A new perspective on the relation between dark energy perturbations and the late-time ISW e

合作原则与礼貌原则The Application of the Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle in ConversationMa Lixia Class 4, Grade 2007 English Department Abstract: To accomplish the communication efficiently and successfully, people usually follow some certain principles in conversation. In making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. Grice named this principle as the Cooperative Principle. However, the Cooperative Principle alone cannot fully explain how people talk: it explains how conversational implicature is given rise, but it does not tell us why people do not say directly what they mean. The Politeness Principle that Leech has developed can explain some phenomenon from a different perspective that the Cooperative Principle cannot. The Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle are important contents of pragmatic. In this paper the writer makes a systematic exposition of what are the Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle and how they are applied and interact with each other in people?s conversations.Key words: cooperative principle, politeness principle, maxim, violation, conversational implicature合作原则和礼貌原则在会话中的应用外语系英语专业 2007级 4 班马利霞摘要:为了更有效更成功地完成交流活动，在会话中，人们通常会遵循一些特定的准则。

Unit 3Preparatory work1. Deborah Tannen is University Professor and Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University and author of many books and articles about how the language of everyday conversation affects relationships. She is best known as the author of You Just Don ‘t Un derstand: Women and Men in Conversation, which was on the New York Times best seller list for nearly four years, including eight months as No. 1, and has been translated into 31 languages. This is the book that brought gender differences in communication style to the forefront of public awareness. Her most recent book, You Were Always Mom’s Favorite! Sisters in Conversation Throughout Their Lives, also a New York Times best seller, received a Books for a Better Life Award and was featured on 20/20(美国电视节目）and NPR(National Public Radio)'s Morning Edition.Among her other books, You're Wearing THAT?: Understanding Mothers and Daughters in Conversation spent ten weeks on the New York Timesbest seller list; Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men at Work was a New York Times Business best seller; The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words received the Common Ground Book Award; and I Only Say This Because I Love You: Talking to Your Parents, Partner, Sibs, and Kids When You're All Adults received a Books for a Better Life Award.In addition to her seven books for general audiences, Tannen is author or editor of sixteen books and over one hundred articles for scholarly audiences. She has also published poems, short stories, plays and personal essays.Academic interests: gender and language, interactional sociolinguistics, conversational interaction, cross-cultural communication, frames theory, conversational vs. literary discourse, and new media discourse.Main publications:You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Morrow, 1990.That's Not What I Meant!: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. NY: William Morrow,1986.Gender and Discourse. NY & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.2）Edward SapirEdward Sapir (/səˈpɪər/; 1884–1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics. Sapir studied the ways in which language and culture influence each other, and he was interested in the relation between linguistic differences, and differences in cultural world views. This part of his thinking was developed by his student Benjamin Lee Whorf into the principle of linguistic relativity or the "Sapir-Whorf" hypothesis.2) John Joseph GumperzJohn Joseph Gumperz (January 9, 1922 –March 29, 2013) was an American linguist and academic. Gumperz was, for most of his career, a professor at the University of California in Berkeley. His research on the languages of India, on code-switching in Norway, and on conversational interaction, has benefitted the studyof sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology, and urban anthropology.2) E. M. ForsterE.M. Forster, in full Edward Morgan Forster (born January 1, 1879, London, England—died June 7, 1970, Coventry, Warwickshire), British novelist, essayist, and social and literary critic. His fame rests largely on his novels Howards End （霍华德庄园）(1910) and A Passage to India （印度之旅）(1924) and on a large body of criticism. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 13 different years.2) Robert KaplanAmerican applied linguist. His research area covers applied linguistics, discourse analysis, language policy, language planning, and ESL/EFL Teaching. He is most famous for his contribution in Contrastive Rhetoric（对比修辞）, a term he first coined in 1966. Kaplan has authored or edited 32 books, more than 130 articles in scholarly journals and chapters in books, and morethan 85 book reviews and other ephemeral（short-lived) pieces in various newsletters(时事通讯）, as well as 9 special reports to the U.S. government and to governments elsewhere.3) pragmaticsPragmatics is a systematic way of explaining language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. As a field of language study, pragmatics is fairly new. Its origins lie in philosophy of language and the American philosophical school of pragmatism. As a discipline within language science, its roots lie in the work of (Herbert) Paul Grice on conversational implicature（会话含义）and the cooperative principle（合作原则）, J. L. Austin and John Searle on speech act（言语行为）, and on the work of Stephen Levinson, Penelope Brown and Geoff Leech on politeness.4) Cohesion refers to the use of various phonological, grammatical, and/or lexical means to link sentences or utterances into a well-connected, larger linguistic unit such as a paragraph or a chapter. In other words,cohesion achieves well-connectedness by means of linguistic forms.Example: Mary is a secretary. She works in a law firm.5) Pause is a temporary and brief break in the flow of speech, which is often classified into filled pause（有声停顿）and unfilled or silent pause（无声停顿）. The former is taken up or filled by a hesitation form like ah, er, and um. In contrast, the latter is not filled by a hesitation form. In other words, a silent pause is one where there is no vocalization（发声）.Critical readingI. Comprehension CheckI. Understanding the text(1) The main purpose of this article is to illustrate eight levels of cross-cultural differences in non-verbal aspects of communication.(2) We can understand the nature of language by observing it in communication and in contact with other systems of communication.(3) Pacing and pausing, listenership. In deciding when to talk and what to say, the speaker usually takes a conscious speech planning, yet in pacing and pausingand in showing listenership in a conversation, one does not need to stop and think for a decision. Section 2.1 starts with a direct thesis statement. Then the author explains it with an expert’s (Scollon) research findings and examples.In section 2.2 the author raises a number of questions (in paras 7, 9 and 11) and responds to them with relevant research findings (Goody’s as well as hers) and her own personal experience.Section 2.3 is also organized in the order of “question-answer”.Section 2.4 illustrates cross-cultural differences in listenership with two examples, gaze (paras 21 and 22) and loud responses (para 23), and then moves on to the conclusion (para 24).Section 2.5: example-discussion.Section 2.6: personal experience and a very brief interpretation.Section 2.7: the thesis (para 30 “how to be indirect is culturally relative”) and discussion about the cases of American-non-American differences (American men, women, Greek and Japanese).Section 2.8: definition and illustration.(5) The experience in a dinner party in paragraph 12 indicates that (1) people from different cultures not only differ in whether compliments should be accepted, rejected or deflected, but also in which compliments should be accepted/rejected/deflected; and (2) every culture has its own conventions about what to say on particular occasions, and without knowledge of these conventions, we can by no means appropriately interpret the messages in cross-cultural communication.In Para. 29, Tannenrefers to her first visit to Greece to exemplify the cross-cultural difference in formulaicity, i.e., what is novel and what is conventional in different languages.(6) Generally speaking, the eight levels are arranged in the order of importance, from the core of verbal communication to more peripheral (secondary) factors. The first three levels and the fifth level belong to what is said while the last three center on how it is said. The fourth level, listenership, is the only level examined from the perspective of the hearer.(7) As has been illustrated in part II, verbal communication involves many hidden rules and conventions that vary from culture to culture. Since every individual has his/her own unique experience, education background,and beliefs, etc., no two interactants would share exactly the same communicative rules and conventions. In this sense all communication is cross-cultural.II. Evaluation and exploration1.Evaluating the text(1)Personal experiences and anecdotes help elucidate （阐明）abstract and difficult terms and add to the vividness of the text. Controlled use of personal experience may also shorten the distance between the author and the reader. But the overuse and misuse of personal stories can also damage the objectivity and credibility of the argumentation.(2). Falter: to become weaker and unable to continue in an effective way (Longman)（3）Which levels of communication difference are labeled automatic processing in the text? Why? Pacing and pausing, listenership. In deciding when totalk and what to say, the speaker usually takes a conscious speech planning（section 2.1&2.2）, yet in pacing and pausing and in showing listenership in a conversation, one does not need to stop and think for a decision(para. 20).Why pacing and pausing is automatic because we have got accustomed to it in our daily life and made it a truism or formula after practicing it again and again in our daily communication. We have remembered the subtle change of pacing and pausing（para 19）(2)Beside personal experience, Tannen mentions a lot of academic researches (e.g. in para 4, 7, 8, 10, 21, 23, 38 and 39), which all add weight to her arguments.(3)It is obviously not an exhaustive list. Cross-cultural communication can vary at many other levels, e.g., proxemics(人际距离学/亲近学) and turn-taking（话语轮次）in a multiparty context.2.Exploring beyond the text(1)Questions for exploration1)There are altogether 16 questions which help structure the text in part two and they are not equally important. The question in para 2, for example, is a global one that covers all the eight sections in the main body, while the question in para 20, “Now how many milliseconds shall I wait?”, is just an example to illustrate why pacing and pausing is an automatic level.a. See above.b. The first question in para 7 is asked to introduce the topic of this section, what to say. It is a transition from section 2.1 to section 2.2.c. This is a rhetorical question requiring no answer. It is asked simply to reinforce our conviction that questions are basic to the educational setting, which forms a sharp contrast with the case of Gonjans.2) In all the known languages there are strategies of making indirect requests/apologies/invitations/, etc. In a strict sense, the use of language is an indirect means to achieve communicative ends. How to be indirect differs from culture to culture. For example, in English a request is often put forward as a question of ability(Can you pass me the salt?).3) For example, introvert（内向的）people may be more tolerant of silence in face-to-face verbal interaction while extroverts（外向的）usually find silence awkward and uncomfortable. This is primarily an interpersonal difference since in all cultures there are introvert and extrovert people.Gaze is another example. People with more aggressive personality usually hold longer and steadier gaze when they talk to others, while shy people more likely to diverge in eye contact.Language enhancementI. Words and phrases1. Adverbs and prepositions(1) off (2) out (3) across (4) away (5) up (6) between, for (7) after (8) out of, into (9) off (10) up (11) out of2. Verbs(1) illustrate, vary, discussing, exemplifying, signaling, mean, say(2) vary(3) differ(4) illustrated(5) exemplifies(6) expounds(7) demonstrates(8) elucidate, interpretII. Sentences and discourse1.Paraphrasing(1)Athabaskan Indians consider that it is inappropriate to talk to people they do not know. According to Scollon, this causes a strange effect when theAthabaskan Indians meet people from other cultures. The non-Athabaskans may want to make acquaintance with the Athabaskans by talking to them, but the Athabaskans will not talk to the non- Athabaskans before they become acquaintances. (2)Gonjans take it for granted that questions are always asked to achieve indirect functions, so they never ask questions for pure information.(3)The Americans usually take it for granted that in communication people should be direct and say no more or less than needed, and that what people say is exactly what they mean. This is especially true inbusiness and education and applies more to American men than to women.(4)No two people have just the same cultural background. Therefore, all communication is cross-cultural to someextent. In this sense, understanding cross-cultural communication can help us understand the nature of language and tackle problems in the world, especially those caused by and related to the use of language, e.g. obstacles in foreign language teaching and learning.2.Translation(1)物理学家通过观察物质元素在不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理解它们的本质。

