语运用65.Chinese-English Code-switching in daily communication日常交际中的英汉语码转换66.Chinese-English Code-switching in net communication网络交际中的英汉语码转换67.Gender Differences in English Communication英语交际中的性别差异68.Sexism in English Proverbs英语习语中的性别歧视69.Economy Principle and Noun-Verb Shift 论语言经济原则与名词动词化70.English Abstract Nouns and Their Translation into Chinese 论英语抽象名词及其汉译71.Rules-Breaking in the Language of Advertising 论广告中的反语法规则现象72.A Comparative Study of Ambiguous Sentences in English and Chinese 英汉歧义句对比研究73.A Comparative Study of Spouse-seeking Notice in English and Chinese英汉征婚启事对比研究74.A Comparative Study of Humor in English and Chinese英汉幽默语用研究75.The Formation and Metabolism of English Euphemisms英语委婉语的构造法及其变化规律76.A Brief Research into the Deviation of Punctuation Marks& Aesthetic Value 浅议标点符号的变异使用及其审美功能77.Presupposition and its Application in Advertising 论预设及其在广告语中的运用78.Polite Principles in Business English and Their Use商务英语中的礼貌原则及运用79.An Analysis of the Characteristics of Abbreviations and Their Original Words in OnlineChatroom网络聊天室缩略语及其原词语的特点分析80.A Survey on the Non-Chinese Expressions on BBS of Chinese Universities高校网络媒体BBS 上非汉语词汇用语的调查研究81.Politeness and Business English Letters礼貌与商务英语信函82.A Historical Analysis on Constitution Particularity of American English 从历史角度简析美国英语形成的历史特殊性83.A Contrast Between Chinese and English Compliments中英称赞语对比84.Interpretation of Advertising Language from the Relevance Theory 广告语的关联理论分析85.Pragmatic Strategies in Business Negotiations商务谈判中的语用策略86.An Analysis on Ideational Function of English News 英语新闻的概念功能分析教学法87.Relationship of Age to Legal English Learning88.Legal English V ocabulary Teaching89.The Application of Schema Theory in Reading Comprehension90.Collaborative Learning: Group Work91.Cognitive Approach in Oral English Teaching92.English Songs—An Effective and Supplementary Medium of English Teaching25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Language Learning 外语学习中学习动机的影响27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language 英语学习中的错误分析研究43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning 论第二语言学习的态度及动机93. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning 个性因素在外语学习中的作用94.The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素95.On the Differences between Children and Adults in the Effects of Mother Tongue on SecondLanguage Acquisition儿童和成年人在母语对二语习得影响方面的差异96.Analysis and Exploration of Oral English Teaching and Learning Method in UniversityClassroom大学课堂中对英语口语教学学习方法的分析和研究97.图式理论在英语听力教学中的应用98.图式理论及其对高中英语阅读教学的启示99.对高中英语课堂阅读现状的调查和分析100.多媒体技术在中学英语教学中运用现状的分析101.浅谈私立高中英语课堂中的师爱教学102.背诵在英语学习中的作用103.言语行为语用能力培养在英语课本中的实现——以《新概念英语》为个案104.关于英语课堂中教师反馈情况的调查分析研究105.用英语电影辅助高中英语教学106.同伴纠错在英语写作课堂中的应用107.大学英语教师课堂话语策略个案研究108.关于高中生英语学习中焦虑问题的调查研究109.论任务式英语口语教学中的合作学习110.合作学习在高中英语写作教学中的应用111.中国大学生英语写作中汉语词法的负迁移112.英语专业学生听力学习中元认知策略使用状况的调查113.语篇衔接以及写作中的衔接错误114.英汉亲属称谓语的差异及其互译115.A Study on the Elements in Improving English Listening Ability under Computer-and-Internet-Assisted Circumstance计算机网络下的英语听力能力提高的元素116.Obstacles in Understanding American English Idiomatic Statements for Chinese Students中国学生对含成语的美国英语表述理解的障碍117.On the Training of English Listening-Awareness英语听力意识的训练118.Effects of Discourse Structure on Listening Comprehension of Aural English 语篇结构对英语听力理解的影响119.Effects of Stereotypes on Intercultural Communication文化成见在跨文化交际中的影响120.The Influence of Web Technology on University English Teaching Modes / English Listening / Oral English / English Lexical Teaching 网络环境对英语教学模式/听力/口语/词汇教学的影响121.Backwash of Tests on English Teaching and Learning测试对英语教学的反拨作用122.The Differences in English Study between Boy Students and Girl Students in Senior Schools 高中男女生英语学习差异的研究文化123.Relationship between Culture and Law124.Cultural Distinctiveness in Legal English Translationparison of Chinese and English Forms of Addresses126.Hierarchies in American and Chinese Address Forms127.The Role Played by the American Blacks in the History of America128.The Cults in Modern American Society129.Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language130.Deep-structure Transfer in Cross-cultural Communication131.Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication132.Religious Cultural Factors Affecting the Differences of Meanings of Words133.A Comparison of Intercultural Usages between Chinese and Western Courtesy Languages 134.19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English135.中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区136.The Comparison Between Taoism and Transcendentalism道家文化与超验主义的比较研究137.The comparative studies between Buddhism and Christianity on cultural level 佛教与基督教在文化层面上的对比研究138.The Sino-US Cultural Differences Reflected in Movies 看中美电影中的文化差异139.英汉数字习语文化比较140.Linguistic and Cultural Comparison between Chinese“狗”and English “dog”中西“狗”的语言文化比较研究141.中国牡丹和英国玫瑰折射出的文化差异文学142.Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist143.Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language144.On the Structure of Dickens’s Hard Times145.Jane Austen’s Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects146.The High Class as Seen in Thackeray’s Vanity Fair147.From Pastoral Stories to Great Tragic Novels: An Analysis of Hardy’s Novels148.Remarks on wrence’s Psychological Analyses149.Social Reality as Reflected in the Poetry of William Blake150.Edgar Allan Poe and the World Literature151.The Tragic Color of Earnest Hemingway’s Novels152.A Critical Study of William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily:Its Narrative Techniques and Structure153.Some Features of Steinbeck’s Literary Style154.Emily Dickinson and Her Unique Poetry155.Symbolism in O’Neill’s Major Plays156.The Modern American Society and The Death of the Salesman157.A Comparative Study of Empathy in English and Chinese Poetry158.A Comparative Analysis of Sentence Structures in English and Chinese Poetry159.The Realism of the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn160.Heroism in Hemingway’s Works161.The Light of the Dark：The Greatest Works of Conan and Agatha162.On Wordsworth’s View of Nature163.On the Symbolism of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow164.Analysis of Characters of Don Quxiote165.On the Author and the Major Characters of The Pearl166.Social Reality Reflected in Ode To the West Wind167.Hamlet and His Delay168.The Cuban Culture Contest of The Old Man and the Sea169.Gothic Features in Wuthering Heights170.The Comparison of the Character of Carrie Meeber and Jennie Gerhardt171.The Philosophy of Life in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea172.Mark Twain---The Pessimist Who Brought Laughter to The World173.Humor and Realism of Mark Twain’s The Celebrated Jumping Frog of California County 174.Robinson Crusoe and the Colonial Empire175.A Probe into the Ambiguity and Symbolization of Eliot’s Poetry176.The Realism of Adventure of Huckleberry Finn177.A Farewell to Arms—A Clear Mirror178.Gone with the Wind and the Awakening of Women179.Hemingway and Hemingway Heroes180.The Sound of Heart-Reverie and Melancholy in Emily Dickinson’s Poemsment on the Biblical Images in Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes parison of Gone with the Wind and The Collector—An Analysis of Women’s Problem 183.Satire in Catch—22184.Love, Equality and Tolerance—On the Nature of Love of Jane and Tess185.On the Endings and Features of O ·Henry's Short Stories186.Paradise Lost—The War in the Heaven187.The Attractions of The Waste Land188.On the Religious Color of Characterization in Uncle Tom's Cabin189.Thoreau's Walden: A Book of Inward Exploration190.Beautiful Women—Analysis of Female Characters in The Merchant of Venice191.The Great Gatsby and the Collapse of the American Dream192.The Influence of Edgar Allan Poe's Life on his Writing193.The Biblical Allusions and Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath194.A Journey of Outward and Inward Exploration—A Brief Analysis of Walden195.The Duality in Robinson Crusoe's Character196.On the Characterization and Writing Techniques in Rebecca197.Wordsworth: Nature's Favorite Son198.Two Aspects Reflected from Robinson Crusoe: Society and Nature199.The Superman Complex in Love of Life200.3. A Comm ent on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论201.4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 202.《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较203.49. On T.S. Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识204.On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman 《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧205.Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair 论《名利场》的观点及言语方式206.Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法207.Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑208.Robinson Crusoe--Representative of the New Capitalist鲁滨逊—新兴资产阶级的代表209.The Women World in The Thorn Birds---Same World，Different Destiny《荆棘鸟》中的女性世界---同一世界, 不同命运210.The Transformation of Buck in The Call of the Wild小说《野性的呼唤》中巴克的转变211.Rebecca Sharp---The Real Heroine in Vanity Fair丽蓓卡·夏泼---《名利场》的真正主人公212.The Conflict between Greed and Human nature ---- on An American Tragedy从《美国悲剧》看贪婪与人性的冲突213.What is Small and What is Big in Great Expectations《远大前程》中的“大”与“小214.A Contrastive Study between "White" and "Black" in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中“白”与“黑”的对比研究215.Black Humor in Catch-22《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默216.A Contrastive Study of the Influence of Religion upon Tess and Prynne宗教对苔丝和白兰命运的影响的对比分析217.On Symbolism in Lord of the Flies 象征手法在《蝇王》中的运用218.Analysis of Christianity Theme on The Name of the Rose《玫瑰之名》的宗教主题分析219.Christianity in Uncle Tom's Cabin小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的基督教220.On the Intercultural Conflicts in The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇画像》中跨文化冲突的分析221.On the Theme of Struggle for Survival in Sister Carrie Base on the Character Analysis从人物分析研究《嘉莉妹妹》中人们为生存挣扎的主题222.An Analysis of Scarlett's Intelligence and Capability in Gone with the Wind论小说《飘》中斯佳丽的智慧和能力223.An Analysis of the Image of "Hunter" in Moby-Dick and The Old Man and the Sea《白鲸》和《老人与海》中的“猎者”形象分析224.Naturalism in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义解析225.On the Meaning of Symbols in Beloved析《宠儿》中的象征意义226.Individuality, the Limitation of Ideology and Symbolism in Invisible Man浅析《看不见的人》中的自我个性，意识形态局限性和象征主义227.Female Image Comparison between Scarlett and Meggie斯佳丽与梅吉的女性形象比较228.A Study of Invisible Man from An Existential Perspective从存在主义视角看《隐形人》229.A Feminist Study of the Effect of American Civil War upon the Female World in American Society Seen from Gone with the Wind 从女权主义视角看<<飘>>所反映的美国内战对美国女性世界的影响230.A Social Cultural Contrastive Stuy of Scarlett O'Hara and Wang Xifeng郝思佳和王熙凤的社会文化对比研究231.The Marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas in Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》中柯林斯与夏洛蒂•卢卡斯的婚姻232.Miserable World in the Humor---A Comparison of the Works of Mark Twain and O. Henry幽默中的悲惨世界---马克吐温和欧亨利作品的比较233.A Comparison of Conflicts in Desire Under the Elms and Thunderstorm《榆树下的欲望》和《雷雨》戏剧冲突的比较234.The Art of Satire in Gulliver's Travels论《格列佛游记》中的讽刺艺术235.Ａcomparative Study of Abbie and Fanyi in Desire Under the Elm and Thunderstorm＜榆树下的欲望＞和＜雷雨＞中爱碧和繁漪的对比研究236.Exotic Flowers in East and West —Comparison between Romeo and Juliet and Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai（中西方的艺术奇葩——比较《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《梁山伯与祝英台》）237.An Elegy of Humanism—An Analysis of the Causes of The Tragedy of Othello（人文主义的悲歌——《奥赛罗》悲剧成因之探析）238.A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较239.A Comparative Study of Tao Yuan-Min and William Wordsworth240.The Images of the West Wind in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind 雪莱《西风颂》中西风的意象241.Ode to a Nightingale: An Integration of Aesthetics and politics<夜莺颂》诗歌美学与政治意识的结合242.A Contrastive Study of Images in English and Classical Chinese Poems英诗和中国古典诗歌中的意象比较243.Five Natural Elements in Wordsworth’s Poems华兹华斯诗中的五种自然元素翻译理论与实践244.Translation of Complex Sentence in the Legal Language245.The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of the idioms in Commercial English 试论文化因素对经贸领域中习语翻译的影响mercial English: its characteristics and translation经贸英语的特点与翻译247.The Characteristics of Business Contract Wording in English &amp; its Translation英语经贸契约的用词特点与翻译248.On the Usage and Translation of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business Contracts in English英语经贸契约介词和介词短语的用法及翻译249.Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译250.Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation经贸合同英语词法特征及其翻译251.Characteristics and Distinctive English Translation of Words in Business Contracts商务合同英语用词特点及翻译的特色标记252.The Characteristics and the Present Situation of Foreign trade English Translation对外经贸翻译的特点与现状253.On the Translation of Commercial Advertisement谈商业广告的翻译254.On the Role of Social Context in Business English Translation浅议经贸英语翻译中语境因素的作用255.On the Criteria of Translating English in to Foreign- oriented Economy and Trade Affairs试论经贸英语翻译的标准256.Translation Characteristics of Economy and Trade English经贸英语的翻译特点257.Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译258.On the Strategies of the Mistranslation in Business English论经贸英语误译的对策259.Multi-angle Views On Business English Translation经贸翻译的多视角260.A Classification & Translation of Words Denoting Major Positions in Business English经贸英语中主要职务用词的分类与翻译261.The Classification and Translation of the Business English Terms with the Reference of "Money"经贸英语中含有"钱款"意义词汇的分类及翻译262.Word Diction in Economy and Trade Translation经贸翻译的词义选择263.On Translation of English Advertisement广告英语的翻译264.Advertisement English Translation in Cross-cultural Background跨文化背景中的广告英语翻译265.On Translation of the Dates, Amount and Numbers (Figures) in the Economic & Trade Contracts经贸契约中日期、金额和数字的翻译266.Translating Strategy of Modern Business English现代商务英语翻译策略267.Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation商标翻译的方法及应遵循的基本原则268.The Language Characteristics and Translation Stragegy of English Advertisements广告英语语言特点及其翻译策略269.How to Correctly Understand & Translate the Compound Words Formed from Here-, There- and Where- in Economic & Trade Contracts 如何正确理解和翻译经贸契约中Here,There-和Where构成的复合词270.On the Rhetoric Character and Translating Method of Advertising English浅析广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法271.On Metaphors in Business English and Translation商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译272.On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Foreign Trade English Translation外贸英语翻译的"忠实"与"变通"273.The Stralegies of Domestication and Dissimilation on Advertising English Translation广告英语翻译的"归化"和""异化"策略274.Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic Factors in English Advertisement Translation英语广告翻译中的跨文化、跨语言因素275.Nominalization application in business English letter writing and its translation名词化结构在商务英语信函中的应用和翻译276.On the Art of Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English论广告英语的修辞艺术和翻译方法277.Principles of Translating Economic Literature of Enterprises from Chinese to English企业外宣资料汉英翻译原则278.English-Chinese Translation of Trademarks: Its Principles and Strategies英语商标的汉译原则及策略279.The Puns in English and Chinese Advertisements and the Translation of Them英汉广告中的双关语及其英汉互译280.The Pragmatic Analysis and Translation Strategies of Long Sentences in English Business Contracts英语商务合同长句的语用分析及翻译策略281.Influence of Cultural differences on the Chinese-English Translation of Business Writing文化差异对商务汉英翻译的影响282.On Equivalence of Cultural Message in the International Business English Translation国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究283.On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation284.Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability285.The Chinese V ersion of Jude the Obscure: An Outstanding Example of Artistic Recreation 286.Translating the Style of Literary Works—A Preliminary Study of Wu Ningkun’s Version of The Great Gatsby287.A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of The Merchant of Venice288.A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales289.On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems290.Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry291.How to Deal with Ellipsis in Translating292.The Translation of Trade Marks and Culture293.Onomatopoeia and its Translation294.On the Cross-Culture Pragmatic Failure in English Translation295.On Translating the Passive Voice in Scientific and Technology English into Chinese296.A Comparative Study of Two English Version of the Chang Ganxing297.Review on the Translation of Movie Titles298. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译299. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换300.On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译301.On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译302. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities 论商标、出口商品名称的翻译303.The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译304.On the Translation of Long Sentences and Attributive Clauses in A Tale of Two Cities浅析《双城记》中长句与定语从句的翻译技巧305.The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译306.Differences Between Chinese Headline and English Headline as well as Their Translation 论中英文新闻标题的差异与翻译307.On Brand Name Translation Strategies from the View of Consumer Psychology从消费心理学角度浅谈商标翻译策略308."Fu Donghua’s Gone With the Wind and Functional Translation Theory 傅东华的《飘》和功能翻译理论309.The Subjectivity of the Translator in Literary Translation 文学翻译中的译者主体性310.Cultural Differences and Transplantation in Translation文化差异和翻译中的文化移植311.Idioms’Practice and Translation in Advertising 习语在广告中的应用与翻译312.On the Impact of Translation on Chinese Culture--- To Cherish Chinese Culture 翻译对中国文化的影响--- 保护中国文化313.A Comparative Study of Two English Versions of One of Tao Yuanming’s Set Poems Drinking Wine 对陶渊明《饮酒》组诗之一的两个英译本的比较研究314.论儿童文学的翻译315.例析俚语的英译汉316.。

