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Brief Summary of StylisticsGeneralStylisticsis the sciencewhich exploreshow readers interact with the languages oftexts in order to explain how weunderstand and are affected by texts whenwe read them. The stylistic mainly通述concerns about the examination of文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的grammar, lexis, semantics, as well as使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，phonological properties and discursive词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。
devices. It’s developing and not come文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶to maturity now.段。
According to different standards,thestylistics mainly divide into two majortypes ：linguistic stylistics and literarystylistics. And there are many school ofstylistics such as lingvo-stylistics,literarystylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大stylistics, applied stylistics and so on.类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体In the basic notions of stylistics, the学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，related Prague School of the early 比较文体学等。
从文体学的角度看翻译标准从文体学的角度看翻译标准1.引言翻译标准和原则, 在翻译界可谓众说纷纭, 其中很多翻译标准都提到了对文体的要求。
Tytler在Principles of Translation中提出译文的风格和表达方式应与原文具有相同的特征; 达在Translation Theory and Practice中也提出: 翻译要从语义到文体, 用最贴近的自然对等语在接受语言中再现源语信息[1]; 我国学者严复的“信、达、雅”、鲁迅“要保留原文的风姿”等理论也表达了对翻译标准文体论的探讨。
2.文体探微文体对我们来说可能是个比较模糊的概念, 英语style一词源于拉丁语的stilus, 原指古人在蜡板上写字用的一种用金属或骨头制作的“笔”。
随着时间的推移, style一词的词义不断扩大, 以至《牛津英语词典》曾在该词下面列出26个义项。
[2]现英文Style既可指某一时代的文风，又可指某一作家使用语言的习惯;既可指某种体裁的语言特点，又可指某一作品的语言特色。
它包含文体、语体和风格等方面的意思。
因此stylistics这个词便译为“文体学”、“语体学”或“风格学”。
随着文体学的发展和完善，它已经成为研究翻译理论和翻译标准的重要理念。
一些学者曾指出运用文体学确立翻译标准的意义，并作出了一些精辟论述，集中在语体、语言常规与变异以及语言结构与功能等方面。
但笔者认为这些论述对文体所蕴涵的意义不够系统和全面。
根据泰特勒、奈达等学者翻译标准中的要求，文体style至少应包括语体、文类体裁、功能文体、修辞与篇章等多个层面。
3.文体多层面对翻译的要求3. 1语体( formality)语体表现人与人之间的交际距离，与语域即使用语言的主体、场合和情景相关。
语体在作品中起着相当重要的作用。
它可以描写话语环境、展示人物身份、反映社会文化、体现原作的文体风格等。
译者应了解作者的语体使用意图，在译文中设法去再现这些方面的效果，以求获得语用等值。
文艺学美学方法论总结Aesthetics, as a branch of philosophy, plays a significant role in literary studies. It is the exploration of the nature of beauty and art, as well as the principles and methods of evaluating and understanding art. 文艺学美学是文艺研究中一个重要的分支，它探讨美和艺术的本质，以及评价和理解艺术的原则和方法。
In the study of literature, aesthetics provides a framework through which scholars can examine the form and content of literary works. It allows for the analysis of the emotional and intellectual impact of literature on its readers, as well as the broader cultural and historical significance of literary texts. 在文学研究中，美学为学者们提供了一个框架，通过这个框架他们可以审视文学作品的形式和内容。
它允许分析文学作品对读者的情感和智力影响，以及文学文本的更广泛的文化和历史意义。
From a methodological perspective, aesthetics offers a range of tools and approaches for the interpretation and appreciation of literature. It encourages scholars to consider the artistic techniques and devices employed by authors, as well as the ways in which these elements contribute to the overall impact and meaning of a literary work. 从方法论的角度来看，美学为文学的解释和赏析提供了一系列的工具和方法。
On Stylistic Features of“The Force that Through the GreenFuse Drives the Flower”姓名：沙鑫课程：文体概论AbstractDylan Thomas created numbers of brilliant and profound poems in his short but glorious life, after which analyzing articles are as many as the poems. People tend to analyze purposes, backgrounds and emotions of his poems because of the multi-depth, but stylistic analysis provides a new way to understand this genius and his works in which the way his poems composed in the sense of phonology, lexicology and semantics. Because of his obsession of the theme life and death, The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower is a great example that shows his deep thoughts to find out what the essential force is to drive life and death. This article aims to give this poems a well inspection through stylistic analysis which is rarely done by others, hoping a better understanding can be cognized to this magnificent poet.Keywords:Dylan Thomas; stylistic analysis; poemI. IntroductionYoung genius, Wales born, died on a vigorous age, Dylan Thomas created a number of glorious modern poems that makes him one of the greatest poets in English literature history. Unlike peer poets, he focuses on the theme that contains real life as well as the eternal proposition of life and death. As Wang ZuoLiang(2013) concluded: “life and death are never insipid but filled with mysteries and dramatic factors, so death is like falling into a unpredictable night while life is like raising the curt ain and making your appearance.”