I Answer the following quesitions related to EST Translation (3 0’) ( 3 个题)
1.What’sthe definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)?
EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language
variety wide ly usedin the fields of science andtechnology. It’sbelievedthat it first came tobeingin t he
1950s alongwith the rapiddevelopment of science andtechnology, andit many researchers andscholars
began to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.
2,What are stylistic features of EST?
Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content,field and discourse functions,and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.
3, What are the general features of CompoundTechnical Terms?
A. accuracy (确切性) : accurately reflect the nature of the concept
B. monosemy (单义性) : one sense for one word
C .systematization (系统性):the individual technical terms in a given fieldshouldbe in a specific level
so as to constitute a common system
D. linguistically correct (语言的正确性): in accordance with the word-formation in the same language
E. conciseness (简明性) : concise and easy to remember
F. motivation (理据性) : just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.
G. stability (稳定性) : stable and unlikely to change
H. productivity (能产性) : once established, it is easy toproduce more neologisms basedthe original
one by means of word-formation
4, What are common rules for Technical Term Translation?
As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:
A. monosemy vs. conciseness monosemy is the priority
B. motivation vs. accuracy
As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferred
C. stability vs. productivity Productivity is the priority
D. systematization vs. linguistically correct
Before translation of compound technical terms,we should be aware of the nature and traditi on of Chinese word-formation.
E.Chinese language trait vs. conciseness
As for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters (偶数词语) or even 4-chara cter expressions (四字结构) .
II. Match the Following: (10’) ( 2 个题)
1. match the Acronyms with its original expression
Sonar Sound Navigation and Ranging
Bau Basic Assembly Unit
Caw Channel Address Word
Mip Mean Indicated Pressure
GPS Global Positioning System
2.match the English with its Chinese version .
road bed 河床
rail bed 螺旋式冷床
shaker bed 盐层
river bed 路基
salt bed
srew-type cooling cyberholic network police carrier rocket pulse radar airbrush
air bridge
分离筛bed 钢轨底座
空运线
喷枪
网迷
脉冲雷达
网警
运载火箭
3.match the scholars with their translation principles 严复( faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance )
鲁迅( Faithfulness, Smoothness )
林语堂( faithfulness, smoothness, beautifulness )刘重德(faithfulness, expressiveness ,closeness)
钱钟书( reaching the acme of perfection )
傅雷( Resemblance in spirit )
III.Improve the following translation.As for the first sentence you should provide your impro ved English translation and as for the second sentence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’) ( 2 个题)
苏格兰工程师詹姆斯∙瓦特在 18 世纪 60 年代开发了实用蒸汽发动机，为人类提供了便宜且有效的动力源，
引发了运输和工业的革命。
The Scottish engineer James Watt developed the practical steam engine in the 1760s， providi ng a cheap, efficient source of power and revolutionized transportation and industry.
Improved English Version: The practical steam engine developed by the Scottish engineer Jam es Watt in the 1760s revolutionized transportation and industry by providing a cheap, efficient so urce of power.
ompounded by the paucity of the information media.
由于距离远和交通工具缺乏所造成的农村社会的隔绝，由于通讯工具的不足而变得更加严重。
Improved Chinese Version: 因为距离远，交通工具缺乏，以致农村与外界隔绝，这种隔绝又由于通讯工具的不足而变得更加严重。
The report notedproposals that eatingless fat andmore foodwith whole grains andother fibers can
protect against cancer.
这份报告特别提到了少食脂肪，多吃含全面粉和其他纤维素的食品能预防癌症的那些建议。
ImprovedChinese Version: 这份报告特别提到，有人建议少吃脂肪，多吃全粮食品和其他含纤维素的食物，这样能预防癌症。
如果我们测得地震波的走时和振幅，我们就能确定地下的几何形状并估算出与岩石速度和密度有关的声阻
抗。
If we measure the seismic travel time and amplitude, we can define the surface geometry an d give estimate of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
Improved English Version: Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude define the subs urface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and den sities.
虽然火箭复杂而令人难忘，但它是一种比较简单的装置，早在八百多年前，中国人就发明了。 Although t
he rocket may appear impressive and complex it is a relatively simple device and was invented in china as early as 800years ago.
Improved English Version: Although it may appear impressive and complex, the rocket which was invented in China 800 years ago is a relatively simple device.
