Lecture 16 Stylistic Features of EST

Sino-US English Teaching, November 2015, Vol. 12, No. 11, 869-873doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2015.11.010The Application of Stylistics in Britishand American Literature TeachingXU Li-mei, QU Lin-linChangchun University, Changchun, ChinaStylistics applies modern linguistic theory to the description of and analysis into varieties of language and theirstylistic features. As such it may serve to investigate the styles of British and American literary works, thusfacilitating the teaching of British and American literature. This paper, after surveying the basic stylistic theory andits relevance to research on and teaching of literature, illustrates how to effectively adopt the method of stylisticanalysis in the teaching of British and American literature.Keywords: stylistics, style, teaching of British and American literatureIntroductionIn current college English teaching, people often ask the students to read a lot of literary works. While how to determine the selection criteria of literary works is of vital importance in the teaching process, which affects All Rights Reserved.the teaching quality and students’ knowledge for the depth and breadth of vision. In general, the criterion for theselection of literary works is its position in English literature, such as Shakespeare’s works. For college students,the British and American literature works are very difficult to understand, but it is required reading in collegeEnglish teaching. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the application of stylistics in British and Americanliterature teaching.StylisticsThe Definition of StylisticsStylistics is a branch of linguistics, and is also a comprehensive interdisciplinary subject in the study of characteristics, essence, and rules of text genre between linguistics, literary theory, aesthetics, psychology, andother disciplines. Such as Lazar (2005) says in “Stylistics and Language Practice” that stylistics is the overallperformance of method and expression style purposefully selected in the specific communication field. It isformed in history, and accepted by the complete society as a whole system. Stylistics is the science used to studyand discuss the system. Besides, it is also an independent branch of linguistics to express ideas more efficiently,and to study the principle of language materials chosen and used.XU Li-mei, lecturer, Ph.D. candidate, Foreign Languages College, Changchun University.QU Lin-lin, lecturer, Ph.D. candidate, Foreign Languages College, Changchun University.870THE APPLICATION OF STYLISTICS IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE TEACHING The Characteristics of StylisticsAs a cross sectional much edge discipline, the characteristics of stylistics are to study a science of object with the application of another science method, thus making different scientific methods and objects organically.Stylistics is born in the border of several disciplines, and constantly penetrating to expand their areas.Stylistics broke the traditional boundaries between disciplines which seem to be independent of each other, which makes some new face on disciplines such as linguistics and literary criticism. The character of stylisticsmaking different field boundary promotes the interaction and penetration of different disciplines, and graduallytends to integrate. Besides, the character of borderline is also a reflection of modern science and technologydevelopment tendency for stylistics, which is namely the highly differentiated of science and technology and thehighly integrated of mutual penetration of natural science and social science.The Application Analysis of Stylistics in British and American Literature TeachingIn the teaching of English and American literature, how to guide students to master the language features ofa literary text? How to use linguistic concepts and techniques to discuss these characteristics and sublimate it intoa style? How to analyze the aesthetic feeling of this kind of style and the causal relationship between the wholeworks of art achievement? In general, people can take the following steps to finish the program.Analyze the DictionThe meaning of words in a literary text is not limited to the definition in the dictionary. In the context of the constructed these words affect each other, so does their semantics. To describe the stylistic features of a writerwords people have to research this mutual relationship between words and the resulting stylistic meaning. WhenAll Rights Reserved.reading a poem, a novel, people should firstly try to know who is the narrator, the author, or his (her) characters.Then, the reader should analyze the level of language used, standard, or nonstandard English. Besides, peopleshould also understand the word, whether simple or not. Is it general or specific? Is an abstract noun or concretenoun? Is static verb or dynamic? Answers to these questions will help readers to grasp the writer language style.The first paragraph of the following two paragraphs comes from Hemingway’s A Farewell to Amts, and the second paragraph comes from the United States novelist Theodore The Titan quoted from Edgar v. Rogerts.Contrasting the two different language characteristics can make us further realize the tendency of wording of thewriters is a part of their individual style feature.[Hemingway]:In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains.In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels.Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised pondered the leaves of the tress. (Hemingway, 1929, p. 76)[Dreiser]:From New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine had come a strange company, earnest, patient, determined, unschooled in even the primer of refinement, hungry far something the significance of which, when they had it, theycould not even guess, anxious to be called great, determined so to be without ever knowing how. (Dreiser, 1957, p. 248)Hemingway’s paragraph describes the scene of that summer, “our” inhabitation environment and forcesTHE APPLICATION OF STYLISTICS IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE TEACHING871going through there. The paragraph of Dreiser depicts the inner world of a group of strangers from thenortheastern state of United States such as New York. Although the words the two excerpts used are suitable fortheir own themes, but their stylistics is obviously different. When making the material structure, Hemingwaychose simple, clear, and specific words, such as: house, river, mountains, clear, swiftly moving, blue, andpowdered. He made the scenery and process appear in front of the readers, making the person clear at a glance.This is a clear and plain style. While Dreiser chooses evaluative and abstract written language, such as, patient,determined, hungry, refinement, significance, etc. Those written languages show the psychological activity of thegroup of outsiders, and lead the reader go into the characters’ hearts to visit their mood step by step.Analyze the SyntaxUsually, the vocabulary of a work describes the character’s thoughts and feelings through sentences and the phrases and there are many different ways of composition of the whole sentences and phrases. The grammaranalysis with the purpose of stylistic study focuses on exploring the relationship between the type of sentences,phrases, and writer individuals. English sentences can be divided into a variety of English sentences according toits function, such as declarative sentence, interrogative sentences, imperative, and exclamatory sentences; andcan be also divided into simple sentence, paratactic sentence, complex sentences, compound sentences, completesentences, and elliptical sentence according to its structure; besides, English sentences can be divided intoperiodic-sentences, loose sentence, and parallel sentences according to the way of emphasizing sentence content.In addition, the word each other can match into different phrases, such as: noun groups, verbal phrases,prepositions, etc. These different sentences and phrases contain different stylistic effects. When analyzing thegrammar structure, the author should read the text carefully, observe and record the dominated phrases, and All Rights Reserved.explore the causes of writers’ preference for them.Now make the previous article quoted as an example to illustrate how to carry out the syntax analysis. Two thirds in the Hemingway’s A Farewell to Amts are compound sentences. And one of the features of compoundsentence is to use “and” to connect the components in the sentence. Hemingway fully grasp the characteristicsand extensively use the “and”. For example, there are five “and” in the short second sentence; they suggest theimportance of the various parts of the sentence. This sentence pattern is usually used to state events and describethe scene. It is by this sentence pattern that Hemingway reappears faithfully the original characters in the novel.This narrative of Hemingway is objective, calm, and step by step, like a rippling stream, slow but continuous,plain but very clear, which is a gentle, simple, and realistic sketch style.Analyze RhetoricalRhetoric is generally defined as the art of persuasive writing. Correct grammar can help the writer to express clearly, and appropriate rhetoric can make works more vivid and touching. The writer often obtains this effectwith the help of figures of speech in his work. The commonly used English figures of speech include: simile,metaphor, analog, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, allusions, irony, and so on. These figures of speechmostly play a role based on the connotation and extension of the meaning, the aesthetic feelings of man, andother psychological forms. When making a rhetorical analysis, the reader should be sure the pattern ofrhetorical and discourse preference for writer, and then discuss the stylistic effect the color brings to the work.They are associated with each other, and complement each other. Below is a script fragments Denmark’s inner872THE APPLICATION OF STYLISTICS IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE TEACHING soliloquy selected from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.[Hamlet]To be, or not to be-that is the question:Whether this nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrow of outrageous fortuneOr to take am s against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them. (Shakespeare, 1609, p. 145)[Shylock]Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions?… If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we notrevenge? (Shakespeare, 1600, p. 29)In those a few lines of inner monologue extracted, choosing questions is the dominant pattern. Such sentence pattern ingeniously shows the swing state of mind of the hero. The dialogue at the start of the choice questionconsists of two verb infinitives, which seem to be simple, but actually to be Shakespeare’s quality pen. The verbinfinitive has the function of indicating the immediate action will happen from the perspective of grammar. Here,the author both use the affirmation and negation form of verb infinitive, suggesting that there is the possibility ofsurvival and perish at the same time. Therefore, the urgency of answering this problem shows on the page. Then,two infinitive phrases with “whether” and “or” make up of the second choice alternative interrogation. The firstone specifically puts forward a major and serious proposition, while the second shows the characters innerconflicts. Before and after the two sentences, closely linked, more let a person feel the imminent problem of hero.From the rhetorical perspective, the first one is concise and clear, giving a person the sense with straightforward;All Rights Reserved.The second uses extensive metaphor whose meaning is deep, and shows the complex and heavy heart of the byhis pen.ConclusionWith the aid of image literature reflecting the colorful world, and expressing the writer’s aesthetic feeling.Literary language is concise and beautiful with the effect of making people think deep and increasing the sense.Stylistics has a very strong explanatory power based on the analysis of the characteristics of language arts.Therefore, as a kind of methodology, stylistics can broaden the students whose major is English and Americanliterature academic vision, and enrich the current British and American literature teaching. In view of theliterature which is the art of language, and stylistics research across the two fields of linguistics and literature,there is reason to believe that stylistics in British and American literature teaching will have broad applicationprospects in the future.ReferencesBrumfit, C. J., & Carter, R. A. (2000). Literature and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, & Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press.Dreiser, T. (1957). The titan (p. 248). Moscow: Foreign Language Press.Hemingway, E. M. (1929). A farewell to amts (p. 76). Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House.Lazar, G. (2005). Literature and language teaching: A guide for teachers and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.McRae, J. (1997). Literature with a small “l”. London: Macmillan/Prentice Hall.Shakespeare, W. (1600). The merchant of Venice (p. 29). Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House.THE APPLICATION OF STYLISTICS IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE TEACHING873 Shakespeare, W. (1602). Hamlet (p. 145). Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House.Short, M. H., & Candlin, C. N. (1986). Teaching study skills for English literature (pp. 160-166). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Widdowson, H. G. (1999). Practical stylistics (pp. 58-59). Oxford: Oxford University Press, & Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press.All Rights Reserved.。

