国际贸易词汇翻译：
trade by commodities 商品贸易
visible trade 有形贸易
invisible trade 无形贸易
barter trade 易货贸易
bilateral trade 双边贸易
multilateral trade 多边贸易
compensation trade 补偿贸易
processing trade 来料加工贸易
assembling trade 来料装配贸易
leasing trade 租赁贸易
mainly trade with …firms主要和…进行贸易
be conducted on the basis of equality在平等的基础上进行贸易
trade with people in all countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. 在平等互利的基础上和各国人民进行贸易
There has been a slowdown in …贸易已有所减少
continuously expanding不断发展.
Our company mainly trades…我们公司主要经营…
…is well-known in trade circles在贸易界很有名望
business scope/frame 经营范围
trading firm/house 贸易行，商行
trade fair 贸易展销会
trade show 贸易展览
trade terms/clause 贸易条款
trade balance 贸易平衡
to conclude a business transaction 达成贸易交易
trade association 贸易协会
Heavy enquiries witness the quality of our products. 大量询盘证明我们产品质量过硬。
inquire 询盘；询价；询购
to inquire about 对...询价
to make an inquiry 发出询盘；向...询价
inquirer 询价者
inquiry 询盘
firm price 实价，实盘
to make delivery 交货
to make prompt-delivery 即期交货
to make an offer for 对...报盘（报价）
firm offer 实盘
non-firm offer 虚盘
to forward an offer (or to send an offer) 寄送报盘
quote 报价
quotation 价格
cost of production 生产费用
Our offers are for 3 days. 我们的报盘三天有效。
We have extended the offer as per as your request. 我们已按你方要求将报盘延期。
The offer holds good until …报价有效期到…
All prices in the price lists are subject to our confirmation. 报价单中所有价格以我方确认为准。
Price is rising (falling).
价格上升（下降）。
Price is up (down).
价格上涨（下跌）。
Price is looking up. 价格看涨
Price has skyrocketed. 价格猛涨
Price has shot up. 价格飞涨
Price has hiked. 价格急剧抬高
Price is leveling off. 价格趋平
…is strengthening 坚挺
…is weakening 疲软
ceiling price 最高价，顶价
base price 底价
rockbottom price 最低价
bedrock price 最低价
Price is hovering between .. and... 价格徘徊于
Price has plummeted. 价格暴跌。
Price has downslided. 价格剧降。
F.O.B. Free On Board “船上交货价”或称“离岸价格”
C.I.F. Cost, Insurance and Freight “成本加保险费、运费”或“到岸价格”C&F Cost and Freight “成本加运费”或“离岸加运费”价格
current price 时价，现价
prevailing price 现价
ruling price 目前的价格
cost price 成本价
gross price 毛价
cargo freight 运费
shipping advice 装船通知
to effect shipment 装运
forward shipment 远期装运
prompt shipment 即期装运
dishonor 拒付
deferred payment 延期付款
progressive payment 分期付款
payment on terms 定期付款
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.doczj.com/doc/db13888323.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.