IV. Sentence Translation (30’)
A. C-E Translation (15’) ( 3 个题)
1. P 21-22
采用装有线性定位探针的侧向装置测量残余应力的自动化
本文概述 X 光衍射测定应力的原理及装置，讨论测向装置的自动化，并详细说明测量的程序。
The principle of stress measurement by X ray diffraction is outlined and the apparatus is described. Automation of the goniometer is discussed and a detailed account of the sequence of measurement is given.
2. P34
我公司经营各类城市绿化专用树苗几十个品种 50 余万株，完全能达到随来随购、顾客满意的程度。
The company’s stocks of dozens of species( a total of 500000 -odd saplings) are sufficient to meet the demand of urban tree planting.
3. P83
制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产，单件生产指小批量的生产，批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。
Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.
4. 由于光学纤维频带较宽，损耗较低，光源更为可靠。因此在这一领域会更具竞争力。
Larger fiber bandwidth, lower loss and more reliable optical sources would make optical fibers more competitive in this section.
5. 制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产，单件生产指小批量的生产，批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。
Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being mad e and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.
6. 位于德比郡的铁路技术中心的英国铁路工程师大大削减了列车的重量，增加了牵引力。
British rail engineer at its Railway Technical Centre at Derby have trimmed weight and drag s ubstantially.
7. 考虑到样机类型不一样，通常用参加测试的样机数除以安全系数以得到安全疲劳寿命。如果测试的样机数为 1 ，则保险系数为 8 ，而入测试的样机数为 6，则保险系数平均为 3.5 ，样机数减少，保险系数越大。
To allow for variations from one specimen to another, the results of test samples are divided by a life factor to obtain the safe fatigue life.If only one specimen is tested the factor is 8,if six are tested the life factor is on the average 3.5, and proportionally for a lesser number of sample s.
8. 近 40 年来，在大量工程设计实践中，我院积极采用新技术、新材料和新设备，荣获部优、省优设计奖 25 项。 In the recent 40 years, the designers of the institute have actively adopted new techniques, ne w building materials and new equipment in their practice. As a result, the institute has won 25 pr izes for excellent designs warded by the Ministry and the Province.
B. E-C Translation (15’) ( 2 个题)
1. Larger fiber bandwidth ,lower loss and more relable optical sources would make optical fibers more competitive in this section .
由于光学纤维频带较宽，损耗较低，光源更为可靠，因此在这一领域会更具竞争力。
2. Aluminium, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to
heat treatment processes.(p86)
虽然铝的强度不及钢，但是当铝与少量的钢、锰和镁制成合金，并经过热处理后，其强度可以接近钢的强度。
3. Add 15-30 minutes per night until you feel alert and rested each day. If you are a “night owl”, sleep a bit later; if you are a “lark, go to bed either. ” P91
每晚多睡 15 至 30 分钟，直到自己感到精神振作，休息充分。如果你是夜“猫子” ，就晚睡一点；如果你习惯早起，就早点睡觉。
1. The advert of jet and rocket propulsion, and of nuclear reactors, has shown that the materi als which previously served for constructional purposes are no longer wholly satisfactory for the manufacture of equipment on which the efficient functioning of theses new sources of power dep ends. 喷气式飞机、火箭助推器以及核反应堆的出现表明过去的建材再也不能令人满意地用来建造那些有效使用新能源的设备。
2.The technical possible could well exist, therefore, of nationwide integrated transmission netw ork of high capacity, controlled by computers, inter-connected globally by satellite and submarine cable, providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the world. 建立全国统一的大容量的通讯网络，由计算机进行控制，通过卫星和海底电缆在全球从事快速可靠的通讯服务，这种可能性从技术上来讲是
完全存在的
3. In this paper, Q-processes are classified in new method and the existence and uniqueness as well as the forms of each class of Q-processes are obtained. The result obtained has important application in the construction and qualitative theory of Q-processes, especially, in that of instant aneous state of Q-processes. 本文将 Q 过程重新分类，得到每类 Q 过程存在、唯一性准则以及一般表达式，我们的结果在过程构造及定性理论，特别是在含瞬时效的 Q 过程的构造及定性理论中，有重要应用。
4. In the course of deepening reform, our institute, relying on quality for existence and techn ology for development, actively carries out total quality control in its management. 我院在深化改革中，以质量求生存，以技术求发展，推行全面质量管理。
5.By keeping faithfully to signed contracts and rendering hearty services to all the customers as our guiding objective, our institute is opening up successfully survey and design market both at home and abroad. 我院以信守合同，热忱服务为宗旨，努力开拓国内外勘察设计市场。
V. Passage translation (20’)( 1 个段落)