I Answer the following quesitions related to EST Translation (3 0’) ( 2 个题)1.What’sthe definit ionof EST (Englishof Science & Technology)?EST (Englishfor Science &Technology or Technical Englishor Scientific English) is a special languagevar iety widely usedinthe fields of science andtechnology. It’sbelievedthatitfirstcame tobeinginthe1950s alongwiththerapiddevelopmentof scienceandtechnology, anditmany researchers andscholarsbegan to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.2,What are stylistic features of EST?Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content,field and discourse functions,and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.3, What are the general features of CompoundTechnical Terms?A. accuracy (确切性) : accurately reflect the nature of the conceptB. monosemy (单义性) : one sense for one wordC .systematization (系统性):theindividual technical terms ina givenfieldshouldbeina specific levelso as to constitute a common systemD. linguistically correct (语言的正确性) : inaccordancewiththeword-formationinthesamelanguageE. conciseness (简明性) : concise and easy to rememberF. motivation (理据性) : just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.G. stability (稳定性) : stable and unlikely to changeH. productivity (能产性) : onceestablished, itis easy toproducemoreneologisms basedtheoriginalone by means of word-formation4, What are common rules for Technical Term Translation?As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:A. monosemy vs. conciseness monosemy is the priorityB. motivation vs. accuracy As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translati on is preferredC. stability vs. productivity Productivity is the priorityD. systematization vs. linguistically correctBefore translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and traditi on of Chinese word-formation.E. Chinese language trait vs. concisenessAs for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters (偶数词语) or even 4-chara cter expressions (四字结构) .II. Underline and mark out the themes and rhymes of the following sentences with the capital letters T and R respectively . (10’) ( 2 个题) . Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subje cted to hot treatment processes.Parallel ：T-R1+R2+R 3… Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strengt h approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and ma gnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.Each cylinder therefore is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continuously, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atm osphere by large rotary fans, worked off the main crankshaft, or in the large diesel-electric locom otives, by auxiliary motors.3.We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following (Theme) that there is still much scope for craft and ingenuity in metallurgy,by man still call for intensive scientific of metals which are properties e 2) of of the many used despite the fact that great strides have been made in it as a science during the past seventy year s,(Rheme 1) and also that real fundamental understanding(Theme 1) and valid explanations (Themwork (Rheme). (Rheme 2)III.Improve the following translation.As for the first sentence you should provide your impro ved English translation and as for the second sentence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’) ( 2 个题).活塞与气缸的配合问题，对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。

