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Brief Summary of StylisticsGeneralStylisticsis the sciencewhich exploreshow readers interact with the languages oftexts in order to explain how weunderstand and are affected by texts whenwe read them. The stylistic mainly通述concerns about the examination of文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的grammar, lexis, semantics, as well as使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，phonological properties and discursive词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。
devices. It’s developing and not come文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶to maturity now.段。
According to different standards,thestylistics mainly divide into two majortypes ：linguistic stylistics and literarystylistics. And there are many school ofstylistics such as lingvo-stylistics,literarystylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大stylistics, applied stylistics and so on.类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体In the basic notions of stylistics, the学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，related Prague School of the early 比较文体学等。
从文体学的角度看翻译标准从文体学的角度看翻译标准1.引言翻译标准和原则, 在翻译界可谓众说纷纭, 其中很多翻译标准都提到了对文体的要求。
Tytler在Principles of Translation中提出译文的风格和表达方式应与原文具有相同的特征; 达在Translation Theory and Practice中也提出: 翻译要从语义到文体, 用最贴近的自然对等语在接受语言中再现源语信息[1]; 我国学者严复的“信、达、雅”、鲁迅“要保留原文的风姿”等理论也表达了对翻译标准文体论的探讨。
2.文体探微文体对我们来说可能是个比较模糊的概念, 英语style一词源于拉丁语的stilus, 原指古人在蜡板上写字用的一种用金属或骨头制作的“笔”。
随着时间的推移, style一词的词义不断扩大, 以至《牛津英语词典》曾在该词下面列出26个义项。
[2]现英文Style既可指某一时代的文风，又可指某一作家使用语言的习惯;既可指某种体裁的语言特点，又可指某一作品的语言特色。
它包含文体、语体和风格等方面的意思。
因此stylistics这个词便译为“文体学”、“语体学”或“风格学”。
随着文体学的发展和完善，它已经成为研究翻译理论和翻译标准的重要理念。
一些学者曾指出运用文体学确立翻译标准的意义，并作出了一些精辟论述，集中在语体、语言常规与变异以及语言结构与功能等方面。
但笔者认为这些论述对文体所蕴涵的意义不够系统和全面。
根据泰特勒、奈达等学者翻译标准中的要求，文体style至少应包括语体、文类体裁、功能文体、修辞与篇章等多个层面。
3.文体多层面对翻译的要求3. 1语体( formality)语体表现人与人之间的交际距离，与语域即使用语言的主体、场合和情景相关。
语体在作品中起着相当重要的作用。
它可以描写话语环境、展示人物身份、反映社会文化、体现原作的文体风格等。
译者应了解作者的语体使用意图，在译文中设法去再现这些方面的效果，以求获得语用等值。
文艺学美学方法论总结Aesthetics, as a branch of philosophy, plays a significant role in literary studies. It is the exploration of the nature of beauty and art, as well as the principles and methods of evaluating and understanding art. 文艺学美学是文艺研究中一个重要的分支，它探讨美和艺术的本质，以及评价和理解艺术的原则和方法。
In the study of literature, aesthetics provides a framework through which scholars can examine the form and content of literary works. It allows for the analysis of the emotional and intellectual impact of literature on its readers, as well as the broader cultural and historical significance of literary texts. 在文学研究中，美学为学者们提供了一个框架，通过这个框架他们可以审视文学作品的形式和内容。
它允许分析文学作品对读者的情感和智力影响，以及文学文本的更广泛的文化和历史意义。
From a methodological perspective, aesthetics offers a range of tools and approaches for the interpretation and appreciation of literature. It encourages scholars to consider the artistic techniques and devices employed by authors, as well as the ways in which these elements contribute to the overall impact and meaning of a literary work. 从方法论的角度来看，美学为文学的解释和赏析提供了一系列的工具和方法。
On Stylistic Features of“The Force that Through the GreenFuse Drives the Flower”姓名：沙鑫课程：文体概论AbstractDylan Thomas created numbers of brilliant and profound poems in his short but glorious life, after which analyzing articles are as many as the poems. People tend to analyze purposes, backgrounds and emotions of his poems because of the multi-depth, but stylistic analysis provides a new way to understand this genius and his works in which the way his poems composed in the sense of phonology, lexicology and semantics. Because of his obsession of the theme life and death, The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower is a great example that shows his deep thoughts to find out what the essential force is to drive life and death. This article aims to give this poems a well inspection through stylistic analysis which is rarely done by others, hoping a better understanding can be cognized