黑色的坚毅——小说《飘》主人公的性格分析Black Determination——An Analysis of the Personalities of the Main Character in Gone with the Wind从浪漫走向世俗的新型女性——《理智与情感》中玛丽安的性格分析人性的扭曲信任的危机--重读《奥》剧杂感Random Thoughts on Othello爱情叙写与人性魅力--论《红与黑》中两位女主角Love Account and Human Fascination-- On the Two Heroines in "The Red and the Black"风暴之女--艾米莉·勃朗特--评析作家经历和性格对作品的影响《荒野的呼唤》中"巴克"的多重性格分析Analysis of the Complicated Nature of Buck in ″The Call of the Wild″《呼啸山庄》中希斯克利夫扭曲性格分析《裸者与死者》中的受虐性格分析Analysis of the Masochistic Character Portrayed in The Naked and the Dead压抑与扭曲的灵魂——霍桑《红字》主人公人物性格分析The Constrained and Distorted Soul ——the Analysis of the Protagonists Disposition of "The Scarlet Letter"财经类院校英语专业"体验英美文学"教学模式探究On the Teaching Strategy of Experiencing British and American Literature英美文学虚拟教学课堂的架构设计The Architecture Designing of Virtual Classroom of British and American Literature高校英语专业英美文学课程的现代教学思路增强英美文学意识促进英语语言教学当代英美文学的存在主义解读Interpreting Contemporary British and American Literature From the Angle of Existentialism奈保尔的旁观者写作视角与象征写作手法Onlooker's Perspective and Symbolism ofV.S .Naipaul's Writing福克纳小说中象征隐喻手法微探On the Skill of Symbolic Metaphor in Faulkner' Novels詹姆斯·乔伊斯作品中象征主义手法的运用有组织的混乱,制度化了的疯狂——透视《第二十二条军规》的写作手法Organized disorder and the systemized chaotic society试析《这里的黎明静悄悄》小说的写作手法中国象征派诗歌与西方象征主义之关系浅探Relation between Chinese Symbolic Poetry and the Western Symbolism战争的棋子——茨威格笔下受战争戕害的人物分析The Chess of the War——The Analysis of the Victim in the War from Zweig沉重的背叛——《生命中不能承受之轻》主人公萨宾娜人物分析The oppressive betrayal——The character analysis of the heroine, Sabina, in The Unbearable Lightness of Being Hester and Dimmesdale’s Attitudes towards Love and life in The Scarlet Letter论《红字》中海斯特和丁梅斯代尔对爱情、罪恶、生活的态度On Sister Carrie’s Criticism upon American SocietyOn Scarlett’s Attitude towards Life关于斯佳丽的生活观On the Characterization of Picaresque Huck论哈克的流浪汉形象On the Moral Spirit in the Great Gatsby.论《了不起的盖茨比》中的道德观Thomas Hardy’s Pessimism in Tess of the D’urbervellesA Study of Tom Joad in the Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》的中汤姆•约德研究Mark Twain’s Linguistic Style in The Adventures of Tom SawyerOn the Characteristics of Uncle Tom汤姆叔叔的性格分析A Study of the Themes in a Farewell to ArmsThe Tragic Fate of “a Pure Woman”in the Conflict of the Individual and the Society“一个纯洁女人”在人与社会发展冲突中的悲剧命运On the Language Style of a Midsummer-Night's Dream论《仲夏夜之梦》的语言风格The Social Significance of Swift's Gulliver's TravelsThe Psychological Analysis in Macbeth论莎士比亚《麦克白》的心理刻画Inflexible Ada in Cold Mountain《冷山》中执著的艾达On the Romanticism and Realism of Alice in Wonderland论爱丽丝梦游仙境的童话性与现实性On the Tragicomedy of Rebecca in Vanity Fair论《名利场》中利蓓加的悲喜一生On the Humour of Oliver Twist论《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术Tom Jones, a Dissipated but Kindhearted Man放荡而又善良的汤姆琼斯The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost《失乐园》中的自由意志和反叛精神On the Development of Shylock’s Character论夏洛克的性格发展Morality and Criticism in Tom Jones评《汤姆•琼斯》中的道德观与批评观On Imogen，the New Feminine Image in Cymbeline论《辛白林》中伊慕琴的新女性形象Burns’View on Love and Friendship论彭斯的爱情友谊观The Reflection of Art and Life in Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode on a Nightingale《希腊古瓮颂》与《夜莺颂》中艺术与生活的对照The Womanism in "The Color Purple"On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication谈中国人和英美人非语言交际的差异On the Contribution of the American Blacks during American Civil War美国黑人在美国历史上的贡献On American Black English浅谈美国黑人英语On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American浅谈中美婚姻观念的差异A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western CountriesOn the Ideological Content in Bacon’s Essays论培根散文的思想性Women's Movement in 1960s in American美国六十年代的妇女运动Analysis the negative effects of violent television and movie on children浅析影视暴力对青少年儿童的负面影响The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning汉语环境对英语学习的影响A Comprehension of Male Centrad Literature through A Doll’s House"Application of the communicative Approach to Reading Comprehension","英语教学法""The Use of Body Language in Middle School English Teaching ","英语教学法""Teaching Vocabulary Within a Communicative Frame Work用交际法教词汇","英语教学法" "Develop Students' Reading Skills in English Teaching","英语教学法""A Brief Analysis of Improving Senior Middle School Students' Reading Ability浅谈高中生英语阅读能力的提高","英语教学法""The Characteristics of Athletic English and Its Translation 体育英语的特点及翻译","翻译""The Semantic Contrast of Color Words between English and Chinese and their Translation 中英颜色词的语义对比及翻译","翻译""Chinese Reduplicated Words and their Translation into English 汉语叠词及其英译","翻译""Brand Translation 商标翻译","翻译""On Translating Methods of Numerals between Chinese and English中英数字的翻译方法","翻译" "Literal and Free Translation in the Translation of Advertisement Headlines and Slogans 广告用语的直译和意译","翻译""On the Translation of Chinese Trade Mark into English 中文商标的英译","翻译""The Analysis of the Chinese Topic Structure and Its Translation 汉语话题结构的分析及其翻译","语言学""English Euphemism: Classification and Application","语言学""Differences Between Chinese And English Culture Reflected in Connotation of Dragon 从龙一词的文化内涵看汉英文化的差异","文化"" English Vocabulary Teaching Tactics in Junior Middle School初中英语词汇教学策略","英语教学法" "A Brief Presentation of Body Language in Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际身势语简述","文化" "English Euphemism: Classification and Application 英语委婉语的分类及其应用","语言学""A General Study of Women's Culture对女性文化的初步探索","文化""Criticism on American Southern Womanhood in the Sound and the Fury 浅谈《喧哗与骚动》中对于美国南方妇道观的批判","文化""Reproduction of African Myth--on Colonialism in \"Heart of Darkness\" 非洲神话的再现-"黑暗之心"中的殖民主义","文学""The Unification of T.S.Elict's Artistic Theory and Practice As Seen in the Waste Land 论"荒原"中T.S.艾略特的艺术理论与实践的统一","文学""The Application of Gothic Theme"呼啸山庄"中哥特主题的应用","文学""The Family Tragedy and Behavior Analysis of Teresa Degarge对特丽莎家庭悲剧和行为表现的研究","文学""HAMLET APPRECIATION --SHAKESPEAKE'SSUCCESS IN CHARACTERS'S DEPIET"哈姆雷特"赏析--莎士比亚成功的人物描写","文学""An Analsis of the Artistic Features of Lord of the Flies对小说《蝇王》的艺术特色的研究","文学""A Exploration of Fagin Characters and His Function in Oliver Twist 对费金这个角色在《雾都孤儿》中作用的研究","文学""THE ANALYSIS OF LISTENING APPROACH IN ENGLISH TEACHING 英语教学中关于听力教学方法的分析","英语教学法"" and Absurd Theatre《第二十二条军规》与荒诞戏剧","文学""Brief Analysis of Chinese students Errors in English Reading简要分析中国学生在英语阅读中的错误","英语教学法""The Causes of Sophy's Tragedy造成苏菲悲剧的原因","文学""Culture Differences and Translation文化差异和翻译","翻译""Charactecistics and Translation of Adventisement广告英语的特征及其翻译","翻译""Principles and Methods on Brand-Translation商标翻译的原则和方法","翻译""The Study on Features of Advertising and its Translation 广告语的点及其翻译","翻译""Non-Correspondence in English-Chinese Translation of Color Words中英文翻译中颜色词的非对应","翻译""A Study on the Translation of Movie Titles电影片名的翻译","翻译""On the Cultural Signification of Animal Idioms and Translation动物俚语文化含义与翻译","翻译""The Translation of Color Terms试论颜色词的翻译","翻译""A comparative Study of the Old Man and the Sea---Concerning the Perfection in Literary Translation《老人与海》译文比较-谈影响文学翻译完美性的因素","翻译""On the Translation of Advertisement ――From the Perspective Of Functionalist Theory从功能派理论角度看广告翻译","翻译""Influence of Cultural Differences on Translation of Idioms文化差异与习语翻译","翻译""Foreignizing and Domesticating Translations in Cross-cultural Vision跨文化视野中的异化和归化翻译","翻译""The Subject and Topic in Chinese-English Translation Shift汉译英中的主位与话题","翻译""The Loss of Affective M eaning in Translation ―from the Perspective of Cultural Differences从文化差异的角度看翻译中情感意义的丢失","翻译""Scarlett's Courage斯佳丽的勇气","文学""Views on Marriage in Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice简奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观","文学" "The Images of Ice and Fire in Jane Eyre 《简爱》中冰与火的意象","文学""The Narrative Techniques in The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》中的叙述技巧","文学""William Faulkner's View on Women in His "The Sound and The Fury"福克纳在小说<>中的女性形象","文学""Discussion on the Causes of Tess's Tragedy苔丝悲剧的原因分析","文学""Multiple Themes on The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》中的多重主题","文学""Educational Fascination and Essential Designs of Film Course 电影资源的教育魅力及其教学应用的关键设计","英语教学法""The Difficult Factors for Senior Middle School Students Dealing with the Syntax of Reading 高中生在处理阅读句法时的困难因素","英语教学法""How to Improve Class Teaching Art 如何改进课堂教学艺术","英语教学法""The Practice of Innovative Spoken English Teaching in Rural School浅议英语口语创新教学在农村中学的实施","英语教学法""A Brief Comment on the Importance of Setting Situational Context in Teaching 简述情景语境在教学中的重要性","英语教学法""Combination of Games and Teaching in Junior Middle School English 游戏与初中英语教学的结合","英语教学法""How to Improve English Listening Skills怎样提高英语听力能力","英语教学法""Inquiry Learning of English in Senior High Schools 高中的英语研究性学习","英语教学法""Semi-autonomous Learning in Classroom Teaching 课堂教学中的半自主学习","英语教学法" "Vocabulary Teaching Strategies at Intermediate Level 中级词汇教学策略","英语教学法""Problems of and Solutions to Junior Middle School English Language Testing 初中英语测试问题及其对策","英语教学法""Enlightenments from 11 Professors' Foreign Language Study Experiences 11位教授们外语学习的启示","英语教学法""Considerations on English Culture Teaching in Junior Middle Schools in China 初中英语文化教学的思考","英语教学法""Task-bases Approach to Teaching English Reading in Senior Middle School 高中英语阅读的"任务式教学" ","英语教学法""Analysis of Characters in the Scarlet Letter红字中的人物分析","文学""The Application of Irony in Pride and Prejudice 反讽艺术在《傲慢与偏见》中的运用","文学""The Disillusionment of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的幻灭","文学""Ernest Hemingway and His Code Hero in The Old Man and the Sea 厄尼斯特·海明威和他《老人与海》中的准则英雄","文学""An Analysisi on Hamlet's Characters 浅析哈姆雷特的性格","文学""Virginia Woolf's Feminism in A Room of One's Own 《一间自己的房间》一书中伍尔夫的女权思想","文学""On the Explicitness and Implicitness of Conjunctions in English-Chinese Translation Process论连词再英汉翻译中的显性和隐性存在","翻译""On The Application And Connotation Of Color Words 颜色词的运用及其含义","语言学" "Approaching Domestication and Foreignization in Translation from a Functional Perspective从功能翻译角度看归化与异化","翻译""On Translation of Idioms 论习语的翻译","翻译""On Wordsworth and His Conception of Nature 论华兹华斯和他的自然主义情结","文学""On Marriage Reflecting wrence's View on Sex and Love Brief in Women in Love论《恋爱中的女人》婚姻反映D.H劳伦斯的性爱观","文学""On Catherine's Contradicition in ''Love'' And In ''Wuthering'' Heights呼啸山庄中凯瑟琳"爱"的矛盾","文学" "The Destruction of the Nature of Daughter--The Root of Tess's Tragedy大自然之女的摧毁-苔丝悲剧的根源","文学""The Causes of Tess's Tragedy苔丝悲剧成因","文学""Views On Marriage In Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice简评《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻","文学" "Dickens's Humanitarianism In A Tale of Two Cities双城记中狄更斯的人道主义","文学""Comparison between English and Chinese Taboos英汉禁忌语比较","语言学""Culture Teaching in the Language Acquisition of Middle School-Train students' Intercultural Communication Competence中学英语学习中的文化教学——培养学生的跨文化交际能力","英语教学法" "An Analysis of English and Chinese Proverbs in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中英汉谚语浅析","语言学""Analysis of Body Language in Nonverbal Communication非言语交际中的体语分析","语言学" "Translation of Chinese Receipts and the Differences of Cookery Culture between Chinese and English-speaking Countries中餐菜谱的英译及中西饮食文化差异","翻译""Words Cultural Connotation in Translation词语文化内涵在翻译中的体现","语言学""A Comparative Study of the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Kinship Terms英汉亲属称谓差异比较研究","语言学""On Cultural Differences and Translation of Color Words汉英色彩词的文化差异及其翻译","语言学" "Cultural Differences and Translation文化差异及其翻译","文化""On the Untranslatability due to Cultural Differences不可译现象在中英文化差异中的体现","翻译" "Extra-linguistic Context and Translation非语言语境与翻译","翻译""Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms汉英习语对比与翻译","翻译""On Translation of Chinese and English Idioms from Cultural Perceptives从文化的角度谈英汉习语的翻译","翻译""Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms And Translation中英文习语翻译中的文化差异比较","翻译""Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue in Writing","语言学"" Politeness in Cross-Cultural Business Negotiation","商务英语""A Cross-culture Comparison of Euphemism in Chinese and English英汉委婉语的跨文化比较","语言学" " On Comparisons Between Chinese and Western Food Cultures 浅谈中西饮食文化的比较","文化" "Cultural Comparison Between English and Chinese Animal Expressions 动物词语的中英文化比较","语言学""On Difference of Cultural Connotation Between Chinese and English Color Words 浅析英汉颜色词文化内涵的差异","语言学""Impact of Culture Differences on Brand Translation of Trademarks 文化差异对商标翻译的影响","翻译" "Negative Transfer of Mother Tongue in Writing母语负迁移对写作的影响","语言学"" Politeness in Cross-Cultural Business Negotiation跨文化商务谈判中的礼貌用语","商务英语"" On Comparisons Between Chinese and Western Food Cultures 浅谈中西饮食文化的比较","文化" "Cultural Comparison Between English and Chinese Animal Expressions 动物词语的中英文化比较","语言学""On Difference of Cultural Connotation Between Chinese and English Color Words 浅析英汉颜色词文化内涵的差异","语言学""On Culture and Addressing Terms in Chinese and English 汉英语言之文化及其称谓语","语言学" "Rhetorical Devices in English Poems and their Stylistic Effects 英语诗歌中的修辞手段及其文体学效果","语言学""Reflection on the English Taboo Words论英语禁忌语","语言学""On Sexism in The English Language论英语语言中的性别歧视","语言学""Cultural Context and The Translation of Metaphors文化语境和隐喻的翻译","翻译""A Pragmatic Analysis of the Relations Between the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle","语言学""A Pragmatic Analysis of the Relations between the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle礼貌原则与会话合作原则关系的语用分析","语言学""Communicative Approaches and its Application to Grammar Teaching交际教学法及其在语法教学中的运用","英语教学法""Understanding and Translation of Polysemous Words 多义词的理解和翻译","语言学""Conversion of Part of Speech in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉中词类的转换","翻译" "Foreignizing and Domesticating strategies in Cross-cultural Translation 跨文化翻译中的异化与归化策略","翻译""Cultural Differences in English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 英汉习语的文化差异及翻译","语言学""The Phenomena of the Nominal Ellipsis in EST 科技英语的名词性省略现象","语言学""Cultural Differences and Brand Translation 文化差异与商标翻译","商务英语""A Study of the Chinese-English Translation of Trademarks 浅谈商标的汉英翻译","翻译""Irony in Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》中的反讽手法","文学""The" Tragicomic" Nature of far from Madding Crowd远离尘嚣的悲喜性","文学""Tragic Consciousness in Hemingway's Work悲剧意识在海明威作品中的体现","文学""Submersion and Survival of Gatsby's Greatness盖茨比伟大精神的泯灭和残存","文学""The Opinion of Emme's Happiness爱玛的幸福观","文学""How To deal with culture-loaded words in idioms translation习语翻译中文化词的处理","翻译" "Cultural Connotation and Translation for Color Words颜色词的文化内涵与翻译","翻译""The Translation of English Loanwords into Chinese英语外来词汉化的基本途径","翻译""When in Rome do as the Romans do——On translation of Chinese trademarks into English 入乡随俗——论中文商标的英译","翻译""Cultural differences and Translation between Chinese and English Idioms汉英习语的文化差异与翻译","翻译""Foreignization In Translation in the 21st in China21世纪中国的异化翻译","翻译""The Transfer of Culture Image and of English and Chinese Idioms in Translating论英汉习语翻译中的文化意象的转化","翻译""From Realism to Idealism ━Views on Jane Austen's Attitude towards Marriage in Pride and Prejudice 从现实到理想━论简·奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观","文学""Techniques employed to create mystery and suspense in Jane Eyre浅析《简·爱》中运用的神秘和悬念技巧","文学""On the Development of Jane Eyre's Rebellious and Indomitable Character简析简·爱的反抗和不屈服性格的发展过程","文学""On Jane Eyre's Contradictory Characteristics 对简·爱矛盾性格的剖析","文学""Prynne's Final Return 白兰的最后回归","文学""Tess: A Pure Woman —An Analysis of Tess'Tragic Fate 苔丝:一个纯洁的女人—对苔丝悲剧命运的分析","文学""Scarlet's Characters—American traits 思嘉的性格—美国性格","文学""on Situational English Teaching in Middle School中学英语情景教学","英语教学法""on the Application of Nonverbal Communication in English Teaching浅谈非语言交际在英语教学中的运用","英语教学法""on Strengthening Mutual Promotion between Study and Research in English Teaching关于英语教学中加强学习与研究的相互促进","英语教学法""On Body Language in English Teaching 中学英语教学中的肢体语言","英语教学法""On English PHB Idioms and Their Culture 论英语人体器官习语与其文化","语言学""Found the Teaching Situation to Create Students'Individual Character创设教学情景,培养创新能力","英语教学法""How to Promote the Effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching in Senior English Teaching如何促进交际语言教学在高中英语教学中的有效性","英语教学法""How to Activate Students' Motivation in Middle School English Class 如何在中学英语课堂上发挥学生的能动性","英语教学法""The innovation of Junior English Assignment初中英语作业布置的改革","英语教学法""The Signification of Nonverbal Communication in English Teaching非语言交际在英语教学中的重要性","英语教学法""Application of Playing Games to Middle- school English Grammar Teaching and its Effects中学英语语法教学中游戏的运用及其效果","英语教学法""English teaching from Presentation -Practice -Production to Task-Based Learning","英语教学法" "Basic Strategy for Advertisement Translation-Target-language Oriented Strategy 广告翻译的基本策略--以目的语言为取向的翻译策略","翻译""Cultural Discrepancies in E/C Idioms and Their Translation 英汉习语的文化差异及其翻译","文化" "Lexical Rhetorical Devices in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的词义修辞格","翻译""The Criteria of the Translation of Computer English计算机英语的翻译标准","翻译" "Comprehension: A Very Important Part of Translation理解:翻译中不可或缺的一部分","翻译""The Translation of the Brand Name 商标名称的翻译","翻译""Strategies for Translationg English Slang into Chinese英语俚语汉译的技巧","翻译""Interpretation of Becky and Amelia in Vanity Fair《名利场》中蓓基和爱米丽娅的形象分析","文学" "Struggle in Nothingness——A Study of Hemingway's theme in A Farewell to Arms 虚无的抗争——《永别了武器》主题研究","文学""An Analysis of Charlotte Bronte' Character 夏洛蒂勃朗特的性格分析","文学""A Sad Melody of Female Characters in The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》的一曲女性悲歌","文学" "Dickens's Characerization in The Pickwick Papers 狄更斯在《匹克威克外传》中的人物塑造","文学""The Manifestation of Naturalism In Sister Carrie 自然主义在《嘉莉妹妹》中的体现","文学""Reality and Dream——a Comarisom of Charlotte Bronte's and Jane Eyre's worlds 现实和梦想——夏洛蒂勃朗特和简爱世界对比","文学""On the Tragedy of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights 论《呼啸山庄》中希斯克里夫的悲剧性","文学""A Brief Analysis of the Similarities between Madame Bovary and Tess of The D'urbervilles 浅析《包法利夫人》与《德伯家的苔丝》之相似点","文学""An Analysis of Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中齐灵窝斯之人物分析","文学" "Emotionality and Rationality----An Analysis of Jane Austen's Romanticism and Realism in Terms of Elizabeth's Marriage 感性与理性——从伊丽沙白看简.奥斯汀浪漫主义与现实主义并存的婚姻观","文学" "An Analysis of the Defects in Jane Eyre's Character 试析简.爱的性格缺陷","文学""The Analysis of the Characteristics of Oliver Twist 奥列佛.特威斯特之个性分析The Analysis of the Characteristics of Oliver Twist ","文学""An Analysis of the Multiple Images of Buck in The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》中巴克多重形象之分析","文学""Cultural Factors in the Translation of Poems诗歌翻译中的文化因素","翻译""Cultural Differences and the Translation of Brand Names文化差异与商标翻译","翻译""Cultural Differences and Untranslatability文化差异和不可译性","翻译""Cultural Differences and Vocabulary Translation文化差异及词汇翻译","翻译""The Application of Fuzziness in the Translation翻译中的模糊语现象","翻译""Translator as Artist -Translator's Individuality in Literary Translation译者作为一位艺术家--论文学翻译中的译者个性","翻译""The Translation of Movie Titles电影名的翻译","翻译""Analysis of the Cultural Differences Between Chinese and English Address Forms 中英称谓语文化差异分析","文化""A Contrastive Study of Address in Chinese and English 中英称谓对比研究","文化""A Pragmatic Analysis of English Euphemism 英语委婉语语用分析","语言学""On the Features of Advertising English 试论广告英语的特征","商务英语""On the Cultural Differences of Color Words Between Chinese and English 论中英色彩词的文化差异","语言学""Cultural Differences and Similarities in Personal Space Between Chinese and Americans 中美交际空间的文化差异","文化""A Study of Allusions from the Perspective of ICC Competence 从跨文化交际能力角度看典故","文化" "Translating the English Verbs into Chinese 英语动词的汉译","翻译""Colour Words and the Translation 颜色词及其翻译","翻译""Domestication and Foreignization in The Book of Songs 诗经翻译的归化和异化","翻译""Cultural Comparison and Idioms Translation 文化对比与习语的翻译","翻译""Social-cultural Context and the Translator's Choice of Words ——A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions of Jane Eyre 社会文化背景和译者的选词——对简爱两种译本的比较","翻译""The Effect That Non-linguistic Context Has on Translation 非语言语境在翻译中的作用","翻译" "Cultural Gaps between English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation 英汉习语的文化差异及其翻译","翻译""A Tentative Exploration of Second Culture in FLT 外语教学中第二文化初探","英语教学法""Words Translation between Different Cultures 不同文化中词汇的翻译","翻译""Body Language on International Communication","文化""Cultural Connotation of Animal Words and Translation 动物词汇的文化内涵与翻译","语言学""On Cultural Differences and Idiom Translation 文化差异与习语翻译","翻译""Gender Differences Reflected in Advertisement 性别差异在广告中的反映","文化""Cultural Barriers in Reading of English 英语阅读中的文化障碍","文化""The Reflection of Lawrence's Thoughts in Three Aspects On Lady Chatterly 劳伦斯三方面思想在查特莱夫人身上的反映","文学""A Brief Talk on Gothic Novel:Jane Eyre 浅谈哥特体小说《简爱》","文学""Analysis of the Characters of the Code Hero from Hemingway's Point of View of Death 从海明威的生死观的角度论述准则英雄的性格特点","文学""Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》中的象征涵义","文学""Naturalism In D H Lawrence' Works劳伦斯作品中的自然主义","文学"" Analysis of the Tragic Image-Mary and her Characteristic in The Long Days' Journey into Night浅析《长日入夜行》中的悲剧人物玛丽和她的性格","文学""A Good ,Perfect Tutor and Companion of Frederic Henry-An Analysis of Catherine Barkley 《永别了,武器》中的凯瑟琳巴克莱—亨利的爱情导师和人生伴侣","文学""The Influence of the Black on the American Music 黑人对美国音乐的影响","文化""Comparing the Symbolic Meanings of Color Words in Chinese and English 英汉颜色词象征意义的比较","语言学""Afro-American Athletes Dominate Some Sports 关于美国黑人在某些体育运动上优势成因的探讨","文化""A Contrastive Study of the Connotations of Flowers in English and Chinese 英汉花卉的文化内涵比较","文化""Social and Cultural causes of Sexism in English and Chinese英汉语中性别歧视现象的文化和社会成因分析","文化""Some Women Character In David Copperfield","文学""THE SUN ALSO RISES ANG THE LOST GENERATION","文学""An Ethic Conflict between Extreme Individualism and Morality in Jack London's The Sea Wolf 杰克伦敦的《海狼》中极端个人主义与道义的冲突","文学""Hardy's Narrative Skill in Tess of the D'Urbervilles","文学""The Blood of Jesus Christ","文学""An Analysis of Scarlett's marriage分析思佳丽的婚姻","文学""The International Theme in Henry James' Works 亨利.詹姆斯作品中的国际题材","文学""On the View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice论《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观","文学""On Hemingway Code Hero","文学""Non-correspondence in Word Meanings Due to Cultural Differences 由文化差异引起的汉英词义的非对应性","语言学""The Analysis of Bodylanguage in Inter Cultural Communication 浅析跨文化交际中的体态语","文化" "The Study of Sexism in English and Chines Language 英汉语言中性别歧视的研究","语言学" "Chiese and Westren-style Diet Cultural Differences 中西方饮食文化差异","文化""Address and Cultural Difference 称呼语言与文化差异","语言学""Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Metaphorical Expressions in Translation 英汉比喻性表达的文化差异与翻译","语言学""Discussion about the Differences of Color Words Between English and Chinese 中西方语言中有关颜色词的差异","语言学""On Translation of English Trademarks Into Chinese----On Beauty In Sense Sound And Form浅谈英文商标的汉译--意美,音美,形美","翻译""Some of the Ways to Idiom Translation 习语翻译法","翻译""Paralanguage and Literature Translation -With Reflections on the Version of Dream of Red Mansions 副语言与文学翻译--对《红楼梦》译本的思考","翻译""Methods of Translating Color Words Based on Cultural Differences between Chinese and English","翻译""Culture-gap Words and the Translation文化空缺词及其翻译","翻译""Understanding-the Key to Translation理解是翻译的关键","翻译""A Brief Talk about Two Approaches to the Translation of Metaphor浅谈隐喻翻译的两种方法","翻译" "A Glimpse of English Film Title Translation 英语电影名翻译一瞥","翻译"" THE SYMBOLISM IN WOMEN IN LOVE论恋爱中的女人》中的象征手法","文学""Humanity in Great Expectations《远大前程》中的"仁爱" ","文学""The Tragic Colour of Tess of the D'Urbervills 论《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧色彩","文学""The Similarities between Jane Austen and Elizabeth in Her Novel Pride and Prejudice 简.奥斯丁和其小说《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白的相似点","文学""To Development of Jane Eyre's Characters 论简爱性格的形成","文学""The Revenge in Wuthering Heights 论《呼啸山庄》中的复仇","文学""Study on the Pursuit of Harmonious Male-female Relationship in Sons and Lovers 《儿子和情人》中追求和谐的两性关系的研究","文学""Symbolism in Faulkner's A Rose for Emily《献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》中象征手法的运用","文学" "Marriage in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻面面观","文学""Writing Techniques in Martin Eden 论《马丁.伊登》的写作手法","文学""Love Hatred and Revenge in Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》中的爱,恨与复仇","文学"" Analysis of the Protagonist's Character of Emma《爱玛》中女主角性格分析","文学""Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter《红字》中的象征意义","文学""Humanistic Spirit in Dickens's Works人文主义思想再狄更斯作品中的体现","文学""Social-cultural Differences and the Translator's Choice of Words社会文化差异与译者的选词","翻译" "The Application of Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of Culture 文化翻译中归化与异化的应用","翻译""Cultural Differences and Untranslatability文化差异与不可译性","翻译""The Context in Relation to Translation语境与翻译","翻译"。

