国际贸易外文翻译---中小企业出口成功的根源探究：公共服务的影响

出口贸易影响论文随着全球化的影响，跨国贸易成为了众多国家经济增长的主要来源之一。

在全球贸易中，出口贸易是其中最重要的一部分。

出口贸易的盛行对于国家和企业产生了深远的影响。

本文将对出口贸易的影响进行探讨。

一、出口贸易对于国家经济的影响1. 制造业增长出口贸易是经济增长的重要推动力之一，尤其是对于制造业。

制造业是一个国家经济中增长最快的行业，对于出口贸易的需求非常高。

通过出口贸易，制造业可以扩大生产规模，增加就业机会和政府税收收入。

2. 国际贸易平衡通过出口贸易，国家可以改善贸易平衡，获得外汇收入，以支付进口货物和服务。

这一过程可以使出口国和进口国的贸易关系更加均衡，避免贸易摩擦和贸易战。

3. 提高国家国际竞争力通过出口贸易，国家可以提高其在国际贸易中的竞争力。

随着出口业务的扩大，国家的制造能力可以得到提高，产品质量也会得到提高，这样可以吸引更多的国际贸易伙伴和客户。

二、出口贸易对于企业的影响1. 扩大市场出口贸易使企业能够扩大自己的市场覆盖面。

随着新客户的加入，企业的订单量和产能也将得到提高。

同时，出口贸易也可以促进企业与其他企业合作，共同开发新市场。

2. 提高品牌知名度通过出口贸易，企业可以增加自己的品牌知名度。

随着企业在国际市场上的代表性和影响力的提高，其品牌知名度也将得到提高。

这使得企业有能力在本国更好地推销自己，并在国际贸易中获得更多的订单。

3. 实现规模经济出口贸易的需求可以创造更大的生产规模，这可以使企业更好地实现规模经济。

当企业的规模增加后，可通过更高的效率和更低的成本来提高利润。

三、出口贸易的挑战和风险1. 汇率波动风险外汇以及汇率波动等因素可能会导致企业的出口成本和价格的变化以及造成财务风险。

2. 关税和贸易壁垒国家之间的贸易关系和一些贸易壁垒会导致企业面临一系列的贸易限制。

这些都会导致企业的出口受阻。

3. 法律和法规的复杂性国际贸易中的法律和监管环境变化极快，企业必须密切关注并遵守政策和法规，以保证产品的合法性和可销售性。

附录F.1英文参考资料及中文翻译F. 1 .1international trade documents roleGeneral international trade documents (international trade documents) is the international trade of use all the documents, documents and certificates collectively. Usually with international trade documents to deal with in and out of delivery of the goods El, transportation, insurance, inspection and quarantine, customs declaration, the settlement of exchange, etc. Special international trade documents usually refers to the settlement documents, especially the l/c under the way of settlement of documents.International trade documents and the use of import and export trade program closely related, the documents in the import and export enterprise work throughout the export, purchase, transportation, the whole process of the proceeds, the effort is big, timeliness strong, is broad, in addition to import and export enterprise internal between various departments the cooperation with the outside, still must and bank, customs, transportation department, insurance companies, the inspection and quarantine agencies and the relevant administrative authorities happen various contact, linked together, mutual influence, also are conditions.International trade documents for the performance of a contract is necessary meansInternational trade is the transnational goods business, due to the particularity of the multinational business, which is the purchase and sale of the different departments are located in different countries, are remote, in most cases, the goods and payment can't perform simple direct exchange, but only as the medium of exchange with documents means. The international trade of the documents that sales of goods through the documents realization sale, the seller should not only will the actual delivery of goods export shipment, and should submit to the buyer include the title to the goods vouchers, complete documents to show real assignment. The seller/p means that the delivery of the goods, and the buyer payment is get to buy goods on behalf of property rights certificate, the deal is no longer with the goods as the core, but with documents as the core. Documents and payment of the convection principle has become the international trade of general principles of the commodity business. As international trade experts "; m Cardiff in the export trade in his book mentioned: "from a business perspective, can say CIF the purpose of the contract is not the buying and selling of goods itself, but the documents relating to the goods business." What say here "documents" is the international trade of documents.International trade documents many kinds, every kind of documents has itsspecial role, functions and different prepared by requirements. In the import and export trade in the process of contract documents can be roughly divided into two kinds: one kind has the property of commodity. They represent some goods, some say the exchange value of commodity, some explain the packaging of goods content, some guarantee the quality and quantity of goods, some for commodities exempt from provide the essential proof, etc.; Another type of have monetary properties, they represent direct some money, some of the money to pay for to make a promise made conditional guarantee or. All the documents issued by, combined, circulation, exchange and application reflects the process of contract, it reflects the buyers and sellers of responsibility, transfer and termination happen. This shows, international trade documents is necessary to complete the contract.International trade documents is foreign trade business management important toolsInternational trade documents is involved in international trade by import and export enterprises and the relevant countries issued by the government organizations, from import and export enterprise perspective, the international trade documents the import and export of the work is an important link. The actual business, whether the contract contents, terms and conditions of the credit, or implement supply, delivery quality control, quantity, and transportation, insurance, inspection and quarantine, customs declaration, the settlement of exchange, and many other business management link, the final work in documents concentrated reflection out, also is the contract performance post processing the important basis of controversy and disputes.From the perspective of national, international trade documents as a foreign business and legal documents, reflected the one country foreign trade policy, reflects a country foreign trade related laws, regulations and rules and regulations, involved in one country and other countries of between bilateral or multilateral trade agreements, as members must abide by the related to the international organization of the relevant rules.Visible, import and export enterprise