Chapter one Stylistic Features of academic writing Example 1 Example 2Capital is a complex notion. There are many definitions of the word itself, and capital as applied in accounting can be viewed conceptually from a number of standpoints; that is, there is legal capital, financial capital and physical capital. The application of financial and physical concepts of capital is not straightforward as there are various permutations of these concepts applied in the business environment... Capital is a difficult thing to understand. We can explain it in different ways, and in accounting we can look at it from different angles. Accountants talk about legal capital, financial capital and physical capital. How we apply financial and physical concepts of capital isn't easy because people in business use it differently...six main features of academic writing : complexity, formality, objectivity, explicitness, hedging, and responsibility.1. Complexitye.g. verbs + prefix verbThe most common prefixes used to form new nouns in academic English are: co- and sub-. The most common suffixes are: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery. By far theMany adjectives are formed from a base of a different class with a suffix (e.g. -less, -ous). Adjectives can also be formed from other adjectives, especially by the negative prefixes (un-, in-adjectivee.g. negative + adjective adjective1.2.3 Modification of noun-phrases1.2.4 Subordinate clauses1.2.5 Passive verbs2．FormalityExercise 1 Avoiding informal languageIdentify the informal expressions in the following sentences. Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the informal expressions with a more formal equivalent.1. With women especially, there is a lot of social pressure to conform to a certain physical shape.2. Significantly, even at this late date, Lautrec was considered a bit conservative by his peers.3. It focused on a subject that a lot of the bourgeois and upper-class exhibition-going public regarded as anti-social and anti-establishment.4. Later Florey got together with Paul Fildes in an experimental study of the use of curare to relieve the intractable muscular spasms which occur in fully developed infection with tetanus orlockjaw.5. When a patient is admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit, the clinical team should avoid the temptation to start specific treatments immediately.6. Therefore after six months the dieter is behaving according to all twenty-six goals and she has achieved a big reduction in sugar intake.7. Modern houses have so many labour-saving things that it is difficult for the person at home to have adequate exercise by doing chores, cooking, and looking after a family.8. Simply making the effort to reclaim this wasted stuff for fertilizer would have a positive effect on greenhouse releases.9. It is difficult to imagine exactly what is meant by saying that such a classification is natural as any collection of things could be classified in this way.10. Unfortunately, since there are so many possible explanations, the correct one is most difficult to find out.11. These exercises can easily be incorporated into an exercise routine, with each exercise done again a number of times.12. Fleming did well in isolating a streptococcus from the cerebrospinal fluid of the patient.13. Effective vaccines prevent such hazards, but only if a social organisation makes sure that all potential mothers are vaccinated in good time.Exercise 2: Avoiding abbreviationsRewrite the following sentences, replacing the informal abbreviated form with a more formal equivalent.1. The radical restructuring of British politics after 1931 does't lie in the events of 13-28 August, but in the changing attitudes within the National Government.2. This isn't easy to do since most historians persist in speaking of The National Government as if the same sort of government ruled from 1931 to 1940.3. The first National Government wasn't intended to be a coalition government in the normal sense of the term.4. These aren't at all original or exotic but are based on the ordinary things that most people tend to eat.Exercise 3: Avoiding two word verbs1. A primary education system was set up throughout Ireland as early as 18312. This will cut down the amount of drug required and so the cost of treatment.3. The material amenities of life have gone up in Western society.4. The press reflected the living culture of the people; it could influence opinion and reinforce existing attitudes but it did not come up with new forms of entertainment.5. Thus, he should have looked into how the patient has coped previously.6. The aggregate of outstanding balances went up and down quite violently.7. In 1947 the Treasury brought up the question of excluding South Africa (and India) from the sterling area.8. Dieters often feel that they should totally get rid of high-fat and high-sugar foods.9. Thus when a Gallic bishop in 576 converted the local Jewish community to Christianity, those who turned down baptism were expelled from the city.10. Western scholars gradually turned out a corpus of translations from the Arabic and studies of Islam.11. Ms Tucker, Lord White's 29-year-old companion, has since taken her statement back.12. Discussion of the outcome of experiments that have used this method will be put off until Chapter 7.13. They did not easily accept or put up with differences in others.14. My high-school friend signed up for three years with the army so he could put away enough money to go to university and study law.15. The solitary feeding of insectivores in forests was therefore put down to a foraging strategy involving the pursuit of cryptic and easily disturbed prey by singletons.16. In style, the turn toward abstraction and simplification came about earliest with Anquetin and Bernard and next with van Gogh.17. For Klein that cloudless day never arrived, but he never gave up his hope for a just world.18. Eventually the Irish party was forced to go back to Westminster.19. The court thinks it just and equitable to give back the property.20. The English liked coal fires even though they do not always give off much heat.21. The story told by German propaganda, however, gave away nothing of the mounting hopelessness of the 6th Army's position.22. These exercises can easily be incorporated into an exercise routine, with each done again a number of times.23. Marx took as one of his main tasks the understanding of how this system came into being and this was in order to find out why this system had such power.24. This was before he had read the guidelines on how to carry out the research.25. Still, the pressure to do well as an individual made most women believe that the problems theyencountered were probably of their own making.Exercise 4It is often the case that formal words are longer than informal words, formal words are single words not multi-words and formal words are of French/Latin origin rather than their informal equivalents which are of Anglo-Saxon origin.For example: “depart” is from French/Latin but “go” is Anglo-Saxon.3 ObjectivityExercise 1: DrugsRead the following text and rewrite it in a more academic style.Most people take drug overdoses because they find that it's difficult to sort out their problems clearly. That's why you should treat your patients in a clear way. That means you should treat your patients in a way that helps them to tell the difference between their problems and find ways to deal with them.Exercise 2Rewrite the following paragraphs in a more academic style.I would call Wagner a subjective artist. What I mean is that his art had its source in his personality; his work was virtually independent, I always feel, of the epoch in which he lived.On the other hand, I always consider Bach an objective artist. You can see that he worked only with the forms and ideas that his time proffered him. I do not think he felt any inner compulsion to open out new paths.Exercise 3Exercise 1Fill in the blank using proper signaling words1.----the freemen of both town and country had an organization and a type of property which still retained something of the communal as well as something of the private, but in the town a radical transformation was taking place.------ the group did manage to buy some land in a village not far from London, but the project had to be abandoned when the villagers zoned their land against agricultural use.------, there have been numerous women altogether outside the profession, who were reformers dedicated to creating alternatives.-----I went to see the editor of the Dispatch.There are two reasons. -------- I have no evidence whatever that the original document has been destroyed.--------, several firms undertook penicillin production on a massive scale, but hardly any ever came to Florey himself for the clinical trials which he was desperate to extend.If we try to analyse the conception of possession, we find two elements. ----------, it involves someactual power of control over the thing possessed. --------, it involves some intention to maintain that control on the part of the possessor.-------, we may notice that even a wrongful possession, if continued for a certain length of time, matures into what may be, for practical purposes, indistinguishable from ownership.------- she went up to the office.------, I'd like to show you some pictures.And--------, this kind of policy does not help to create jobs.He was first of all an absolute idiot, and ------- he was pretty dishonest.---------, the ratio between attackers and defenders was roughly the same.2. The vast majority of social encounters are, ----------, mild and muted affairs.Every baby's face is different from every other's. ---------, every baby's pattern of development is different from every other's.You should notify any change of address to the Bonds and Stock Office. ---------, savings certificates should be re-registered with the Post Office.3. In 1950 oil supplied only about 10% of our total energy consumption;--------now it's up to about 40% and still rising.-------- the difference in their ages they were close friends.This could lead you up some blind alleys. --------, there is no real cause for concern.The more I talked the more silent Eliot became. --------, I left thinking that I had created quite an impression.My father always had poor health. ---------, he was always cheerful.He had not slept that night.--------, he led the rally with his usual vigour.I have never been an enemy of monarchy.--------, I consider monarchies essential for the well-being of new nations.John had great difficulties playing cricket. But --------, he was an awfully good rugby player.He's treated you badly. ------ he's your brother and you should help him.Everything around him was blown to pieces, ------ the minister escaped without a scratch.4. She complained of stiffness in her joints. -------- she was admitted to hospital for further tests. The red cross has not been allowed to inspect the camps, and ------- little is known about them. The Cold War has ended.--------the two major world powers have been able to reduce their arms budgets dramatically.Many roads are flooded. --------- there are long delays.-------- these were the only films we'd seen of these people, we got the impression that they did nothing else but dance to classical music.The cost of running the club has increased. --------, we must ask our members to contribute more each week.Japan has a massive trade surplus with the rest of the world. -------it can afford to give more money to the Third World.The traffic was very heavy. --------- he was late.The computer has become smaller and cheaper and -------- more available to a greater number of people.The fastest these animals can run is about 65 kph and --------- their hunting methods have to be very efficient indeed.They are learning English ----- they can study a particular subject.He had to hurry ------ reach the next place on this schedule.The rain was terrible. ---------, the match was cancelled.He speaks very little English, ------ I talked to him through an interpreter.You take some of the honey and replace it with sugar ------ the bees have something to eat.I'm not a member of the Church of England myself. -------- it would be rather impertinent of me to express an opinion.If I am to accept certain limitations on my freedom, I must be assured that others are accepting the same restraints.-----, an incomes policy has to be controlled if it is to be effective.5. Many countries are threatened by earthquakes. -------, Mexico and Japan have large ones this century.Not all prices have increased so dramatically. Compare,------, the price of oil in 1980 and the price now.There are many reasons why the invasion failed, -------the lack of proper food and the shortage of ammunition.Plants as well as stones can be charms. The Guyana Indians have many plant charms, each one helping to catch a certain kind of animal. The leaves of the plant usually look like the animal it is supposed to help to catch.------ the charm for catching deer has a leaf which looks like deer horns.6. Generalisation--------, the less important tan executive is, the more status-conscious he is likely to be.For the most partThe New Guinea forest is, -----------, dark and wet.The industrial processes, --------l, are based on man-made processes.NormallyMeetings are --------- held three or four times a year.One or two were all right but-------- I used to hate going to lectures.She---------- found it easy to go to sleep at night.7. Stating the obviousThere are, ---------, several other methods for carrying out the research.After allThey did not expect heavy losses in the air. -------l they had superb aircraft.-------, there is no point in continuing this investigation until we have more evidence.It goes without saying------- that I am grateful for all your help.-----, publishers are hesitant about committing large sums of money to such a risky project.--------, I don't need to say how important this project is.There is ------ an element of truth in this argument.In defining an ideology, the claims which seek to legitimate political and social authority are ------ as important as the notion of authority itself.8. Attitude-------, economists often disagree among each other.Ellie was ----- a student at the university but I'm not sure about her brother.-------- such occurrences are fairly rare.------, Saturday was a fine day.-------, it was through him that I met Carson.It has,------, only recently been discovered.------, many families are victims of bad housing.He couldn't wait to tell Judy. -------, she had already left for work.9. Let's come --------- to the question of pensions.---------then, do you two want to join me?----------, let me suggest a number of practical applications.---------, the report says more money should be spent on education.--------, imports account for half our stock.------ if a woman did leave the home, she was only supposed to concern herself with matters pertaining to domestic life.The importance of education, -----, has been infinitely greater than in previous centuries.------, I'd like to say thank you to everyone who has worked so hard to make this conference possible.------, we cannot hope for greater success unless we identify our needs clearly.10. ----, although the act of donating blood would increase the chances of the donor dying, this increase was small compared with the increase in the recipient's chances of surviving.NamelyHe could not do any thing more than what he had promised ---------, to look after Charlotte's estate.... three famous physicists,----, Simon, Kurte and Mendelsohn.The account here offered is meant as a beginning of an answer to that question. ------ it contributes by setting the question in a certain way.The Romans left Britain in 410 AD - ------ England was a Roman dependency for nearly 500 years.With syphilis and gonorrhoea, the ages are also recorded, and ------that an accurate map of disease prevalence can be drawn and any trends or changes can be recognized very quickly. These reforms of Justinian in AD 529 proclaim that they are "imposing a single nature" on trusts and legacies or,-------, imposing it on legatees and trust beneficiaries.He was being held there against his will. ----, he was a prisoner.11. Sugar is bad for your teeth. It can --- contribute to heart disease.Eccleshall and Honderich find common cause in a desire to establish the ideological nature of Conservative thought, but --------their approaches to the study of Conservativism are very different.Marx and Engels,------- many of their contemporaries, believed that pastoralism predated agriculture.----being good test cases, Locke obviously finds these ideas intrinsically interesting too. Computer chess games are still a bit expensive, but they are getting cheaper all the time. ------ their chess-playing strength is rising.Our survey will produce the essential statistics. -------, it will provide information about people's shopping habits.The drug has powerful side-effects.----, it can be addictive.I could not afford to eat in restaurants. ---- could anyone I knew.I couldn't understand a word they said, ------- could they understand me.Meissner was ---------- commander of the army ----- a close friend of the President.Evans was not only our doctor. He was a friend -----.------, more machines will mean fewer jobs.12. Of course the experiment may fail and ------- we will have to start again.Sometimes the computer system breaks down. -------you’ll have to work on paper.13. The company is doing very well. --------, we have doubled our sales budget.The winter of 1940 was extremely bad. --- most people say it was the worst winter of their lives. This act has failed to bring women's earnings up to the same level. ------ the gulf is widening. They continue to work throughout their short life. ---- it is overwork which eventually kills them.14. There are many stories which describe wolves as dangerous, blood thirsty animals, but ------they prefer to avoid human beings.I thought he could speak the language fluently. -------, that wasn't the case at all.15. How quickly you recover from an operation ------ depends on your general state of health. The experiment was not a success, --------because the machine tools were of poor quality. EspeciallyThey don't trust anyone, --------- people in our position.I'm not attracted to Sociology, -------- the way it's taught here.The implications of this theory are examined ------- in chapter 12.--------, he was criticised for pursuing a policy of conciliation and reform.The political group will have more power, -------- because of their large numbers.Some people,--------his business associates, had learned to ignore his moods.The organisation had many enemies, most -------- among feminists.Many animal sources of protein are also good sources of iron. ---------useful are liver, kidney, heart, beef, sardines, pilchards (red fish generally), and shellfish, including mussels and cockles.Exercise 2Identify and classify the signaling words in the following paragraph.To begin with, it is necessary to consider the long-term implications of the decision to increase our dependence on permanent staff in our restaurants. For example, let us say we do go ahead. In this case, our reliance on hourly-paid staff will decrease. As a result, costs will reduce, as permanent staff are cheaper than hourly-paid staff. In fact, it is not necessarily the case, especially as there is no way of knowing what the relative costs of hourly-paid staff and permanent staff will be in ten years' time. However, as a rule hourly permanent staff are more reliable than full-time staff and this is a genuine advantage. As a consequence of these two advantages, permanent staff would seem to be a better option. In other words, they are cheaper and more reliable so they are better. In that case, it is not necessary to hesitate. Naturally, nothing is so simple. In short, cost is an unknown factor and the most economical choice is not known.Exercise 3In the following article on Nuclear Hazards the signaling words and phrases are missing. Replace them and check your answers.There are three separate sources of hazard related to the use of nuclear reactions to supply us with energy. __________, the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station. __________ the power stations themselves are solidly built, the containers used for the transport of the material are not. __________, there are normally only two methods oftransport available, __________ road or rail, and both of these involve close contact with the general public, __________ the routes are bound to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas. __________, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations produce wastes which in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to de-activate these wastes, and __________ they must be stored in one of the ingenious but cumbersome ways that scientists have invented. __________ they may be buried under the ground, dropped into disused mineshafts, or sunk in the sea. __________ these methods do not solve the problem; they merely store it, __________ an earthquake could crack open the containers like nuts. __________ there is the problem of accidental exposure due to a leak or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two hazards, this is extremely unlikely and __________ does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear programme, __________ it can happen, as the inhabitants of Harrisburg will tell you. Separately, and during short periods, these three types of risk are no great cause for concern. Taken together, __________, and especially over much longer periods, the probability of a disaster is extremely high.4.2 CohesionExercise 1: HedgingIdentify the hedging expressions in the following sentences.1.There is no difficulty in explaining how a structure such as an eye or a feather contributes to survival and reproduction; the difficulty is in thinking of a series of steps by which it could havearisen.2.For example, it is possible to see that in January this person weighed 60.8 kg for eight days,3.For example, it may be necessary for the spider to leave the branch on which it is standing, climb up the stem, and walk out along another branch.4.Escherichia coli , when found in conjunction with urethritis, often indicate infection higher in the uro-genital tract.5.There is experimental work to show that a week or ten days may not be long enough and a fortnight to three weeks is probably the best theoretical period.6.Conceivably, different forms, changing at different rates and showing contrasting combinations of characteristics, were present in different areas.7.One possibility is that generalized latent inhibition is likely to be weaker than that produced by pre-exposure to the CS itself and thus is more likely to be susceptible to the effect of the long interval.8.For our present purpose, it is useful to distinguish two kinds of chemical reaction, according to whether the reaction releases energy or requires it.9.It appears to establish three categories: the first contains wordings generally agreed to be acceptable, the second wordings which appear to have been at some time problematic but are now acceptable, and the third wordings which remain inadmissible.6. ResponsibilityIn academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make. You are also responsible for demonstrating an understanding of any source texts you use. This is done by paraphrasing and summarising what you read and acknowledging the source of this information or ideas by a system of citation。