On Tai Ji Diagram: A New Perspective to Explain the Relation Between Chinese Ancient 'Li' and Criminal
Law
作者： 汪涵治[1]
作者机构： [1]华东政法大学法律学院,上海201620
出版物刊名： 合肥学院学报(综合版)
页码： 64-69页
年卷期： 2019年 第3期
主题词： 古代礼刑关系;阴阳鱼太极图;中国法文化;阴阳思想
摘要：中国古代法一直深受阴阳思想的影响,太极图是阴阳思想和太极思维的直观表现,因而
以阴阳鱼太极图为视角对古代礼刑关系进行创新阐释极具合理性.阴阳鱼太极图由黑白两色的鱼
形相互缠绕而成,呈现出两者之间相互依存并相互斗争的关系.“阴阳二极,一静一动”,把礼比作
阳极,把刑比作阴极,并结合太极“阴中有阳,阳中有阴”的特点,阐释“刑中有礼,礼中有刑”这一
关系.以阴阳鱼太极理论阐释影响中国古代法变化的各种因素:在构图上,左边的阳鱼呈上浮趋势,
右边的阴鱼呈下沉趋势,根据这一位置特点,阐释“礼不下庶人,刑不上大夫”这一礼刑阴阳关系变化的典型例证.中国古代礼刑关系是中国古代法律最重要的部分,而作为阐释礼刑关系的新视角,太极图具有独特的中国古代法文化特色.。

