Fourier and Wavelet Transform Analysis of Pressure Signals during Explosive Boiling

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CHIN.PHYS.LETT.Vol.25,No.3(2008)1004FourierandWaveletTransformAnalysisofPressureSignalsduringExplosiveBoiling∗

YINTie-Nan(󰀁󰀁󰀁)1,2,HUAIXiu-Lan(󰀁󰀁󰀁)1∗∗1InstituteofEngineeringThermophysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080

2GraduateSchooloftheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100049

(Received7December2007)Thetransientpressureinaliquid-poolduringexplosiveboilingofacetoneismeasuredbyamicro-pressure-measuringsystem.TheFastFouriertransformandcontinuouswavelettransformmethodsareappliedtoinves-tigatethefrequencycharacteristics.Theresultsshowthatthedominantfrequencyoftheexplosiveboilingis0–2MHz,andthebubbleclusterformedbynumeroustinybubblesdepartstwice.Analysisanddiscussionsarealsoconductedtoexplainthebubbleevolutionduringtheexplosiveboiling.

PACS:44.05.+e,44.35.+cWithhighheatingrate,thetemperatureofliquidcanriseaboveitsboilingpointwithoutrealboiling,andmuchexcessiveenergyisaccumulatedinthesu-perheatedliquid,whichcancauseexplosiveboiling.Notonlydoesexplosiveboilingbringaboutcalami-touseventsinmetallurgy,nuclearreactor,etc.,butalsoitiswidelyutilizedinlasercleaning,laseropera-tion,inkjetprinter,andMEMS,etc.However,someprocessesarestillunclearduetotheirrapidityandcomplexity.[1]Inexperiments,pressureisoneofthemostim-portantparameters.[2]However,itinvolvessomanyfactorsthatitisdifficulttoobtainprofoundinforma-tiondirectlyfromthesignals.Thetime-averagedfre-quencydistributioncanbeobtainedbyFouriertrans-form.Furthermore,withthehelpofwavelettrans-formthedetailedtime-dependentfrequencydistribu-tioncanbeplotted.Thusamulti-aspectanalysiscanbecarriedouttodeepentheunderstandingofthisprocess.Fig.1.Experimentalsystemforexplosiveboiling.Figure1showsaschematicdiagramoftheexperi-mentalsystem.TheheatingsourceisaprogrammablemicrosecondpulsedNd:YAGlaserwithawavelengthof1.06µmor0.532µm.Thepowerdensity,thepulsedurationandthespotdiameterarealladjustablewithintherangesof1–14000MW/m2,500ns–5µsand1–10mm,respectively.Aplatinumfilmofthinnerthan1µmissputteredonaquartzsubstratewithadi-ameterof1.8mm.AsshowninFig.2,asilverthreadissolderedtotheplatinumfilmandconnectedtoadigitaloscilloscope,whichisconnectedtoacomputer.AhighfrequencypressuretransducerNCS-2PT(therespondingtimeisonthensscale,andthesensitivityis50nV/Pa)isusedtomeasurethepressuresignals.

Fig.2.StructureofthePttestpiece.Atthebeginningoftheexperiment,thetestpieceisimmersedinacetoneliquid,andtheparametersofthelaseraresetuponacomputer.Withthewave-lengthof1.06µm,thelaserbeamcouldhardlybeab-sorbedbyacetone.Whenthelaserbeampenetratestheliquidandimpingesonthesurfaceofthetestpiece,thePtfilmisheatedinstantaneouslyleadingthesur-roundingacetonetoexplosiveboiling.Atthesametime,thedatacollectingsystemrecordsthedatafrom

∗SupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChinaunderGrantNo50576099,theNationalHigh-TechResearch

andDevelopmentProgrammeofChinaunderGrantNo2006AA05Z203,andtheInstituteofEngineeringThermophysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences.∗∗Email:hxl@mail.etp.ac.cn

c󰀂2008ChinesePhysicalSocietyandIOPPublishingLtdNo.3YINTie-Nanetal.1005thetransducer.Figures3–5showthetypicalmeasuredpressuremeasurementswithlaserpowerdensitiesof462,890,and1359MW/m2.Thepulsedurationis1500ns.Thefirstpressuresurgesappearatabout30µs,andthenthepressurefluctuationsareobserved.Thethreepres-suresignalsareverysimilar,inwhichtheyareallfluc-tuatingandtheamplituderiseswiththeincreasingpowerdensity.Fig.3.Pressurefluctuationsignalunder462MW/m2.Fig.4.Pressurefluctuationsignalunder890MW/m2.Fig.5.Pressurefluctuationsignalunder1359MW/m2.FromFigs.3–5wecanfindthattherearesmallam-plitudepressurejumpsatabout30µs.Thepressurejumpsindicatethebeginningofexplosiveboiling,be-causethesuddennucleationchangesthedensityoftheheatedmicro-liquidlayerandmicro-pressurewaveisemitted.Thenthemicro-bubblesformabubbleclus-ter,whichmaydepartfromtheliquid–vapourlayer,sothefirststrongpeakpressureisrecorded.Thesub-sequentsmallamplitudeoscillationiscausedbytheruptureofthesinglebubblesandtheirdeparturefromthelayer.Whenbubblesbreak,thesurroundingliq-uidisheatedbythereleasedheat,meanwhileitisalsoheatedbythePtlayerwhichisstillinaveryhightemperatureafterthelaserpulse.Therefore,thehighnucleationrateofthevapourliquidlayerismain-tainedandalargenumberofbubblesarebeingformedcontinuously.Whenthebubbledensityreachestosomeextent,anotherbubbleclusterdepartsfromtheliquid–vapourlayer,sothesecondpeakpressureap-pears,whichcanbeseeninFigs.3–5.Next,thePtlayeriscooledtoacomparativelylowtemperature,sothemicro-layerhasnoevidentchange.Thereisonlysmallamplitudepressurefluctuationinducedbythedepartureandruptureofthebubbles.Explosiveboilingisdifferentfromnormalboilinginitscharacteristicsrelatedwiththemicrotimeef-fect.Innormalboilingresearch,thetimescaleismuchlongerthanthetimeofthesub-processes,suchasbub-blenucleation,growth,andcoalescence,sothemicro-timeeffectisnotobvious.However,whentheheatingtimeisequivalenttothetimeofthesub-processesorevenshorter,themicrotimeeffectappears.Withhighheatingrate,thetemperatureoftheliquidcanrisetothehomogeneousnucleationtem-perature,andthenthebubblescanbeformedbothattheheatingwallandintheliquidneartheheatingwall.Thesimultaneousoccurrenceofhomogeneousandheterogeneousnucleationgeneratesahighnucle-ationrate,thenthebubblesareformedexplosively.Thebubbledensityofexplosiveboilingisaboutfourorderslargerthanthenormalboiling.[3]Inaddition,becauseoftheexistenceoftheliquid–vapourlayer,thebubblesdepartfromtheliquid–vapourinterfaceratherthanfromtheheatingwall.Figures6–8aretheamplitudefrequencymapsob-tainedbyfastFouriertransform(FFT).Thesefiguresshowthesamecharacteristics:thatthedominantfre-quencyofthepulsatingpressureisintherangeof0–2MHz,mostofthehighamplitudefrequenciesarebelow5MHz,andthesmallamplitudefrequenciesareintherange5–50MHz.Inthestudyofnormalboiling,muchattentionispaidtothebubbledeparturefrequency.However,inexplosiveboilingthefrequencyreflectsthebehaviourofnotonlythesinglebubblebutalsothewholeheatedliquidlayer.Inaddition,itinvolvesvariousfactors,