英语词汇学自考题-23(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Ⅰ.{{/B}}(总题数：40，分数：100.00)1.Which of the following is not one of the meanings of "word meaning"?______∙ A. Reference.∙ B. Concept.∙ C. Sense.∙ D. Pronunciation.（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] word meaning(词的意义)可以指reference(所指)，concept(概念)和sense(语义)。

答案为D。

2.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.∙ A. speakers∙ B. listeners∙ C. world∙ D. specific country（分数：2.50）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] Reference is the relationship between language and the world．所指是语言与周围世界的关系。

答案为C。

3.A word is the combination of form and ______.∙ A. spelling∙ B. writing∙ C. meaning∙ D. denoting（分数：2.50）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] We know that a word is the combination of form and meaning．我们知道词是形式和意义的结合体。

答案为C。

4.The connection between the word-meaning and the thing it refers to is ______.∙ A. logical∙ B. conventional∙ C. grammatical∙ D. formal（分数：2.50）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. 词对语言以外的事物所指是任意的、约定俗成的。

英语词汇学复习题一．单项选择1. It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over the ______ words. ( )A. nextB. followingC. functionD. neighboring2. Being phrases or sentences, idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic _______. ( )A. entityB. unityC. unionD. unit3．_______ refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves. ( )A. TerminologyB. ArchaismC. NeologismD. Jargon4. Which of the following is a pejorative prefix? ( )A. dis-B. arch-C. mal-D. anti-5. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: _______ or pejorative. ( )A. denotativeB. appreciativeC. emotiveD. affective6.Shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains is called ______. （）A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. back-formation7. Associative meaning of words comprises the following except ______. （）A. connotative meaningB. lexical meaningC. affective meaningD. collocative meaning8. What is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages? （）A. Suffixation.B. Polysemy.C. Allomorph.D. Variation.9. Which word that formerly meant animal, and later animal from Latin and beast from French found their way into English?（）A. Deer.B. Cattle.C. Sheep.D. Bird.10. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, this word may create ______. （）A. semantic motivationB. degradationC. ambiguityD. extension11. ________ consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas such medicine, mathematics, music, education, etc. ( )A. NeologismB. ArchaismC. TerminologyD. Jargon12. Styles are normally classified into formal, _______ and informal. ( )A. mediumB. neutralC. middleD. common13. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed _______. ( )A. suffixesB. morphemesC. inflectionsD. parts14. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the connection between them is _____and conventional. ( )A. arbitraryB. habitualC. subjectiveD. symbolic15. Apart from the stylistic feature, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as of ______ manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech. ( )A. grammaticalB. structuralC. phoneticD. stylistic16. Without ______, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intended to convey.A. contextB. semantic unityC. structural stabilityD. stylistic feature17. Idioms manifest such rhetorical features as the following except______. （）A. phonetic manipulationB. lexical manipulationC. literary expressionsD. figures of speech18. According to its grammatical functions, idioms can be classified into five groups. The idiom “heart and soul”belongs to ______. （）A. idioms nominal in natureB. idioms adjectival in natureC. idioms verbal in natureD. idioms adverbial in nature19. The main body for a dictionary is ______ of words. （）A. spellingsB. pronunciationsC. definitionsD. grammar20. Readers can’t find pronunciation or meaning in ______.（）A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese TranslationB. The Encyclopedia AmericanaC. Chamber’s Encyclopedic English DictionaryD. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary二．填空1．Words may fall into _______ words and _______ words by origin.2．Red, orange, yellow, green, white, black, blue, purple, pink, etc., make up the _______ field of ________.3．The obvious characteristics of the basic word stock are all national character, ________, productivity, polysemy and _____________ .4．Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ________ morphemes.5．The chief function of ________ is not to change the word class of the stem, but to change its meaning.6．“Pavement”in British English and “sidewalk”in American English have the same ________. 7．Red, scarlet, mauve, violet, lavender, pansy, black, purple, etc, make up the ________field of ‘colours’.三．判断对错（）1. The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from polysemants. （）2. The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of modern English period. （）3. The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of the stems（）4. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.（）5. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.四．术语英译汉1. derogatory sense2. desk dictionary3. diachronic approach五．术语简释1.linguistic dictionary:2.blending:3.motivation:4.perfect homonyms:5.idioms nominal in nature:6.creation (as a mode of vocabulary development)7.free morphemes8.collocative meaning9.concatenation10. grammatical context六．简答题1.What are the major ways in which words are motivated?2.What are the two major types of factors that cause changes in meaning?3.What is the remarkable feature of Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English ?4. Supply two examples to illustrate that the influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.七．论述题1. What are the two approaches to polysemy?2. . Explain the meaning of the phrase “a laconic answer”, using the theory of motivation.。

试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket。

(30％）1。

In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A。

moreB. littleC。

lessD。

gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______。

A。

general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD。

neither A and B3。

The word ”MINISKIRT" is _______。

A。

morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4。

The most important way of vocabulary development in present—day English is _______。