My View on the Relation between Humans and NatureThe relation between humans and nature is an important issue to the evolution of culture and civilization. How to deal with the relation between ourselves and nature is quite significant to our daily life and the future of humans. The comments on this topic are various from different aspects.For a long time, there has been a general belief that human being is the master of nature, thus man can triumph over nature. Our ancestors managed to make a living on the earth regardless of countless disasters caused by the harsh nature. In this perspective, humans are the great master of nature. On the contrary, we have to adapt to the environment around us. A great deal of evidence show that, more than once, no matter how advanced our modern technology is, nature is far beyond our control. When we meet disaster, such as earthquake, drought or tsunami, we can do nothing but to take measures to reduce the loss, because the destructive power of nature is not under control.As far as I am concerned, however, the two kinds of views are not contradictory at all. We human beings are only part of the nature. In my view, we ought to hold the viewpoint that the relationship between humans and nature should be tender and interpersonal. In any case, only if we follow the law of nature can we benefit form nature; otherwise, we will be punished by it seriously. All in all, we should try our endeavor to construct the harmonious society and to protect the ecological balance.A。

二次谐波过程中的曼利-罗关系1.二次谐波是一种非线性效应，由于介质非线性极化而产生。

Second harmonic is a nonlinear effect, generated due to the nonlinear polarization of the medium.2.曼利-罗关系描述了二次谐波的产生与光强的关系。

The Manley-Rowe relation describes the relationship between the generation of second harmonic and the optical intensity.3.在二次谐波过程中，光波将被双频率调制，使得二次谐波与基频波之间存在特定的相位关系。

During the second harmonic process, the light wave will be modulated with a double frequency, leading to a specific phase relationship between the second harmonic and the fundamental wave.4.曼利-罗关系表明了光波的相位对二次谐波产生的影响。

The Manley-Rowe relation indicates the influence of the phase of the light wave on the generation of second harmonic.5.当光波的相位与幅度都符合一定条件时，二次谐波的效率将会最大化。

When the phase and the amplitude of the light wave meet certain conditions, the efficiency of the second harmonicwill be maximized.6.曼利-罗关系揭示了在二次谐波产生过程中，光场的特定变化特征。

中文摘要叙事视角是叙事者对故事进行观察和讲述的方式，它通过反映叙事者同他所讲述的故事之间的位置关系（包括距离和角度两层面），从而决定实践的被叙述区域和层次。

视角是叙事理论中牵一发而动全身的问题，在深层上，它反映了作家的人生观、创作观念和叙事观念，在表层上，它是引起小说叙事模式转变的根源。

本文将叙事学中叙事视角研究的基本理论应用于新写实小说叙事研究当中,采用理论分析与文本解读相结合的方式,探寻新写实小说在叙事视角运用上的独特之处。

本文分为三部分：导言、正文和结语。

在导言中，对叙事视角在小说叙事研究中的重要地位进行简要地说明，指出对新写实小说进行叙事视角研究的重要价值和意义，并对这一研究所涉及到的主要小说文本作了一个界定。

正文部分由四章组成。

第一章：本文研究的理论基础。

本章主要对“视角”、“旁知视角”、“平视角”等概念内涵进行界定，并对叙事者与作者、隐含作者的关系进行理论辨析，指出其在叙事视角研究中的重要地位，最后对新写实小说视角运用的社会文化语境进行简要地分析与概述。

第二章：新写实小说叙事视角类型的文本分析。

本章通过对新写实小说几种视角类型的文本分析，指出新写实小说在叙事视角的运用上较建国以来的小说叙事有了很大的突破。

主要表现在：从无所不知的全知叙事向“有限的全知叙事”转变，旁知视角在文本中被广泛运用，平视角取代俯视角成为一种主导视角。

第三章：新写实小说叙事视角的表意功能分析。

本章通过对叙事角色在新写实小说中位置和立场的变化的分析,论述了叙事角色位置、立场的变化与特定时期新写实小说独特叙事特征的关系。

本文认为，新写实小说的叙事角色经历了由以前的代言人叙事向个性化叙事、由权威叙事向个人叙事的平民化立场的4转变，叙事角色的身份和态度也由以前的单一明确向暧昧性转变。

第四章：叙事视角转换对新写实小说叙事模式的影响。

本章分析了叙事视角转换对新写实小说叙事模式的影响。

与建国以来的小说相比，新写实小说的叙事模式发生了很大的转变。

•专家论坛•肠-眼轴:中医药防治疑难性眼病的新视角梁丽娜，李亚敏[摘要]肠道微生态是人体最大、最复杂的生态系统,肠道菌群对维持机体健康至关重要#近年来，越来越多的研究表明,肠道菌群失调在糖尿病视网膜病变、葡萄膜炎、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性的发病机制中起着重要作用，肠-眼轴成为眼科基础研究和临床研究的新焦点$本文拟对上述研究进行综述，并对肠道微生态和中医药的相关性、基于肠-眼轴防治疑难性眼病进行探讨和思考，旨在为中医药防治眼病的研究提供新思路$[关键词]肠-眼轴；疑难性眼病；中医药；防治中图分类号：R276.7文献标识码：B文章编号:1002-4379(2020)10-0685-06The Gut-Eye Axis：a new perspective on the prevention and treatment of complicatedeye diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine LIANG Lina,LI Yamin.Eye Hospital^ChinaA c ade m y of Chine s e Me die a l Sciences：Be i j i ng100040<China[Abstract]The intestinal microecology is the largest and most complex ecosystem of the hu­man body,and the gut microbiota is vital to maintaining the health of the body.In recent years,more and more studies have shown that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy,uveitis,glaucoma,and age-related macular degeneration.Thegut-eye axis has become the hot spot of basic research and clinical study in ophthalmology.Thisarticle intends to review the research mentioned above,and discuss and think about the relation­ship between gut microbiota and Traditional Chinese Medicine,and the prevention and treatmentfor complicated eye diseases based on the gut-eye axis,thus to provide new ideas for the preventionand treatment of eye diseases by Traditional Chinese Medicine.[Keywords]the Gut-Eye Axis;complicated eye diseases;Traditional Chinese Medicine;pre­vention and treatment人体体表和体腔内存在大量的微生物，它们定植于胃肠道、皮肤、口腔、呼吸道等部位，与其生存的微环境共同构成人体微生态系统，许多研究证实人体微生态系统与健康的维持和的发生关系，其中道微生态系统叫道：道微生态系统中的性成分，目前已发现并证实的肠道包含约70,其中门(Baeteroidetes)和厚壁菌门"Firmicutes$约占细菌95%以上叫道与人体、生D0I:10.13444/ki.zgzyykzz.2020.10.001基金项目：1国家自然科学基金项目(81973912)28京市自然科学基金项目(7192236)3首都卫生发展科研专项项目(首发2020-2-4183)作者单位：中国中医科学院眼科医院，8京100040通讯作者：梁O娜，E-mail：********************发育、免疫力调节及维持肠道结构和屏障的完整性等叫道菌群的与胃肠道&与许多性的发，病、、炎症性、、和等网。

“论文学翻译过程”“语义翻译和交际翻译理论在英汉翻译中的运用”“英语句子成分的省略及汉译”“文学翻译中隐喻的传译”一、选题范围1、翻译与文化：可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。

宏观方面，一般从翻译在目的语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论，可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的视角切入。

阐述为什么有那样的译文？如严复的翻译，林纾的翻译，傅东华翻译《漂》时为什么使用归化的手段，鲁迅翻译的策略，翻译材料的选择等等。

微观方面，可以讨论语言文字所承载的文化内容和内涵如何在翻译中表达，如文化负载词的翻译策略等。

2、翻译与语言学理论：可以从篇章语言学，功能语言学（如喊韩礼德的系统功能理论等），对比语言学，心理语言学，交际语言学、文化语言学等方面考虑选题。

如功能语言学和篇章语言学中讨论的衔接与连贯及其翻译，也可以讨论他们在英语和汉语中的差别入手，进一步讨论他们在翻译中的处理，主位、述位的推进极其在翻译中的体现。

英语汉语对比及其翻译策略等等。

3、翻译与语文学。

主要从艺术的角度讨论文学翻译中的问题。

4、应用翻译：主要从特殊用途英语如商务英语、科技英语、旅游英语等方面讨论在这些特殊领域中涉及的翻译问题如何处理。

如旅游宣传资料的翻译等。

5、译文对比：可以是同一篇文章、同一本书，不同的译者在同以时期或不同时期进行的翻译做的对比，也可以是同一个译者对同一篇文章或书在不同时期的翻译的对比；可以是翻译技巧等微观层面的对比，也可以是宏观曾面的对比，以探索为什么在不同时期译者回采取不同的策略，有哪些社会的、文化的、政治的、意识形态的原因？6、翻译及评论：首先选择一篇长文，一般是文学作品且没有人翻译过，进行翻译，翻译完后，从上述五个方面选择一个理论视角对自己的翻译进行评论。