to this magnificent poet.Keywords:Dylan Thomas; stylistic analysis; poemI. IntroductionYoung genius, Wales born, died on a vigorous age, Dylan Thomas created a number of glorious modern poems that makes him one of the greatest poets in English literature history. Unlike peer poets, he focuses on the theme that contains real life as well as the eternal proposition of life and death. As Wang ZuoLiang(2013) concluded: “life and death are never insipid but filled with mysteries and dramatic factors, so death is like falling into a unpredictable night while life is like raising the curt ain and making your appearance.”(p. 873) Besides life and death, his poems are often full of images like blood, instinct, lust, subconsciousness and even dream. But he succeed the custom of intoning from his minstrel ancestors, which makes his poems phonologically pleasant and even sound like incantations. Interesting enough, with the overwhelmingly popular of the film Interstellar (2014), in which his famous poem Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night was quoted, he came back to people’s sights again. To review his works in a different perspective, a stylistic analysis is necessary.II. DefinitionStylistic features are situationally bound features that based on variety of language and linguistic features. They can be found at the three distinct levels of language: phonological, lexicogrammatical and semantic. Stylistic analysis starts with linguistic facts and the linguistic choices the writers have made usually contains two parts: Deviation and Repetition which make the feature stand out and is called Foregrounding. As a result, this paper is going to analyze Dylan Thomas’s famous poems: The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower.III.TextThe force that through the green fuse drives the flowerDrives my green age；that blasts the roots of treesIs my destroyer.And I am dumb to tell the crooked roseMy youth is bent by the same wintry fever.The force that drives the water through the rocksDrives my red blood；that dries the mouthing streamsTurns mine to wax.And I am dumb to mouth unto my veinsHow at the mountain spring the same mouth sucks.The hand that whirls the water in the poolStirs the quicksand；that ropes the blowing windHauls my shroud sail.And I am dumb to tell the hanging manHow of my clay is made the hangman's lime.The lips of time leech to the fountain head；Love drips and gathers，but the fallen bloodShall calm her sores.And I am dumb to tell a weather's windHow time has ticked a heaven round the stars.And I am dumb to tell the lover's tombHow at my sheet goes the same crooked worm.IV. Phonological featuresAs a descendant of minstrel, Dylan Thomas’s poems are phonologically pleasant by adopting many phonological features.1.AssonanceTake The Force that Through t he Green Fuse Drives the Flower as an example, Dylan didn’t follow the strict rule of rhyme—repetition of the vowel with the same end consonant, instead he used assonance to arouse the addressee’s sensitivity to the sound quality of his poem.①e.g.…is my destroyer.…My youth is bent by the same wintry fever.Here destroyer [dɪ'strɒɪə] and fever ['fiːvə] are two assonances.In the second stanza of this poem, the combination of consonant [k] and [s] is frequently used.I think Sound Symbolism is adopted here. [k] and [s] suggest a harsh feeling to readers and may stand for the coarseness of life and death.②e.g.[ks]: rocks, wax, sucks.2.AlliterationAlliteration is repetition of the previous initial consonant which is also widely employed in this poem.