名词化结构在科技英语中的运用及其翻译摘要名词化结构是科技英语的主要文体特点之一。

本文分析了科技英语名词化结构的特点、原因以及构成 ,并讨论了不同构成的翻译方法。

关键词:科技英语名词化结构行为名词AbstractNominalization is one of the most important stylistic features of EST. This paper mainly analyses the characteristic, cause and formation of the nominalization of EST, and also presents different ways of translation. Key words: EST nominalization action nounR•夸克等编著的《当代英语语法》( A Grammar of Contemporary English) 在论述科技英语中复杂的语法现象时 ,提到了科技英语的两个最显著特点 : 广泛使用名词化结构和大量使用被动语态。

大量名词化结构的使用是科技英语语篇词汇语法层最典型的特点之一。

名词化结构同时又体现了英汉两种语言和思维方面的差异。

这种差异成为英汉翻译不可忽视的问题。

现从英语名词化结构的主要特点入手, 分析这类词语在汉译时的困难, 提出了归化处理的翻译策略。

一、名词化结构的主要特点英语名词化结构的大量使用减少了英语篇中功能词的使用, 有利于突出英语语篇的主题信息。

从系统功能语法的交际功能角度讲, 名词化结构体现的是事实或过程作为参与者, 避免或减少了施动者人的参与。

这是因为科技英语语篇的主要用途是科技工作者以书面语言形式给读者提供和交流信息, 语篇内容往往是新的科研成果, 科研方法或实验操作过程。

为了使得提供信息易被受话人理解,保证所提供信息的客观和真实性, 科技工作者作为发话人往往不出现在信息交流中, 而是以事实或过程作为参与者。

AbstractWith the development and popularization of the Internet, more and more people are added to the Internet communicative activities. Online chat is one of these increasingly popular forms. Since it is open and compatible, it draws the attention of people from all over the world and from every circle. Therefore, the study of cyber language has become a focus of attention. In this paper, under the theory of modern stylistics, the stylistic features of cyber language and its causes were discussed from vocabulary and grammatical levels.The author has demonstrated some lexical features of cyber language with a number of examples. Then, in the second part, the grammatical features have been discussed. And the third part is about the causes of these stylistic features.Key Words: cyber language, stylistic features, causes, context摘要随着因特网的发展与普及,越来越多的人加入到网际交流活动中。

the stylistic features ofconversationThe stylistic features of conversation include the following aspects:1. Informal language: Conversation usually uses informal, everyday language. People tend to use contractions, colloquial expressions, and simple vocabulary in conversation. This reflects the spontaneous and relaxed nature of conversation.2. Interactive nature: Conversation is an interactive process between two or more participants. It involves the exchange of turns, responses, and feedback. Participants take turns speaking, listening, and responding to each other, creatinga dynamic interaction.3. Context dependence: Conversation is highly context-dependent. Participants rely on the immediate context, shared knowledge, and background information to understand each other. References to previous topics, personal experiences, and cultural references are commonly used in conversation.4. Spontaneity and improvisation: Conversation often lacks rigid structure and planning. Participants may deviate from the main topic, introduce new ideas, or make spontaneous associations. The flow of conversation can be influenced by participants' interests, emotions, and immediate circumstances.5. Use of fillers and placeholders: In conversation, people tend to use fillers such as "um," "uh," and "you know" to indicate thinking or hesitation. Placeholders like "sort of," "kind of," and "like" are used to make the conversation more fluid and less formal.6. Non-verbal cues: Conversation includes non-verbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice. These cues convey additional meaning and nuance beyond the words spoken, helping to convey emotions, attitudes, and emphasis.7. Vernacular and regional variations: Conversation can showcase regional dialects, accents, and vernacular. Language usage may vary depending on theparticipants' geographical backgrounds, cultural influences, and social groups.These stylistic features contribute to the dynamic, informal, and interactive nature of conversation, allowing participants to engage in spontaneous and meaningful communication.。

A Practical Course on EST Translation《实用科技英语翻译》Course DescriptionCourse Title: A Practical Course on EST Translation/ 《实用科技英语翻译》Hours/week: 2 sessions per weekStudents: Second-year students (A–level, Grade 2008)Instructor:Prof. Wei CHEN, Institute for Translation & Intercultural Studies (ITIS), School of Foreign Languages, WHUTReference books:1) Wuqiu FAN. Selections on Practical EST Translation. Foreign Language Publishing House.2001./范武邱。

《实用科技英语翻译讲评》。

外文出版社。

2001年。

2) Zhijie FENG. Essentials for EST Translation. China Translation Publishing House. 2000./冯志杰。

《汉英科技翻译指要》。

中国对外翻译出版公司。

2000年。

3) Xianfa HUA. A New Practical Textbook of English-Chinese Translation. Hubei EducationPress. 2001./华先发。

新适用英译汉教程。

湖北教育出版社。

2001年。

4) Chengzhang LIN. An Introduction to English Lexicology. Wuhan University Press.1996./林承璋。