management stand or fall and work organization management quality documents relationship is very big, international trade documents work is not only the whole process service for trade, import and export enterprise management is an important tool, but also a country foreign trade management important tools.International trade documents import and export enterprise to improve the economic benefit is the important guaranteeInternational trade work and import and export documents the economic efficiency of enterprises closely related, the documents management work to strengthen and improve the quality of documents, not only can effectively stop mistakes accidents, make up for the defect of the management, also can accelerate the money collecting, increasing the service efficiency of funds, managing interest expenses, save all kinds of cost, express in the import and export enterprises improve economic benefit. If documents management work of any errors, failed to hand in single or provide the correct documents, it will lead to the buyer refuse to pay payment, delay payment, and then to the enterprise and even the country risks andlosses, the economic benefit of enterprise could not be guaranteed.International trade documents is the important content of import and export enterprise imageInternational trade is not only the business and legal documents documents, and still can rise to shape and perfect the import and export enterprise external image, foreign expanded publicity role. Beautiful, neat and clear the documents, can show import and export enterprise a high level of service quality, the high quality of the work product, and the first-class standard management standards, and for enterprise to mould good image, be helpful for business development. Conversely, poor, mixed and disorderly, the wrong documents is inevitable brings to the enterprise negative effect.Ticket, promissory notes, checks or other used for payment of money has similar documents; Commercial documents has the property of commodity, such as commercial invoice.(URC 522) classification model makes commercial documents category is quite widespread, covers the financial documents except outside of all documents, in fact commercial documents could further subdivided into basic documents and affiliate documents. Basic documents in real business use frequency is very high, usually including commercial invoice, ocean bill of lading and insurance policy; Affiliated usually in real business documents, according to the agreement of the buyer is required to provide the seller, can be divided into two kinds: one kind is the requirements of the importing country official documents, such as consular invoice, custom invoice, the certificate of origin, etc.; Another kind is the buyer requests that the goods and related documents, such as packing list and quality certificate, weight list, send docs proof, send samples proof, shipment notification, age certification, etc.F.2国际贸易单证的作用广义的国际贸易单证（international trade documents）是国际贸易中使用的各种单据、文件与证书的统称。

中国进出口贸易英语作文Title: China's Import and Export TradeChina's import and export trade has experienced remarkable growth over the past few decades, propelling the country to become the world's largest trading nation. This essay aims to explore the factors contributing to this phenomenon and the implications for the global economy.Introduction:China's integration into the global economy has been facilitated by its vibrant import and export trade. The country's export-oriented strategy has allowed it to leverage its comparative advantages in manufacturing and labor resources, while imports have played a crucial role in meeting domestic demand and promoting economic development.Body:1. Export Growth:- China's exports have expanded rapidly, driven by the country's competitive manufacturing sector. Industries such as electronics, textiles, and machinery have contributed significantly to export volumes.- The government's policies, including tax incentives and special economic zones, have supported export-oriented enterprises, enhancing their competitiveness in the global market.- The depreciation of the Chinese yuan in recent years has alsomade Chinese products more affordable and competitive in international markets.2. Import Expansion:- Imports have played an essential role in China's economic development. The country has imported raw materials, energy resources, and advanced technology to support its industrial upgrading and infrastructure construction.- China's growing middle class has led to an increase in consumer goods imports, satisfying the diverse demands of the domestic market.- The government has implemented policies to facilitate imports, such as reducing tariffs and simplifying customs procedures, to create a more favorable business environment.3. Global Implications:- China's dominant position in global trade has reshaped the international supply chain. Many countries have become dependent on China as a major export market and supplier.- The trade imbalance between China and some countries, particularly the United States, has been a source of tension. However, negotiations and agreements have been made to address these concerns and promote more balanced trade.- China's commitment to opening up its market and reducing trade barriers has been welcomed by the international community, as itcreates opportunities for foreign businesses to access the vast Chinese consumer market.Conclusion:China's import and export trade has been a crucial driver of its economic growth and global influence. As the country continues to evolve its trade policies and integrate further into the global economy, it will undoubtedly play a significant role in shaping the future of international trade.。