③e.g.The Force that Through the Fuse Drives the Flower.In the three words Force, Fuse and Flower, [f] is the repeated initial consonant. What’s more, in the other two words The and That, [ð] is repeated here. These two alliterations suggest a feeling of violence which shows the unknown force that control life and death is powerful.More examples:W hirls the W ater… the li ps of time lee ch… w eather’s w ind…3.Graphological features—Loss of titleTitle is an important part of the poem，playing the role of pointing out the theme of it. However，poets sometimes deliberately omit the title so as to leave the poem open to readers’ interpretation. In this poem, the first line of first stanza: The force that through the green fuse drives the flower is taken as the title of this poem like his other poems, which not only gives the readers a impression of direct expressing of poet’s emotion but also leave the readers an ample space to think the theme of this poem.V. Lexical and Grammatical features1.Repetition of wordsWords like “the force”, “drives”, “blood”, “mouth” and “dumb” are repeated several times inthis poem. They emphasize the unknown force that drives the cycle of life and death that confuses the poet and makes him “dumb” to tell why the cycle goes on and on. Though the poet changed the “force” into words like “hand” and “time” in the third and fourth stanza, they still represent the “force” that drives the cycle only in the more visible and specific way.2.Repetition of linesIn every stanza of this poem, “And I am dumb to tell…” is repeated after different descriptions of the cycle of life and death. They all contribute to the establishment of poet’s image: a regular man( maybe a gentle lover according to “And I am dumb to tell the lover’s tomb”) who is confused with the cycle of life and death and can’t do anything to stop or change it.3.Conversion and PunsDistinctive types of word formation are used in this poem. Conversion means the changing of part of speech, for ins tance, in the line “I am dumb to mouth unto my veins”, “mouth” is used as a verb which shows the poet can’t explain why the mountain spring mouth can suck water. Similarly, in the line “the hand…that ropes the blowing wind”, “rope” is used as verb too whic h can mean the hand that drives life and death tie up the breath of life(blowing wind). Puns usually refers to the use of two meanings of the same word which is often used in this poem. For example, in the line “And I am dumb to tell the crooked rose; My youth is bent by the same winter fever”, “bent” means not only the damage to the rose but also the young death.4.Connotative meaningConnotative meaning refers to all kinds of associations words may evoke, particularly in certain emotional, situational contexts, over and above the basic or central referential meaning of words. Though words may evoke different connotations to people of different language background, the emotion or cognition to death is generally universal for humans. As a result, in this poem, many words contain connotative meaning of life and death. For example, in the line “How of my clay is made the hangman’s lime”, “clay” means mud, but according to the Bible, God created human with mud, so “clay” can also refers to life here. “lime” means to strew lime onto the dead body of criminals in order to accelerate the decomposing which in the poem can be a symbol of death. So in this line, life(clay) and death(lime) is unified and a cycle is being made. What’s more, the word “crooked rose” in the first stanza has a denotative meaning of “damagedflower”, but in this poem it can refer to perishing life or love.Another example is the line “The hand that whirls the water in the pool; Stirs the quicksand”. “Quicksand” is a pit filled with loose wet sand into which objects are sucked down and here in the poem it stands for death. On the other hand, “the hand” refers to the healing hand of angle in Bible, therefore, “the hand” becomes the force that can drives both life and death.VI. Semantic FeaturesTraditional figures of speech are divided into two parts: schemes and tropes. Schemes comprise those figures which arrange words into patterns of foregrounded regularity of form(such as alliteration, parallelism); Tropes refers to those figures which twist