英语论文选题英语语言学1. A Study of Adverbs in Legal English2.Linguistic Features of Legal English3.On Cultural Context in Legal English Articles4.Sources of Chinese and English Legal Terms5.Characteristics of Legal Terms6.Functions of Languages in Legislation7.Killing and its Hyponyms in Legal English8.Punctuation in Legal English: for instance, comma, period, colon, etc.9.Abbreviations in Legal English10.Transitional Words in Legal English11.The Application of the Fuzzy Words in Legal English法律语言模糊性词语的运用12.The Differences of the Legal Discourse in Chinese and English英汉法律语篇的结构差异13.On Abbreviations in Business English谈经贸英语中的缩略语现象14.On the Multi-discipline of the Economic English V ocabulary论经济英语语汇的多学科性15.On the Features of Business English Letters浅谈外经贸英语信函的写作特点16.Adjusting the Tone in International Business English经贸英语缓和口吻表达方法探究17.The Stylistic Features of the Contract English协议、合同英语的文体特点18.On Modifiers of Nouns in English for Foreign Economy & Trade略谈外经贸英语中的名词修饰语19.The Negative and Active Function of Fuzzy Language in Business Writing论模糊语言在经贸英语写作中的作用20.The Application of PP (Polite Principle) in Business English Communication21.CP（Cooperative Principle）and Business English Interpretation22.Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages23.Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts24.Remarks on Modern American Slang25.Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News26.News Headlines: Their Features and Style27.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Prepositions28.Death Metaphors in English29.The Pragmatic Functions of Intonation for Language Acquisition30.The Change of English Word Meaning: Factors and Types31.A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究32.Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达33.Features of Network English 网络英语的特点34.Influence of Science and Technology on English V ocabulary 科学技术对英语词汇的影响35. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincol n’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征36.Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征37.Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能64. On the Similarities and Differences of the Speeches by Elder and Younger Bush 论老布什、小布什语言风格的异同38.Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象39.Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际中的语用失误40.Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 论年龄与第二语言习得的关系41.Semantic Analysis of Nominalization in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析42.Analysis of the Speech Acts of Characters I Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》中人物言语行为的分析43.Lexical Relation and Their Cognitive Motivation词汇关系及其认知理据44.An Interpretation of Speech Acts in Death of a Salesman,《推销员之死》言语行为分析45.Effects of Nonverbal Communication on Daily Life 非言语交际对日常生活的影响46.浅析英汉人体隐喻的异同47.论“心”的隐喻认知系统48.从《老友记》的对话看礼貌策略使用的性别差异49.英语中法语借词的历史演变50.英语中“笑”类动词的语义成分分析51.从礼貌的视角比较英汉称赞语52.浅谈英汉中的借词差异及英语借词对汉语的影响53.死亡委婉语的应用及其文化内涵54.探索《傲慢与偏见》中的委婉语55.政治委婉语在伊拉克战争中的使用56.“死亡”委婉语变异的语境分析tin’s Influence on the English V ocabulary in the History P erspective58.The Recognition of Componential Analysis and Its Application59.模糊语的交际/语用功能分析60.The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English 英语中强调语气的表达方式61.A study of the Code-Switching in Internet Communication 网络交际中的语码转换研究62.On Metaphors in Advertising English英语广告中的暗喻e of English abbreviations in Chinese news reports汉语新闻报道中的英语缩略语运用e of English abbreviations in Chinese advertisements汉语广告中的英语缩略语运用65.Chinese-English Code-switching in daily communication日常交际中的英汉语码转换66.Chinese-English Code-switching in net communication网络交际中的英汉语码转换67.Gender Differences in English Communication英语交际中的性别差异68.Sexism in English Proverbs英语习语中的性别歧视69.Economy Principle and Noun-Verb Shift 论语言经济原则与名词动词化70.English Abstract Nouns and Their Translation into Chinese 论英语抽象名词及其汉译71.Rules-Breaking in the Language of Advertising 论广告中的反语法规则现象72.A Comparative Study of Ambiguous Sentences in English and Chinese 英汉歧义句对比研究73.A Comparative Study of Spouse-seeking Notice in English and Chinese英汉征婚启事对比研究74.A Comparative Study of Humor in English and Chinese英汉幽默语用研究75.The Formation and Metabolism of English Euphemisms英语委婉语的构造法及其变化规律76.A Brief Research into the Deviation of Punctuation Marks& Aesthetic Value 浅议标点符号的变异使用及其审美功能77.Presupposition and its Application in Advertising 论预设及其在广告语中的运用78.Polite Principles in Business English and Their Use商务英语中的礼貌原则及运用79.An Analysis of the Characteristics of Abbreviations and Their Original Words in OnlineChatroom网络聊天室缩略语及其原词语的特点分析80.A Survey on the Non-Chinese Expressions on BBS of Chinese Universities高校网络媒体BBS 上非汉语词汇用语的调查研究81.Politeness and Business English Letters礼貌与商务英语信函82.A Historical Analysis on Constitution Particularity of American English 从历史角度简析美国英语形成的历史特殊性83.A Contrast Between Chinese and English Compliments中英称赞语对比84.Interpretation of Advertising Language from the Relevance Theory 广告语的关联理论分析85.Pragmatic Strategies in Business Negotiations商务谈判中的语用策略86.An Analysis on Ideational Function of English News 英语新闻的概念功能分析教学法87.Relationship of Age to Legal English Learning88.Legal English V ocabulary Teaching89.The Application of Schema Theory in Reading Comprehension90.Collaborative Learning: Group Work91.Cognitive Approach in Oral English Teaching92.English Songs—An Effective and Supplementary Medium of English Teaching25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Language Learning 外语学习中学习动机的影响27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language 英语学习中的错误分析研究43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning 论第二语言学习的态度及动机93. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning 个性因素在外语学习中的作用94.The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素95.On the Differences between Children and Adults in the Effects of Mother Tongue on SecondLanguage Acquisition儿童和成年人在母语对二语习得影响方面的差异96.Analysis and Exploration of Oral English Teaching and Learning Method in UniversityClassroom大学课堂中对英语口语教学学习方法的分析和研究97.图式理论在英语听力教学中的应用98.图式理论及其对高中英语阅读教学的启示99.对高中英语课堂阅读现状的调查和分析100.多媒体技术在中学英语教学中运用现状的分析101.浅谈私立高中英语课堂中的师爱教学102.背诵在英语学习中的作用103.言语行为语用能力培养在英语课本中的实现——以《新概念英语》为个案104.关于英语课堂中教师反馈情况的调查分析研究105.用英语电影辅助高中英语教学106.同伴纠错在英语写作课堂中的应用107.大学英语教师课堂话语策略个案研究108.关于高中生英语学习中焦虑问题的调查研究109.论任务式英语口语教学中的合作学习110.合作学习在高中英语写作教学中的应用111.中国大学生英语写作中汉语词法的负迁移112.英语专业学生听力学习中元认知策略使用状况的调查113.语篇衔接以及写作中的衔接错误114.英汉亲属称谓语的差异及其互译115.A Study on the Elements in Improving English Listening Ability under Computer-and-Internet-Assisted Circumstance计算机网络下的英语听力能力提高的元素116.Obstacles in Understanding American English Idiomatic Statements for Chinese Students中国学生对含成语的美国英语表述理解的障碍117.On the Training of English Listening-Awareness英语听力意识的训练118.Effects of Discourse Structure on Listening Comprehension of Aural English 语篇结构对英语听力理解的影响119.Effects of Stereotypes on Intercultural Communication文化成见在跨文化交际中的影响120.The Influence of Web Technology on University English Teaching Modes / English Listening / Oral English / English Lexical Teaching 网络环境对英语教学模式/听力/口语/词汇教学的影响121.Backwash of Tests on English Teaching and Learning测试对英语教学的反拨作用122.The Differences in English Study between Boy Students and Girl Students in Senior Schools 高中男女生英语学习差异的研究文化123.Relationship between Culture and Law124.Cultural Distinctiveness in Legal English Translationparison of Chinese and English Forms of Addresses126.Hierarchies in American and Chinese Address Forms127.The Role Played by the American Blacks in the History of America128.The Cults in Modern American Society129.Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language130.Deep-structure Transfer in Cross-cultural Communication131.Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication132.Religious Cultural Factors Affecting the Differences of Meanings of Words133.A Comparison of Intercultural Usages between Chinese and Western Courtesy Languages 134.19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English135.中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区136.The Comparison Between Taoism and Transcendentalism道家文化与超验主义的比较研究137.The comparative studies between Buddhism and Christianity on cultural level 佛教与基督教在文化层面上的对比研究138.The Sino-US Cultural Differences Reflected in Movies 看中美电影中的文化差异139.英汉数字习语文化比较140.Linguistic and Cultural Comparison between Chinese“狗”and English “dog”中西“狗”的语言文化比较研究141.中国牡丹和英国玫瑰折射出的文化差异文学142.Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist143.Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language144.On the Structure of Dickens’s Hard Times145.Jane Austen’s Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects146.The High Class as Seen in Thackeray’s Vanity Fair147.From Pastoral Stories to Great Tragic Novels: An Analysis of Hardy’s Novels148.Remarks on wrence’s Psychological Analyses149.Social Reality as Reflected in the Poetry of William Blake150.Edgar Allan Poe and the World Literature151.The Tragic Color of Earnest Hemingway’s Novels152.A Critical Study of William F aulkner’s A Rose for Emily:Its Narrative Techniques and Structure153.Some Features of Steinbeck’s Literary Style154.Emily Dickinson and Her Unique Poetry155.Symbolism in O’Neill’s Major Plays156.The Modern American Society and The Death of the Salesman157.A Comparative Study of Empathy in English and Chinese Poetry158.A Comparative Analysis of Sentence Structures in English and Chinese Poetry159.The Realism of the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn160.Heroism in Hemingway’s Works161.The Light of the Dark：The Greatest Works of Conan and Agatha162.On Wordsworth’s View of Nature163.On the Symbolism of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow164.Analysis of Characters of Don Quxiote165.On the Author and the Major Characters of The Pearl166.Social Reality Reflected in Ode To the West Wind167.Hamlet and His Delay168.The Cuban Culture Contest of The Old Man and the Sea169.Gothic Features in Wuthering Heights170.The Comparison of the Character of Carrie Meeber and Jennie Gerhardt171.The Philosophy of Life in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea172.Mark Twain---The Pessimist Who Brought Laughter to The World173.Humor and Realism of Mark Twain’s The Celebrated Jumping Frog of California County 174.Robinson Crusoe and the Colonial Empire175.A Probe into the Ambiguity and Symbolization of Eliot’s Poetry176.The Realism of Adventure of Huckleberry Finn177.A Farewell to Arms—A Clear Mirror178.Gone with the Wind and the Awakening of Women179.Hemingway and Hemingway Heroes180.The Sound of Heart-Reverie and Melancholy in Emily Dickinson’s Poemsment on the Biblical Images in Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes parison of Gone with the Wind and The Collector—An Analysis of Women’s Problem 183.Satire in Catch—22184.Love, Equality and Tolerance—On the Nature of Love of Jane and Tess185.On the Endings and Features of O ·Henry's Short Stories186.Paradise Lost—The War in the Heaven187.The Attractions of The Waste Land188.On the Religious Color of Characterization in Uncle Tom's Cabin189.Thoreau's Walden: A Book of Inward Exploration190.Beautiful Women—Analysis of Female Characters in The Merchant of Venice191.The Great Gatsby and the Collapse of the American Dream192.The Influence of Edgar Allan Poe's Life on his Writing193.The Biblical Allusions and Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath194.A Journey of Outward and Inward Exploration—A Brief Analysis of Walden195.The Duality in Robinson Crusoe's Character196.On the Characterization and Writing Techniques in Rebecca197.Wordsworth: Nature's Favorite Son198.Two Aspects Reflected from Robinson Crusoe: Society and Nature199.The Superman Complex in Love of Life200.3. A Comm ent on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论201.4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 202.