7、译者风格。

8、翻译与美学。

二、选题方法：上述各个方面均可写出几本甚至几十本专著，因此大家从上述方面可以选出一个写作的范围。

缩小选题范围：首先是广泛浏览上述各有关方面翻译研究资料，以确定自己对哪方面感兴趣且有话可说，这是缩小范围的第一步。

单选题1.The term______is used for less drastic difference restricted to variation in pronunciation.A.sociolectB.dialectC.geographical dialectD.accent答案:D2.______is a term widely used to refer to varieties according to use in sociolinguistics.A.RegisterB.DialectC.TenorD.Variety答案:A3.The followings are all features of language except__________.A.dualityB.productivityC.changeabilityD.displacement答案:C4.____is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.creativityB.arbitrarinessC.displacementD.interchangeability答案:A5._________are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A.back-channel signalsB.adjacency pairsC.pre-sequencesD.insertion sequences答案:B6.It is the____function of language,in a sense,that brings the world into our mind.A.IdeationalB.InterpersonalC.LogicalD.Textual答案:A7.The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance.This kind of motivation may be termed____motivation.A.instrumentalB.integrativeC.cognitiveD.none of them答案:C8.（EEC）is an important organization in the world.（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A.DerivationB.BlendingC.BackformationD.Acronym答案:D9.______is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A.varietyB.registerC.dialectD.Creole答案:A10.______,created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system,the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language,makes it possible to talk about what to teach.A.Pedagogic grammarsB.DictionariesC.LinguisticsD.The metalanguage答案:D11.Every syllable has a(n)____,which is usually a vowel.A.nucleusB.onsetC.codeD.rhyme答案:A12.British English and American English are______varieties of the English language.A.functionalB.socialC.regionalD.standard答案:C13.Minimal pairs can be exemplified by____________.A.moon/noonB.foot/foodC.she/sheetD.sea/sea答案:A14.______is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.ConversionB.AbbreviationC.EponymsD.Blending答案:A15.goody-goody（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A.Sound ReduplicationB.CoinageC.EponymD.Clipping答案:A16.Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________meaning.A.collocativeB.socialC.affectiveD.reflected答案:A17.This（classroom）is large.（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding答案:D18.（Tick-tuck）is the sound produced by a clock.（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）poundingB.CoinageC.Sound ReduplicationD.Clipping答案:C19.1.The term______is the label given to the form ofa language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A.varietyB.registerC.dialectD.Creole答案:A20._________theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.A.EnvironmentalistB.functionalistC.nativistD.both a and b答案:C21.______refers to the fact that a speaker changes from one language to the other in different situations or when talking about different topics.A.BilingualismB.Code-mixingC.Code-switchingD.Pidgin答案:C22.may be defined as the scientific study of language.A.MorphologyB.LinguisticsC.PhonologyD.Phonetics答案:B23.is defined as the scientific study of language.A.MorphologyB.LinguisticsC.PhonologyD.Phonetics答案:B24.______is used between very family members and close friends.A.The consultative styleB.The casual styleC.The intimate styleD.The formal style答案:C25.A(n)________is the minimal or the smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.A.phonetic symbolB.alphabetC.phonemeD.allophone答案:C26.What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following dialogue flout?A:How do you like the film?B:Well,the music is very nice.A.QualityB.QuantityC.RelationD.Manner答案:C27.blackboard（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding答案:D28.peddle（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding答案:B29.When the tongue touches the alveolar ridge,the sound produced is described as__________.A.alveolarB.palatalC.velarD.interdental答案:D30.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not change the meaning,they are said to be in ____.A.contrastive distributionB.free variationplementary distributionD.distinctive features答案:C31.（EEC）is an organization in the world.（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A.AcronymB.Sound ReduplicationC.CoinageD.Eponym答案:A32.Analysis of______necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.A.intentional meaningB.conventional meaningC.syntactic meaningD.semantic meaning答案:A33.enlarged（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）B.ConversionC.BackformationD.Blending答案:A34.__________specifies the feature of[+continuant].A.all the fricativesB.all the fricatives and glidesC.all the fricatives and liquidsD.all the fricatives,liquids and glides答案:D35.impossible（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A.DerivationB.ConversionC.BackformationD.Blending答案:Anguage has the following features except______.A.dualityB.productivityC.changeabilityD.displacement答案:C37.In compounds,the____morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.A.leftmostB.rightmostC.centralD.initial答案:Ctech（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）B.BackformationC.Blendingpounding答案:C39.are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.Sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich,who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.A.OriginatorsB.EponymsC.Abbreviationspoundings答案:B40.This（vet）is famous in the town.（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A.Sound ReduplicationB.CoinageC.EponymD.Clipping答案:D41.The longest____in English may contain four consonants,as shown by prompts.A.wordB.onsetC.nucleusD.coda答案:D42.__________is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.A.StressB.PitchC.ToneD.Intonation答案:C43.______is the basic teaching unit in the structural syllabus.A.the wordB.the discourseC.the sentenceD.the text答案:C44.The vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds produced is regarded as__________.A.VoicingB.voicedC.nasalizationD.aspiration答案:A45.edits（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding答案:B46.___________are minimal pairs.A.moon/noonB.foot/foodC.she/sheetD.sea/sea答案:A47.____________is a process that creates new words by droppinga real or supposed suffix.Edit was originally backformed from editor,and peddle from peddler.rmationB.backformulaC.backformationD.backformative答案:C48.The process that puts an existing word of one class into another class is______.A.ConversionB.AbbreviationC.EponymsD.Blending答案:A49.vet（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A.Sound ReduplicationB.CoinageC.EponymD.Clipping答案:D判断题1.Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.A well-known example is smog(smoke and fog).A.错误B.正确答案:B2.Coinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.A.错误B.正确答案:B3.Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion.Tiger,lion and dog are hyponyms of the word animal.A.错误B.正确答案:B4.The syllabic unit made up by the onset and nucleus is calleda rhyme.A.错误B.正确答案:A5.Acoustic phonetics focuses on the production of sounds from a physiological perspective.A.错误B.正确6.Tenor depends on the relations between the participants.A.错误B.正确答案:B7.Implicature is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.A.错误B.正确答案:A8.Interpersonal function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K.Halliday.A.错误B.正确答案:A9.A syllable is not always composed of onset,nucleus and coda.A.错误B.正确答案:B10.Turn-talking refers to having the right to speak by turns.A.错误B.正确答案:A11.Syntactically,Japanese is an isolating language.B.正确答案:A12.Pidgin refers to the fact that a speaker changes from one language to the other in different situations or when talking about different topics.A.错误B.正确答案:A13.English is an example of SVO languages.A.错误B.正确答案:B14.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.A.错误B.正确答案:A15.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds,but the two differ in perspectives.A.错误B.正确答案:B16.The word“went”contains two morphemes.A.错误B.正确17.Logical function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K.Halliday.A.错误B.正确答案:B18.The sentence The woman can’t bear children is structurally ambiguous.A.错误B.正确答案:A19.A test is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.A.错误B.正确答案:A20.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.A.错误B.正确答案:B21.The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.A.错误B.正确22.Learning strategy is an important factor in second language.A.错误B.正确答案:B23.Back-channel signals are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A.错误B.正确答案:A24.The conceptualizing domain in metaphor is termed the source domain.A.错误B.正确答案:B25.In second language acquisition,age is an important factor.A.错误B.正确答案:B26.All vowels are voiced.A.错误B.正确答案:B27.According to referential content,deixis can be put into person deixis,place deixis,time deixis and discourse deixis.B.正确答案:B28.Adjacency pairs are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A.错误B.正确答案:B29.In holophrastic stage,children use single words to represent various meanings.A.错误B.正确答案:B30.A creole is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A.错误B.正确答案:B31.The domain to be conceptualized in metaphor is called target domain.A.错误B.正确答案:B32.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.B.正确答案:B33.Traditional grammar was initially based on European languages, particularly on Latin and Greek.A.错误B.正确答案:B34.Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.A.错误B.正确答案:B35.Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.A.错误B.正确答案:B。

苏州大学应用技术学院2008级学士学位论文A Study of Structural ArtIn O. Henry’s Short Stories简析欧亨利短篇小说中的结构艺术专业：08英语学号：0816420053姓名：周俊导师：房红梅2011.12.10Acknowledgements摘要欧·亨利是美国最著名的短篇小说家之一，曾被评论界誉为美国现代短篇小说之父。