words away from their usual meanings or collocations to produce deviations(such as metaphor, oxymoron and irony). Since schemes have been discussed in the phonological features, I will focus on the tropes here.1.Figurative meaningFigurative meaning is a very common type of extension of meaning for a word or an expression through sense association. It is often used to make statements more concrete and lively.1.1 MetaphorMetaphor is the use of words that indicate something different from their literal meaning. For example, in the line “The force …that dries the mouthing streams turns mine to wax.”, it means the red blood of poet has been turned into dry wax, indicating the coming of death. In the line “The lips of time leech to the fountain head”, time is presented as a leech that sucks life from the beginning(fountain head), and time has been personified here because commonly lips are for human in literal works.1.2 SynecdocheSynecdoche is a trope by which one part of one thing is applied to signify the whole or vice versa. For example, in the line “The hand…that ropes the blowing wind hauls my shroud sail”, here “shroud” is a rope leading to the ship masthead to give lateral support to the masts, which I think can refer to the whole ship of life and “the hand” has controlled it just like the unknown force that controls life.2.AbsurdityAbsurdity refers to a combination of two expressions which are semantically incompatible, orstatement which is apparently self-contradictory. The former is oxymoron, and the latter is paradox. They often shock the reader into a fresh awareness of something that is otherwise received as commonplace.2.1 OxymoronOxymoron is a figure of speech in which markedly contradictory terms appear in conjunction so as to emphasize the statement. The most outstanding oxymoron in this poem is in the last line of first stanza “My youth is bent by the same wintery fever.” Here “wintery fever” is a ingenious combination of two contradictive words: winter and fever. As we all know, winter usually can be very cold and fever is when somebody get a rising temperature, but no matter which situation it is, it will do harm to the vitality of living things, which indicates the destructive power of “the force”.2.2 ParadoxA paradox is a statement of conclusion that seems self-contradictory or absurd but is really true. It is a kind of extended oxymoron. For example, in the line “The hand that whirls the water in the pool Stirs the quicksand”, “the hand” is supposed to be a kind and h ealing figure according to the Bible, but in the poem it turns into a sort of force that accelerates the death by stirring the quicksand. This paradox enhances the power of the unknown force that drives the cycle of life and death.3.Honest DeceptionHonest deception refers to the deliberately use of overstatement, understatement or words which are clearly opposite to what one really means.3.1 HyperboleHyperbole is a figure of speech in which exceptional exaggeration is deliberately used for emphasis rather than deception. For example, in the line “How time has ticked a heaven round the stars”, poet seems to indicate that time controls the motion of celestial bodies, which is obviously disobeying the scientific law and exaggerating. On the other hand, it is this exaggeration that enhances the power of the unknown force.3.2 IronyIrony is often used for wit and humor, sometimes for ridicule and sarcasm. In this poem, irony is used in the every last two lines of each stanza—“And I am dumb to…” . in fact, the poetis not dumb, because he noticed so many phenomenon in the nature that contain life and death and frankly the mystery of life and death is the most difficult one for people to solve. Here the poet said “I am dumb” is only a way to show how confusing it can be when it comes to life and death. VII. ConclusionStylistic analysis from three distinct levels of this poem shows us that it is not enough