《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较203.49. On T.S. Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识204.On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman 《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧205.Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair 论《名利场》的观点及言语方式206.Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法207.Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑208.Robinson Crusoe--Representative of the New Capitalist鲁滨逊—新兴资产阶级的代表209.The Women World in The Thorn Birds---Same World，Different Destiny《荆棘鸟》中的女性世界---同一世界, 不同命运210.The Transformation of Buck in The Call of the Wild小说《野性的呼唤》中巴克的转变211.Rebecca Sharp---The Real Heroine in Vanity Fair丽蓓卡·夏泼---《名利场》的真正主人公212.The Conflict between Greed and Human nature ---- on An American Tragedy从《美国悲剧》看贪婪与人性的冲突213.What is Small and What is Big in Great Expectations《远大前程》中的“大”与“小214.A Contrastive Study between "White" and "Black" in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中“白”与“黑”的对比研究215.Black Humor in Catch-22《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默216.A Contrastive Study of the Influence of Religion upon Tess and Prynne宗教对苔丝和白兰命运的影响的对比分析217.On Symbolism in Lord of the Flies 象征手法在《蝇王》中的运用218.Analysis of Christianity Theme on The Name of the Rose《玫瑰之名》的宗教主题分析219.Christianity in Uncle Tom's Cabin小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的基督教220.On the Intercultural Conflicts in The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇画像》中跨文化冲突的分析221.On the Theme of Struggle for Survival in Sister Carrie Base on the Character Analysis从人物分析研究《嘉莉妹妹》中人们为生存挣扎的主题222.An Analysis of Scarlett's Intelligence and Capability in Gone with the Wind论小说《飘》中斯佳丽的智慧和能力223.An Analysis of the Image of "Hunter" in Moby-Dick and The Old Man and the Sea《白鲸》和《老人与海》中的“猎者”形象分析224.Naturalism in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义解析225.On the Meaning of Symbols in Beloved析《宠儿》中的象征意义226.Individuality, the Limitation of Ideology and Symbolism in Invisible Man浅析《看不见的人》中的自我个性，意识形态局限性和象征主义227.Female Image Comparison between Scarlett and Meggie斯佳丽与梅吉的女性形象比较228.A Study of Invisible Man from An Existential Perspective从存在主义视角看《隐形人》229.A Feminist Study of the Effect of American Civil War upon the Female World in American Society Seen from Gone with the Wind 从女权主义视角看<<飘>>所反映的美国内战对美国女性世界的影响230.A Social Cultural Contrastive Stuy of Scarlett O'Hara and Wang Xifeng郝思佳和王熙凤的社会文化对比研究231.The Marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas in Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》中柯林斯与夏洛蒂•卢卡斯的婚姻232.Miserable World in the Humor---A Comparison of the Works of Mark Twain and O. Henry幽默中的悲惨世界---马克吐温和欧亨利作品的比较233.A Comparison of Conflicts in Desire Under the Elms and Thunderstorm《榆树下的欲望》和《雷雨》戏剧冲突的比较234.The Art of Satire in Gulliver's Travels论《格列佛游记》中的讽刺艺术235.Ａcomparative Study of Abbie and Fanyi in Desire Under the Elm and Thunderstorm＜榆树下的欲望＞和＜雷雨＞中爱碧和繁漪的对比研究236.Exotic Flowers in East and West —Comparison between Romeo and Juliet and Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai（中西方的艺术奇葩——比较《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《梁山伯与祝英台》）237.An Elegy of Humanism—An Analysis of the Causes of The Tragedy of Othello（人文主义的悲歌——《奥赛罗》悲剧成因之探析）238.A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较239.A Comparative Study of Tao Yuan-Min and William Wordsworth240.The Images of the West Wind in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind 雪莱《西风颂》中西风的意象241.Ode to a Nightingale: An Integration of Aesthetics and politics<夜莺颂》诗歌美学与政治意识的结合242.A Contrastive Study of Images in English and Classical Chinese Poems英诗和中国古典诗歌中的意象比较243.Five Natural Elements in Wordsworth’s Poems华兹华斯诗中的五种自然元素翻译理论与实践244.Translation of Complex Sentence in the Legal Language245.The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of the idioms in Commercial English 试论文化因素对经贸领域中习语翻译的影响mercial English: its characteristics and translation经贸英语的特点与翻译247.The Characteristics of Business Contract Wording in English &amp; its Translation英语经贸契约的用词特点与翻译248.On the Usage and Translation of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business Contracts in English英语经贸契约介词和介词短语的用法及翻译249.Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译250.Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation经贸合同英语词法特征及其翻译251.Characteristics and Distinctive English Translation of Words in Business Contracts商务合同英语用词特点及翻译的特色标记252.The Characteristics and the Present Situation of Foreign trade English Translation对外经贸翻译的特点与现状253.On the Translation of Commercial Advertisement谈商业广告的翻译254.On the Role of Social Context in Business English Translation浅议经贸英语翻译中语境因素的作用255.On the Criteria of Translating English in to Foreign- oriented Economy and Trade Affairs试论经贸英语翻译的标准256.Translation Characteristics of Economy and Trade English经贸英语的翻译特点257.Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts 英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译258.On the Strategies of the Mistranslation in Business English论经贸英语误译的对策259.Multi-angle Views On Business English Translation经贸翻译的多视角260.A Classification & Translation of Words Denoting Major Positions in Business English经贸英语中主要职务用词的分类与翻译261.The Classification and Translation of the Business English Terms with the Reference of "Money"经贸英语中含有"钱款"意义词汇的分类及翻译262.Word Diction in Economy and Trade Translation经贸翻译的词义选择263.On Translation of English Advertisement广告英语的翻译264.Advertisement English Translation in Cross-cultural Background跨文化背景中的广告英语翻译265.On Translation of the Dates, Amount and Numbers (Figures) in the Economic & Trade Contracts经贸契约中日期、金额和数字的翻译266.Translating Strategy of Modern Business English现代商务英语翻译策略267.Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation商标翻译的方法及应遵循的基本原则268.The Language Characteristics and Translation Stragegy of English Advertisements广告英语语言特点及其翻译策略269.How to Correctly Understand & Translate the Compound Words Formed from Here-, There- and Where- in Economic & Trade Contracts 如何正确理解和翻译经贸契约中Here,There-和Where构成的复合词270.On the Rhetoric Character and Translating Method of Advertising English浅析广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法271.On Metaphors in Business English and Translation商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译272.On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Foreign Trade English Translation外贸英语翻译的"忠实"与"变通"273.The Stralegies of Domestication and Dissimilation on Advertising English Translation广告英语翻译的"归化"和""异化"策略274.Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic Factors in English Advertisement Translation英语广告翻译中的跨文化、跨语言因素275.Nominalization application in business English letter writing and its translation名词化结构在商务英语信函中的应用和翻译276.On the Art of Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English论广告英语的修辞艺术和翻译方法277.Principles of Translating Economic Literature of Enterprises from Chinese to English企业外宣资料汉英翻译原则278.English-Chinese Translation of Trademarks: Its Principles and Strategies英语商标的汉译原则及策略279.The Puns in English and Chinese Advertisements and the Translation of Them英汉广告中的双关语及其英汉互译280.The Pragmatic Analysis and Translation Strategies of Long Sentences in English Business Contracts英语商务合同长句的语用分析及翻译策略281.Influence of Cultural differences on the Chinese-English Translation of Business Writing文化差异对商务汉英翻译的影响282.On Equivalence of Cultural Message in the International Business English Translation国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究283.On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation284.Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability285.The Chinese V ersion of Jude the Obscure: An Outstanding Example of Artistic Recreation 286.Translating the Style of Literary Works—A Preliminary Study of Wu Ningkun’s Version of The Great Gatsby287.A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of The Merchant of Venice288.A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales289.On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems290.Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry291.How to Deal with Ellipsis in Translating292.The Translation of Trade Marks and Culture293.Onomatopoeia and its Translation294.On the Cross-Culture Pragmatic Failure in English Translation295.On Translating the Passive Voice in Scientific and Technology English into Chinese296.A Comparative Study of Two English Version of the Chang Ganxing297.Review on the Translation of Movie Titles298. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译299. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换300.On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译301.On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译302. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities 论商标、出口商品名称的翻译303.The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译304.On the Translation of Long Sentences and Attributive Clauses in A Tale of Two Cities浅析《双城记》中长句与定语从句的翻译技巧305.The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译306.Differences Between Chinese Headline and English Headline as well as Their Translation 论中英文新闻标题的差异与翻译307.On Brand Name Translation Strategies from the View of Consumer Psychology从消费心理学角度浅谈商标翻译策略308."Fu Donghua’s Gone With the Wind and Functional Translation Theory 傅东华的《飘》和功能翻译理论309.The Subjectivity of the Translator in Literary Translation 文学翻译中的译者主体性310.Cultural Differences and Transplantation in Translation文化差异和翻译中的文化移植311.Idioms’Practice and Translation in Advertising 习语在广告中的应用与翻译312.On the Impact of Translation on Chinese Culture--- To Cherish Chinese Culture 翻译对中国文化的影响--- 保护中国文化313.A Comparative Study of Two English Versions of One of Tao Yuanming’s Set Poems Drinking Wine 对陶渊明《饮酒》组诗之一的两个英译本的比较研究314.论儿童文学的翻译315.例析俚语的英译汉。