外文翻译 原文 Firms in International Trade Material Source: https://www.doczj.com/doc/db13888323.html, Author: Andrew B. Bernard For most of its lengthy history the field of international trade largely ignored the role of the firm in mediating the flow of goods and services. Traditional trade theory explained the flow of goods between countries in terms of comparative advantage, that is, variation in the opportunity costs of production across countries and industries. Even the research focusing on differentiated varieties and increasing returns to scale that followed Helpman and Krugman continued to retain the characterization of the representative firm.?However, the assumption of a representative firm, while greatly enhancing the tractability of general equilibrium analysis, is emphatically rejected in the data. My research over the past decade has been an attempt to explore international trade from below: to understand the decisions of heterogeneous firms in shaping international trade and their effects on productivity growth and welfare. Firm Heterogeneity and Trade My early work with J. Bradford Jensen was motivated by a simple question: what do we know about firms that trade? The answer at the time was "very little" and our initial efforts focused on locating firm-level data and describing the world of exporting firms. Our first study compared exporters and non-exporters for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector and established a set of facts about exporting plants and firms.?Two major results stand out. First, only a small fraction of firms are exporters at any given time. Even in sectors where the United States is thought to have comparative advantage, such as Instruments, a majority of firms produce only for the domestic market. Similarly, some firms are exporting even in net import sectors such as Textiles and Apparel. Second, exporters are substantially and significantly different than non-exporters, even in the same industry and region. Exporters are dramatically larger, more productive, pay higher wages, use more skilled workers, and are more technology- and capital-intensive than their non-exporting counterparts. In related
Positioning in Practice Strategic Role of Marketing For large firms that have two or more strategic business units (SBUs), there are generally three levels of strategy: corporate-level strategy, strategic-business-unit-level (or business-level) strategy, and marketing strategy. A corporate strategy provides direction on the company's mission, the kinds of businesses it should be in, and its growth policies. A business-level strategy addresses the way a strategic business unit will compete within its industry. Finally, a marketing strategy provides a plan for pursuing the company's objectives within a specific market segment. Note that the higher level of strategy provides both the objectives and guidelines for the lower level of strategy. At corporate level, management must coordinate the activities of multiple strategic business units. Thus the decisions about the organization's scope and appropriate resource deployments/allocation across its various divisions or businesses are the primary focus of corporate strategy.Attempts to develop and maintain distinctive competencies tend to focus on generating superior financial, capital, and human resources; designing effective organizational structures and processes; and seeking synergy among the firm's various businesses. At business-level strategy, managers focus on how the SBU will compete within its industry. A major issue addressed in business strategy is how to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Synergy for the unit is sought across product-markets and across functional department within the unit. The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm's objectives within a specific product-market. The decisions about the scope of a marketing strategy involve