for someone who just has talent but lack of basic knowledge of linguistics to be a great poet or to write a masterpiece. Dylan Thomas combines his talent with the appropriate adoption of linguistic regularities and impresses the reader with his deep thoughts of life and death. Like his other poems, repetition of certain words and lines emphasizes the both the theme and the emotion of the poet, and well-chosen collocation of words make his poem not only catchy but also easy to understand. Widely used figurative devices contribute to the abundant images of this poem and also help to evoke the readers to think deeply about the real connotation. To sum up, stylistic analysis helps reader to appreciate this poem in a different perspective and further to other English poems.References廖云飞,(2014). Stylistic Analysis of “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night”,《语文学刊·外语教育教学》[J]，vol(4), 36-39.王佐良&金立群，(2013).《英国诗歌选集（下）》[M]，上海: 上海译文出版社.徐有志，(2005).《英语文体学教程》[M]，北京：高等教育出版社.。
Chapter 2 Procedure of Stylistic AnalysisChapter 3 Stylistic Functions of Linguistic ItemsI.Procedure of Stylistic Analysis----3 steps1.Linguistic description2.Textual analysis（语篇分析）3.Contextual factors analysis（语境分析）II.Linguistic Description and Stylistic Functions of Linguistic Items1.Linguistic descriptionA.What does linguistic description refer to?Linguistics description refers to the exploration and classification of linguistic features of a given text.B.Linguistic feature s—in 5 categories, i.e. phonology, graphology, lexis/leksəs/(词汇),syntax/grammar, and semantics.C.Consistency and relative frequency—linguistic features in 5 categories analyzed in stylisticway.Note: Generally speaking, when we say that a text has certain linguistic features, we mean that these features recur (反复出现) or prevail（盛行）in the text. That is to say, frequencies of certain linguistic features should be calculated, the stylistic functions of which would be helpful for us to analyze a text.2. A checklist of linguistic description and their stylistic functionsA.The phonological category and their stylistic functionsk'tæmətə] )超过八音步以上的诗行也有，但很少见。
摘要欧·亨利是十九世纪美国伟大的短篇小说家，他主要以看似幽默实则辛酸的写作手法为我们讲述居住在纽约平民区普通人民的生活，他的作品以出人意料的结尾给读者留下深刻的印象。
《最后一片叶子》是他的一篇代表作，虽然它不像欧·亨利其他作品那样诙谐幽默，但却更深刻地向我们揭示了纽约底层人民生活的辛酸。
本文将从该文的情节组织、词汇选择、句式运用以及修辞手法等方面进行文体学的分析，以便对欧·亨利及他的小说有更深入的了解。
关键词风格组织词汇语法语言修辞Stylistic Analysis of"The Last Leaf"//Sun Yinfeng Abstract O.Henry is one of the greatest writers of American short story of the20th century."The Last Leaf"is one of his most famous stories.This paper will analyze the stylistic characteristics of the story from the perspectives of organization,vocabulary, syntax,rhetorical devices to have a better understanding on O. Henry's short story and his writing skills.Key words style;organization;vocabulary;syntax;rhetorical de-vices1简介众所周知，亨利是一位多产的美国短篇小说作家，他的笔下描绘了纽约普通民众的生活。
他的短篇小说反映了他所生活时代的美国社会现实。
他以一种看似幽默时尚，看似喜剧的形式来写故事，但亨利真正揭示了穷人生活的痛苦和眼泪。
专业的文体研究方法在文体研究领域中，运用专业的方法进行分析和研究是至关重要的。
本文将介绍一些常见的专业文体研究方法，包括语料库研究、文本分析和比较研究等。
通过运用这些方法，研究者能够深入了解文体的特点、规律以及其与语境之间的关系。
一、语料库研究语料库研究是一种基于实际语言使用数据的研究方法，通过收集和分析大量的语言材料，来探索文体的特点和规律。
研究者可以利用现有的语料库，如Corpus of Contemporary American English（COCA）和British National Corpus（BNC），也可以自己建立专门用于研究某一特定领域的语料库。
语料库研究的一个重要步骤是样本的选择。
研究者需要选择一定数量的文本样本，这些样本应该代表该文体的典型特征。
分析样本时，可以从词汇、句法、语义和篇章结构等多个层面进行研究。
此外，研究者还可以运用定量和定性的方法，对语料库中的数据进行统计分析和语义归纳，以获得全面而准确的结果。
二、文本分析文本分析是一种通过对具体文本进行细致观察和解读的研究方法。
通过仔细剖析文本中的语言现象和结构特点，可以揭示文体的内在规律和特征。
文本分析可以从多个层面展开，如词汇、句法、修辞手法、话语结构等。
在进行文本分析时，研究者可以使用多种分析工具，如词频统计、句法分析和文本标注等。
通过对文本的细致观察和分析，可以揭示文体所特有的词汇用法、句子结构和篇章组织方式等。
此外，研究者还可以通过比较不同文本之间的差异和相似之处，来进一步探讨文体的特点和变异。
三、比较研究比较研究是一种通过对不同文体进行对比和分析的研究方法。
通过对比不同文体之间的差异和相似之处，可以揭示不同文体之间的特点和规律。
比较研究可以在不同的维度展开，如不同语言之间的比较、不同时期之间的比较以及不同社会群体之间的比较等。
在进行比较研究时，研究者需要选取符合实际情况的文本样本，并将它们进行系统的对比分析。
《英语文体学》课程教学大纲课程编号：ENGL3002课程类别：专业选修课授课对象：英语、英语师范专业开课学期：秋（第7学期）学分：2主讲教师：王军指定教材：《新编英语文体学教程》，董启明主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2008年。