Stylistic features of academic writingStudents are expected to express their findings and arguments in academic style. English in written academic tasks has a distinctive style; it is objective, formal and precise. In other words, the more important features of academic style include: objectivity, formality and precision. I. Objectivity∙Avoid overuse of first person pronouns (I, we, my, our)∙Use impersonal subjects instead (It is believed that ...; It can be argued that ...)∙Use pass ive verbs to avoid stating the “doer” (Tests have been conducted). But note: Both active and passive voices are used in academic writing; the key is to choose the right voice for the right purpose.∙Use verbs such as would, could, may, might, which can“soften” what you a re saying.∙Use qualifying adverbs such as some, several, a minority of, a few, many to avoid making overgeneralizations.II. Formality∙Avoid everyday informal words: e.g. a lot of,lots of, pretty good, guy, stuff∙Avoid contractions: e.g. don’t, haven’t, I’d, it’s∙Avoid rhetorical questions: e.g. What has antibiotic resistance increased?∙Some single verbs are considered to be moreformal than phrasal verbs; for example, “increase” is more formal than “going up”.∙Often in academic writing adverbs are placed in mid-position rather than in the initial or final positions of sentences (Swales, p. 24).∙Consider avoid using split infinitives (placing an adverbial modifier between “to” and the infinitive as in “to sharply rise”) (Swales, p. 24).∙Avoid unspecified categories: Expressions such as etc., and so on,and so forth, and that kind of thing.These place too much responsibility on the reader.∙Some authors prefer some negative forms over others, believing that those on the right are more academic (Swales, p. 22).n ot…any noThe analysis didn’t yield any new results.The analysis yielded no new results.n ot…much/many little/fewThe government didn’t allocate much funding The government allocated little fundingfor the program. for the program.III. Precision∙Certain verbs commonly used in spoken language are too vague for academic writing. Note the many possiblemeanings of the following.Vague verbs Possible alternativesget obtain, receive, retrieve, becomekeep continue, retain, maintain, storedo complete, undertake, actmake construct, create, completeput insert, place, position, propose∙Generally,verbs which require a preposition for meaning (such as look out, get on) are similarly imprecise. Avoid "phrasal verbs" and use one word equivalents.ExercisesExercise 1: Which of the two italicized expressions do you think is more appropriate in academic writing?1. The government has made considerable/great progress in solving the problem.2. We got/obtained excellent results in the experiment.3. A loss of jobs is one of the consequences/things that will happen if the process is automated.4. The results of lots of/numerous tests have been pretty good/encouraging.5. The relationship between the management and workers is extremely/really important.6. Some suggestions springing up from/arising from the study will be presented.7. Crash test dummies are really important for/an integral part of automotive crash tests.8. According to a recent study just about/nearly 25% of all cell phone users view text messaging as an important source of entertainment.Exercise 2: Underline the phrasal verbs in the sentences and replace them with a more2.This issue was brought up during the seminar. __________________________3.It is assumed that the management knows what is happening and will therefore step in ifthere is a problem. _________________________4.Schools cannot altogether get rid of the problem of truancy. _______________________5.The number of staff has been cut down recently. _____________________6.It was very difficult to find out exactly what happened. _______________________7.House prices have a tendency to go up and down. _______________________8. A potential solution was put forward two years ago. ______________________Exercise 3:Replace the following phrasal verbs with a more formal single word.1. The locals could not put up with the visitors from the city. __________________________2. The decline was brought about by cheap imports. _______________________________3. The university is thinking about recruiting more students. ________________________4. Sales are likely to drop off in the third quarter. _________________________________5. The meeting was put off until December. ______________________________________6. Given our fast-paced society, people must routinely put creative solutions to unexpectedproblems into practice. __________________________7. Some people have cut down on their consumption of beef. __________________________8. The cinema was pulled down ten years ago. _______________________________ Exercise 4:Use a more formal word or phrase to replace the italicized word.1. The reaction of the officials was sort of negative. _______________________2. The economic outlook is nice.__________________________3. The new method we have adopted seems good._________________4. She was given the sack because of her poor record. __________________5. The competition we are facing has gotten more intense. _________________6. Many urban areas do not have enough land to build new public schools.___________7. Allergic reactions to local dental anesthesia do not happen very often.___________8. The doors on these ferries were made bigger to make it easier toload vehicles. ___________Exercise 5: Let’s suppose you want to follow the considerations we have talked about. What problems may the following sentences have? How would you revise them? (Task 14 on Page 26, Swales)1.You can use this model to optimize the water supply.2.So, why did the bridge collapse? There’re a lot of reasons.3.In addition to herbs, animal products are employed in some forms of traditional medicinefrequently.4.So far there hasn’t been much research no how conflict influences the level of trust andrespect in a group.5.There are several studies in Epidemiology that have shown that when people consumealcohol in moderate amounts they have a lower risk of developing heart disease incomparison to those people who drink a lot of alcohol.6.Developed by computer scientists in the 1980s, data mining is a collection of methodsaiming to understand and make money from the massive data sets being collected bysupermarket scanners, weather buoys, intelligence satellites, and so on.。