A。

borrowingB。

semantic changeC。

creation of new wordsD. all the above5。

Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A。

generalizedB。

expandedC. elevatedD。

Questions for English Stylistics1.What does general stylistics study?2.Why should we learn stylistics?3.What are the three steps of stylistic analysis?4.What are the functions of stress? Give examples.5.In what varieties of English the exclamation mark is most or least frequent?Why?6.Explain the functions of long and short paragraphs, and indicate in what varietiesof English short/long paragraphs are most frequently found.7.Give examples to illustrate the differences in pronunciation between standardBritish and American English.8.Give examples to illustrate the spelling differences between British and AmericanEnglish.9.Which of the two terms, American English and the American language, is moreappropriate, and why?10.What are the main differences between spoken English and written English?11.What is the danger if you use too much formal language in your dailyconversation?12.Can you use some colloquial words in writing? If so, what kind of writing shouldit be?13.What factors affect the degrees of formality?14.What is the effect of impersonal language?bel the following sentences according to the five degrees of formality:Would you be so good?Your silence is requested.Do shut up!Quiet, please.Put a sock in it!16.Are you speaking differently from or the same from your parents? Give examplesto illustrate your points.17.How did African American English come into being?18.Give examples of taboo and euphemisms.19.What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the lexical level?20.What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the semantic level?21.What are the most noticeable features of the vocabulary of casual conversation?22.How many types of public speeches are there?23.How do you make an effective public speech?24.What are the general stylistic features of public speeches?25.What are the general stylistic features of news reports?26.What are the general stylistic features and function of newspaper headlines?27.What types of variety may possibly co-occur with journalistic language? Why?28.What is the function of advertising language?29.How many parts does an advertisement usually consist of? And what are thefunctions of each part?30.Find some interesting advertisements from the Internet and present them to theclass with you own explanations.31.What is generally required of EST? Why?32.Tell how and why EST prefers impersonal sentence patterns?33.Why are the present tense and passive voice often used in EST?34.Why do we say that legal English appears extremely conservative and even oddin form? What archaic words are often found in legal documents?35.What punctuation marks occur the least frequently in legal documents?36.What is your favorite type of novel? Why?37.What are the general stylistic features of the language of a novel?38.What is the difference between poetry and prose?39.What are the commonly found stanzas in English?40.How does a poem appeal aesthetically to the reader?41.What is the function of lexical repetition? And what is the function of syntacticalrepetition?42.What effects are achieved through the manipulation of sounds?43.EST and Legal English are two widely different varieties, but there seem to existsome common features in style. Point them out.ment on how the author’s selection of details of description and choice ofwords contributed to the atmosphere of the novel.“The Bottoms” succeeded to “Hell Row.” Hell Row was a block of thatched, bulging cottages that stood by the brookside on Greenhill lane.There lived the colliers who worked in the little gin-pits two fields away. The brook ran under the alder trees, scarcely soiled by these small mines, whose coal was drawn to the surface by donkeys that plodded wearily in a circle round a gin, and all over the countryside were these same pits, some of which had been worked in the time of Charles II, the few colliers and the donkeys burrowing down like ants into the earth, making queer mounds and little black places among the corn-fields and the meadow. And the cottages of these coalminers, in blocks and pairs here and there, together with odd farms and homes of the stockingers, straying over the parish, formed the village of Bestwood.Then, some sixty years ago, a sudden change took place. The gin-pits were elbowed aside by the large mines of the financiers. The coal and iron field of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire was discovered. Carston, Waite and Co. appeared. Amid excitement, Lord Palmerston formally opened the company’s first mine at Spinney Park, on the edge of Sherwood Forest.D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers45.Analyze the metrics of the following poem by W. B Yeats:When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fires, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false and true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face;。

AⅡ. Read the following short passages and answer the questions or do the assignment that follow (40 points).Question 1: a. lexical differences (5 points): length, formalityb. syntactic differences(5 points): length, structure Question 2: sample 2:oral, informal (2 points)sample 3: formal, written(2 points)sample 1: the style is between that ofsample1&2 Question 3: antithesis (2 points): not that……but that……Rhetorical question (2 points): had you……to live allfreemen?Parallelism: complete parallelism (2 points): as…I…partial parallelism (2 points):tears for his love, joy for his fortune……repetition:(2 points)if any, speak, for him have I offendedQuestion 4(10 points):without you have read=if you have not read 2 points that ain’t no matter=that isn’t matter 2 pointsI never seen= I have never seen 2 pointsWithout it was Aunt Polly=it was not Aunt Polly 2 points Aunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas is all told= Aunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas are all told Question 5(5 points): lower class, less educatedIII. Read the following passages and analyze the stylistic features of the following passages (30 points).1.total: 15 points1)lexical(5 points): word length; word color; structure ofnoun/verb group2)syntactic(5 points): structure & type, tense, length3)textual(5 points): news report; inverted pyramid;paragraphing; inverted commas2. total: 15 points1) lexical (5 points): technical terms; word length; word color; structure of noun/verb group2)syntactic (5 points): tense, structure, length, passive voice3) textual (5 points): research abstract; goal; method;result/conclusionIV. Read the poem below and analyze its language and style (10 points).1.phonological(3 points): iambic tetrameter; rhyme scheme(aabb ccdd )2.lexical(2 points): common words with one syllable and twosyllables3.syntactic(2 points): using coordinated sentence structure toweave contrasting ideas or elicit action.4.theme(3 points): describing the miserable life of Britishpeople and giving them suggestions.BⅡ. Read the following short passages and answer the questions or do the assignment that follow (40 points).Question 1: a. lexical differences (5 points): length, formalityb. syntactic differences(5 points): length, structure Question 2: sample 2:oral, informal (2 points)sample 3: formal, written(2 points)sample 1: the style is between that ofsample1&2 Question 3: antithesis (2 points): not that……but that……Rhetorical question (2 points): had you……to live allfreemen?Parallelism: complete parallelism (2 points): as…I…partial parallelism (2 points):tears for his love, joy for his fortune……repetition:(2 points)if any, speak, for him have I offendedQuestion 4(10 points):without you have read=if you have not read 2 points that ain’t no matter=that isn’t matter 2 pointsI never seen= I have never seen 2 pointsWithout it was Aunt Polly=it was not Aunt Polly 2 points Aunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas is all told= Aunt Polly and Mary, and the widow Douglas are all told Question 5(5 points): lower class, less educatedIII. Read the following passages and analyze the stylistic features of the following passages (30 points).1.total: 15 points1)lexical(5 points): word length; word color; structure ofnoun/verb group2)syntactic(5 points): structure & type, tense, length3)textual(5 points): news report; inverted pyramid;paragraphing; inverted commas2. total: 15 points1) lexical (5 points): technical terms; word length; word color; structure of noun/verb group2)syntactic (5 points): tense, structure, length, passive voice3) textual (5 points): research abstract; goal; method;result/conclusionIV. Read the poem below and analyze its language and style (10 points).1.phonological(2 points): main metrical pattern (iambicpentameter), rhyme scheme (abab )2.lexical(2 points): common words with one syllable and twosyllables3.syntactic(2 points): simple coordinated sentence structure4.theme(4 points): living to love nature and pursue art ratherthan strive for fame and fortune。

商务英语专业毕业论文选题参考范围商务英语专业毕业论文选题参考范围无论是在学习还是在工作中，大家或多或少都会接触过论文吧，论文的类型很多，包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。

那么你知道一篇好的论文该怎么写吗？下面是小编为大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文选题参考范围，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

注意：以下仅为选题方向、范围参考，确定自己的选题，请联系。

本地、本人（职业、岗位、兴趣）实际、热门话题、疑难问题。

文化对比类1、中西方餐饮文化对比2、跨文化交际与中西文化冲突3、中西方餐桌礼仪差异4、了解中西方不同礼仪在外贸业务中的意义5、中英文在生活中的差异6、文化差异与英汉习语的翻译7、论语境在翻译中的重要性8、英语听说读写四种技能的关系9、方言对英语发音的影响10、英语词汇中的外来语单词11、美国英语的特色12、中外文学作品比较13、报刊英语中标点、缩略语的应用14、背诵在英语中的作用15、英语与美语的差异16、中西饮食文化的比较17、中西文化中礼仪在外贸业务中的比较18、中美商务谈判中恭维语及恭维应答的比较分析19、商务英语信函中词汇特征的分析其他1、礼仪在商务英语谈判中的作用2、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用3、商务合同中英语词汇的作用4、商务英语在中国加入 WTO 后的新发展和新趋势5、商务英语函电写作和作用6、商务谈判的成功因素7、中美商务谈判中恭维语及恭维应答的比较分析8、商务英语信函的词汇特征分析9、英汉习语中的明喻、暗喻和借代10、英汉习语对比及反映的东西方文化异同11、英语商标的文化内涵与汉译12、商务谈判中英语的重要性13、礼仪在商务谈判中的重要性14、还盘信中的写作技巧15、商务谈判中成功的要素16、商务函电的写作及用词特点17、入世商务英语写作的措施研究18、外贸单证在出口业务中的地位和作用19、对背信用证和可转让信用证的对比分析20、外贸单证在缮制过程中的要点毕业论文选题参考（1）以下为论文选题范围参考：1）外贸及其相关领域；2）商务英语语言研究与商务英语教学研究；3）商务英语翻译研究；4）市场营销研究；5）国际商务交际研究（2）以下为商务英语专业的参考选题，仅供参考：1） The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of the idioms in Commercial English 试论文化因素对经贸领域中习语翻译的影响2） Commercial English： its characteristics and translation 经贸英语的特点与翻译3）The Characteristics of Business Contract Wording in English &amp； its Translation 英语经贸契约的用词特点与翻译4）On the Usage and Translation of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business Contracts in English 英语经贸契约介词和介词短语的用法及翻译5）Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译6）Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation 经贸合同英语词法特征及其翻译7）Characteristics and Distinctive English Translation of Words in Business Contracts 商务合同英语用词特点及翻译的`特色标记8） The Characteristics and the Present Situation of Foreign trade English Translation 对外经贸翻译的特点与现状9） On the Translation of Commercial Advertisement 谈商业广告的翻译10）On the Role of Social Context in Business English Translation 浅议经贸英语翻译中语境因素的作用11）On the Criteria of Translating English in to Foreign—oriented Economy and Trade Affairs 试论经贸英语翻译的标准12）Translation Characteristics of Economy and Trade English 经贸英语的翻译特点13）Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译14） On Abbreviations in Business English谈经贸英语中的缩略语现象15）On the Strategies of the Mistranslation in Business English 论经贸英语误译的对策16） Multi—angle Views On Business English Translation 经贸翻译的多视角17） A Classification & Translation of Words Denoting Major Positions in Business English 经贸英语中主要职务用词的分类与翻译18）The Classification and Translation of the Business English Terms with the Reference of "Money"经贸英语中含有"钱款"意义词汇的分类及翻译19） A Brief analysis on the Characteristics of Business English Vocabulary 浅议经贸英语词汇的特点20） Word Diction in Economy and Trade Translation 经贸翻译的词义选择21）On the Multi—discipline of the Economic English Vocabulary 论经济英语语汇的多学科性22） On the Features of Business English Letters 浅谈外经贸英语信函的写作特点23） Adjusting the Tone in International Business English 经贸英语缓和口吻表达方法探究24） The Stylistic Features of the Contract English 协议、合同英语的文体特点25） On Translation of English Advertisement 广告英语的翻译26）Advertisement English Translation in Cross—cultural Background 跨文化背景中的广告英语翻译27） On Modifiers of Nouns in English for Foreign Economy & Trade 略谈外经贸英语中的名词修饰语28）On Translation of the Dates，Amount and Numbers（Figures） in the Economic & Trade Contracts 经贸契约中日期、金额和数字的翻译29） Translating Strategy of Modern Business English 现代商务英语翻译策略30） The New Trend of Economy & Trade English after Chinas Entry into WTO经贸英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势31）Knowledge of Formulaic Expressions in Foreign Economic and Trade Contracts for the Study of Legal English 了解涉外经贸合同套语扫除法律英语学习障碍32）The Principle of Faithfulness in C—E Business Translation 关于英汉经贸翻译的"信"33） Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation 商标翻译的方法及应遵循的基本原则34） The Language Characteristics and Translation Strategy of English Advertisements 广告英语语言特点及其翻译策略35） A Study of the Characteristics of Sentences in International Economic Trade Contracts in English 试谈英文国际经济贸易合同的句法特点36）How to Correctly Understand & Translate the Compound Words Formed from Here—， There— and Where—in Economic & Trade Contracts 如何正确理解和翻译经贸契约中Here， There—和 Where 构成的复合词37） he Life of the Translation of the Literature of Economy and Trade—— Accuracy in the Translation 经贸文体翻译之生命——准确性38） On the Rhetoric Character and Translating Method of Advertising English 浅析广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法39） On Metaphors in Business English and Translation 商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译40）On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Foreign TradeEnglish Translation 外贸英语翻译的"忠实"与"变通"41）The Strategies of Domestication and Dissimilation on Advertising English Translation 广告英语翻译的"归化"和""异化"策略42） Cross—cultural and Cross—linguistic Factors in English Advertisement Translation 英语广告翻译中的跨文化、跨语言因素43）Nominalization application in business English letter writing and its translation 名词化结构在商务英语信函中的应用和翻译44） On the Art of Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English 论广告英语的修辞艺术和翻译方法45） The Negative and Active Function of Fuzzy Language in Business Writing 论模糊语言在经贸英语写作中的作用46）The Application of PP （Polite Principle）in Business English Communication47）CP（Cooperative Principle）and Business English Interpretation48）On the Cliché Expressions in Business English 商务英语中陈词腐语探析49）Hypotaxis and Parataxis in the Context of English to Chinese Translation of Business Literature 商务英语翻译中形合义合分析50） On the Preciseness of Business English Contracts 论商务英文合同语言严谨性51）How to Achieve Consideration in Business Correspondence 实现商务函电中“consideration”的手段52） A Research into the Legalese in Applied Business Literature 商务英语应用文中的法制性语言研究53）On the Balance between Conversational English and Old—fashioned English “conversational English” 与“old—fashioned English”的恰当使用54）Features of Foreign Trade English and its Translation Model 外贸英语的特点与翻译模式55）An Analysis of the Rhetorical Devices used in English Business Advertisements 商务英语广告语言修辞探析56） On the Translation of Trademarks 商务英语商标翻译技巧57） Business English Abbreviations and their Functions商务英文缩略语构成及功能58） On the Application of the Politeness Principle in Foreign Trade Correspondence“礼貌”在函电中的恰当使用59）Principles of Translating Economic Literature of Enterprises from Chinese to English 企业外宣资料汉英翻译原则60）English—Chinese Translation of Trademarks：Its Principles and Strategies 英语商标的汉译原则及策略61） The Puns in English and Chinese Advertisements and the Translation of Them 英汉广告中的双关语及其英汉互译62）The Pragmatic Analysis and Translation Strategies of Long Sentences in English Business Contracts 英语商务合同长句的语用分析及翻译策略63）Influence of Cultural differences on the Chinese—English Translation of Business Writing 文化差异对商务汉英翻译的影响64） On Equivalence of Cultural Message in the International Business English Translation 国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究。