教学目的：英语文体学是一门实用性非常强的学科,对阅读、翻译、文章分析、文章欣赏以及得体地使用英语都有很大的帮助，此外，英语文体学也是英语语言学研究重要的基础性学科之一。
作为一门课程，英语文体学主要由两部分构成：其一为文体学研究主要内容介绍，包括文体类型、文体特征、文体价值等方面，其次为具体文体分析方法介绍。
第一课Introduction to Stylistics课时：第一周，共2课时教学内容：What is stylistics and how is it associated with other linguistic studies?第一节：The position of stylistics in general linguistics.The importance of studying stylistics.第二节：What is stylistics?The major contents of this study.Issues that need to be born in mind.思考题：1.How to do stylistics in the framework of literature or translation?2.What do you expect to learn from this course?第二课Style and Stylistics课时：第二周，共2课时教学内容：The development and scope of stylistics第一节：The definition of style and stylistics.The relationship between appreciation and research.第二节：The development of stylistics.The scope of stylistics.思考题：1.What are the major differences between style and stylistics?2.What areas in society can the knowledge of stylistics be applied to?第三课Procedure of stylistic analysis （1）课时：第三周，共2课时教学内容：Linguistic description第一节：Linguistic description: methods and procedures.第一节：A checklist of linguistic description.The functions of each one.思考题：1.Why do we need linguistic description?2.Think about the significance of conducting linguistic description.第四课Procedure of stylistic analysis （2）课时：第四周，共2课时教学内容：Textual analysis and contextual factors analysis第一节：What is textual analysis?How to conduct textual analysis?第二节：A classification of contextual factors.How to analyze contextual factors？思考题：1.How do you understand the relationship between understanding and textual analysis?2.Are there other ways to classify contextual factors?第五课Stylistic functions of linguistic items课时：第五周，共2课时教学内容：Stylistic functions as defined at different levels第一节：Stylistic functions of speech sounds.Stylistic functions of graphological items.第二节：Stylistic functions of lexical items.Stylistic functions of syntactic/grammatical items.思考题：1.How do you evaluate the different kinds of stylistic functions?2.What is the significance of studying stylistic function?第六课Varieties in relation to regions课时：第六周，共2课时教学内容：Regional English第一节：A brief introduction to British English.The appearance of American English.第二节：Differences between British English and American English.British and American regional dialects.思考题：1.What are the major causes for the differences between British English and American English?2.How to deal with the use of the two regional English in actual learning or dailycommunication?第七课Varieties in relation to media课时：第七周，共2课时教学内容：Spoken English and written English第一节：Major features of spoken English and written English.What are the standards of using spoken English or written English?第二节：Electronic English.思考题：1.What is the situation like if one is only skilled in using spoken English or written English?2.What is the role of electronic English in the course of learning English?第八课Varieties in relation to attitude课时：第八周，共2课时教学内容：Attitude-related styles第一节：Degree of formality.Politeness.第二节：Impersonality.Accessibility.思考题：1.Think about the relationship between meaning and emotion expressions.2.What do you think of the relationship between formality and politeness?第九课Varieties in relation to social factors课时：第九周，共2课时教学内容：Social factors and their constraints on language第一节：Women’s English.Black English.第二节：Taboo and euphemism.Cultural factors involved in social factors.思考题：1.What are the reasons that maintain the existence of women’s English?2.How do you understand the status of black’s English and the black’s social status?第十课Review of the past lessons课时：第十周，共2课时教学内容：A summary and comment of the past lessons第一节：The watershed of the whole course.Recall what have been learned.第二节：What are the sections that interest you the most?Is there possibility for you to conduct further research?第十一课The English of conversation课时：第十一周，共2课时教学内容：Conversational English第一节：A general introduction to what to learn in the latter half of the term.About conversation.Phonological features.