关于dutch的词汇学ppt展示

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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
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What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by

2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development
• For each phase of the development, the following points must be made clear:
– Time range – Features of English – Social and historical events that influenced English greatly
1. The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. 2. The Germanic tribes include Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They were first allies of Celts to fight against Picts and Scots, but then they became new conquerors. 3. Angles, Saxons and Jutes all have their dialects. The Saxons were numerically superior to the Angles, but the latter were influential enough to impose their name on the whole. 4. Old English was almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. It was a highly inflected language, of which nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.

造公鸡，在风的吹动下不停旋转，用于测定风向，传统上被视为变幻无常的
象征）是按照法国的国家象征雄鸡来设计的。顺便一提，Frenchman 在英语
中还有“英国人之外的任何外国人”之意，也可见英国人对法国人的偏见和
敌意。
□
The lishman went to Spain on a fishing trip.
* 吴其尧，上海外国语大学英语学院教授，主要从事英美文学教学和研究。 1 参见 Mark Forsyth: The Etymologicon, p.76。 2 参见 Jeremy Paxman: The English, p.24。
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While there, Roland hired a Spanish guide to help him find the best fishing spots. Since Roland was learning Spanish, he asked the guide to speak to him in Spanish and to correct any mistakes of usage.
Together they were hiking on a mountain trail when a very large, purple and blue fly crossed their path. The Englishmen pointed at the insect with his fishing rod, and announced, ‘Mira el mosca.’

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8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
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❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
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❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
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8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
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8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。

词汇学之构词法课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 构词法简介 • 前缀构词法 • 后缀构词法 • 合成词构词法 • 转化词构词法 • 总结与展望
01 构词法简介
什么是构词法
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构词法是研究词汇变化和形成的 科学，它主要研究词素组合的方 式、词素替换的规则等。
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构词法包括词根、前缀、后缀、 词尾等元素，这些元素可以组合 、替换、变化，形成新的词汇。
构词法的重要性
构词法是语言学中重要的分支学科， 它对于理解语言的形成和发展、词汇 的变化规律以及语言的实际应用都有 重要的意义。
通过学习构词法，可以更好地理解词 汇的构成和意义，提高语言表达能力 。
构词法的分类
合成法
派生法
将两个或多个词素组合在一起形成新词的 方法。例如，“bookstore”由“book” 和“store”组合而成。
特点
前缀构词法是一种相对简单且易于掌 握的构词方法，通过添加前缀可以快 速创造新词。
规律
限制
虽然前缀构词法可以创造大量新词， 但并不是所有词根都可以随意添加前 缀，需要考虑到语言的语法和语义规 则。
前缀构词法有一定的规律可循，如 “dis-”通常表示否定意义，“re-” 通常表示重复或再次。
03 后缀构词法
04 合成词构词法
合成词的定义与构成方式
合成词定义
由两个或两个以上的词素组合而成的词。
构成方式
通过不同的组合方式，如名词+动词、形容词+名词、副词+动词等，形成具有特 定意义的合成词。
常见英语合成词举例
名词+动词
bookcase（书架）、 playground（操场）
形容词+名词

• Hold on to • In the sun • keep(on) doing • self-sufficient • in general • become accustomed to • apply to • depend on • get along with • from bad to worse • from day to day • in use • admission free • get sth.free • find out • draw a conclusion • traffic jams • visual aids
• a host of
• Clothes-peg • Clothes-line • A dishcloth • The rich • The old • In the fPrimitive people • Be dressed in • Scrape…from • Make…into • Over four thousand years ago • The rich and the poor alike • Cut off • Keep a secret • Indirect taxes • Taxpayer • Tax-free • Local taxes • orm of
• strong competition • downtown business district • insurance • be limited by • confine…to • for all practical purposes • turn…to • general principles • relate to • solar power • lead up • an energy crisis • an amateur painter • the phenomena of nature • a commercial bank • a financial centre

❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)

English Lexicology
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.

4.4 Blending拼缀法 4.5 Clipping截短法
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4.4 BLENDING 拼缀法
Blending is formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends（拼缀词） or portmanteau words（混成词）.（Page 82 Para 1）
Watergate（水门事件）
Specific case of political crisis resulting from scandalous deception(欺骗)
Muldergate (马尔德门) Billiegate （比利门） Cattlegate（牲畜们）
具体的政治危机事件
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Structurally, blending fall into four categories: (page 82 para 3) 1. head + tail(词尾) 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail
拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并，或者将一个词加上 另外一个词的一部分而构成新词的方法。用这种方法构 成的词叫拼缀词或者混成词。
E.g. flush(脸红) flash + blush(使脸红) smog smoke + frog
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BLENDING
(Page 82 para 2)
➢ A very productive process ➢ Well-established ➢ Models for new formation