他善于戏剧性的设计情节，做好铺垫，最后在结尾处让人物命运陡然逆转，从而形成独特的艺术魅力。

近些年来有不少关于欧·亨利小说的探索研究，但多关是于欧·亨利小说语言的幽默和小说的结尾，这样不免过于片面。

本次论文主要通过概述了美国短篇小说的一些特色，与前人对于欧亨利小说结构内容编排的研究。

再通过分别列举欧亨利著名小说中的经典片段研究欧亨利小说中的独树一帜的开头与小说那些出人意料的戏剧性结尾，还有欧亨利小说中从头至尾的双线结构艺术。

主要通过这三方面的论述欧亨利小说的结构特色。

关键词：欧·亨利；结构艺术；双线索AbstractO．Henry, one of the most famous short story writers in the world, has been known as the father of the modern American short stories. He is good at designing plot theatrically, lays down the foreshadowing, and finally shows the unexpected endings which make the readers suddenly see the light, joy after sorrow. Processing novel ending is O．Henry's most creative contribution, thus cause him to enjoy the great reputation in American and in the world history of literature. O．Henry is a unique artist of short stories. In recent years, there are many researches about O．Henry's short stories, but most of them are based on the humor language and the endings of his works. But it is too one-sided. This thesis mainly analyze the fiction structure art of O．Henry. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is an introduction of O. Henry. The second part is the literature review. The third chapter is an analysis of the diversified openings of O．Henry's works: opening with description; opening with comment; opening with allusion. The fourth part is about the unexpected endings, also from three aspects: happy ending; ridiculous ending; sorrowful ending. The fifth part is the dual-clue structure. The sixth part is the two clues crossed more than twice and two clues crossed once. The final chapter is the conclusion.Key Words: diversified openings; unexpected endings; dual-clueContentChapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Significance of the Study (1)1.2 Structure of the Thesis (1)Chapter 2 Literature Review (3)2.1 The Overview of Short Stories (3)2.2 The Plot in O. Henry’s Novels (4)Chapter 3 The Diversified Openings (6)3.1 Opening with Description (6)3.2 Opening with Comment (7)3.3 Opening with Allusion (7)Chapter 4 The Unexpected Endings (9)4.1 The Happy Ending (9)4.2 The Ridiculous Ending (10)4.3 The Sorrowful Ending (10)Chapter 5 The Dual-clue Structure (12)5.1 The Two Clues Crossed More than Twice (12)5.2 The Two Clues Crossed Once (13)Chapter 6 Conclusion (14)Appendix (15)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Significance of the StudyO．Henry, one of the most famous short story writers in the world, enjoys the equal status with Chekhov and Maupassant. He is known as the father of American contemporary short stories. Some critics are not so enthusiastic about his works, but the public love them very much. O．Henry is a prolific American short story writer, a master of surprise endings. Processing novel ending is O．Henry's most creative contribution, which made him enjoy the great reputation in American history of literature.Many critics in America and other countries comment on O．Henry and his work respectfully. People speak highly of the ingenious arrangement of his works, the typical characters and plots, and the critical implications of his works. Critics often regard him as a writer who puts moral judgment and social criticism into his unique style with humor, satire, burlesque and obvious comic inclination.There are many comments on O. Henry and his works. Opinions on O．Henry's works from the aspects of theme, tone, object of vision, and plot to that of language and style were all found. The comment on various aspects of O．Henry's works are quite essential and necessary for us to understand the writer and his works.Like his endings, O．Henry's openings are very outstanding. O．Henry's short stories have diversified openings. In O．Henry's works, the openings and endings are mainly the following types, opening with description, opening with comment, opening with allusion and surprise endings, ridiculous endings and sorrowful endings.The dual-clue structure is also an interesting element in O. Henry’s works.By studying some most famous stories of O. Henry’s, the thesis attempt to provide a new and more objective interpretation of O. Henry and explore his unique writing style.1.2 Structure of the ThesisThe thesis consists of 6 chapters. The first chapter makes a general introduction to O. Henry, points out the necessity for the study, and further clarifies the aims and significance and structure of the thesis. Chapter 2 presents the overview of American short stories and some other’s study of O. Henry’s works. Chapter 3 is mainly about the analysis of the O. Henry’s diversified Openings.In Chapter 4, I will study the O Henry’s unique endings, which will divide into 3 parts. The dual-clue structure analysis is in Chapter 5. The final chapter gives the conclusion of the thesis.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 The Overview of Short StoriesAuthors such as Charles Dickens, Kurt V onnegut, Jr., Nathaniel Hawthorne, Virginia Woolf, Dino Buzzati, Rudyard Kipling, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, Franz Kafka, P. G. Wodehouse, H. P. Lovecraft and Ernest Hemingway were highly accomplished writers of both short stories and novels. Short stories have their face in oral story-telling traditions and the prose anecdote, a swiftly sketched situation that quickly comes to its point. With the rise of the comparatively realistic novel, the short story evolved as a miniature version, with some of its first perfectly independent examples in the tales of E. T. A. Hoffmann. Other 19th-century writers well known for their short stories include Nikolai Gogol, Guy de Maupassant. Some authors are known almost entirely for their short stories, either by choice or by critical regard (short-story writing is thought of as a challenging art). An example is Jorge Luis Borges, who won American fame with The Garden of Forking Paths, published in the August 1948 Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. Another example is O. Henry, for whom the O. Henry Award is named. American examples include Flannery O’Connor, John Cheever, and Raymond Carver.The art of storytelling is doubtlessly older than record of civilization. Even the so-called modern short story, which was the latest of the major literary types to evolve, has an ancient lineage. Perhaps the oldest and most direct ancestor of the short story is the anecdote and illustrative story, straight to the point. The ancient parable and fable, starkly brief narrative used to enforce some moral or spiritual truth, anticipate the severe brevity and unity of some short stories written today.Short stories tend to be less complex than novels. Usually a short story focuses on one incident; has a single plot, a single setting, and a small number of characters; and covers a short period of time.In longer forms of fiction, stories tend to contain certain core elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the introduction of setting, situation and main characters); complication (the event that introduces the conflict); rising action, crisis (the decisive moment for the protagonist and his commitment to a course of action); climax (the point of highest interest in terms of the conflict and the point with the most action); resolution; and moral.Because of their length, short stories may or may not follow this pattern. Some do not followpatterns at all. For example, modern short stories only occasionally have an exposition. More typical, though, is an abrupt beginning, with the story starting in the middle of the action. As with longer stories, plots of short stories also have a climax, crisis, or turning point. However, the endings of many short stories are abrupt and open and may or may not have a moral or practical lesson. As with any art forms, the exact characteristics of a short story will vary by creator.When short stories intend to convey a specific ethical or moral perspective, they fall into a more specific sub-category called Parables. This specific kind of short story has been used by spiritual and religious leaders worldwide to inspire, enlighten, and educate their followers.2.2 The Plot in O. Henry’s NovelsThe typical feature of O. Henry's stories is a twist of plot which turns on an ironic or coincidental circumstance. His ultimate achievement was to create a new kind of short story with a novel ending-"surprising ending”, or "twist ending", which wins him a great fame.The real charm of O. Henry’s tales lies in his reversal of the narrative. He would arrange a story moving in one direction. And just when reader was going to be convinced of the general direction of the narrative which he took for granted, the story would be completely reversed.With respect to the theory of prose fiction, the central formalist distinction is that between the story and the plot, An author is Sid to transform the raw material of a story into a literary plot by the use of a variety of devices that violate sequence and deform and defamiliarize the story elements; the effect is to foreground a narrative medium and devices themselves, and in this way to disrupt what had been people's standard responses to the subject matter.Usually in a literary work, the temporal order of succession of the events in the story and the pseudo-temporal order of their arrangement in the narrative is different according to author's intention when they present one work to the public. To Tzvetan Todorov, a French narratologist, the relation between the time of the story and the time of the discourse is subtle. Furthermore, there is temporal distortions; infidelities to the chronological order of events; relationships of linking, alternation, or embedding among the different lines of action that make up the story with aesthetic value (Forster, 1974:85-88).In order to understand later sections of any narrative, readers must connect their content with that of the earlier sections, thereby establishing reflexive reference on the level of events,character features, etc. Especially in O. Henry's works, the events of some short stories are arranged in the specific order of occurrence by distorting the natural order in which they occurred which exceed reader's normal expectation to the arrangement of those events in his work, then exert the effect of defamiliarization to make his works new and strange.(张秀娟2007;3)Chapter 3 The Diversified OpeningsO．Henry’s short stories start with varying openings. Most of his stories do not begin immediately with an action, but the readers are supplied with a background of both time and place, and then, the hero is introduced. O．Henry is good at foreshadowing in the opening of the story. In O．Henry's works, the varying openings are mainly the following types:3.1 Opening with DescriptionUsually, O．Henry begins the story with some descriptive sentences to introduce the environment or describe the dress and personal adornment of the character, giving readers a very distinct sense of being led only gradually into the story. For example, The Count and the Wedding Gust begins as follows:One evening when Andy Donovan went to dinner at his second boarding-house,Mrs. Scott introduced him to a new boarder, a young lady, Miss Conway. MissConway was small and unobtrusive. She wore a plain, snuffy-brown dress, andbestowed her interest, which seemed languid, upon her plate. She lifted herdifferent eyelids and shot one perspicuous, judicial glance at Mr. Donovan,politely murmured his name, and returned to her mutton. Mr. Donovan bowedwith the grace and beaming smile …①Here the writer draws the readers' whole attention to the two people in the apartment. O．Henry uses a lot of words to describe the actress’s appearance. The readers were supplied with so many details, for example, the actress’s clothing, figure, even the action details. The actor was described in the same way, even with the facial expressions.In a general way, the descriptive sentences were used to express feelings, render atmosphere and foil characters. In O．Henry's The Count and the Wedding Gust, the opening was a serious of descriptive sentences. This series of detail description were designed to leave the readers an impression that both the actor and the actress are good mannered, and both of them belong to the upper class in society。

略有修改An Exploration of the Relationship between Language and Culture --------Two Sides of the Same Coin in the Perspective ofIntercultural Communication.Introduction:As the world moves closer to becoming more of a global village, more people from diverse cultures than ever before are coming into contact with one another. Though English has become the world language, different cultural habits exist and affect people’s way to communicate. It will be of benefit to study the perspective of the relationship between language and culture.With a better understanding of their relationship, people will communicate with others from different cultural background in a better way.This paper is mainly about elementary exploration of “language and culture is the two sides of the same coin in the perspective of cultural communication.” The elementary of this exploration involves the definition of culture and the definition of language. The relationship between language and culture will be also explored. How they affect each other will be involved in this paper. There are examples in different aspects to support the difference between east and west culture. There will be a prediction of the perspective of the relationship between language and culture at las t. Language and culture can’t be divided in the area of communication.Key words: language culture relationshipMethods:Documentary research methodObservation methodContrastive analysis methodResults:I、The definition and properties of culture.Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate") is a term that has different meanings. However, the word "culture" is most commonly used in these following three basic senses.First, the excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture Then it is used as an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The third is the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes aninstitution, organization or group. After summarizing all the above, culture is the set of patterns of human activity within a society or social group and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Customs, laws, popular styles, social standards, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements.Culture has its own characteristics:a. Culture as an adaptive mechanismb. Culture as that is learned, not innatec. Culture as that is based on symbolsd. Adapting to the changing realities of lifee.People’s unawareness of culturef.People’s partial understanding of their own cultureg. Culture of permissible behavioral patternsh. Culture no longer being in isolationCulture teaches each of us how to make the most of the wisdom our species has accumulated through millions of years of evolution. It is important for people.II、The definition and properties of language.A language is a system for encoding and decoding information. In itsmost common use, the term refers to so-called "natural languages" —theforms of communication considered peculiar to humankind. In linguisticsthe term is extended to refer to the human cognitive facility of creatingand using language. Essential to both meanings is the systematic creationand usage of systems of symbols—each referring to linguistic conceptswith semantic or logical or otherwise expressive meanings. When discussedmore technically as a general phenomenon then, "language" always impliesa particular type of human thought which can be present even whencommunication is not the result, and this way of thinking is also sometimestreated as indistinguishable from language itself.The language has its properties, too. First, a set of commonlyaccepted signs (indices, icons or symbols) is a feature of language. Andthen all languages must define:A. the structural relationships between these signs in a system ofgrammar,B. The context wherein the signs are used (this is the pragmatics)C. dependent on their context the content specificity, i.e. itsmeaning (semantics).Rules of grammar are one of the characteristics sometimes said todistinguish language from other forms of communication. They allow afinite set of signs to be manipulated to create a potentially infinitenumber of grammatical utterances. However, this definition isself-circular. The structural relationships make sense only withinlanguage; the structure of language exists only in language. It isimpossible to have a logically correct definition of a noun or verb. Andlogic itself concerns itself with propositions which are closely linked with content specificity i.e. semantics.Another property of language is that its symbols are arbitrary. Any concept or grammatical rule can be mapped onto a symbol. In other words, most languages make use of sound, but the combinations of sounds used do not have any necessary and inherent meaning – they are merely an agreed-upon convention to represent a certain thing by users of that language. For instance, the sound combination nada carries the meaning of "nothing" in the Spanish language and also the meaning "thread" in the Hindi language. There is nothing about the word nada itself that forces Hindi speakers to convey the idea of "thread", or the idea of "nothing" for Spanish speakers. Other sets of sounds (for example, the English words nothing and thread) could equally be used to represent the same concepts, but all Spanish and Hindi speakers have acquired or learned to correlate their own meanings for this particular sound pattern. Indeed, for speakers of Slovene and other South Slavic languages, the sound combination carries the meaning of "hope", while in Indonesian, it means "tone".Above all, Language is systematic, which means that it is rule governed.• Language is arbitrary. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical relationship between words and the objects, actions orconcepts these words are used to refer to.• Language is symbolic.• Language is vocal. Speech is the primary medium of language, while writing is secondary.• Language is uniquely human.• Language is used for communication.• Language is used to understand and describe the world.• Language is the carrier and container of cultural information.III、the relationship between language and cultureThe cultural environment that people grow up in can have surprising effects on how they interpret the world around them. Language is the most important component of culture because much of it is normally transmitted orally. It is impossible to understand the subtle nuances and deep meanings of another culture without speaking its language. Learning a language means learning a culture. Language is arguably the most important component of culture because history, worldview, beliefs, values, religions, and social organizations are reflected through language in a culture. Therefore, language and culture are closely related. They are so interdependent and interwoven that loss of one leads to loss of the other. It is impossible to separate language from culture.A. Language as contained within cultureLanguage is a directly defining aspect of culture. That is to say, culture traits such as beliefs, values, worldviews, behavioral patterns and living ways are mainly transmitted by virtue of language. Chinese is a major aspect of the definition of Chinese culture, and English is a major definition of English culture. Goodenough (cited in Hudson, 1980: 83) “a society’s language is an aspect of its culture…The relation of la nguage to culture is that of part of whole”.B. Culture influencing and shaping the linguistic form of languagePorter and Samovar note (1972: 123) “culture manifests itself both in patterns of language and thought and in forms of activity and behavior”. Some examples are offered to illustrate this idea. English has three separate words for insect, airplane and pilot, but Hopi, a language different from English as any language can be, has only one word to refer to the three various subjects. Eskimo has various words to distinguish among different types of snow, whereas English has only two. It is said that more than four hundred words for camel in Arabic while there is only one in Chinese. In these examples, because of cultural differences, linguistic differences are obviously. The reason why different words in English are employed to represent airplane and pilot is that they are common phenomena in English-speaking cultures and frequently appear in people’s everyday conversation.C. Language as reflection of cultureLanguage is not only a part of culture, but also a reflection of culture. History, worldview, beliefs, values, religions, and social organizations may all be reflected through different languages in a culture. For example, English views rainbow as six colors, namely, red, green, orange, blue, yellow and purple, while Chinese views it as seven, that is, 赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫。

善行无论大小和人生价值的关系英语作文(中英文实用版)Title: The Relation between Good Deeds of Any Size and Life Value Good deeds, regardless of their magnitude, hold a significant correlation with the value of life.It is often misconceived that only grand gestures count as virtuous acts, whereas, in reality, the smallest of kindnesses can significantly impact one"s life.善行，不论大小，与人生价值之间存在着密切的联系。