第二节：Lexical features.Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.How do you understand conversation in terms of direct speech and indirect speech?2.Is conversational English always informal?第十二课The English of public speaking课时：第十二周，共2课时教学内容：Public speech and its features第一节：What is public speech?Public speeches’ phonological features.Lexical features.第二节：Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.What are the major differences between public speaking and conversation?2.What are the major differences between public speech and written English?第十三课The English of news reporting （1）课时：第十三周，共2课时教学内容：General knowledge about news reporting第一节：What are news reports?Different kinds of newspapers and magazines.第二节：The make-up of news reports.A sample analysis of a piece of newspaper (New York Times/China Daily)思考题：1.Is there any difference between formal news report and informal news release?2.Specify the make-up of some pages of newspaper, both English and Chinese.第十四课The English of news reporting （2）课时：第十四周，共2课时教学内容：Stylistic features of news reporting第一节：Graphological features.Lexical features.第二节：Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.What are the functions of each group of stylistic features in news reporting?2.What are the stylistic features that distinguish news reporting from other textual styles?第十五课The English of Advertising课时：第十五周，共2课时教学内容：The language styles in advertising English第一节：Something about advertisements.Graphological features.第二节：Lexical features.Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.Sample analysis of a student.思考题：1.What are the major purposes of advertisements?2.Give some advertising examples that show the violation of some basic language rules inadvertising.第十六课Literary English课时：第十六周，共2课时教学内容：Literary English: novel and poetry第一节：Some basic facts about the novel.Aspects for the analysis of the novel.General stylistic features of the novel.第二节：Some basic facts about the poetry.Prosody.General stylistic features of poetry.思考题：1.Between fiction and reality, what kinds of stylistic features are most suitable for the novel?2.What effects does it have on appreciation to analyze the novel’s stylistic features?3.How to balance meaning expression and poetic features in poetry?4.What are the common stylistic features between poetry and novel?第十七课：The English of science and technology课时：第十七周，共2课时教学内容：Technical English第一节：Graphological features.Lexical features第二节：Syntactic/grammatical features.Semantic features.思考题：1.How to handle formality and politeness issues in technical English?2.How is objectivity achieved in technical English?第十八课：Review and answer questions课时：第十八周，共2课时教学内容：Review and answer questions第一节：Review.第二节：Answer questions.参考书目：1.王守元.《英语文体学要略》.济南：山东大学出版社，2000.2.徐有志.《英语文体学教程》.北京：高等教育出版社，2005.3.Thornborrow,J. Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.4.Wright, L. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press, 2000.。
literature analysis method
文学分析是一种系统的方法，用于探索文本的语言和结构。
它帮助我们更深入地理解文学作品，揭示作品中隐藏的主题和意义。
以下是一些常用的文学分析方法：
1. 主题分析：通过识别文本中的重复元素和情感，以及作者的态度和观点，来确定作品的主题。
2. 符号分析：通过分析作品中使用的符号和象征物，来揭示作品的意义。
3. 结构分析：分析作品的叙事结构、语言和节奏，来理解作品的结构和组织方式。
4. 人物分析：分析作品中的人物形象、性格和行为，来阐述作品的主题和意义。
5. 文化分析：通过分析作品的历史、文化和社会背景，来理解作品的意义和价值。
以上是一些常用的文学分析方法，通过采用不同的方法，我们可以更好地理解文学作品，领悟作品的深层含义。
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文体计量学
文体计量学（stylometry）是一门研究文本的风格和语言特征的学科。
它结合了计量学和文学研究，旨在通过对文本的定量分析来揭示作者的风格、特征和其他文学元素。
文体计量学的目标是使用统计工具和计算方法来识别和量化文本中的模式，以便揭示作者、时期或文学流派之间的差异。
文体计量学的一些主要应用包括：
1.作者识别：通过分析文本的词汇、句法结构、使用的词汇等方
面，文体计量学可以帮助确定文本的作者。
这在法律领域和文
学研究中都有实际应用。
2.作品归属问题：有时候，文学作品的真实作者可能不为人所知，
文体计量学可以通过对比已知作者的作品，尝试确定这些作品
的真实创作者。
3.文学研究：文体计量学可用于分析文学作品、时期或流派之间
的差异，有助于研究文学发展和演变的趋势。
4.抄袭检测：文体计量学可以用于检测文本之间的相似性，有助
于发现抄袭行为。
文体计量学的方法包括词汇频率分析、句法结构分析、标点符号使用分析等。
计量学家可以使用各种统计模型和算法来处理大量文本数据，从而得出有关文本作者、风格和特征的结论。
然而，文体计量学也面临一些挑战，因为一些作者可能有意地改变他们的写作风格，而且语言是一个动态的系统，其规律可能随时间而变化。