进出口贸易公司介绍英语作文模板全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1An Import/Export Trading CompanyDo you know what an import/export trading company is? It's a company that buys and sells products from different countries all around the world! Isn't that cool?These companies work hard to find the best products made in different places and bring them to stores near you. They also help companies sell their products to people in other countries who want to buy them.Let me tell you about how it all works!Importing ProductsWhen a trading company wants to import (bring in) products from another country, they first have to find suppliers. Suppliers are the companies or people who make the products.The trading company talks to many suppliers from different places to see what kinds of products they sell. They look atsamples of the products and check that they are good quality. They also negotiate (discuss) how much the products will cost.Once they pick some suppliers with great products at good prices, the trading company places big orders for those products. The suppliers then manufacture (make) all the products and get them ready to ship (send) overseas.The products get loaded up onto huge cargo ships, planes, trains or trucks to travel across the ocean or over land to the trading company's country. Can you imagine how many toys, clothes, electronics and other items are packed into those vehicles? Thousands and thousands!When the shipment arrives, the trading company receives all the imported goods at their warehouse. Warehouse workers unload everything and stock (put) the products on shelves until they are ready to be sold.Exporting ProductsThe other part of what a trading company does is export products made in their own country to sell in other places around the world.First, they find local manufacturers, farmers, artists or other suppliers who make great products that people overseas mightwant to buy. The trading company buys those products from the suppliers.Next, they have to find international buyers - these are companies in other countries who want to purchase and sell the exported products there. The trading company markets (advertises) the products and negotiates sales with the international buyers.Once they get orders from buyers overseas, the trading company arranges for all the exported goods to be shipped out in big containers on ships, planes or trucks. The products make their long journey to the other country where the buyer receives them.The buyer might be a big retailer who sells the products in their stores across that country. Or the buyer might distribute (send out) the exported goods to many smaller retailers. That way, the products can reach customers all over that part of the world!Jobs at a Trading CompanyThere are lots of different jobs that people can have if they work at an import/export trading company:Buyers explore the world to find new suppliers and sources for great products to import.Salespeople market the company's products and make deals with international buyers who want to purchase exported goods.Logistics coordinators arrange for shipments of imported and exported products to be transported safely between countries.Quality inspectors check all incoming and outgoing products to make sure they meet standards before being sold.Financial experts handle money matters like paying suppliers, getting paid by customers, managing costs and profits.And many more roles like warehouse workers, administrative staff, managers and more!It's an exciting place to work because you get to be a part of the global marketplace - exchanging products between different countries and cultures. If you like learning about diverse places and negotiating big deals, it could be the perfect job for you!The World on Your DoorstepThanks to import/export trading companies, you can enjoy foods, toys, clothes, electronics and other cool stuff from almostanywhere in the world! And the things made in your town can be purchased and loved by kids on the other side of the planet too.Trading companies connect all of us by bringing a little bit of the whole world right to our local stores. How amazing is it that we can so easily get our hands on treasures and goods crafted by people in distant lands? It really makes the world feel much smaller and more connected.So next time you're shopping and see products from faraway places, you'll know the long journey they took to reach you - all thanks to the hard work of import/export trading companies. economies around the globe together through the awesome exchange of goods and products. What an interesting way to bring the world closer!篇2My Dad's Cool Import/Export CompanyMy dad has the coolest job ever - he runs his ownimport/export trading company! I'll tell you all about what that means and what his company does. Get ready to learn some new words too!An import/export company is one that buys and sells products across different countries. Importing means bringingproducts into a country from other places. Exporting is sending products out of your country to be sold somewhere else. My dad's company does both importing and exporting.He started his business five years ago after working at a big trading company for a long time. Dad said he got tired of the boring corporate rules and wanted to be his own boss. So he quit his job and used his savings to start a small importing and exporting company from our home. That was a super brave thing to do!In the beginning, it was just dad taking orders from suppliers overseas and arranging shipments of goods to sellers here in our country. He had to do everything himself - talking to suppliers, booking transportation, getting permits and paperwork done properly. It was a ton of work but dad loved being independent.As the business grew bigger, dad started hiring employees to help out. He moved the operations to a proper office with warehouses nearby. Now there are twenty people working at the company full-time!The products dad's company trades come from all over the world. Some of their biggest import items are electronics from China, textiles from India, and coffee from Colombia. For exports, they mostly