华中师范大学网络教育学院《词汇学》练习测试题及答案本科I. Decide whether the statements are true or false and write T (true) or F (false) in the correspondingbrackets. （每题一分）( ) 1. “All national character” is the most important of all the five characteristics of the basic word stock. ( ) 2. By origin, English words can be classified as “native words” and “loan words”.( ) 3. The languages (Norwegian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) all belong toGermanic Family except Norwegian.( ) 4. Old English vocabulary is full of endings.( ) 5. Allomorphs are phonological variants which realize morphemes.( ) 6. Inflectional morphemes are added to the end of words to show grammatical concepts.( ) 7. The most productive means of word-formation is affixation.( ) 8. Acronyms are words of initial letters, which are pronounced letter by letter.( ) 9. Reference refers to the relationship between different languages.( ) 10. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning whichindicates grammatical concepts.( ) 11. In the process of “Radiation” the derived meanings of words are notdirectly related to the primary meaning.( ) 12. The diachronic approach to polysemy is to find how a word graduallyacquires its meanings in the process of development.( ) 13. When a word changes from a specific to a general meaning, it goesthrough extension of meaning.( ) 14. “meat” is an example of narrowing of meaning.( ) 15. “teacher” and “student” are converses.( ) 16. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( ) 17. Meaning is a relatively stable element in a language compared withspelling.( ) 18. The changes of meaning are caused by both linguistic and extra-linguisticfactors.( ) 19. Extra-linguistic context refers to factors beyond language.( ) 20. Linguistic context provides clues for guessing meanings of new words.( ) 21. Idioms are phrases and short sentences the meanings of which are not easy to infer from the constituents in most cases.( ) 22. Idioms can be classified in different ways but the classification according to grammatical function is the most helpful way.( ) 23. Commonization involves proper nouns used as common words.( ) 24. In some pairs of antonyms, the marked terms cover the meaning of the unmarked.( ) 25. V ariations of idioms are the idioms whose forms are modified.( ) 26. Non-basic vocabulary includes terminology, Anglo-Saxon words, argot and neologisms.( ) 27. Aliens, semantic loans, translation-loans and denizens are all borrowings.( ) 28. The three sources of new words are creation, semantic change and borrowing.( ) 29. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 30. The minimal free form of a language is a morpheme.( ) 31. Derivational morphemes are used to form new words.( ) 32. Compounding involves the combination of affixes and bases.( ) 33. Partial conversion is a process of using adjectives as ordinary nouns.( ) 34. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.( ) 35. Associative meaning consists of connotative meaning, stylistic meaning,affective meaning and emotive meaning.( ) 36. Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning.( ) 37. The most important source of English synonyms is shortening.( ) 38. Associated transfer involves words used in their figurative sense.( ) 39. Objective meaning shows that the subject (or agent) is the one to beaffected by the action of the verb.( ) 40. Complementaries are antonyms characterized by “mutual exclusion” and “gradability”.( ) 41. The superordinate term covers the concept of the subordinate.( ) 42. Elevation is also known as amelioration.( ) 43. “villain” is an example of degradation.( ) 44. Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs andeven cultural background.( ) 45. Ambiguity is often caused by inadequate context.( ) 46. Idioms are generally informal in nature.( ) 47. Structurally, idioms can never be changed.( ) 48. The four major foreign contributors to the development of Englishvocabulary are Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian.( ) 49. Relative synonyms may differ in denotation, connotation and application.( )50. The contemporary vocabulary expansion of English is mainly by borrowing and affixation. ( ) 51. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.( ) 52. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly r elated to the primary meaning.( ) 53. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.( ) 54. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( ) 55. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.( ) 56. Extra-linguistic context refers to the physical situation or culturalbackground.( ) 57. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side byside.( ) 58. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.( ) 59. Compounding is the process of creating new words by combining affixes and bases.( )60. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.( )61. In a natural language, most words are non-motivated.( )62. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.( )63. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.( )64. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem.( )65. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.( )66. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as commonwords.( )67. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylisticfeatures of words and so on.( )68. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem.( )69. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive ornegative.( )70. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which aregenerally found in the dictionary.( )71. Idioms are set phrases whose meaning is often difficult or impossible to infer from the constituent words.( )72. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changingmeanings of old words.( )73. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.( )74. Homographs are words identical in form but different in pronunciation.( ) 75. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing—the most important source.( ) 76. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.( ) 77. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.( ) 78. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,denizens and productivity.( ) 79. The superordinate differs from the subordinate in that the former covers theconcept of the latter.( ) 80. Words of old English were full of endings.( ) 81. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see theirorigins as well as sense relatedness.( ) 82. Modern English is an analytic language.( ) 83. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.( ) 84. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but laterbecame assimilated into the English language.( ) 85. Lexical context refers to the words that appear only before the lexical itemin question.( ) 86. Generally speaking, native words have a higher frequency of use than loanwords.( ) 87. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and theobjective world.( ) 88. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.( ) 89. Context gives a polysemic word a definite meaning.( ) 90. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-convertedones still retain adjective features.( ) 91. Motivation explains why a particular word of a language has a particularmeaning.( ) 92. By origin English is more closely related to German than to French.( ) 93. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.( ) 94. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.( ) 95. In the phrase “the tongues of fire”, the word fire is semantically motivated.( ) 96. The origins of words are a key factor that distinguishes homonyms from polysemants.( ) 97. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action.( ) 98. The meaning of a word which is etymologically motivated is closely related to its origin.( ) 99. The result of the human cognition of the objective world is called concept.( )100. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.( )101. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the primary meaning.( )102. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.( )103. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( )104. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.( ) 105. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,denizens and productivity.( ) 106. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.( ) 107. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.( ) 108. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as sense relatedness.( )109. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.( )110. Aliens are words of the native element.( )111. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but laterbecame assimilated into the English language.( )112. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.( )113. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.( )114. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and theobjective world.( )115. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.( )116. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words.( )117. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on.( )118. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-convertedones still retain adjective features.( )119. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative.( )120. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary. ( )121. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.( )122. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words.( )123. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.( )124. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the oneaffected by the action.一、答案1、T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F 25. T 26. T 27. T 28. T 29. T 30. F31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35. F 36. T 37. F 38. T 39. T 40. F41. T 42. T 43. T 44. F 45. T 46. T 47. F 48. T 49. T 50. F51. F 52. F 53. T 54. F 55. F 56. T 57. F 58. T 59. F 60. T61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T65. T 66. T 67. F 68. F 69. T 70. F71. T 72. F 73. F 74. T 75. T 76. F 77. T 78. F 79. T 80. T81. T 82. T 83. T 84. T 85. F 86. T 87. T 88. T 89. T 90. F91. T 92. T 93. T 94. T 95. T 96. F 97. T 98. T 99. T 100. T101. F 102. T 103. F 104. F 105. F 106. F 107. T 108. T 109. T 110. F111. T 112. T 113. F 114. T 115. T 116. T 117. F 118. F119. T 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. TII. Analyze the following words and say how they are formed, and put your answers in the brackets:（每词0.5分）Example: disobey ( prefixation)headache (compounding ) newton ( commonization)expresident (prefixation ) book (v) (conversion )ID (acronymy ) brunch (blending )enthuse (backformation ) deadline (compounding )tick-tuck (duplication ) quake (clipping )kodak (commonization ) exwife (prefixation )elbow(v) (conversion ) laser (acronymy )autocide (blending ) laze (backformation ) historic (suffixation ) bow-wow (duplication ) bike (clipping )airline ( compounding ) changeable (affixation/suffixation)postwar (prefixation ) NA TO (acronymy )bike (clipping ) smog (blending )donate (backformation ) ampere (proper words )antinuclear (prefixation ) daydreaming (compounding ) lase (back-formation ) copter (clipping/front clipping) newly-weds (conversion ) cutthroat (compounding ) memorize (affixation/suffixation) botel (blendin ) tantalize (proper names ) VIP (acronymy ) quake (clipping ) defeather (affixation/prefixation)三、填空答案1．meaning; conventional 2. affixation; compounding; conversion 3. root4. prefixes; suffixes5. synonym; relative6. superordinate; subordinate7. context; linguistic; extra-linguistic/non-linguistic 8. minimal/smallest; meaning; syntactic9. Latin; Scandinavian10. stem 11. verbs; adjectives 12. stylistic 13. semantic; related14. elevation/ amelioration; transfer/transference 15. morphological 16. concept17．intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 18. Latin Greek Scandinavian19. morpheme prefixes 20. suffixes unmarked 21. marked extension/generalization22. Anglo-saxon 23、affixation compounding conversion (注：位置可以调换)24．Latin Greek French (注：位置可以调换)25. derivation affixes26. superordinate subordinate 27. stable/fixed functional higher28. intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 29. affix 30. extension/generalization31.. antonyms contrary 32. elevation narrowing/specialization 33. connotativeIII. Fill in the blanks according to the coursebook and write your answers on thecorresponding lines. （每空1分）1. The connection between sound and is arbitrary and .2. The three major means of word-formation are , and .3. The form which remains after all affixes are removed is called .4. generally do not change part of speech whereas do.5. The words which are fully identical in meaning are called absolute and all the others care calledsynonyms.6. In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is and the term which conveys a specificmeaning is .7. falls into two kinds, namely context and context.8. A word is the free form which has a give sound, andfunction.9. The major foreign elements which contribute greatly to English vocabulary are, Greek, French and .10. The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called .11. The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, and .12. The stylistic features of words form their meaning.13. field refers to a set of words which are semantically .14. The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing,, degradation and .15. motivation refers to the words whose meanings are suggested by their morphological structure.16. is one of the three kinds of meaning which has nothing to do withlanguage.17. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connecion between them is ______ andconventional.18. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and______.19. A minimal meaningful unit of a language is ______.20. Generally speaking, ______ do not change part of speech of the stems but their meaning, whereas ______do.21. Among pairs of antonyms, the ______ term covers the meaning of the ______ term.22. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.23. The major means of word-formation are ______, ______ and ______.24. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and______.25. Affixation, also called ______, is the formation of new words by adding ______ to stems.26. Hyponymy deals with the relation of semantic inclusion. The general term is ______ and the specific termsare ______.27. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ______. ______ words enjoy a______ frequency in use than content words.28. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connection between them is ______ andconventional.29. A morpheme attached to a stem or root is ______.30. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.31. Words which are opposite in meaning are called ______, among which ______ terms are gradable andallow intermediate members.32. When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and theopposite process is called ______.33. The overtones and associations suggested by the conceptual meaning is ____ meaning.IV选择答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A10.B 11. B12.C 13.C 14.D 15. A16. B 17. C 18.D 19.D 20.D 21. D 22. A 23. B24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30.B 31.C 32. A 33. B 34. DIV. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. （每题一分）( )1. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________.A. argot and jargonB. archaisms and neologismsC. technical termsD. all the above( )2. Functional words are ________________.A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctionsB. adjectives, nouns, articlesC. articles, prepositions, conjunctionsD. verbs, pronouns, prepositions( )3. ___________ is not a characteristic of basic word stock.A. ColloquialismB. All national characterC. StabilityD. Polysemy( ) 4. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. Renaissance Time( )5. Stylistic meaning refers to the features of __________of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech( ) 6. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word classwithout the addition of an affix, is called ____________.A. compoundingB. back-formationC. functional shiftD. derivation( )7. Grammatical meaning does not include ________.A. part of speechB. plural forms of nounsC. tensesD. appropriateness ( )8. English words can be motivated______.A. phonologicallyB. morphologicallyC. etymologicallyD. all the above ( )9. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech ( )10. There are two main approaches to the study of English words namely ________.A. descriptive and prescriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC . spoken and written D. competence and performance( )11. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics?A. polysemyB. language familyC. ambiguityD. complementaries ( )12. The hyponyms of …vegetable‟ are ________.A. banana, pear, jamB. pear, apple, bananaC. cucumber, celery, peasD. tree, pine, elm( )13. The discrete units which realize morphemes are known as ________.A. allomorphsB. phonemesC. morphsD. lexis( )14. _________ is a word-formation process by which a word is changed from one word-class into another without the change of form.A. BlendingB. AffixationC. Back-formationD. Conversio( )15. The first monolingual English dictionary was compiled in ________.A. 1604B. 1066C. 1406D. 1046( )16. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of ________.A. euphemismB. synecdocheC. metonymyD. metaphor( )17. “child—parent” are _______ antonyms.A. rootB. derivativeC. relativeD. complementary( )18. Th e word “water” is _________ motivated.A. phoneticallyB. semanticallyC. morphologicallyD. non-( )19. “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a _________.A. sentence idiomB. proverbC. clause idiom D .both A and B ( ) 20. Narrowing excludes ________.A. change from material nouns to common nounsB. change from common nouns to proper nounsC. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economyD. change from specific meanings to general meanings( ) 21. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________.A. true idiomsB. semi-idiomsC. regular combinationsD. all the above( ) 22. Motel is a/an is ________.A. blendB. clipped wordC. initialismD. acronym ( ) 23. “sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.A. HomophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. acronyms ( ) 24. “die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ i n ________.A. connotative meaningB. emotive meaningC. stylistic meaningD. all the above ( ) 25. He‟s nice, but he hasn‟t much brain. _________.A. SimileB. metaphorC. MetonymyD. synecdoche( ) 26. Which of the following is not associative meaning?A. collocative meaning B .stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. primary meaning ( ) 27. One billion is ________ in British English.A. 1,000,000,000B. 1,000,000,000,000C. 1,000,000D. 1,000,000,000,000,000( ) 28. The morpheme “-s” in “desks” is ________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. freeC. inflectionalD. root( ) 29. ________ are contrary terms.A. dead / aliveB. parent / childC. single / marriedD. like / dislike ( ) 30. The first people known to inhabit the British Isles were ________. Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the In-do-European Language Family ________.A. German / GermanicB. Celts / CelticC. Italian / ItalicD. Sweden / Swedish ( ) 31. The modes of modem English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ________ , semantic change and __________.A. exchange/lendingB. derivation/borrowingC. creation/borrowingD. affixation/creation( ) 32. Conversion is a method of __________.A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speechB. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaningC. deriving words by grammatical meansD. changing words in morphological structure( ) 33. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________.A. prefixationB. suffixationC. acronymyD. conversion ( ) 34. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English._________ of them are still in use today.A. 85%B. 56%C. 72%D. 75%V．Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column. （右栏的词每词1分）(1)narrowing manuscriptdeerextension poisongovernorelevation vulgarbonfiredegradation journallustdiseasealibi(2)narrowing journalgirlextension villainmarshalelevation barnmilldegradation deerknightcriticizeliquor(3)narrowing picturemeatextension girlmarshalelevation cunningbonfiredegradation journalangel连线(3)答案Narrowing: meat, girl, bonfire Extension: picture, journalElevation: marshal, angel Degradation: cunning连线(4)答案Narrowing: wife, deer Extension: holiday, manuscriptElevation: minister, governor Degradation: criticize, villain(4)narrowing holidayvillainextension wifeministerelevation deergovernordegradation manuscriptcriticizeVI. Do the following according to instructions.A Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of theitalicized words, using such terms as definition, example, explanation, synonym, antonym, superordinate, subordinate, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. （每题1分）1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many ofthem still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( )2. I like fruit, but not avocado, which is too soft. ( )3.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog inthe street and ate it. ( )4. Most dentists‟ offices are drab places, but Emilio‟s new office is bright, cheerful.( )5. After a day of hunting, John was ravenous. He ate two bowls of soup, salad, alarge chicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( )6. A north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’wester usuallybrings rain. （）7. Some African tribes still practice polyandry, a marriage system which allows awoman to have more than one husband. ( )8. Modern technology is a kind of dehumanization of the human society. ( )A．答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. subordinate/hyponym3. example/exemplification/superordinate4. antonym/antonymy5. relevant details6. antonym/antonymy7. explanation 8. word structureB Decide whether the words in italics are used in the subjective or objective sense and put your answersin the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）1. The policeman was suspicious of the suspicious proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing todo with the robbery. ( ) ( )2. The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman in the neighborhood.( )3. The earthquake was so dreadful that many people would be afraid even to see themovie based on it. ( )4.Fearful TV programs are not suitable to pre-school children.( )5. It is very considerate of Mr Li to make that arrangement. ( )6. The excuse given by the United States of America is really doubtful.( )7. The children were fearful of the fearful picture of the monster.( ) ( )8. What a pitiful girl! She lost her parents when she was so small.( )9. The listeners were doubtful of the witness‟s testimony which sounded verydoubtful.( ) ( )10. What a boring man he is! ( )11. The doubtful teacher listened patiently to the doubtful story told by the student who was late for class.( ) ( )12. It is very considerable of you to make such arrangements. ( )13. The little match girl was really pitiful. She died from cold and hunger on the Christmas Eve.( )14. Learning a foreign language is a painful process. No one can expect to learn the language well withoutpains. ( )B. 答案1. subjective; objective 2. objective3. objective4. objective5. subjective6. objective7. subjective; objective 8. objective9. subjective; objective 10. objective11. subjective, objective 12. subjective13. objective 14. objectiveC. Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the italicized words,using such terms as definition, example, synonym, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets.（每题1分）1.Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remember the horrible killing notlong ago. ( )2.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in the street and ateit. ( )3.The tribal community still practices polygamy, a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person at thesame time. ( )4.As fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadir ( ).5. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’wester, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.C. 答案1. synonym/synonymy 2. example/ exemplification3. definition/explanation4. antonym/antonymy5. relevant detailsVII. Match the rhetorical devices in Column A with the idioms in Column B and put the letters in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）A B( ) 1. alliteration a. snake in the grass( ) 2. rhyme b. toss and turn( ) 3. reiteration c. powder one‟s nose( ) 4. repetition d. earn one‟s bread( ) 5. juxtaposition e. wear and tear( ) 6. metaphor f. up and down( ) 7. metonymy g. pick and choose( ) 8. synecdoche h. from cradle to grave( ) 9. personification i. Failure is the mother of success.( ) 10. euphemism j. hand in handVII连线答案：1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (g) 4. (j) 5. (f) 6. (a) 7. (h) 8. (d) 9. (i) 10. (c)VIII. Change each of the following into a word, paying attention to part of speech: （每题1分）1.break record (adj) ( record-breaking)2、fight with fists (adj) (ist-fighting)3. walk in one‟s sleep (n) (sleepwalking)4. a worm which glows (n) (glowworm)5. draw the bridge (n) (drawbridge)6. down to the earth (adj) (down-to-earth)7. sick for missing home (adj) ( homesick)8. the blood which causes the stain (n) (bloodstain)9. the part which is bitten by frost (n) (frostbite )10. shake hands (n) (handshake )IX. Define the following terms.（每题3分）1.notional words: Notional words are also called content words which denote clear notions. They includenouns, most verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.2.primary meaning: At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaningis the primary meaning .3.context :In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, a paragraph, a whole chapterand even the entire book in which a word appears. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation including the people, time, place and even the whole cultural background.4、marked terms:Many pairs of antonyms contain specific words and general words. In such a pair, thespecific word is included in meaning within the general word. The specific words are called marked terms.5、transfer :Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else haveexperienced transfer.6、ambiguity: If there is more than one meaning for a word used in a context, ambiguity occurs. Ambiguity is mainly。