人们常误以为只有宏大的举动才算是美德行为，然而实际上，最微小的善举也能对人的生活产生重大影响。

Life, in its essence, is a tapestry woven with the threads of our actions, and every thread, no matter how fine, contributes to the overall beauty of the fabric.Similarly, each good deed, no matter how small, adds value to our existence.生活的本质是由我们的行为编织而成的挂毯，每一条线，无论多么细微，都为这块布料的整体美丽做出了贡献。

同样，每一个善行，无论多小，都为我们的存在增添了价值。

The act of holding a door open for a stranger, a genuine smile to a passing individual, or even a few kind words spoken to a friend in need can brighten someone"s day, shifting their perspective and reminding them of the goodness in the world.These simple acts have a ripple effect, spreading positivity and enhancing the value of life.为陌生人开门，对路过的人真诚微笑，甚至对需要帮助的朋友说几句暖心的话，这些都能照亮某人的一天，改变他们的看法，让他们想起世界的美好。

材料英语作文主题与观点的关系英文回答：The relationship between theme and thesis in an English composition is essential for creating a coherent and meaningful argument. The theme is the broad, underlying concept or idea that the essay explores, while the thesisis the specific statement that argues the writer's position on the theme.The theme provides the foundation for the essay and should be present throughout the entire piece. It should be broad enough to allow for exploration but specific enough to provide a clear direction for the argument. The thesis, on the other hand, is the specific statement that expresses the writer's opinion on the theme. It should be clear, concise, and arguable.The theme and thesis should work together to create a cohesive argument. The theme provides the context for theargument, while the thesis presents a specific立場主張 on the theme. Together, they should create an essay that is both meaningful and persuasive.中文回答：在英语作文中，主题与观点之间的关系对于构建一个连贯且有意义的论证至关重要。

4th International Conference on Modern Management, Education Technology and Social Science (MMETSS 2019)“New Wave” Spirits and Romantic Urban Fantasy: Lovers on the BridgeDuanduan ZhouDepartment of Comparative Literature, Hong Kong University, Central and Western District, HongKong, China**********************Keywords: French New Wave, art-house cinema, Leos Carax, Wong Kar-wai, auteurism, cinephilia, youthful romance, urban fantasyAbstract.During the 1950s and 1960s, the French New Wave film movement swept the film-dom around the globe and ushered in a trend of iconoclasm and aesthetic experimentation. This paper analyzes the signature art-house film Lovers on the Bridge (1999) made by Leos Carax who is credited as the torchbearer for the French New Wave cinema, in relation to another stylistic film Fallen Angels (1995) made by Hong Kong director Wong Kar-wai. Inspired by new wave spirits, both two films create an enchanted, romantic vision of the urban living, through the subject of youthful romance, highly aestheticized and personalized film language.1. IntroductionFallen Angels is a 1995 art-house film written and directed by the most renowned Hong Kong auteur Wong Kar-wai. As a sequel of the director’s 1994 breakthrough Chungking Express, the film expands the former’s theme, style and mood in a darker tone with an eye to the urbanites’ psychological interiority. It follows the interlacing urban itineraries of five socially isolated individuals in the surreal nightscape of Hong Kong (Lalanne 10). Noted for his cinematic romanticism and poetic style, French director Leos Carax is another prominent auteur in the world cinema. He has been credited as a torchbearer for the French New Wave cinema and a prominent personality in the Cinéma du Look movement (Tobias). In this essay, I will analyze Leos Carax’s notable art film Lovers on the Bridge(1999) as a primary text in relation to Fallen Angel. This essay argues that, as torchbearers of “new wave” spirits, both Wong and Carax subvert certain conventions of film-making and provides a highly aestheticized cinematic vision, expressed through a personalized film language. In particular, the urban fantasy in Lovers constructs a signature auteur romanticism of Carax. I will first tease out the synopsis of Lovers on the Bridge, followed by a theoretical overview of new wave aesthetics. The thematic concern, stylized cinematography and soundtracks are analyzed based on three essential sequences, with an emphasis on the visualization of an urban fantasy.2. Aesthetic Influence of the French New Wave2.1 CinephiliaConsidered as one of the unique personalities since the French New Wave, Leos Carax consciously follows a new wave aesthetic in his film-making, which is characterized by a self-conscious form of cinephilia, a young-generational perspective and enchanted visuals of urban space. Defined as an idiosyncratic attraction to movies, cinephilia is embodied by certain approaches like toying with genre conventions, mixing high and pop culture and citation of other movies. Arguably, Carax has also established himself as a prominent figure of the Cinéma du Look, a significant 1980s movement featuring a similar cinephile tendency, a spectacular visual style and a focus on alienated young people who represent the marginalized French youth at that time (Austin 119; Powrie & Reader 41). The thematic concerns of the cinéma du look cinema typically involve doomed love affairs, with an eye to the young generation’s affiliation with peers and an alternative society in Paris. However, as Powrie & Reader (41) point out, the films in this group are preoccupied withstyle at the cost of narrative. Alike, Wong Kar-wai also exhibits a self-conscious adherence to a kind of “new wave” style in the filmmaking of Fallen Angels.2.2 AuteurismAuteurism is another prominent cinematic theory behind Wong and Carax’s filmmaking. Santa (18) defines an auteur as “the most important figure in the art of filmmaking, a creative person equivalent to the author of a novel and play”. The auteur cinema is marked by a distinctive artistic vision that deviates from the conventions. Wong Kar-wai’s cinema explores a world of personal themes, such as loneliness and desire, memory and forgetfulness, through highly aestheticized and personalized film language. Comparably, the cinema of Leos Carax explores personal themes of youth romances through distinctive sensibilities, characterized by a particular auteur romanticism. As auteurs, both Wong and Carax take sole charge of the screenplay, directing, soundtrack and final cut of the production (Martinez 29). The following sections will discuss the aesthetics behind both films in relation to the legacy of new wave style and the cinematic conceptions associated with cinephilia and auteurism.3. Thematic Concerns: Youthful Romance and AlienationRegarding thematic content, both Lovers on the Bridge and Fallen Angels revolve around youthful romances, which is a recurring theme in the French New Wave and Cinéma du Look cinema. Lovers on the Bridge reveals a youthful exuberance by portraying an amour fou, or a reckless and idiosyncratic romance between young vagrants, while Fallen Angels points out the ephemeral nature of love affairs between alienated young urbanites. It’s noteworthy that both films pay attention to the main characters’ alienation from society: Carax portrays the harsh existence of two vagrants who evade from social life; Wong’s characters are always represented as socially isolated creatures with pathological behaviors, e.g., the aphasia of He Zhiwu and the memory loss of the killer (Teo 86). And in both films, the young characters are situated in urban spaces visualized in a certain cinematic fantasy, which will be discussed later in the film language analysis.3.1 A historical SpectacleThe ahistorical spectacle of Lovers on the Bridge further provides a fresh expression of a new generational viewpoint by divorcing contemporary society and the past. As Allmer (10) points out, the historic site of Pont Neuf is used as a shelter for the three main characters, which carries certain historical allegory. In the scene where Alex limps back to the bridge after the car accident (11:30-12:08), we are presented with a dilapidated scene of the historical site: the architecture of the bridge is closed to the public for repairs, with tiles and cobblestones lying on the ground. The maintenance notice, read allegorically, “already warns from history and connotes the process of ‘renovating’ and renewing history”, which alludes to the fragile relationship between history and contemporary society. (Allmer 10). Carax kind of manipulates the historic site to construct an ahistorical spectacle, expressing an iconoclastic attitude to the cultural establishment.The ahistorical aspect is also embodied by the character’s struggle with an inarticulable personal history: Michele remains secretive about her past and tries to divorce the current relationship from the past (Allmer 11). Comparably, Wong Kar-wai’s cinema shows a thematic concern about personal history, memory and forgetfulness. Characters in Fallen Angels either indulge in a lost love affair or completely forget about a past relationship.4. Film Language: Enchanted Urban SpaceConcerning the visuals, the Hong Kong cityscape under Wong Kar-wai’s lens is enchanted and glamorized rather than every-day. As a nocturnal flipside to Chungking Express, Fallen Angels predominantly features night-time urban scenes and antiquated streetscape unique to Hong Kong. Instead of a realistic depiction of the cityscape, the grungy visuals become part of the fantasy backdrop for the characters. Christopher Doyle’s typical use of hand-held camera, wide-anglecinematography and daring camera angles further deviate the urban visuals from reality. The hand-held movement conveys a sense of disorientation and jumps out of the every-day reality. Furthermore, the super wide-angle lens throughout Fallen Angels invites a visual distortion of space, which emphasizes the psychic distance between characters (Teo 84). For instance, in the sequences where Michele Reis smokes alone in the restaurant with nonchalance to the fight happening behind, her face is extremely close and somewhat distorted, with her sorrowful facial expressions amplified under the lens. The isolated figure in the foreground of the mise-en-scéne is emphasized, in contrast with the background crowds. In this way, the young urbanites are represented as “physically close to each other but mentally apart” and isolated from the society (Teo 85). Beyond that, when the female agent Reis goes to hitman Lai’s apartment to clean up, we are presented with several Dutch angle shots of the night-time streets. The night view is split into unequal halves by highways and glamorized by the flashing neon lights, which exerts on the viewers an effect of surrealism.Wong Kar-wai also constructs a fantasy urban space through subjective time, embodied by frequent use of slow-motion or speed-up. For instance, the traffic outside the killer’s apartment moves quickly, exhibiting a dense and fast-paced urban environment; Wong uses stylized step-printing in the black-and-white pub scene, with passengers moving fast in the background and main characters idling about in the foreground. The seemingly different time movement emphasizes the characters’ alienation from the world outside. The urban environment is transformed into a psychological or spiritual world where they immerse into.4.1 The Opening Scene AnalysisSimilarly, the urban space in Lovers on the Bridge functions as a fantasy backdrop for the romantic relationship. First and foremost, the entire film is set in the fantasy space of the ancient bridge. As the real Pont Neuf in Paris was not closed when Carax wanted to shoot there, an enormously expensive set re-creating the Pont Neuf was built for the film in the French countryside – that’s where the illusion of movie begins (Jones 4). In the opening scene, the hand-held camera leads us across the night-time Paris streets, followed by a documentary-like sequence portraying the homeless people crowding the asylum and streets, which gives us a glimpse of the alternative society in Paris. The main characters are introduced as two vagrants among the crowd of homeless wanderers. Resembling the urban scenes in Fallen Angels, the run-down neighborhood in Lovers on the Bridge endues the visuals with a grungy and gritty quality, in sharp contrast with the visual excessiveness of the fireworks scenes. Upon Alex’s return to his shelter, the Pont Neuf, the cinematic space transits from a mundane urban setting to a fantasy space constructed by the ancient bridge. Accordingly, the people are quickly assimilated into the fantasy space associated with the bridge. Rather than depicts the reality, Carax in a way transforms the reality into a fantasy backdrop for the happening of a romantic relationship.4.2 The Spectacular Set Pieces and Soundtrack AnalysisThe three-minute fireworks scene (46:05-49:10) is a typical example to illustrate Carax’s urban expressionist fantasy and cinematic romanticism, where Bastille Day celebration is recreated as a personal ecstatic outburst of passion (Tobias). As the impressive fireworks erupt into the sky throughout Paris, Michele drunkenly dances along the bridge and soon passes the infection onto Alex. As Michele remarks, “City is full of music”, a mixing of various music genres fills the air of the bicentennial celebration night. From classical waltz to Iggy Pop’s rock music to Public Enemy’s hip-hop, music seems piping in “from some magical jukebox in the sky” (Tobias). By playing with the genre of Hollywood musical films, Carax reveals his self-consciousness in the medium of cinema. The characters also act dramatically as if they are in the movies. Beyond that, the following scene where Alex knocks out the keeper brings in comedy elements. In the final scene where the couple snuggles at the bow, Carax pays a more direct homage to Jean Vigo’s masterpiece L'Atalante. Fallen Angels is more characteristic of a playful, self-conscious form of cinephilia: Leon Lai’s gun-killing scene pays attribute to the gangster film or crime film, while the Michele Reis’ middlewoman alludes to the femme fatale in the film noir. Both Carax and Wong masterfully play around with genre conventions, exhibiting their reflexivity of the medium of film.The following water-skiing scene further brings fantasy elements and visual extravagance to extremes: the fancy speedboat appears out of nowhere, and there is a surreal beauty to the pyrotechnic display above water. With stylized lighting, fancy fireworks and eclectic use of soundtrack music, the Paris city on the Bastille Day is transformed into an enchanted playground for the characters, which is characteristic of new wave and Wong Kar-wai’s cinema. The urban fantasy contributes to the resurgence of cinematic romanticism in Carax’s film; In comparison, despite the urban environment is as much glamorized in Fallen Angels, it presents the city as a dystopia, a map of desire and loneliness where the urbanites have no access to an intimate relationship.As mentioned in the fireworks scene analysis, the soundscape becomes part of the urban fantasy in Lovers on the Bridge. Films of Wong Kar-wai are similarly marked by an eclectic use of different genres of music. The soundscape of Fallen Angels includes pop songs, Cantonese opera, western experimental music, Acapella music and Indian-style songs. Wong’s use of music “evokes a purely referential, even interior world” and emphasizes the emotional dimension rather than the real context (Matinez 30). The same applies to Leos Carax: the switch between different music genres indicates changes in the characters’ emotional intensity. Wong’s sound design is more evocative in a sense, with a constant soundscape of radios and televisions playing late into the night. Moreover, their deliberate collage of classic and pop culture shows an iconoclastic attitude towards cinematic conventions and high culture, reminiscent of the new wave spirit.5. Stylized CinematographyThe cinematography of Carax is deeply intertwined with the characters, with camera movements constantly directed by characters’ activities and perspectives (Film Walrus). For instance, Carax employs a relatively static camera and long shots to shoot the peaceful moments, when characters are sleeping or deep in thoughts; In Alex’s fire-spewing performance sequence (32:38-33:20), the handheld camera pans, cuts and spins frequently to emphasize the visual intensity (Film Walrus). Another typical scene is Michele’s rushing out from the subway back to the bridge (40:45-41:20). Having woken up from the gun-killing dream, Michele desperately dashes along the Parisian streets, where a military parade is in progress on the Bastille Day. The violently shaking camera represents Michele’s vision, constructed from chaotic images of the Bastille Day’s Paris. The camera tilts wildly from the skyscape to the marching tanks, and then pans and spins above the uniformly dressed military parade, exerting a sense of dizziness on the viewers – the subjective feeling of Michele is thus emphasized. Jump cuts to the running Michele and the drinking Alex interlude in between. Accompanied by the soundtrack of dramatic cello classic, the stylized cinematography and jump cuts produce a particular intense rhythm to the scene.The intellectual montage is key feature shared by Wong and Carax’s cinematography, which refers to the combined use of shots eliciting intellectual meaning. In the opening scene of Fallen Angels, shots of the middle-woman’s trial run and the hit-man’s gun-killing are juxtaposed together, tactfully revealing their psychological alienation despite the tacit cooperation. When Alex attempts to uncover fainted Michelle’s eyelids, the shot abruptly cuts to a dying fish in an illusionary montage, implying Michele’s deteriorating eye disease. In both films, the stylized cinematography adds layers to the narrative and thematic expression.6.ConclusionOn balance, The Lovers on the Bridge is an extravagant art film revolving around the subject of urban youthful romance. Inspired by “new wave” spirits, Leos Carax creates a unique auteur romantic vision through highly aestheticized and personalized film language. As a prominent auteur and cinephile, Carax shares similar cinematic conceptions with his comparable peer Wong Kar-wai, embodied by the self-reflexivity of the medium of cinema, exploration of personal themes and a distinctive, personal cinematic vision. In particular, both Lovers on the Bridge and Fallen Angels visualize urban spaces as a cinematic fantasy backdrop for the happening of relationships; Wongand Carax share an eclectic use of music genres, which contributes to the audio extravagance of the urban fantasy. Comparatively, Fallen Angels is more gloomy than romantic, with an eye to the loneliness and detachment in a dense urban environment. The two films poetically present an enchanted experience of the urban living, in a one-of-a-kind cinematic vision.References[1]Allmer, Patricia. “Window shopping"? -- Aesthetics of the Spectacular and Cinéma du Look.”Scope.University of Nottingham. 2004. Web. 8 Dec. 2018.<https:///scope/documents/2004/february-2004/allmer.pdf>[2]Austin, Guy. Contemporary French Cinema:An Introduction. 2nd ed. Manchester, UK; NewYork: Manchester UP, 2008. Print.[3]Film Walrus. “Review of The Lovers on the Bridge.” Film Walrus Reviews. 18 Dec. 2007. Web.8 Dec. 2018. <https:///the-lovers-on-the-bridge-1798217500>[4]Lalanne, Jean-Marc. “Images from the Inside.” Wong Kar-wai. Paris: Editions Disvoir, 1997.Print.[5]Martinez, David. “Chasing the metaphysical express.” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. Jean-Marc Lalanne,David Martinez, Ackbar Abbas, and Jimmy Ngai. Paris: Dis V oir, 1997. 29-38. Print.[6]Powrie, Phil, and Keith Reader. French Cinema: A Student's Guide.London: Arnold, 2002.Print.[7]Sterritt, David. “The Lovers on the Bridge.” Cineaste Magazine 42. 3 (2017): n. pag. Web. 8Dec, 2018. <https:///summer2017/the-lovers-on-the-bridge/>[8]Santas, Constantine. Responding to Film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art.Washington: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. Print.[9]Teo, Stephen. “Introduction” & “Pathos Angelical: Fallen Angels.” Wong Kar-wai.London:BFI, 2005. 1-14 & 83-97. Print.[10]T obias, Scott. “The Lovers on the Bridge.” The A.V. Club. 28 Aug. 2009. Web. 8 Dec. 2018.<https:///the-lovers-on-the-bridge-1798217500>。