1.To find the area of a square or oblong,you merely multiply its length by its width. 将长乘以宽就可以得到这个长方形的面积。 2.This suggests that matter can be converted into energy. 这就是说物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。 3.Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。 4.Even the protective environment is no insurance against death from lack of oxygen. 即使有防护措施，也不能保证不发生因缺氧而死亡的情况。 5.In any amchine, input work equals output work plus work done against friction. 任何机器的输入功都等于输出功加上客服摩擦所做的功。 6.Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 地震通常比火山爆发更具有杀伤力。 7.Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. 应慢慢加热以避免出现局部过热现象。 8.How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. 燃料燃烧的速度取决于它与氧气或空气的混合程度。 9.Gene mutation is of great importance in breeding new varieties. 在新品种培育方面，基因突变是非常重要的。 10.Peptides can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity. 肽能够直接作用于大脑，改变各种脑力活动。 11.The language allows a concise expression of arithmetic and logic processes. 这种语言能简要地表达算术和逻辑过程。 12.E-Chemmerce, now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical,platic and energy e-commerce. 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 13.These images tend to exaggerate the robet’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 14.Since some materials are not demaged easily as others,the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 15.A lot of counties have set up paver stations,chemical fertilizer plants and a hundred and one other factories. 许多县已建立了发电站，化肥厂以及许多别的工厂。 16.The periodic table contains more than one hundred chemical elements belonging to eight families. 元素周期表由属于8个族的100多个化学元素组成。 17.An increase in the oxygen content of coal by 1% reduces the calorific value by some 1.7% . 煤的含氧量每增加1%，其热值则下降约1.7%。 18.Putting two and two together, he came to the conclusion that mechanical energy is different from electrical energy. 他根据事实推断出一个结论：机械能不同于电能。
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can ex plain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon. 植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译）
1. Automation in this true sense is brought to full fruition only through a thorough exploitation of its three major elements, communication, computation, and control----the three “Cs”．自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。 2. In the case of the blast-furnace, the computer would need to be supplied with information about the raw material which goes into the furnace, the temperatures at which the furnace works, and the best way of dealing with the various ingredients.就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。 3. The operation of this part of the steel plant is a complex and highly skilled operation, requiring a great deal of knowledge, a great deal of integrated information and rapid decision-making, to make sure the furnace operates efficiently in relation to the next stage in the process.钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。 4. All the time，information，and the actions taken by the computer as a result，are also fed upwards to what we might call general manager computers，or perhaps I ought to say，in order to prevent misunderstanding, computers to assist the general managers，to help them to decide what variations，if any，in routine or organization would be involved in order to operate the various departments in a more efficient manner，in line with general managerial policy.信息数据和计算机据此所进行的运算，也总是往上面送到称为总管理计算机的机构中去（或许我应该说，为了防止误解，总管理计算机就是对管理人员起辅助作用的计算机），帮助他们决定在例行工作中或组织机构中进行什么样的变化（如果有的话），以便更有效地管理各个部门，使之与总的经营政策协调一致。 5. One welcome result would be that committee meetings and conferences could be made much briefer and much more business-like—and in many instance abolished altogether.一个受欢迎的结果将可能是使委员会会议和大会讨论更加简洁和条理清晰，更加实事求是和有效率。而且在许多情况下，完全不需要开会。 Unit2 1. Nissan unveiled a new production city car—the Pixo—and a battery-electric concept car highlighting Nissan’s focus on electric drive for the future, the NuVu.尼桑推出了一种新产品—城市汽车Pixo和一款电力驱动的概念车—NuVu预示了尼桑未来的重点会放在电力驱动车
mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播 in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems. Private mobile radio Terrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications. PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals. One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area. There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units can