Public SpeechStyl istic Features of Barrack Obama’s speech作者：尹会莹学号：310714010220 班级：英语07-2班1 AbstractThis thesis is to discuss stylistic features of Barrack Obama’s Public Speech. This thesis mainly divided into three parts: the first part, it introduces what is public speech; it’s main content and necessary tips, skills for a public speaker. More over, it explained what competences a public speaker should have, such as techniques of starting a public speech, using humorous properly, the ability of controlling a situation. The second part: Rhetorical devices are explained in details, such as its definition, function, classification and so on. They are the vital role for better explanation of Barrack Obama’s public speech. Further more, in order to analysis the public speech’s characteristics, language, rhetorical devices, application of his body language,lexical level, syntactic level, textual level and techniques etc, a few paragraphs of his public speech are quoted. In the last part, mainly a conclusion of Barrack Obama’s public speech, the successful secrets of his public speech such as themes he selected, ways of his starting a public speech: stories, personal experiences, quotations in which way he can greatly attracts the eyeballs of his voters’ and the disadvantages in his public speech such as his lacking of humor.Keywords: public speech Barrack Obama stylistic features2 Introduction of public speech2.1Definition of Public speechSpeech is an important and universal social activity. In the special context, the speaker declares opinions, expresses emotions, inspires and influences the audience, in order to achieve the good purposes. For the important role of public speech in the western society and the mode that America selects its president, almost every American president is good at the public speech. Presidents know how to use this special propaganda way—public speech, to establish the friendly relationship2.27 tips for a good public speech1. Be well-prepared2. Be well-rehearsed3. Be well-researched4. Be credible5. Be likable6. Be flexible7.Be humorous2.3 Asking questions: To ask your audiences questions in order to attract their attention, and improve their passion so as to make them join in your speech.2.4 Body Language2.4.1 Function of body languageBody language, key our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. Different people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements, mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language. Appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures; one could draw up quite a list of ―rules‖2.4.2 Classification of body language1）. About eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at; Eye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite a list of ―rules‖ about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at. These passages from the book Body Language (Fast, 1971) are amusing as well as informative:2）.Smiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment, and, this is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries, however, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners;3）. Gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended, and, a wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions and so on.2.5 Some reminders of a good public speech1）Never start speaking before getting ready to do so while standing in front of the audience2）. Never speaking while writing on the whiteboard or flipchart3）. Never recite a presentation4）. Never set a trap for you by saying "I have three points to share..." (When finishing the first two points, you could not come up with the third...)3. Analysis of rhetorical devices3.1functions of rhetorical devicesThe main purpose of adopting rhetorical devices are adorning your thesis, language, attracting your readers and giving your reader a deep impression. Rhetorical devices are variations of literal or ordinary form of expressions. Their use is to make the thought more striking and effective, for they have the power to vivify and illustrate. A fresh, apt rhetorical device appeals to the imagination, creates mental pictures and makes the speech or writing vivid, impressive and interesting.3.1.1 Definition of rhetorical devicesPlato: Rhetoric is ―the art of winning the soul by discourse.‖Aristotle: Rhetoric is ―the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion.‖Quintillion; ―Rhetoric is the art of speaking well.‖3.1.2 Classification of rhetorical devicesPhonological rhetorical devices(alliteration 、assonance、onomatopoeia)Semantic rhetorical devices(simile metaphor、pun、oxymoron、euphemism)Syntactical rhetorical devices (repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, apostrophe)3.1.31) PersonificationPersonification is a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.2). Simile and MetaphorSimile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as.3). PunPun is a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.4). RepetitionIn some advertisements, the copywriters often use the method of repetition to stress certain information.5). RhymingRhyming is correspondence of terminal sounds of words or of lines of verse.3.2 Syntactic differences: gerundive nominalizations inherit the subcategorization properties ofthe verb, while this is not generally true of the derived nominalizations3.3 Semantic differences: the meaning of the gerundive nominalization is always derivablecompositionally from that of the underlying verb, while derived nominalizations always seem to add some component of meaning. In other words, a gerundive is simply a nominal form of the verb, used to name the action, state or whatever with perhaps slight difference. In the following examples, the meanings of the amusement are something like ―the state of being amused‖ and ―something that causes one’s time, money, etc. to pass in an enjoyable way‖ respectively. It should be noted that neither of the amusement is a ―pure‖ nominalization of the verb’s the derived nominalizations.1).Tom’s stories provided endless amusement.2).The children spent all their spare time on the amusements.3.4. Analysis on the lexical levelEvident features in its features of vocabularies, such as the abbreviations, colloquial or even vernacular are seldom to see, most of them are selected in precision, such as ―cal loused hand, flourish‖, these are formal words3.5 Analysis on the syntactical levelIn linguistics, syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentenc es in natural languages. In addition to referring to the discipline, the term syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language. Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms o f such rules. In corpus-linguistics, syntax analyses are mainly conducted from these aspects: sentence length, sentence voices, and sentence.3.6 Textual analysis of Barrack Obama’s public speech―If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is a live in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference.It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republic an, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled – Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America.It’s the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day. ―In the first two parallelisms Obama emphasized that he is the president selected by ―all the Americans‖, He repeated his presidential campaign is legal and was selected by American people through democratic way. The third parallel is a conclusion of the former two, he called American people should be confident with their future, America and of course Obama himself. He hinted that he inherited the American dreams and would flourish it. The use of this three parallels enhanced the power of his speech, repulsed those people who suspected him powerfully.The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year o r even one term, but America - I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise you - we as a people will get there.There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won’t agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can’t solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only way its been done in America for two-hundred and twenty-one years - block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.This two paragraphs tell us about American’s history, so as to inspire everyone.‖ two-hundred and twenty-one years - block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.‖ these a few phrases use alliteration, to render it’s powerfu lness, impress his audiences.And to all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of our world - our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand. To those who would tear this world down - we will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security - we support you. And to all those who have wondered if Americas beacon still burns as bright - tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from our the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope！―To all those‖, three times it repeated, an d formed a parallel, these are the highlights of his public speech, at the same time, they point out the genius true nature and qualities that rooted in American people.To those who would tear this world down - we will defeat you.To those who seek peace and security - we support you.And to all those who have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from our the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hopeThree times use of prepositional phrase clearly point out who he support who he against, and has a strong sense of speech, gives hope to those people who loves peace, and give strong reaction to terrorists.The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year or even one term, but America – I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise you – we as a people will get there. There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won’t agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can’t solve every problem.The first two sentences adopted metaphor; he hinted their future will be full of bumps and difficult to go, the road here used means their future.This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time– to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth – that out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us that we can’t, w e will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people: Y es We Can. Thank you, God bless you, and may God Bless the United States of America.Parallels used at the last of his public speech, pushed his speech into the top place again, greatly agitated his audiences, showed his language ability sufficiently.4 .1 general analysis of barrack Obama’s public speechView from this textual; this is a formal public speech. It included varies of rhetorical devices, such as parallelism, alliteration, and metaphor and so on, at the same time, his body language also appeared before us in a new sight, most importantly, his voice bright, powerful, these are all elements what moved his audiences, and I’m just astounded to have witnessed such an historic event. I respect the man enormously and believe he will be an exceptional president. I also believe he will bring a long-needed sense of decency and forthrightness to the White House’ Slovenian Obama' as he is the first black person to be mayor in Eastern Europe. Y et, the Ghanaian-bornleader urges Slovenians not to compare him with America's first elected black president. The black physician, a member of Slovenia's governing Social Democrats, won a run-off election in the town with just over 51 percent of the vote, narrowly defeating the center-right outgoing mayor About 12 percent of people living in Slovenia were born abroad, but only a fraction come from Africa. Most black people tend to be tourists. But Busman, who also speaks English, tells international media his victory in mayoral elections shows that Slovenia is now mature enough to elect a nonwhite political representative think that people don't see me as a black man," he said. "They see me as a good man, as a doctor and the racial question really didn't came into play here.4.2 The disadvantages of his public speech4.2.1 HumorousHumor is a phenomenon that permeates every pore of human life and all—encompassing in human communication．Studies on humor have triggered the interest of scholars from ancient philosophers such as Plato，Aristotle to recent scholars like Bergson and Freud．Most studies on humor tend to be approached from physiological，psychological and sociological perspectives．4.2.2 Functions of humorous1). Create a relaxing and favorable environment2). Alleviate public speaker’s anxiety3). Motivated audience’s participation4.2.3 QuotationQuotation can reflect the speakers’ cultural accomplishments, adorning one’s thesis and enhance his confidence. Quotations are cultural marrow of a nation, shows a nations intelligence, such as:Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to effect. (William Shakespeare, British dramatist)Don’t part with your illusions. When they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain, American writer)I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man. I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world. (Thomas Edison, American inventor)If you would go up high, then use your own legs! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other people’s backs and heads. (F. W. Nietzsche, German Philosopher)Bibliography：【1】Herrick James A. The history and Theory of Rhetoric An introduction【2】（American）Stephen Flank: A Guidebook 0f public speech【3】何晓勤演讲劝说诉诸语篇【M】【4】梁文道奥巴马的胜利是修辞学的胜利【M】【5】张秀国英语修辞学【M】【6】郑启明像奥巴马那样演讲【M】【7】姜旭平我的演讲技巧课堂【M】。