英语语言研究方向选题1. Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages (英语和汉语中的性别歧视)2. Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts (英语语篇中的词汇衔接手段)3. Lexical Cohesion in English (英语词语的接应关系)4. On English Oration as a Variety of Language (论英语演说词)5. The Polite Language in the English Language (英语中的礼貌用语)6. Reflection on the English Taboo Words (谈英语的禁忌语)7. Remarks on Modern American Slang (略论现代美国俚语)8. The Different Usage of American Folk Language and Modern American Language (美国谷语与美国现代语言的区别)9. A Comparative Analysis of British and American English (英式英语与美式英语比较)10. An Account of Advertising Language (广告用语一瞥)11. Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News (英语广播新闻与报纸新闻文体比较)12. News Headlines: Their Features and Style (英语新闻标题的特色与文体风格)13. Stylistic Features of News Reporting (英语新闻报道的文体风格)14. A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Body Languages (中英手势语比较)15. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Intonation（英汉语调比较分析）16. 浅析英美语调的结构和功能17. 英美标调符号系统分析和对比18. 谈英语语调的特点及其用途19. 英语读音的弱式与速度和节奏的关系20. 母语/方言对英语语音学习的影响21. Note on Ambiguity of English Language（论英语中的歧义）22. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Proverbs（英语谚语与汉语谚语比较）23. Cursory Examination on English Onomatopoeia （英语拟声词浅论）24. Noun-Verb Conversion in Contemporary English (现代英语中名词转化成动词的现象)25. Syntactic Functions of Prepositional Phrases (前置词短语的句法功能)26. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Prepositions (英汉介词比较)27. On the English Verbal Fillers (谈英语填空词)28. On the English Negative Sentences (谈英语否定句)29.On Simplification of English Sentences (谈英语句子的简化)30.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Existential Sentences (英汉存在句比较)31. Positions of Attributes and Adverbials in English and Chinese: A Comparative Study (英汉定语和状语的位置比较)32.Studies in English Sentences of Implied Condition (英语的含蓄条件句)33.The Way of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English (英语中表达强调意义的语言手段)34.On the Revival of Dead Metaphor (死喻的复活)35.Tendency of the Modern Linguistics (现代语言学的发展趋势)36.The Stylistic Features of Advertisement English37. An comparative study of the gender difference in English learning 男女生英语学习差异比较研究38. The Inferences of Conversational Implications会话含义的推断39. On Lexical Cohesion in Expository Writing 说明文中的词汇衔接手段40. 英语语言研究语料库在语法教学中的作用。