科技英语的特点与翻译 一、科技英语的特点 科技英语（English for science and technology，EST）指与用于科学和技术交流方面的英语口语和书面语。作为一种重要的英语语体，其特点主要体现在 以下几个方面。 1、词汇方面 大量使用专业词汇、复合词、缩略词及利用前后缀构成的派生词。专业词汇意义专一，用来表示明确的含义。科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语，是因为这两种语言作为英语的重要来源，是世界上成熟最早和最完备的语言中的两种，词汇不再发生词形、词义上的变化，具有稳定性。 2、句子方面 多使用长句和被动语态，大量使用名词化结构（nominalization）和非限定动词。另外，各种成份（如介词短语、形容词及其短语、副词、分词及从句等）作定语并后置，多使用It…that…结构句型、被动结构句型、as结构句型、分词短语结构句型和省略句结构句型等常用句型。名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可使所含信息量增大，尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实，而非个别行为。不定式短语、-ing分词短语和-ed分词短语这三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能，可代替各种从句，这样既可缩短句子，行文简练，结构紧凑， 又比较醒目。 3、形态方面 科技英语在时态运用上有限，多用过去时和现在时。尤其是多用一般现在时，以表述无时间性的科学定义、定理、公式、现象、过程等。另外，科技英语多用逻辑性语法词（logical grammatical operators），如表示原因的如because (of)、due (owing) to、as (a result of)、caused by、for等，表示语气转折的如but、however、nevertheless、otherwise、yet等，表示逻辑顺序的如so、therefore、thus、furthermore、 moreover、in addition to等。 4、文体方面
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习 1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induc tion motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习 2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped co nditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to posse ss weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管 在许多场合替代电子管。我们知道 所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。第1节翻译练习 3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belongin g to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成 叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’ s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) pro bably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。 直译 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。 意译 The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end prod uct. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。 意译 要使印刷品的质量达到要求 部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。 意译 第4节翻译练习 2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is cause d by dust in the air near the horizon. 植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。 合译 太阳的大小看起来有变化 这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。 分译 医生对血样作了分析 看是不是贫血症。 分译 These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than on e. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being mad e and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等 大的直径有1000公里 小的不到1公里。 分译 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件 后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。 分译 第4节翻译练习 3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。 增译 人们发现 自然界里许多元素 都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。 增译 The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltag e and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamen tal laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特 后者是电压的单位 前者是电流的单位。 增译 同性电荷相斥 异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。 省译 第4节翻译练习 4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric c harge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的
10. Translation of EST 科技英语的特点与翻译 科技英语一般是指科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案等文字资料的书面英语。科技英语文体通常有如下几个特点。 I. 词汇特点 plot plan 建筑总图 Damping 阻尼 Resistance 力学“阻力” 电学“电阻” Resistance to heat 耐热性 Resistance to wear 耐磨性 Hydroxide 氢氧化物 Ease quantitative easing 量化宽松货币政策 Isotope 同位素 Carrier 邮递员-邮政业 航空母舰–军事 搬运工–运输业 载体–化学 带菌者、媒介物—医药学 底盘—车辆制造 载波–无线电 托架、传导管—机械
2.非专业词汇 科技文体除使用专业词汇和术语外，还大量使用普通词汇，这时，普通词汇词义多样，用法灵活。 Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. 两个金属面相擦，就会产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。 Whichever the two two-way switches（双路开关）are left, one of the wires is “alive” and the other is dead. 无论两个双路开关合在那一边。两根导线中总有一根是带电的，一根是不带电的。Such a ring of conductors is called an electric circuit. 导体的这样一个环路称为电路。 II. 词法特点 科技英语的一个明显特点是名词化倾向，即广泛使用名词词组，简化句子结构，追求言简意赅的效果。 oil pump 油泵 network information centre 网络信息中心 test -tube baby 试管婴儿 the automation of information management and office automation 信息管理和办公室管理的自动化 room temperature 室温 Power generation 发电 The problem is now under intensive study. 这个问题目前正在广泛研究之中。 Organic matter (有机物) may accumulate on sands because of the shortage of lime（石灰）. 由于缺少石灰，有机物可能积存在砂土上。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接收活动物体的图像。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis (轴) causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。 The slightly porous nature of the surface of oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes. 1）It produces a great quantity of oil which can be made into food for human consumption. 这样，就能生产出大量的油，供人们食用。 2）Because it burns brightly, it is used for illumination. 因为它燃烧时非常明亮，也可以用来照明。 III. 大量使用图表、公式。 表示假设前提let, suppose, assume, imagine Let∠ABC be an angel of 90°. Suppose that a ray of light is directed from below the surface in Figure 4.1. Given that … Refer to Find/determine Neglect IV.语法形式上，该文体属于正式文体，所以，句子结构完整，长句多。时态运用以一