文体与文体学讲义第一章文体与文体学In this chapter, two major concerns will be presented, one is the definition, the origin, goal, and procedure of stylistics, another the definition of style, which is a heated discussion in academic areas.Part I Stylistics1 Definition of StylisticsStylistics in simple terms means the study of style.Widdowson (1975:3), “By stylistics, I mean the study of literary discourse from a linguistics orientation and I shall take the view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other hand is that it is essentially a means of linking the two.”Leech, holds a similar view. He defines stylistics as “the study of the use of language in literature”(1969:1), and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2) From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study which straddle two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics.It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end. Now stylistics has developed into an interdisciplinary area of study with explicit aims and effective techniques, and promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature.English stylistics has developed on the basis of traditional rhetoric which may be traced back to Aristole’s time. Nevertheless, it was the ‘three revolutions’ in social science that brought it to the right track and brought it about its present status.One of the revolutions is the modernist movement in art and literature, lasting from 1890 to the beginning of World War II. To a great extent, the revolution was a break with tradition in the ways it influenced both the content and language of literature. From this movement onwards, creative writers exercise no restraints on the sort of language they use in their writing. In modernist literature, readers could find much to surprise them in respect to content as well as language.Another revolution is the one in literature criticism which has had a profound and radical influence on stylistics. In the 1930’s, the critical theorist, I.A. Richards, expressed his dissatisfaction with those critics of his age. In his opinion, they seemed to be too much preoccupied with literature’s role in educating the readers morally and emotionally. He called for a more objective approach to literary texts. in his famous book, Practical criticism, he established an approach to poetry which depend on close reading of the text. He was joined by scholars such as Willian Empson whose work Seven Types of Ambiguity had a wide influence and promoted the concept of ambiguity as a defining linguistic characteristic of poetry. Their insistence on close reading of the text and analysis of language of the text coincides with the starting point of stylistics, thus greatly facilitating its development.The third revolution took place in linguistic science starting in the late 1950. It was initiated by the work of Noam Chomsky and Michael Halliday whose thoughts were directly or indirectly influenced by the linguistic theory of F. de Sassure, the founder of modern linguistics. Chomsky’s transformational-generative grammar revealed a system of surface structure and deep structure in English syntax. It also brought about a new awareness of how the human mind is innately able to systematize reality by the use of language. Halliday’s systemic grammar has offered many insights into the methods of text analysis, particularly in respect of cohesion between sentences in discourse. The work done in the field of linguistics in the last three decades has provided the stylistician with effective and completely new tools for investigating language in use in both literature and other types of discourse. The above mentioned revolutions, in their own ways, have played a fundamental role in shaping stylistics into the important interdisciplinary field of academic study that it is today.1.2 The origin of stylistics and its research school文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多得的修辞论。