IntroductionStylistics is the study of language style with modern linguistic theories and approaches. Functional stylistic theory is one of the most influential theories in recent years, when linguistics lays much emphasis on the social-cultural context. The American Presidential Inaugural Address (APIA) is a very important variety with worldwide influence and long-lasting significance. In the address the speaker makes great efforts to make his policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policies. To achieve the aims, the address has to resort to lots of language skills among other things. Therefore, a stylistic study on APIA is extremely meaningful. In the paper, the writer attempts to apply the theories of functional styl istics into the analysis of American president Kennedy’s address, trying to find out the linguistic characteristics of the particular discourse and explain and evaluate them with the theories.1.An Introduction to American Presidential Inaugural AddressThe inaugural address is the speech delivered by the president-elected on the inauguration day.In the speech, for the first time, the newly elected president will officially announce that he will take up that the responsibility as the highest executive of the country in the next four years. Inaugurals mark the end of the election campaign and at the same time the beginning of a new administration. Although the inaugural address is not required by the constitution, it is made every four years by all the presidents before they take office. It has already become a tradition set by the first president—George Washington. As a rule, the new administrator’s philosophy of politics and the outline of his policy will be announced in his inaugural address. The inauguration is held as a celebration witnessed by many audiences.Inaugurals are of great significance because of what they reveal about the fundamental political values, particular political principles, and enactment of a presidential persona. Their political meanings thus become clear. Inaugural addresses attempt to persuade the citizens ofthe nation on that the newly elected president is fit for the political role and that he is entitled to achieve his programmatic objectives. The addresses, then, cast muc h light on the legitimacy of political power and the worldviews of presidents. Their political intention is to call for support and loyalty to a political regime from both other power-holders in the political system and the public at large during their administration.2. An Introduction to Functional StylisticsThe functional linguistic theory advocated by British linguist, M. A. K. Halliday has been prevailing since the 1970s. It is widely used in stylistic analysis. Functional stylistics has three features: first, stressing the relationship between the text and the context of the situation, and advocating studying the style in the social--cultural context; second, adopting systematic-functional grammar in stylistic analysis; third, summarizing the foregrounding theory systematically. Systematic-functional grammar is a very useful approach to stylistic analysis to some extent, and the theory about context is widely accepted.“Context of situation”is originally suggested by Malinowski and subsequently elaborated by Firth in his 1950 paper Personality and language in society. Essentially what this implies is that language comes to life only when functioning in some environment. According to Halliday, the situation is the environment in which the text comes to life. The type of the language, which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation, is a register. He said, “A register can be defined as the configuration of semantic resources that the member of a culture typically associates with a situation type. It is the meaning potential that is accessible in a given so cial context.” (Halliday, 2001:111) He further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.The field is the social action in which the text is embedded; it includes the subject-matter, as one special manifestation. The tenor is the set of the role relationships among the relevant participants; it includes levels of formality as one particular instance. The mode refers to the medium or way that the communication between people goes. People usually see speaking and writing as the medium.As far as APIA is concerned, the field of the APIA is political since the newly inaugurated president often uses this address to lay out goals and principles, address the nation’s divisions, beliefs, achievements, domestic and world-wide situations, and project American’s place in the world or future expectation.The tenor of the APLA can be displayed in the following way. The participants in the event are the President of the United States, as an addresser, and all the government officials and all the citizens in the country and even people all over the world, as the addressee.The mode of the APLA is also distinct in the situation. In the situation, every word in the address plays a constitutive role. The speech has to fulfill some functions, or convey the president’s attentions, i.e. to make his government policies known to the public and persuade the public to accept and support his government. So the language used in the context is mainly informative and persuasive.3.A Stylistic Study on Kennedy’ s Inaugural AddressThe following analysis aims to reveal the stylistic features of the American presidential inaugural address. It is mainly based on M. A. K. Hallid ay’s functional stylistic theor ies, especially on his theories about “context”. It also adopts some other commonly accepted linguistic theories. Systematic investigation of the linguistic data is a characteristic of this paper. The analysis is mainly concerned with the lexical level, syntactic level, textual level and rhetorical devices. Because of the close relation between speech skill and rhetorical devices, the analysis on the rhetorical device is also a part of this paper.3.1 The Stylistic Features on the Lexical LevelWord is a basic grammatical unit, which is smaller than sentence. This analysis will begin with the analysis on the lexical level.3.1.1Word StructureStylisticians usually set six letters or three syllables in a word as a standard to analyze the length of the words. The words with more than six letters are usually regarded as long words. These long words may be words of Latin, French or Greek origin, which are usually formal words. And they may also be derivation or compounding words, which have relatively complicated structure.John · Fitzgerald · Kennedy’s inaugural speech has a total vocabulary of 1595, of which there is 438 words with more than six letters, accounting for 26%. In English，the words of more than six letters or three syllable are often seen as big. These words often come from the Latin, Greek or French, or have a complex internal structure. “The percentages in daily conversation, instant commentary, and even advertisement are not more than 20%”.( Wang Zuoliang, 1987:235) So comparatively speaking, the words used in inaugural address of Kennedy are quite formal and the structures of the words are more complicated. There are two reasons for this. First, the president deliberately uses formal words to make his speeches more serious. E.g.: prosperity, discrimination, obligation.Then, the intrinsic structures of the words are quite complicated. There are many derivational or compounding words. The derivation from verbs to nouns is a characteristic of the language in the addresses. We can find many such words: affirmation, aggression, celebration. These derivations not only help to form long words with more complicated structures, but also make the words in the address more formal.There is a long lasting dispute that whether public speaking is a spoken variety or a written one. The above analysis on the lexical level shows clearly that as one type of public speaking, American presidential address embodies more features of a written variety, whic h is characteristic of long, complicated, formal words. These features correspond with the tenor of discourse: both consultative and formal, and mode of discourse: written to be spoken.Besides that, in Kennedy’s address we can find m any abstract nouns with such suffixes as: -tion, -ment, -cy, -ty, for they usually refer to the state, quality, cause or result of an action. This phenomenon is determined by the field of discourse. American presidential inaugural address is one type of public political speaking. Its field of discourse is political. Manypolitical terms are abstract. It is natural for Kennedy to use many abstract nouns in his address.3.1.2Word ClassThe choice of word class is determined mainly by the tenor.The functional tenor of inaugural address is both persuasive and informative. In the inaugural address, the speaker is not only to make his government policies known to the public, but also to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. So like advertisements, inaugural address belongs to a loaded language, which triggers emotional reaction. It should have great persuasive power. So the words used in the inaugural address us ually contain emotional color. This is reflected especially in the use of adjectives and the first-person pronoun.AdjectivesThe use of adjectives in the address is mainly determined by the functional tenor of the language. In the address of Kennedy, there are 105 adjectives, accounting nearly 7.8% in the total words of 1342. This percentage is obviously higher than that instant commentary, which is 5%. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:221) Most of the adjectives are subjective and emotional words, such as: fruitful, peaceful, great, powerful, solemn, hard, steady.This is determined by the functional tenor of the presidential address. In these address the speaker is expected to make their government policies known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. In order to achieve these aims, the speaker often resorts to emotional appeal among other things. Adjectives are very useful in expressing one’s emotion, so the speaker uses so many adjectives in the address. Comparatively, there are fewer adjectives in the instant commentary, which is more objective than the inaugural address.On the other hand, the percentage of adjectives is much smaller than that of the advertisement, which is about 30%. (Qin Xiubai, 2002: 309) This is because as a political address with worldwide influence, American presidential address is much more serious thanadvertisements. Preaching political views is different from promoting goods. It should seem more subjective and could not be too garish.The First-person PronounAnother noticeable fact in the presidential address is the use of the first-person pronouns, which is determined by the personal tenor of the inaugural address.The most frequently used pronouns are the first-person pronouns:I, we and their derivational forms: me, us, and our etc. In most of situation, Kennedy used lots of first-person pronouns to substitute the second-person pronoun you.(1) We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.(2) Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of thisAdministration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet. But let us begin.Because the speaker usually mentions himself and his opinions, it is very natural for him to use I or me frequently. We or us in English are the form referring to both the speaker plus the audience. In the inaugural address, the speaker frequently uses we, us, and our instead for you or yours. This creates some special effects.First, the inclusive pronouns unite the speaker and the audience. They are helpful to build a sense of closeness between the speaker and the audience. The American president appears to be one member among ordinary American citizens. Thus the speech becomes more intimate, and more acceptable.Second, the first person plural can encourage a sense of group unity, a feeling of cohesiveness. “This practice minimizes differences within our group, and emphasizes between group members and those on the outside”. (Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:98) For example in Kennedy’s address, he said,“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friends, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” The first person plurals: we, us in this sentence distinguish American people from the other nations, encourage a sense of group unity, awaken a sense of national pride and responsibility, thus make the speech very inciting.In addition, “the first-person plural in declarative structure can also perform an imperative function”. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:267) This indirect imperative form is implicit and much easier to accept. For example, “We dare not forget today that we are the heirs ofthat first revolution.” If we rewrite the above sentences with imperative sentences, they may sound more like orders than requests, and then widen the gap between the speaker and the audience. Thus the inciting effect cannot be achieved.3.2The Stylistic Features on the Syntactical LevelTraditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. How words are combined to form sentence to achieve the stylistic effects in APIA of Kennedy will be discussed in this part. The discussion will include the sentence structure, the postmodification in noun phrase, tense in verb phrase, and imperative sentences.3.2.1Sentence StructureThe average sentence length of different variety is different. According to Wang Zuoliang’s analysis, “the average sentence length of daily conversation is less than 12 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:247)The sentence length of legal document is much longer. Most sentences in legal document contain more than 40 words. Generally speaking, the longer the sentence length is, the more formal the variety is. “The average sentence length of all varieties is 17.8 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:245) Short sentence is the characteristic of spoken language.From the sentence length in terms of John F. Kennedy in his inaugural speech of 1342 words, with a total sentence of number 52, the average sentence length of 25.8 words. Of these, the number of sentences containing 1-9 words is 7, accounting for 13.5 percent of the total number; with 10-19 words of the sentence has 13, accounting for 25%; with 20-29 words of the sentence has 17, accounting for the total number of 32.7%; with 30-39 words of the sentence there are five, accounting for 9.6%; containing more than 40 words sentence 10. These figures indicate that the average sentence length of Kennedy’s address is longer than that of daily conversation, but shorter than news report, much shorte r than legal document. And it is near the average sentence length of all varieties.Judging from the types of sentences, simple sentence has 20, accounting for 38.5 percent sentence of the total number; compound sentence has four, accounting for 7.7%; complex sentences are 28, even up to 53.8%. The above data show that Kennedy's speech is mainly based on the complex sentences, followed by a simple sentence, compound sentence the least.From the above statistics about the length and type of the sentences, we can conclude that the sentence structure of American presidential address is characteristic of formal written language while exhibiting features of spoken language.This is determined by its tenor of speech. American president delivers the inaugural address to the people at home or abroad when he takes office. He has good education background, and the situation of inauguration is quite formal. In the address the orator are expected to make his government policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. These personal tenor and functional tenor determine that inaugural address should not be as casual as daily conversation, and it is unnecessary to be as serious as news report and legal document.It is also influenced by the mode of the speech. The address is well prepared in advance in the form of written language, so it is possible to make long and well-structured complicated sentences, which manifest the characteristics of written language. On the other hand, the address is to be spoken. Then, too long and complicated sentences, such as the sentences with more than 40 words, may make trouble for the orator to speaker and for the audience to understand. So most sentences in the address are in middle-length with 10-30 words per sentence.Short sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain more modifiers. Involving such amount of short sentences, long sentences in the address is not only helpful to stress the ideas that should be stressed, but also helpful to achieve a variety of sentence pattern, length and rhythm, thus avoid monotony.3.2.2Postmodification in Noun PhraseThe majority of noun phrases consist of a head noun plus one or two optional elements. These optional elements refer to premodifier and postmodifier. Premodifier refers to the determiners, numbers, pronouns, and adjectives, or nouns with an adjectival function, which appear to the left of the head noun. Postmodifier refers to the phrases or clauses that appear to the right of the head noun. Most of the premodifiers are simple, thus save space. Some types of text, such as adverts, newspaper headlines, frequently use premodifications. The postmodification keeps the head noun in the front of part of the noun phrase, thus making it prominent. In addition, the postmodification supplies more space for accurate expression. The long and complicated postmodification, especially the one with relative clause, appears more frequently in formal texts.In Kennedy's speech, there are 282 nouns; about 32.6% nouns are postmodified. These postmodifiers are infinitive phrases, prepositional phrase, participle phrase, etc. The postmodification makes the expression more serious and emphatic. In addition, the postmodification provides more space for more information, and also make the inaugural address more formal. All these are determined by the tenor of discourse.3.2.3TenseThe use of tense is related to the field of discourse. In American preside ntial inaugural address the president make his government policy known to the public. They need to review the past, summarize the present, and then forecast the future.The tense in the APIA of Kennedy mainly concerns simple present, perfect present, and future tense. 80.8% of sentences in the address are in simple present. 7.7% of sentences are in present perfect. 11.5% of sentences are in future simple. But the simple past tense is even not used.This model of tenses in the American presidential address is quite unique. Because the normal tense used in other literary works, especially in fictional narrative is the simple past tense. Even in other public speaking.In the address, the address makes his government policy known to the public. The policyis planned to be adopted in future. So the future simple is frequently used. And the policy is based on the present situation, explain the reason for the reform, and thus persuade the public to support the policy. The simple present tense is frequently used. Although they need to mention something in the past, the emphasis is its influence to the present situation. So instead of using the simple past, the present perfect is used, which emphasizes the influence of the past events to the present situation.A noticeable phenomenon is that in the address of Kennedy, the simple past tense is not used at all, which is determined by the special social context in his time, and his special personal tenor.When John Kennedy took office in 1961, he was only 44 years old. As the youngest president of America, Kennedy had much confidence in his own governing policy, and was hopeful of the future. It was natural for him to neglect the past and stress the present state and the future plan. So in his address, the simple past tense was not used either.3.3The Stylistic Features on the Textual LevelThe text refers to a unified sentence groups composed by a series of sentences, spoken or written. The stylistic analysis on the textual level is actually to analyze the stylistic features of the textual cohesion, which is also called as the semantic consistency. Moreover, the semantic consistency is dependent upon the socio-cultural context. As a result, the semantic structure and socio-cultural context will be discussed in the following.3.3.1 The Semantic Structure“The text is a sense unit, not a grammar unit paralleled with sentence and clause. Language has mechanism to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. The mechanism is just the semantic structure of the text.”(Zhang Delu, 1998:336) Generally, thetextual function in the context is realized by a certain semantic structure.“A well-organized speech is more easily understood and more positively evaluated than a disorganized message.”(Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:110) Research has shown that a clear organization is positively associated with audience’s understanding and retention; it may influence audience’s perceptions of the speaker’s credibility, and the speech effect is also greatly influenced by organization. The structure of a speech should follow the way people naturally see and arrange in their minds. A well- structured speech has good form, symmetrical and orderly.Inaugural speech is to be delivered to the people both at home and abroad. Every newly elected president attaches much importance to it. And every inaugural speech is well prepared beforehand. Thus not only is the language effective, but the structure is also well organized. Generally speaking, the American presidential inaugural address follows the following pattern:(1)T o greet the audience(2)To declare to take office(3)T o make known the government policy and to persuade the public to accept andsupport his policy(4)T o say the prayersThe third part is the most important part of the whole address. Let’s take Kennedy’s address to have a detailed analysis:(1)T o state the basic policy goals(2)T o address different groups of allied nations or would-be allies(3)T o speak to his enemy(4)T o appeal to his countrymen for support and sacrificeHere, the orator makes the speech clear and proper to show his aims that the new generation of American will do their best to assure the survival and the success of liberty. It follows the process of human thinking and leads the listeners step by step to the desired action.3.3.2 Socio-cultural ContextLanguage is a communicative means of human beings, but any effective communication must be based on a specific social circumstance. Otherwise, the intended function of the text cannot be attained. In other words, text can not fulfill their goals without the necessary context. “Context can mean the history, culture, conventional customs and views on the value of the two sides of communication, so it is also named as socio-cultural context, that is, the so-called background of society and culture”. (Zhang Delu, 1998:340)It has been long recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensable. Study of languages in socio-cultural context is exactly what Halliday and many other modern linguists advocate. Public speaking, which bears much political color and influences the public ideology, inevitably expresses and embodies cultural and social reality.Religion is a very important part of the westerner’s life. Most of the westerners believe in Christianity. Their thoughts and actions are greatly influenced by the doctrines of Bible. Many public speakers make best use of this to make their speeches more inciting. The American presidential addresses are inevitably characteristic of much religious color.First, at the beginning of the inaugural, the newly elected president must put his hand on the Bible and swear the oath. Kennedy say, “For I have swore before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarte rs ago.”Second, when he finishes his address, the president usually says prayers: “Let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.”Third, the speaker tends to quote directly some words from the Bible to illustrate or support his political views. We can find a quotation from the Old Testament: “Let both side unit to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to undo the heavy burdens…and to let the oppressed go free.”Then, Kennedy uses Biblical language in some place to add solemnity to some of his weightier sayings. For example: “Let the word go forth from this time and place……”Religion is a product of its social development. The speaker makes use of this and preaches his own idea in the name of God. The religious color in the inaugural address is very helpful to make the address more inciting.3.4Rhetorical Features“The history of stylistics can be traced back to the rhetoric in the ancient Greek, whe n rhetoric refers to the skill of public speaking”. (Hu Zhuanglin，2000：11-24). Rhetorical devices are closely related to the skill of public speaking. And according to Halliday, many rhetorical devices, such as alliteration, parallelism, simile, and metaphor, may have some stylistic effects. So the analysis of the rhetorical features in American presidential inaugural address is not only necessary but also important.The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the audience that what the speaker is saying and planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him. In inaugural address, the president of the USA has to appeal not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community. The address should be moving, forceful, and effective. To do this successfully, the speaker must employ suitable rhetorical devices, such as parallelism, metaphor, and alliteration. Kennedy’s inaugural address is generally regarded as one of the best delivered by an American president. Here we’ll take his address to have a detailed analysis of the rhetorical devices.3.4.1 Syntactical Rhetorical Device“Parallelism is a syntactic rhetorical device. It refers to a structural arrangement of parts of a sentence, paragraphs, and larger units of discourse by which one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:31) In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause withclause, sentence with sentence, or paragraph with paragraph.(1) …not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, butbecause it is right.(2) Let the world go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that thetorch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century,tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancientheritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rightsto which his nation has always been committed, and to which we are committedtoday at home and around the world.V ery often, repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of the parallel parts. The same sentence appears repeatedly in order to display intense emotion and impression; it is one of the common rhetoric tactics ---- Repetition. Most of the above parallelisms are repetitions too. As for repetition of important words we have: “all force”and “belief”, “committed”, “good”and “free”. Repetition has been proven to increase recall and comprehension, particularly if the message is complex.Another rhetorical device used with parallelism is climax. Climax refers to the arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance. The elements in the parallel constructions are usually arranged in climactic order in order to add force. For example, in Kennedy’s inaugural address, “Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet.”“Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:35) Antithesis is different from parallelism, because it not only needs neat sentence structure but also requests the meanings to be opposite or relative.(1) United , there is little we cannot do…D ivide, there is little we can do…(2) If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who arerich.Parallelism, repetition, antithesis, and climax all involve regular, consistent expressions. Owing to its balanced structure, neat rhyme, parallelism plays an important role in making the inaugural address emphatic, forceful, thus making it a successful appeal to the emotion.。