Types of Sustainability The four types of sustainability include human, economic, social, and environmental. All four are required to maintain the entirety of life on Earth. Although interconnected, it is important to note the differences of each in terms of its nature and requirements. Types of Sustainability / Human The very basic need of human sustainability is good reproductive health and safe childbearing. Those that reproduce have the responsibility of caring for their children, giving them access to proper education, and promoting their health and wellness. At some point, the children should have enough skills and knowledge such that they can sustain their own way of life. It is at that point that they become considered as productive human capital as well as individuals that can go through the process of reproduction and rearing. As long as this process is maintained at a rate that all human systems can support, human sustainability should be no cause for concern. Types of Sustainability / Economic In simple terms, economic sustainability is having a set amount of capital for a certain period. Those who consume that capital must also conserve it so that they will continue to enjoy it towards the end of the specified period. This means that we must preserve all our resources as we consume them so that human beings in the future can enjoy them as well. To achieve this, we must regenerate our resources at a rate that is equal to or faster than our consumption. Types of Sustainability / Social Social capital is an important aspect of sustainability because it is through communities and civil societies that humankind can easily and inexpensively work together. Without proper levels of social capital, it can easily deplete and violence as well as mistrust can take over. When that happens, societies and everything else that depends on them will be destroyed. Through proper maintenance of and adherence to laws, rules, and values that societies have developed for the common good, social sustainability can be achieved. Types of Sustainability / Environmental Environmental sustainability is important because it involves natural resources that human beings need for economic or manufactured capital. Materials taken from nature are used for solutions that address human needs. If nature is depleted faster than it can regenerate, human beings will be left without raw materials. Furthermore, environmental sustainability also involves ensuring that waste emissions are at volumes that nature can handle. If not, all humans and other living things on Earth can be harmed to the point of extinction. 可持续性分类 四种可持续性包括人类可持续性，经济可持续性，社会可持续性和环境可持续性。这四种可持续性都应维持地球上生命的完整性。尽管他们相互联系，但观注他们在性质上的细节差异和要求仍是很重要的。人类可持续性 人类可持续性的基本要求是良好的生殖健康和安全分娩。人类有责任
科技英语翻译 中篇 第一章科技英语翻译常用技巧 1.Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the later. 气体和固体的区别在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。 2.The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity. 使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。 3.The flowing of current first in one direction, and then in another makes an alternating current. 电流先向一个方向流动，然后又向另一个方向流动构成交流电。 4.If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics. 我们如果不知道原子的结构，就不可能研究核子物理学。 5.Both of the substances are not soluble in water. 这两种物质都不溶于水。 6.Whenever one body touches another, heat always passes by the conduction from the warmer to the colder. 当一个物体接触到另一个物体时，热量总是从较热的物体传导到较冷的物体。 7.All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of protein. 所有这一切证明，我们必须深入的研究蛋白质的特性。 8.The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology. 电子计算机的广泛应用对科学和技术的发展有极大的影响。 9.Gasoline is appreciably volatile. 汽油具有很强的挥发性。 10.The parts must be proportionally correct. 这些零件的比例必须准确无误。 11.In this case the temperature in the furnace is up. 在这种情况下，炉温就升高。 12.Without steel, there would be no modern industry. 如果没有钢铁，就不会有现代工业。 13.The new precision machine tools are good in quality and fine in shape. 新型精密机床质量上乘，样式美观。 14.Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。 15.The bond between mathematics and life sciences has been strengthened by the emergence of a whole group of applied mathematics specialties, such as biometrics, psychometrics, and economics. 生物统计学、心理测验学和计量经济学等一大批应用数学专业学科的出现，大大加强了数学和生命科学之间的联系。 16.The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related. 频率、波长和声速三方面是密切相关的。 17.The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt the metal. 这种加工方法所需的温度要低于熔化该金属的温度。