(p. 873) Besides life and death, his poems are often full of images like blood, instinct, lust, subconsciousness and even dream. But he succeed the custom of intoning from his minstrel ancestors, which makes his poems phonologically pleasant and even sound like incantations. Interesting enough, with the overwhelmingly popular of the film Interstellar (2014), in which his famous poem Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night was quoted, he came back to people’s sights again. To review his works in a different perspective, a stylistic analysis is necessary.II. DefinitionStylistic features are situationally bound features that based on variety of language and linguistic features. They can be found at the three distinct levels of language: phonological, lexicogrammatical and semantic. Stylistic analysis starts with linguistic facts and the linguistic choices the writers have made usually contains two parts: Deviation and Repetition which make the feature stand out and is called Foregrounding. As a result, this paper is going to analyze Dylan Thomas’s famous poems: The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower.III.TextThe force that through the green fuse drives the flowerDrives my green age；that blasts the roots of treesIs my destroyer.And I am dumb to tell the crooked roseMy youth is bent by the same wintry fever.The force that drives the water through the rocksDrives my red blood；that dries the mouthing streamsTurns mine to wax.And I am dumb to mouth unto my veinsHow at the mountain spring the same mouth sucks.The hand that whirls the water in the poolStirs the quicksand；that ropes the blowing windHauls my shroud sail.And I am dumb to tell the hanging manHow of my clay is made the hangman's lime.The lips of time leech to the fountain head；Love drips and gathers，but the fallen bloodShall calm her sores.And I am dumb to tell a weather's windHow time has ticked a heaven round the stars.And I am dumb to tell the lover's tombHow at my sheet goes the same crooked worm.IV. Phonological featuresAs a descendant of minstrel, Dylan Thomas’s poems are phonologically pleasant by adopting many phonological features.1.AssonanceTake The Force that Through t he Green Fuse Drives the Flower as an example, Dylan didn’t follow the strict rule of rhyme—repetition of the vowel with the same end consonant, instead he used assonance to arouse the addressee’s sensitivity to the sound quality of his poem.①e.g.…is my destroyer.…My youth is bent by the same wintry fever.Here destroyer [dɪ'strɒɪə] and fever ['fiːvə] are two assonances.In the second stanza of this poem, the combination of consonant [k] and [s] is frequently used.I think Sound Symbolism is adopted here. [k] and [s] suggest a harsh feeling to readers and may stand for the coarseness of life and death.②e.g.[ks]: rocks, wax, sucks.2.AlliterationAlliteration is repetition of the previous initial consonant which is also widely employed in this poem.③e.g.The Force that Through the Fuse Drives the Flower.In the three words Force, Fuse and Flower, [f] is the repeated initial consonant. What’s more, in the other two words The and That, [ð] is repeated here. These two alliterations suggest a feeling of violence which shows the unknown force that control life and death is powerful.More examples:W hirls the W ater… the li ps of time lee ch… w eather’s w ind…3.Graphological features—Loss of titleTitle is an important part of the poem，playing the role of pointing out the theme of it. However，poets sometimes deliberately omit the title so as to leave the poem open to readers’ interpretation. In this poem, the first line of first stanza: The force that through the green fuse drives the flower is taken as the title of this poem like his other poems, which not only gives the readers a impression of direct expressing of poet’s emotion but also leave the readers an ample space to think the theme of this poem.V. Lexical and Grammatical features1.Repetition of wordsWords like “the force”, “drives”, “blood”, “mouth” and “dumb” are repeated several times inthis poem. They emphasize the unknown force that drives the cycle of life and death that confuses the poet and makes him “dumb” to tell why the cycle goes on and on. Though the poet changed the “force” into words like “hand” and “time” in the third and fourth stanza, they still represent the “force” that drives the cycle only in the more visible and specific way.2.Repetition of linesIn every stanza of this poem, “And I am dumb to tell…” is repeated after different descriptions of the cycle of life and death. They all contribute to the establishment of poet’s image: a regular man( maybe a gentle lover according to “And I am dumb to tell the lover’s tomb”) who is confused with the cycle of life and death and can’t