考研翻译基础理论
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2010考研暑期翻译讲义
1 考研翻译基础理论
一、 考研翻译中英汉语语言特点
1) 形合与意合 2)繁复与简短 3)被动与主动 4)抽象与具体
二、 考研翻译的步骤与方法
四步翻译法: (1)通读全文,准确理解 (2)分析成分,划分意群
(3)选择词意,贴切表达 (4)适当调整,书写译文
具体实施如下:
1 通读全文
(1)在准确理解的基础上,按照英语语法结构拆分句子,拆分的原则是语法相对独立,意义上相对完整的语法单元
(2)找出句子的主干结构(主谓宾),再找出各种修饰成分,搞清修饰成分之间的关系
2 词的处理
在句子关系中理解词语的特定含义,尤其是多义词
(以上两个步骤是要达到英语理解准确而全面的目的)
3 根据汉语的习惯重新组合句子,以保证汉语表达的通顺和标准,也就是说在句子中所有语法拆分清楚,所有的词语都没有疑义后才开始汉语翻译,以符合汉语次序习惯为准则,对各个语法单位重新组合
4 汉语句子的检查:通读全句,一方面要检查各个句子中的要点,难点,另一方面要注意句子翻译的完整性,不可漏译,少译。最后,句子要在语境中和文章内容一致,防止整个句子翻译错误,意义扭曲。
三.考研翻译考点的译法
1 定语从句 有两种翻译方法:
(1)前置:把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词前面。定语从句结构比较简单,信息负载量不大,并且与先行词的关系比较密切(限定性的定语从句)翻译时,把定语从句放在他所修饰的先行词前面,用“~~”的结构来表达。
(2)后置:把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句结构比较繁杂,信息负载量比较大,与先行词的关系不太密切,翻译时,可以把定语从句放在所修饰的先行词的后面。这样我们通常要重复先行词或代词代替先行词,有时需要加连词。
2 定语:
(1)分词短语做定语
(2)不定式做定语
一般来说,把定语翻译到定语中心词之前,但是因为分词和不定式有明显的动词特征,所以少数情况下,可直接翻译在中心词之后。
(3)介词短语做定语 2010考研暑期翻译讲义
2 (4)形容词短语做定语。从后向前翻译
3 同位语从句的翻译:加“:”
同位语从句与定语从句的区别:同位语从句是一句完整的话,不缺乏任何成分;定语从句的先行词在句子中充当成分,等于引导词,其先行词的数量很多,而同位语的先行词数量则很少,常用的有 news fact conclusion idea suggestion 等
4、时态的翻译:增词法
(1)所有跟过去相关的时态增加“过去”、 “一直”、“已经”还有“了”;
(2)所有跟进行相关的时态用常常用“正在”;
(3)所有跟将来相关的时态用“将”、“将要”、“就要”;
5、there be句型结构的翻译:通常用“有”来翻译
(1)用英语原文中的状语作汉语译文的主语,再加“有”;
(2)加汉语的泛指主语,如:“人们”、“大家”、“每一个人”、“我们”;
(3)直接翻译“有”,翻译成汉语的无主句;
6、并列结构:
并列结构是指两个或两个以上的并列成分有明显的连词标记,或标点符号连接,最常见的标词是and还有其他固定结构or ,but ,both„„and, nether„..nor, not„„but, as weii
as , not„only„but also„„,翻译时,常常重复并列成分,不一定都翻译成和,可以根据意思来灵活翻译。
7、状语、状语结构
一般来说,英语中状语、状语从句照顺序来翻译即可,但状语和状语从句在汉语中位置都比较灵活,有时可根据汉语习惯把原因、时间和条件状语从句提前,放在主句之前翻译;状语还通常翻译在主语之后,动词之前,时间在前,地点在后。
8、倒装结构:
翻译的要点在于在做好句子结构的分析,恢复其正常句子的顺序之后再进行翻译。
9、插入结构:
(1)放在前面(若句子联系不紧密)
(2)按从句的方式翻译
10、被动结构:被动变主动
(1)英语中被动句使用极为广泛,尤其是科普类议论文,为了强调客观上的事实,不带主观感情,翻译是一般翻译成主动句,如果主语、宾语的主动关系明显,则采用主宾颠倒的方式把英语主动句的宾语作为汉语被动句的主语,有时被动句缺主语,则可以补上泛指的主语。
(2)有时主宾关系不明显,也可以按照英语顺序翻译,一般不用被字结构。但有时可以采用如:“由„„来,为„..所”等被字结构,仍译成汉语的被字结构。
11、形式主语可以固定翻译,一般翻译到整句话前面。
12、长句猜意 2010考研暑期翻译讲义
3 拆分与组合:拆出主干,分清层次
六个拆分点:(1)连词;(2)引导词;(3)介词;(4)分词;(5)to;(6)标点
注意不需要断开的地方:不必拆分为孤立、单个的单词。
拆分的法则:语法;组合的法则;汉语习惯。
真题讲解:
1、1995:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the
amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with
which it is interpreted.
2、1998:But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the
past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
3、2002: One difficulty is that all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior
to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature ,and so on 。
4、2002:The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a
hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the
behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
5、2003: Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they
live ,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
下午部分:
1996,(72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the
conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
2010考研暑期翻译讲义
4 2006,(50) The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has
traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach
very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent
reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
1997,(71) Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful,
ground-clearing way to start. (71) Actually, it isn’t , because it assumes that there is an agreed
account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
2001,(71,73) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots , and cars with pollution
monitors that will disable them when they offend.
(73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce
a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds
of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
1994,(72) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution , as we call it ,