全国2011年7月自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes thestatement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %)1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence.( ) A. small B. largeC. fixedD. free2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( )A. agree withB. disagree withC. be the same asD. be different from3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( )A. TerminologyB. JargonC. SlangD. Argot4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( )A. fast foodB. TV dinnerC. Mao jacketsD. Watergate5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( )A. ownB. letC. rentD. lend6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( )A. fullB. shortC. longD. paralleled7. The plural mor pheme“-s” is pronounced as /z/ in the following words EXCEPT ______________. ( )A. bottlesB. eggsC. zoosD. maps8. There is/are _____________ free morphemic word(s) in the following words: wind, man, reddish, collection. ( )A. lB. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____________. ( )A. likesB. dislike第 1 页C. likingD. liked10. The most productive means of word-formation are the following EXCEPT _______________.( ) A. affixation B. blendingC. compoundingD. conversion11. Prefixes generally do not change the __________ of the stem. ( )A. meaningB. formC. word classD. pronunciation12. The word “dorm” is formed by _________clipping. ( )A. backB. frontC. phraseD. front and back13. The word “reading-lamp” is _______ motivated. ( )A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically14. The synonymous pair of “ask－question” has the same___________. ( )A. motivationB. valueC. functionD. concept15. In the sentence “East or west, home is best”, “home” has its __________ meaning of “family, safety,love”,etc. ( )A. grammaticalB. connotativeC. stylisticD. collocative16. Semantically, a word which is related to other words is related to them in____________。

《英语文体学》课程教学大纲课程编号：ENGL3002课程类别：专业选修课授课对象：英语、英语师范专业开课学期：秋（第7学期）学分：2主讲教师：王军指定教材：《新编英语文体学教程》，董启明主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2008年。

教学目的：英语文体学是一门实用性非常强的学科,对阅读、翻译、文章分析、文章欣赏以及得体地使用英语都有很大的帮助，此外，英语文体学也是英语语言学研究重要的基础性学科之一。

作为一门课程，英语文体学主要由两部分构成：其一为文体学研究主要内容介绍，包括文体类型、文体特征、文体价值等方面，其次为具体文体分析方法介绍。

第一课Introduction to Stylistics课时：第一周，共2课时教学内容：What is stylistics and how is it associated with other linguistic studies?第一节：The position of stylistics in general linguistics.The importance of studying stylistics.第二节：What is stylistics?The major contents of this study.Issues that need to be born in mind.思考题：1.How to do stylistics in the framework of literature or translation?2.What do you expect to learn from this course?第二课Style and Stylistics课时：第二周，共2课时教学内容：The development and scope of stylistics第一节：The definition of style and stylistics.The relationship between appreciation and research.第二节：The development of stylistics.The scope of stylistics.思考题：1.What are the major differences between style and stylistics?2.What areas in society can the knowledge of stylistics be applied to?第三课Procedure of stylistic analysis （1）课时：第三周，共2课时教学内容：Linguistic description第一节：Linguistic description: methods and procedures.第一节：A checklist of linguistic description.The functions of each one.思考题：1.Why do we need linguistic description?2.Think about the significance of conducting linguistic description.第四课Procedure of stylistic analysis （2）课时：第四周，共2课时教学内容：Textual analysis and contextual factors analysis第一节：What is textual analysis?How to conduct textual analysis?第二节：A classification of contextual factors.How to analyze contextual factors？思考题：1.How do you understand the relationship between understanding and textual analysis?2.Are there other ways to classify contextual factors?第五课Stylistic functions of linguistic items课时：第五周，共2课时教学内容：Stylistic functions as defined at different levels第一节：Stylistic functions of speech sounds.Stylistic functions of graphological items.第二节：Stylistic functions of lexical items.Stylistic functions of syntactic/grammatical items.思考题：1.How do you evaluate the different kinds of stylistic functions?2.What is the significance of studying stylistic function?第六课Varieties in relation to regions课时：第六周，共2课时教学内容：Regional English第一节：A brief introduction to British English.The appearance of American English.第二节：Differences between British English and American English.British and American regional dialects.思考题：1.What are the major causes for the differences between British English and American English?2.How to deal with the use of the two regional English in actual learning or dailycommunication?第七课Varieties in relation to media课时：第七周，共2课时教学内容：Spoken English and written English第一节：Major features of spoken English and written English.What are the standards of using spoken English or written English?第二节：Electronic English.思考题：1.What is the situation like if one is only skilled in using spoken English or written English?2.What is the role of electronic English in the course of learning English?第八课Varieties in relation to attitude课时：第八周，共2课时教学内容：Attitude-related styles第一节：Degree of formality.Politeness.第二节：Impersonality.Accessibility.思考题：1.Think about the relationship between meaning and emotion expressions.2.What do you think of the relationship between formality and politeness?第九课Varieties in relation to social factors课时：第九周，共2课时教学内容：Social factors and their constraints on language第一节：Women’s English.Black English.第二节：Taboo and euphemism.Cultural factors involved in social factors.思考题：1.What are the reasons that maintain the existence of women’s English?2.How do you understand the status of black’s English and the black’s social status?第十课Review of the past lessons课时：第十周，共2课时教学内容：A summary and comment of the past lessons第一节：The watershed of the whole course.Recall what have been learned.第二节：What are the sections that interest you the most?Is there possibility for you to conduct further research?第十一课The English of conversation课时：第十一周，共2课时教学内容：Conversational English第一节：A general introduction to what to learn in the latter half of the term.About conversation.Phonological features.第二节：Lexical features.Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.How do you understand conversation in terms of direct speech and indirect speech?2.Is conversational English always informal?第十二课The English of public speaking课时：第十二周，共2课时教学内容：Public speech and its features第一节：What is public speech?Public speeches’ phonological features.Lexical features.第二节：Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.What are the major differences between public speaking and conversation?2.What are the major differences between public speech and written English?第十三课The English of news reporting （1）课时：第十三周，共2课时教学内容：General knowledge about news reporting第一节：What are news reports?Different kinds of newspapers and magazines.第二节：The make-up of news reports.A sample analysis of a piece of newspaper (New York Times/China Daily)思考题：1.Is there any difference between formal news report and informal news release?2.Specify the make-up of some pages of newspaper, both English and Chinese.第十四课The English of news reporting （2）课时：第十四周，共2课时教学内容：Stylistic features of news reporting第一节：Graphological features.Lexical features.第二节：Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.What are the functions of each group of stylistic features in news reporting?2.What are the stylistic features that distinguish news reporting from other textual styles?第十五课The English of Advertising课时：第十五周，共2课时教学内容：The language styles in advertising English第一节：Something about advertisements.Graphological features.第二节：Lexical features.Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.What are the major purposes of advertisements?2.Give some advertising examples that show the violation of some basic language rules inadvertising.第十六课Literary English课时：第十六周，共2课时教学内容：Literary English: novel and poetry第一节：Some basic facts about the novel.Aspects for the analysis of the novel.General stylistic features of the novel.第二节：Some basic facts about the poetry.Prosody.General stylistic features of poetry.思考题：1.Between fiction and reality, what kinds of stylistic features are most suitable for the novel?2.What effects does it have on appreciation to analyze the novel’s stylistic features?3.How to balance meaning expression and poetic features in poetry?4.What are the common stylistic features between poetry and novel?第十七课：The English of science and technology课时：第十七周，共2课时教学内容：Technical English第一节：Graphological features.Lexical features第二节：Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.思考题：1.How to handle formality and politeness issues in technical English?2.How is objectivity achieved in technical English?第十八课：Review and answer questions课时：第十八周，共2课时教学内容：Review and answer questions第一节：Review.第二节：Answer questions.参考书目：1.王守元.《英语文体学要略》.济南：山东大学出版社，2000.2.徐有志.《英语文体学教程》.北京：高等教育出版社，2005.3.Thornborrow,J. Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.4.Wright, L. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press, 2000.。