specifying the target market segment(s) to pursue and the breadth of the product line to offered. At this level of strategy, firms seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements tailored to the needs and wants of customers in the target segment(s). Strategic Role of Positioning Based on the above discussion, it is clear that marketing strategy consists of two parts: target market strategy and marketing mix strategy. Target market strategy consists of three processes: market segmentation, targeting (or target market selection), and positioning. Marketing mix strategy refers to the process of creating a unique
合同的标的至货物的交付 商品的名称name of commodity 凭买方样品买卖sale by seller’s sample 凭买方样品买卖sale by buyer’s sample 代表性样品representative sample=原样original sample =标准样品type sample 复样duplicate sample=留样keep sample 对等样品counter sample=回样return sample 色彩样品color sample 花样款式样品pattern sample 参考样品reference sample 免费样品free sample 推销样品selling sample 装运样品shipping sample ，shipment sample 到货样品outturn sample 检验用样品sample for test
凭文字说明买卖sale by description 凭规格买卖sale by specification 凭等级买卖sale by grade 凭标准买卖sale by standard 良好平均品质Fair Average Quality 或F.A.Q 凭产地名称或凭地理标志买卖sale by name of origin , or sale by geographical indication 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by description and illustration Quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the description submitted by the seller 仅供参考For Reference Only 质量公差quality tolerance 毛重gross weight 以毛作净gross for net 净重net weight 按实际皮重real tare , or actual tare 按平均皮重average tare 按习惯皮重customary tare 按约定皮重computed tare 按公量计重conditioned weight 按理论重量计重theoretical weight 法定重量legal weight
附录 F.1英文参考资料及中文翻译 F. 1 .1international trade documents role General international trade documents (international trade documents) is the international trade of use all the documents, documents and certificates collectively. Usually with international trade documents to deal with in and out of delivery of the goods El, transportation, insurance, inspection and quarantine, customs declaration, the settlement of exchange, etc. Special international trade documents usually refers to the settlement documents, especially the l/c under the way of settlement of documents. International trade documents and the use of import and export trade program closely related, the documents in the import and export enterprise work throughout the export, purchase, transportation, the whole process of the proceeds, the effort is big, timeliness strong, is broad, in addition to import and export enterprise internal between various departments the cooperation with the outside, still must and bank, customs, transportation department, insurance companies, the inspection and quarantine agencies and the relevant administrative authorities happen various contact, linked together, mutual influence, also are conditions. International trade documents for the performance of a contract is necessary means International trade is the transnational goods business, due to the particularity of the multinational business, which is the purchase and sale of the different departments are located in different countries, are remote, in most cases, the goods and payment can't perform simple direct exchange, but only as the medium of exchange with documents means. The international trade of the documents that sales of goods through the documents realization sale, the seller should not only will the actual delivery of goods export shipment, and should submit to the buyer include the title to the goods vouchers, complete documents to show real assignment. The seller/p means that the delivery of the goods, and the buyer payment is get to buy goods on behalf of property rights certificate, the deal is no longer with the goods as the core, but with documents as the core. Documents and payment of the convection principle has become the international trade of general principles of the commodity business. As international trade experts "; m Cardiff in the export trade in his book mentioned: "from a business perspective, can say CIF the purpose of the contract is not the buying and selling of goods itself, but the documents relating to the goods business." What say here "documents" is the international trade of documents. International trade documents many kinds, every kind of documents has its
跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链
1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单
商务英语翻译技巧 摘要 商务英语(Business English)是一种含有商务理论和实用商务的理论。在经济信息日益发达的现代社会，随着国际贸易的发展，商务英语翻译的作用越来越明显。本文，大致分为五个部分对商务英语翻译技巧进行分析。文章第一部分概括了商务英语以及商务英语翻译；第二部分分别从商务英语的文体特征、语言特点对其进行分析；之后三个部分分别介绍了翻译的方法和翻译的原则。最后进行总结。得出商务英语的翻译机巧和方法。 关键字：商务英语；翻译技巧；特点；文体特征 前言 商务英语是以国际间的商务往来为基础的语言交流，商务英语包括的范围比较广，例如：金融方面的英语、贸易英语、还有一些专业的英语等。这也说明了商务英语所涉及的范围比较广泛，涉及各行各业，这也就决定了从事商务英语翻译的人不仅仅需要有扎实的英语基本功，还有对其他方面的英语进行了解，这样一来才能使交易双方能够更好地沟通，完成交易。 现如今，整个世界融为了一个整体，各个国家之间的贸易往来逐渐丰富，目前在国际间最通用的就是英语。商务英语要求翻译者更加的精确、对等，因为商务英语中会涉及到很多文件、条款等信息，所以必须要精确。只有这样才能达到双方活动的顺利进行。尤其在我国，中西方文化差异较大，更应该注意这方面的问题。一字之差就容易铸成大错。所以，做好商务英语的翻译工作尤为重要。本文针对这一问题展开讨论，分析了商务英语的翻译技巧。 商务英语及商务英语翻译的概括 商务英语涉及范围很广,包括的种类也十分多。大部分跟国际商务活动有关的例如：国际贸易、会计、金融等方面所用到的英语都属于商务英语的范围。它涉及的领域主要包括对外贸易、招商引资、国际旅游、海外投资以及国际运输等方面。除了领域广泛之外,它还包括许多专业的英语例如：广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、包装英语等。因此，伴随着国际贸易的范围不断的扩大，越来越多的人，开始加入到翻译的这一事业之中。 对商务英语的翻译,在很长时间以来备受关注,商务英语翻译工作也是一项十分复杂的工作,由于其用途的广泛性和特殊要性,就决定了商务英语的翻译工作不能仅仅局限于传统的翻译中务词汇和具有较好的商务语法基础,这些是一个翻译者应该具备的原则和技巧,不能仅仅依靠“信、达、雅”的翻译要求来完成商务英语的翻译工作,必须依照商务文件的愿意,把它翻译的既能清楚的表达意义,又能够符合商务双方的语言习惯。在翻译的过程中一定要从实际情况出发,做到具体问题具体分析。 商务英语的特点 2.1 商务英语的文体特征 2.1.1 思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华 正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。长句分词、独立主格结构的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非常适合这种要求。例如： The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complet ion of Party A’s plant
专有名词和事物名词的常用翻译方法 我们在英译汉时，常常会碰到一些专有名词和事物名词。对于这些词，有时我们可以在字典或其他工具书里找到相对应的译词，有时则需要译者自己灵活掌握。我们在翻译这些专有名词和事物名词时，经常采用表意法、谐音法、表形法、谐音加表意法、部分谐音部分表意法等五种方法，其中表意法和谐音法用得最为广泛。 一、表意法（semantic translation） 这是最常用的一种译法，即在汉语中找出同原词含义相同的词。在大多数情况下，我们是可以在字典或其他工具书里找到相应的译词的。如： computer：计算机 magnifier：放大镜 perambulator：童车 transformer：变压器 有时我们可以用表意法将英语中两个或两个以上的名词仅从字面上翻译成汉语中的一个词或名词性词组。一般情况下，译文和原文的含义是相符的。如： down coat；羽绒服 moon cake：月饼 table cloth：桌布 head worker：脑力劳动者 应当注意，这种情况下的表意法不是绝对靠得住的。因为有时当英语中两个或两个以上名词固定搭配在一起时，他们表示的可能是与字面意思完全不同的另外一个意思。此时我们就不能仅从字面上去表意，而应深入一步从含义和惯用法上去表意。如： honey cooler不能译为“甜冷饮”，而应译为“讨好女人的男子”；
night cart不能译为“夜车”，而应译为“粪车”； hand money不能译为“手中之财”，而应译为“定金、保证金”； fish story不能译为“钓鱼故事”，而应译为“牛皮、大话”； dog days不能译为“狗的日子”，而应译为“三伏天”； cat suit不能译为“猫服”，而应译为“喇叭裤”； pig head不能译为“猪头”，而应译为“顽固分子”； pig tail不能译为“猪尾巴”，而应译为“辫子”： donkey’s breakfast不能译为“驴子的早餐”，而应译为“草垫”。 二、谐音法（transliteration） 谐音法就是用汉语中同原词发音相近的字来翻译原词。这种方法多用来翻译人名、地名、药名、计量单位以及一些从外国传入中国的药品的名称。如： 1．译人名 Marx：马克思到 Shakespeare：莎士比亚 Bacon：培根 Einstein：爱因斯坦 2．译地名 Vienna：维也纳 Berlin：柏林 Cyprus：塞浦路斯 Somalia：索马里 3．译药名 aspirin：阿斯匹林 analgin：安乃静 quinine：奎宁 procaine：普鲁卡因 4．译计量单位
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
商品的品名 即商品名称在一定程度上体现了商品的自然属性及主要的性能特征区别于其他商品的称呼或概念 商品品质 是商品外观形态和内在素质的综合 样品 通常指从一批商品中抽取出来或由生产使用部门加工设计出来足以反应和代表整批商品品质的少量实物 对等样品 是指卖方根据买方提供的样品加工复制类似的样品提供给买方确认经确认后的样品也就是对等样品 商品的规格 是用来反应商品品质的一些主要指标如成分含量纯度大小长短粗细等 商品的等级 是把同一种商品按其品质或规格上的差异划分为不同的级别和档次用数字或文字表示从而产生品质优劣的若干等级 标准样品 统一化了的规格和等级 品质增减价条款 指在品质条款中，根据商品在品质机动幅度内的品质差异来调整合同价格的规定。 良好平均品质 指一般中等货农产品每个生产年度的中等货某一季度或某一装船月份在装运地发运的同一种商品的平均品质 上好可销品质 品质上好可以销售 品质公差条款 国际同行业所认同的或买卖双方认可的产品误差即卖方所交付的货物品质可以高于或低于合同规定品质的最大限度 毛重 指商品本身的重量加包装物的重量即加上皮重 净重 指商品本身的重量即除去包装物后的商品实际重量等于毛重减去皮重 以毛作净 对于有些单位价值不高的商品单位重量商品的价值与单位包装的价值相差不多分开计算意义不大即以毛重计算合同价格在实务中称为以毛作净 公量 有些商品经济价值较高受客观环境影响较大其重量很不稳定计算方法是以商品的干净重（即用科学的方法抽出商品中所含的水分后的重量）加上共定回潮率与干净重的乘积所得出的重量即为公量 溢短装条款 合同中明确规定允许卖方以合同为依据多交或少交合同规定数量的一定百分比或具体数量 运输包装 又称外包装大包装指将货物装入固定容器或以特定的方式做成成件或成箱的包装 指定性标志 指根据商品的性能和特点用简单醒目的图形和文字在商品的外包装上标示仓储装卸和运输过程中需要的注意事项和要求即用于易碎易坏易变质一类商品外包装上醒目的图形或文字 销售包装 小包装或内包装指直接接触商品随商品进入零售市场和消费者见面的包装即为适应商品销售需要直接承装一定销售商品的包装通常作为商品的组成部分卖给消费者