do anything to stop or change it.3.Conversion and PunsDistinctive types of word formation are used in this poem. Conversion means the changing of part of speech, for ins tance, in the line “I am dumb to mouth unto my veins”, “mouth” is used as a verb which shows the poet can’t explain why the mountain spring mouth can suck water. Similarly, in the line “the hand…that ropes the blowing wind”, “rope” is used as verb too whic h can mean the hand that drives life and death tie up the breath of life(blowing wind). Puns usually refers to the use of two meanings of the same word which is often used in this poem. For example, in the line “And I am dumb to tell the crooked rose; My youth is bent by the same winter fever”, “bent” means not only the damage to the rose but also the young death.4.Connotative meaningConnotative meaning refers to all kinds of associations words may evoke, particularly in certain emotional, situational contexts, over and above the basic or central referential meaning of words. Though words may evoke different connotations to people of different language background, the emotion or cognition to death is generally universal for humans. As a result, in this poem, many words contain connotative meaning of life and death. For example, in the line “How of my clay is made the hangman’s lime”, “clay” means mud, but according to the Bible, God created human with mud, so “clay” can also refers to life here. “lime” means to strew lime onto the dead body of criminals in order to accelerate the decomposing which in the poem can be a symbol of death. So in this line, life(clay) and death(lime) is unified and a cycle is being made. What’s more, the word “crooked rose” in the first stanza has a denotative meaning of “damagedflower”, but in this poem it can refer to perishing life or love.Another example is the line “The hand that whirls the water in the pool; Stirs the quicksand”. “Quicksand” is a pit filled with loose wet sand into which objects are sucked down and here in the poem it stands for death. On the other hand, “the hand” refers to the healing hand of angle in Bible, therefore, “the hand” becomes the force that can drives both life and death.VI. Semantic FeaturesTraditional figures of speech are divided into two parts: schemes and tropes. Schemes comprise those figures which arrange words into patterns of foregrounded regularity of form(such as alliteration, parallelism); Tropes refers to those figures which twist words away from their usual meanings or collocations to produce deviations(such as metaphor, oxymoron and irony). Since schemes have been discussed in the phonological features, I will focus on the tropes here.1.Figurative meaningFigurative meaning is a very common type of extension of meaning for a word or an expression through sense association. It is often used to make statements more concrete and lively.1.1 MetaphorMetaphor is the use of words that indicate something different from their literal meaning. For example, in the line “The force …that dries the mouthing streams turns mine to wax.”, it means the red blood of poet has been turned into dry wax, indicating the coming of death. In the line “The lips of time leech to the fountain head”, time is presented as a leech that sucks life from the beginning(fountain head), and time has been personified here because commonly lips are for human in literal works.1.2 SynecdocheSynecdoche is a trope by which one part of one thing is applied to signify the whole or vice versa. For example, in the line “The hand…that ropes the blowing wind hauls my shroud sail”, here “shroud” is a rope leading to the ship masthead to give lateral support to the masts, which I think can refer to the whole ship of life and “the hand” has controlled it just like the unknown force that controls life.2.AbsurdityAbsurdity refers to a combination of two expressions which are semantically incompatible, orstatement which is apparently self-contradictory. The former is oxymoron, and the latter is paradox. They often shock the reader into a fresh awareness of something that is otherwise received as commonplace.2.1 OxymoronOxymoron is a figure of speech in which markedly contradictory terms appear in conjunction so as to emphasize the statement. The most outstanding oxymoron in this poem is in the last line of first stanza “My youth is bent by the same wintery fever.” Here “wintery fever” is a ingenious combination of two contradictive words: winter and fever. As we all know, winter usually can be very cold and fever is when somebody get a rising temperature, but no matter which situation it is, it will do harm to the vitality of living things, which indicates