Dolltalk: A computational toy to enhance children’screativityCatherine VaucelleMIT Media Laboratory Gesture and Narrative Language Group20 Ames street, E15-320NCambridge, MA 02139 USA+1 617 253 6096cati@Tristan JehanMIT Media Laboratory Hyperinstruments Group 20 Ames street, E15- 445 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA +1 617 253 0095tristan@ABSTRACTThis paper presents a novel approach and interface for encouraging children to tell and act out original stories.“Dolltalk” is a toy that simulates speech recognition by capturing the gestures and speech of a child. The toy then plays back a child’s pretend-play speech in altered voices representing the characters of the child’s story. Dolltalk’s tangible interface and ability to retell a child’s story may enhance a child’s creativity in narrative elaboration. KeywordsTangible interface, toy, children, performance, perspective-taking, narrative elaboration, motion and speech detection INTRODUCTIONThis research is founded on the belief that if children understand that language is important for communication, they will try to appropriate it in their own speech [1]. Similarly, we propose that children can discover by themselves what makes a good story by hearing their own stories told back to them in altered voices. Technological toys can facilitate this experience by recording children’s stories and then offering children the opportunity to retell them. In the process it is hoped that children then improve their subsequent attempts.RELATED WORKTraditional toys such as puppets and dolls encourage children’s storytelling in the form of pretend play [2]. Unfortunately, the majority of technological toys today does not provide the space for children to tell their own stories, but rather tends to tell stories to them. However, children can gain from the opportunity to create stories, not just to listen to them. They can further benefit from telling stories to a critical audience who can provide feedback. Recently, “storyspaces” to support children’s voices have received significant attention at CHI [3]. Previous efforts [4], [5] have created systems to help children tell and review their stories. Storymat [4] is a system consisting of a marked mat and stuffed animals that tracks where on the mat the child is playing and plays back related stories from peers, as appropriate. Research with Storymat has shown that when children listened to and incorporated elements from their peer’s stories, their own became richer. Similar results were found with TellTale [5], a toy made of body pieces of a caterpillar. Each body piece can record a sentence as well as an entire story. The child can put the pieces together and hear the story organized in the order the child has chosen.DESCRIPTIONContinuing in this vein of research, we have built Dolltalk to allow children to record their stories and hear them back with the same content but with different voices. The recorded voice is processed so that the playback is the actual child’s voice but in a different pitch that is unrecognizable to the child as his/her own. Because children can detect inconsistencies in a story told to them [6], we believe that children will be good critics when listening to their story told to them in somebody else’s voice. This can help them elaborate upon original stories in a more advanced way.Dolltalk is composed of a platform with tag sensors, two small speakers, one microphone, Max/MSP real-time sound analysis / processing software, and two dolls with accelerometers attached to them. Recording begins when a child removes the two dolls from the platform. Playback is initiated when the two dolls return back on the platform. Our recent research with the technological toy has shown that the presence of a virtual peer significantly increases a child’s use of advanced linguistic expressions and helps a child to focus on storytelling [7]. We have incorporated a virtual peer in Dolltalk; a young alien that appears on a monitor disguised in a soft brown felt material to guide children through the interaction in Dolltalk. A recent study has successfully used a puppet as a naïve listener and the naïve aspect of the puppet motivated young children in telling their stories [8]. Similarly, the alien has been created to tell children that it wants to hear about earth so that children are given a goal in their storytelling. Because children often use story elements during play (characters, settings, etc.) to organize the narrative and play [9], the alien asks the child to dress up dolls and tell stories about them to see how earthlings look. The construction of dolls and their physical representation may invite a child to thinkabout the characters for her story. The process of dressing up the dolls may allow her to revise her ideas, focus on the story she really cares about. This cognitive process may enhance the coherence of the storytelling.An early pilot study found that when children enact dialogues between dolls, they move naturally and unconsciously the one that is supposed to be speaking.Dolltalk is based on this observation. In our implementation, children are recorded only when they speak. Their sentences are segmented and indexed according to the motion of the dolls. Segmentation is done by analyzing the embedded accelerometer signal, combined with sound level detection. The computer thus knows which doll is supposed to be speaking and also keeps track of the timing of when the sentence started. Transformation of the voice is done by shifting the pitch - slowing it down or speeding it up- and with additional sound processing techniques. If no motion is detected, the system assumes the child is narrating and plays back this part of the speech with a neutral voice. Because no accurate speech recognition for children exists today, the combination of the motions and the voice presence of the child is a source of information used in Dolltalk to understand whose doll’sstory the child is telling.Figure 1- Dolltalk 2001: the alien and the two dolls USER STUDYA user study was done with an early version of Dolltalk -Figure 2.Figure 2- Dolltalk 2000Pilot studies with twelve children at an elementary school,in suburb of Boston (USA), explored how five-year-old kids played with Dolltalk. This first version featured two stuffed animals: a lion and an elephant. Children were able to tell a story and play it back by putting the dolls at a specific place on the magic stage. Although no empirical data was collected at that time, the children appeared to enjoy theirinteractions with Dolltalk. They frequently repeated the playback and asked each other where the voices were coming from. They were surprised about the playback of their voices, believing that someone was in the room listening to what they were telling. This illusion of speech recognition seemed to encourage children to take distance from what they said and what they listened to during the playback. One of the children repeatedly said: “who said that? I never said that!”This user study suggested changes that could improve the next version of Dolltalk. Although children enjoyed the activity, they appeared to need an audience, as a goal for the story, but also as guidance through the interaction. In addition, using less defined dolls appeared to contribute to the construction of more imaginative stories. These features are incorporated into Dolltalk 2001 and an empirical research study is currently being conducted to learn more about the implications of these new features.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Justine Cassell, Kimiko Ryokai, Dona Tversky,Thompson School, Daniela O’Neill, Tod Machover,Hiroshi Ishii, Mattel and the members of GNL.REFERENCES1. Ferreiro, E., Reading and Writing in a Changing World, Publishing Research Quarterly , Fall 2000, 53-61.2. Singer, J. and Singer, D. The House of Make Believe:Children's play and the Developing Imagination.Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1992.3. Cassell, J. and Ryokai, K. "Story Spaces: Interfaces for Children's Voices." ACM CHI 2000 Conference Proceedings, The Hague, The Netherlands.4. Cassell, J. and Ryokai, K. (2001). "Making Space for Voice: Technologies to Support Children's Fantasy and Storytelling." Personal Technologies .5. Ananny, M., “Supporting Children’s Collaborative Authoring: Practicing Written Literacy While Composing Oral Texts”, In Proceedings of Computer Support for Collaborative Learning 2002.6. Peterson, C. and Marrie, C., Even 4-year-olds can detect inconsistency. Journal-of-Genetic-Psychology .Vol 149(1): 119-126, 1988.7. Ryokai, K., Vaucelle, C., and Cassell, J., "Literacy Learning by Storytelling with a Virtual Peer." In Proceedings of Computer Support for Collaborative Learning 2002.8. O’Neill, D., and Pearce, M. (under review ) A new perspective on the predictive relation between perspective-taking ability and academic performance in preschoolers.9. Walker, CA. Playing a story: narrative and writing-like features in scenes of dramatic play. Reading Research and Instruction 38(4), pp. 401-413, 1999.。