C9 Test-2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the statement.1. The fixity of idioms depe nds on _______ .A. idiomaticityB. structureC. grammaticalityD. style2. Idioms are gen erally felt to be ______ .A. formalB. i nformalC. casualD. in timate3. In the idiom move heaven and earth , ________ is used.A. simileB. metonymyC. pers on ificati onD. juxtapositi on4. A large proporti on of idioms were first created by ______ .A. li nguistsB. poetsC. work ing peopleD. ruli ng class5. Forms and functions of idioms are ______ .A. differe ntB. ide nticalC. not n ecessarily ide nticalD. not ide ntical at all6. Slang expressi ons are ofte n peculiar to _ and _______ varieties.A. stylistic, affectiveB. social, regi onalC. professi on al, culturalD. cultural, social7. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the ____ relationship between the literal meaning of eachword and the meaning of the idiom.A. illogicalB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. logical8. Idioms nominal in n ature fun cti on as ______ .A. adverbsB. modifiersC. nounsD. adjectives9. In “ Fire and water are good serva nts, but bad masters speech isfigure ofA. simileB. pers oni ficati onC. metonymyD. euphemism10. The tone implied by “ a big cheese . ” isA. positiveB. in terest ingC. n eutralD. derogatory11. Decide whether the following are true or false.( )1. Idioms are gen erally felt to be in formal; therefore they are usually in appropriate for formal setti ngs. ( )2. The stylistic features of idioms are fixed and unchangeable.( )3. Idioms are peculiar to native culture and Ianguage.( )4. The fixity of idioms is absolute.( )5. The idiomaticity is gradable and may best be thought in terms of a scale.( )6. Idioms are fixed in structure and so can never be changed.( )7. Idioms are usually difficult to understand because the meanings of idioms are not in many cases the total of in dividual words.( )8. All idioms are used in their figurative senses.( )9. Since each idiom is a semantic whole, each can be replaced by a single word.( )10.Sema ntic un ity and structural stability are gen eral features of idioms, but there are many excepti ons.III. Match the words and expressions in Column A with their rhetorical features in Column B.Column A1. by hook and crook2. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl3. play fast and loose4. like a rat in a hole5. fall into good hands6. cut the ground from under sb.7. powder one 's nose8. from cradle to grave9. push and shove10. year in year out11. The pot calls the kettle black.12. a flood of tearsIV. Identify the types of idiomatic variationsin the following expressions.1. talk thirteen to the dozen2. It 's an ill wind.3. fortune 's wheel4. “The leopard! But he did change them, Dinny. ”“He did not, Auntie: he had no spots to change.” 5. Thank one 's starsV.Define the following terms. 1.semi-idioms 2.true idioms 3.regular combinations 4.sentence idioms 5. phrase idiomsVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is the difference between phraseological fusions and phraselogical unities?2. How to understand “ structural staboiliftyidioms? ”3. How are idioms classified according to grammatical functions?VII. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Conway would have preferred to talk in Chinese, but so far he had not let it be known that he spoke anyEastern tongue; he felt it might be a useful card up his sleeve.Pick out the idiom (or its variation) in the sentence and make comments on it.2. The sudden death of his only child was a bolt from the blue to the old woman.Pick out the idiom in the sentence. Explain its meaning, effect, grammatical structure and functions, and rhetorical features.Column B A. reiteration B. synecdoche C. rhyme D. personification E. hyperbole F. alliteration G. juxtaposition H. repetition I. euphemism J. metaphor K. simile L. metonymy答案：I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A2.B3.D4.C5.C6. B7.A8.C9.B 10.DII. Decide whether the following are true or false.1.T2. F3.T4.F5.T6. F7.T8.F9.F 10.TIII. Match the words and expression in Column A with their rhetorical features in Column B.1. C2. F3.G4. K5. B6. J7.I 8. L 9. A 10. H 11. D 12.EIV. Identify the variation types about idioms involved in the following words and expressions.1. replacement2. shortening3. position-shifting4. dismembering5. deletionV. Define the following terms.1. semi-idiomsSemi-idioms are the idioms whose meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constituents but are not themselves explicit.2. true idiomsTrue idioms are those whose meaning cannot be deduced from their individual constituents.3. regular combinationsRegular combinations are idioms whose meanings are understood from the literal meanings of the constituents.4. sentence idiomsSentence idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each functions as a sentence.5. phrase idiomsPhrase idioms are lexemic idioms, each of which is identical with a part of speechas noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. and functions as such.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is the difference between phraseological fusions and phraselogical unities?Phraseological unities refer to idioms, whose meanings are not the sum of meanings of their components but based on them, and thus may be understood from the components.Phraseological fusions are idioms, the meanings of which can never be deduced from the meanings of their constituents.2. What is meant by“structural stability”of idioms?The structure of an idiom is to a large extent invariable, unlike free phrases. First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.3. How are idioms classified according to grammatical functions?According to grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups: idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and sentence idioms.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Conway would have preferred to talk in Chinese, but so far he had not let it be known that he spoke any Eastern tongue; he felt it might be a useful card up his sleeve.Pick out the idiom (or its variation) in the sentence and make comments on it.“be a useful card up his sleev”e is a personal variant of“have a card up one's sleeve”. The variation belongs to the type of dismembering. It is well used here to indicate that Conway is a person of wisdom, knowing how to take the advantage of the situation and manipulate people.2. The sudden death of his only child was a bolt from the blue to the old woman.Pick out the idiom in the sentence. Explain its meaning, effect, grammatical structure and functions, and rhetorical features.(1) The idiom is“a bolt from the blue.”(2) The idiom means a sudden unexpected incident, esp. a catastrophic one.(3) Its effect is to make the sentence concise and forcible.(4) Its grammatical structure is“n + prep + n”, and it is nominal in nature and serves as the predicative.(5) It is a metaphor.。

文体学复习问题Questions for English Stylistics1. 2. 3. 4. 5.What does general stylistics study? Why should we learn stylistics?What are the three steps of stylistic analysis? What are the functions of stress? Give examples.In what varieties of English the exclamation mark is most or least frequent? Why?6. Explain the functions of long and short paragraphs, and indicate in what varietiesof English short/long paragraphs are most frequently found.7. Give examples to illustrate the differences in pronunciation between standardBritish and American English.8. Give examples to illustrate the spelling differences between British and AmericanEnglish.9. Which of the two terms, American English and the American language, is moreappropriate, and why?10. What are the main differences between spoken English and written English? 11. What is the danger if you use too much formal language in your dailyconversation?12. Can you use some colloquial words in writing? If so, what kind of writing shouldit be?13. What factors affect the degrees of formality? 14. What is the effect of impersonal language?15. Label the following sentences according to the five degrees of formality:Would you be so good? Your silence is requested. Do shut up! Quiet, please. Put a sock in it!16. Are you speaking differently from or the same from your parents? Give examplesto illustrate your points.17. How did African American English come into being? 18. Give examples of taboo and euphemisms.19. What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the lexical level? 20. What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the semantic level?21. What are the most noticeable features of the vocabulary of casual conversation? 22. How many types of public speeches are there? 23. How do you make an effective public speech?24. What are the general stylistic features of public speeches? 25. What are the general stylistic features of news reports?26. What are the general stylistic features and function of newspaper headlines? 27. What types of variety may possibly co-occur with journalistic language? Why?28. What is the function of advertising language?29. How many parts does an advertisement usually consist of? And what are thefunctions of each part?30. Find some interesting advertisements from the Internet and present them to theclass with you own explanations. 31. What is generally required of EST? Why?32. Tell how and why EST prefers impersonal sentence patterns? 33. Why are the present tense and passive voice often used in EST?34. Why do we say that legal English appears extremely conservative and even oddin form? What archaic words are often found in legal documents? 35. What punctuation marks occur the least frequently in legal documents? 36. What is your favorite type of novel? Why?37. What are the general stylistic features of the language of a novel? 38. What is the difference between poetry and prose? 39. What are the commonly found stanzas in English? 40. How does a poem appeal aesthetically to the reader?41. What is the function of lexical repetition? And what is the functionof syntacticalrepetition?42. What effects are achieved through the manipulation of sounds?43. EST and Legal English are two widely different varieties, but there seem to existsome common features in style. Point them out.44. Comment on how the author’s s election of details of description and choice ofwords contributed to the atmosphere of the novel.“The Bottoms” succeeded to “Hell Row.” Hell Row was a block of thatched, bulging cottages that stood by the brookside on Greenhill lane.There lived the colliers who worked in the little gin-pits two fields away.The brook ran under the alder trees, scarcely soiled by these small mines, whose coal was drawn to the surface by donkeys that plodded wearily in acircle round a gin, and all over the countryside were these same pits, some of which had been worked in the time of Charles II, the few colliers and the donkeys burrowing down like ants into the earth, making queer mounds andlittle black places among the corn-fields and the meadow. And the cottages of these coalminers, in blocks and pairs here and there, together with odd farmsand homes of the stockingers, straying over the parish, formed the village of Bestwood.Then, some sixty years ago, a sudden change took place. The gin-pits were elbowed aside by the large mines of the financiers. The coal and iron field of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire was discovered. Carston, Waite and Co. appeared. Amid excitement, Lord Palmerston formally opened the company’s first mine at Spinney Park, on the edge of Sherwood Forest.D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers45. Analyze the metrics of the following poem by W. B Yeats:When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fires,take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false and true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face;感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。