the destructive power of “the force”.2.2 ParadoxA paradox is a statement of conclusion that seems self-contradictory or absurd but is really true. It is a kind of extended oxymoron. For example, in the line “The hand that whirls the water in the pool Stirs the quicksand”, “the hand” is supposed to be a kind and h ealing figure according to the Bible, but in the poem it turns into a sort of force that accelerates the death by stirring the quicksand. This paradox enhances the power of the unknown force that drives the cycle of life and death.3.Honest DeceptionHonest deception refers to the deliberately use of overstatement, understatement or words which are clearly opposite to what one really means.3.1 HyperboleHyperbole is a figure of speech in which exceptional exaggeration is deliberately used for emphasis rather than deception. For example, in the line “How time has ticked a heaven round the stars”, poet seems to indicate that time controls the motion of celestial bodies, which is obviously disobeying the scientific law and exaggerating. On the other hand, it is this exaggeration that enhances the power of the unknown force.3.2 IronyIrony is often used for wit and humor, sometimes for ridicule and sarcasm. In this poem, irony is used in the every last two lines of each stanza—“And I am dumb to…” . in fact, the poetis not dumb, because he noticed so many phenomenon in the nature that contain life and death and frankly the mystery of life and death is the most difficult one for people to solve. Here the poet said “I am dumb” is only a way to show how confusing it can be when it comes to life and death. VII. ConclusionStylistic analysis from three distinct levels of this poem shows us that it is not enough for someone who just has talent but lack of basic knowledge of linguistics to be a great poet or to write a masterpiece. Dylan Thomas combines his talent with the appropriate adoption of linguistic regularities and impresses the reader with his deep thoughts of life and death. Like his other poems, repetition of certain words and lines emphasizes the both the theme and the emotion of the poet, and well-chosen collocation of words make his poem not only catchy but also easy to understand. Widely used figurative devices contribute to the abundant images of this poem and also help to evoke the readers to think deeply about the real connotation. To sum up, stylistic analysis helps reader to appreciate this poem in a different perspective and further to other English poems.References廖云飞,(2014). Stylistic Analysis of “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night”,《语文学刊·外语教育教学》[J]，vol(4), 36-39.王佐良&金立群，(2013).《英国诗歌选集（下）》[M]，上海: 上海译文出版社.徐有志，(2005).《英语文体学教程》[M]，北京：高等教育出版社.。
Chapter 2 Procedure of Stylistic AnalysisChapter 3 Stylistic Functions of Linguistic ItemsI.Procedure of Stylistic Analysis----3 steps1.Linguistic description2.Textual analysis（语篇分析）3.Contextual factors analysis（语境分析）II.Linguistic Description and Stylistic Functions of Linguistic Items1.Linguistic descriptionA.What does linguistic description refer to?Linguistics description refers to the exploration and classification of linguistic features of a given text.B.Linguistic feature s—in 5 categories, i.e. phonology, graphology, lexis/leksəs/(词汇),syntax/grammar, and semantics.C.Consistency and relative frequency—linguistic features in 5 categories analyzed in stylisticway.Note: Generally speaking, when we say that a text has certain linguistic features, we mean that these features recur (反复出现) or prevail（盛行）in the text. That is to say, frequencies of certain linguistic features should be calculated, the stylistic functions of which would be helpful for us to analyze a text.2. A checklist of linguistic description and their stylistic functionsA.The phonological category and their stylistic functionsk'tæmətə] )超过八音步以上的诗行也有，但很少见。
摘要欧·亨利是十九世纪美国伟大的短篇小说家，他主要以看似幽默实则辛酸的写作手法为我们讲述居住在纽约平民区普通人民的生活，他的作品以出人意料的结尾给读者留下深刻的印象。
《最后一片叶子》是他的一篇代表作，虽然它不像欧·亨利其他作品那样诙谐幽默，但却更深刻地向我们揭示了纽约底层人民生活的辛酸。
本文将从该文的情节组织、词汇选择、句式运用以及修辞手法等方面进行文体学的分析，以便对欧·亨利及他的小说有更深入的了解。
关键词风格组织词汇语法语言修辞Stylistic Analysis of"The Last Leaf"//Sun Yinfeng Abstract O.Henry is one of the greatest writers of American short story of the20th century."The Last Leaf"is one of his most famous stories.This paper will analyze the stylistic characteristics of the story from the perspectives of organization,vocabulary, syntax,rhetorical devices to have a better understanding on O. Henry's short story and his writing skills.Key words style;organization;vocabulary;syntax;rhetorical de-vices1简介众所周知，亨利是一位多产的美国短篇小说作家，他的笔下描绘了纽约普通民众的生活。
他的短篇小说反映了他所生活时代的美国社会现实。
他以一种看似幽默时尚，看似喜剧的形式来写故事，但亨利真正揭示了穷人生活的痛苦和眼泪。
