- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Sema来自tic Triangle 语义三角
意义（概念）Meaning (Concept)
tree 词Word
形式 Form
所指对象 Referent
What is concept?
It is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person’s mind. 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Tree
• Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
• Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.
Sk-: 与表面接触：
skate, skim, skin, skid, skimp -ump: 表示圆形体：
plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump
/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：
heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等
2 Motivation of Word Meaning
1.What is motivation理据? • It refers to the connection between the
linguistic symbol and its meaning. • 理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。
Motivation of Word Meaning
2.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary （随意的）and conventional（约定俗成的）. This connection is the result of generalization（ 归纳） and abstraction（抽象）.
the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. ➢ Every word that has meaning has sense but not every
word has reference. ➢ e.g: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer
• 每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一 定有所指称的事物（reference）。
reference & sense: difference
➢ Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. ➢ Reference denotes the relationship between words and
• Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia.
Onomatopoeic Motivation
1.Primary onomatopoeia
–Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sounds by sounds.
Apes Bears Bulls Cats Eagles Frogs Goats
gibber growl bellow mew ( purr) scream.
croak. bleat.
• Hens cluck. Larks warble
• Lions roar
Magpies chatter.
• Mice squeak Owls hoot (screech)
Week 7
Sandy
1
Outline
1.Word Meaning词义 2.Motivations of meaning 词的理据 –词的意义究竟指什么？ –这个词为什么是这个意思？
关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念
1.words defined as things 2.words defined as reference
• pigeons coo. Pigs squeal.
• Snakes hiss. Wolves howl.
• Turkeys gobble.
Sound made by metal：
clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack
but it has little linguistic meaning
Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Sometimes two different proper names have the same referent.
hobbits
unicorn
Harry Potter
• But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
• A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.
Sn1)breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort 2)quick separation or movement: snip,
snap, snatch 3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoop
Sl1)slippery: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice, sludge 2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slang, sly, sloppy, slovenly
2 words defined as reference
• 所指关系 • relationship between language and the world; between words and
the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. • For example, the word ‘tree’ refers to the object ‘tree’.
1.In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign（语言符号） and a referent （所指物）, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful.
• Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.
Meaning and Concept：difference
• closely connected but not identical（关系密切、并不 相同）
• They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.
1.onamatopoeia motivation 拟声 2.morphologic motivation 形态 3.semantic motivation 语义 4.etymologic motivation 词源
1. Onomatopoeic Motivation拟声理据
• It means the imitation of sounds by sounds.（语言对声音的模仿）
2.Similarly, function words have no realworld entities to refer to.
Concepts related
1. Word Meaning 词义 2. Sense 语义 3. Reference 所指 4. Referent 所指物 5. Concept 概念
• 概念属于人类认知领域思维领域； • 意义属于语言领域。
Words and Referents
1.专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不 同的专有名词指同一个对象；
2.少数词有词义，无所指对象；
• proper names typically have only one reference
Barack Hussein Obama
Sound by liquid：
splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splishsplosh, drip-drop