send American-made auto parts, packaged foods,and construction materials to buyers in Europe, South America, and Australia.Can you imagine how much coordination goes into moving all those products back and forth between continents? It's mind-boggling! There are so many things to take care of like customs, international payments, insurance, handling delays, you name it. My dad has to be an expert on trade regulations for every country his company works with.Being an importer/exporter seems complicated, but dad says the best part is connecting buyers and suppliers from across the globe. His company helps bringProducts to people no matter where they live. How cool is that? They even do special orders for unique or hard-to-find items that customers request.I get to see examples of the interesting things they trade at home sometimes. Once dad brought home these crazy spiky fruit called rambutan that were imported from Malaysia. Another time he had samples of handmade wool blankets from a supplier in Peru. The blankets had the most beautiful patterns!My favorites are the little Harvie figurines from Denmark that dad imports. Harvies are these cute little wooden dolls that come in all sorts of outfits and designs. Dad lets me pick out a new Harvie figure every year for my birthday!One of the funnest parts of dad's job is when he gets to travel for business trips. He's been to factories and warehouses in over twenty different countries so far! From what dad says, a lot of the travel is exhausting work. But he gets to try incredible foods, see famous landmarks, and learn about new cultures in each place.When dad comes home from a long trip, he always brings back souvenirs and tells us his best stories over a nice dinner. Like this one time in Nairobi, he got stuck in a shipping container full of live chickens headed to Dubai! Can you imagine being trapped with thousands of clucking chickens? Hilarious!On the business side, dad says some of the biggest challenges are dealing with unfair trade barriers, bad suppliers, and shipment delays or damages. Apparently one year they lost a whole shipping container full of TVs because it fell overboard in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. That's crazy!But even with those kinds of problems, dad really loves his job. He gets to interact with people from all walks of life around the world. Each day brings something new and exciting, like negotiating a unique deal or learning about an interesting new product.I always figured dad's job must earn our family a ton of money. But apparently profit margins are pretty thin in the import/export business after covering all the big costs. We live comfortably thanks to the company, but we're not getting super rich or anything.The coolest part for me is that dad can take the whole family travelling during his business trips sometimes. A few years ago, we all went to China when he had meetings in Shanghai and Beijing. We got to see the Great Wall, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Warriors - thing's I'd only read about before! Last summer we tagged along to Costa Rica while dad checked out a new coffee supplier.Even when we're not travelling, our house always feels connected to the wider world thanks to dad's job. We eat interesting global snacks, get souvenirs from exotic places, and learn about different cultures all the time. Many of our friends and neighbors don't get those experiences.I may only be ten years old, but I'm seriously considering taking over the import/export company when I'm older! Of course, I'll have to go to business school and work hard to learn all the trade skills and regulations. But getting to travel the world,connect with suppliers in fascinating places, and dealing with exciting challenges every day? Sounds like the perfect job to me!Who knows, maybe I'll grow the company into a huge international trading enterprise by the time I'm taking over from dad. We could have offices and warehouses all across the globe! Wouldn't that be so awesome?For now, I'll keep enjoying my unique window into the world of importing and exporting thanks to dad. I have a new-found appreciation for where our household items come from and all the work that goes into bringing amazing products here from thousands of miles away. Simple things like our TV or dining room furniture travelled further than I could even imagine as a kid!Importing and exporting might seem like a dry, boring business sometimes. But thanks to dad, I've come to see how it connects people and cultures in an incredible way. I can't wait to be a world trader someday too!篇3My School Essay About My Dad's Import-Export CompanyMy dad has a really cool job! He works at an import-export trading company called GlobalTrades Inc. I'll tell you all about what they do.An import-export company is a business that helps move products and goods from one country to another country. They make sure things get from where they're made to where people need to buy them. It's kind of like being a huge shipping mail carrier, but for big companies instead of letters and packages.My dad's company, GlobalTrades, has offices in our city and also in other countries around the world. Having multiple offices helps them trade easier with lots of places. The main office building here has hundreds of employees working there. That's where my dad goes to his job every day.When a company wants to export (that means sell and ship) their products to another country, they hire a trading company like GlobalTrades to handle everything. GlobalTrades has experts who know all the rules about trading between different nations. Taxes, licenses, paperwork - they sort out anything complicated so their customer can just focus on making their product.First the trading company researches to find businesses in other countries who want to import (that means buy from overseas) those products. Then they negotiate for the best pricesand delivery terms. After that, they arrange for transportation like airplanes, ships, trucks to physically move the goods across long distances. There's a lot of logistics (that's just a fancy word for planning) involved to get everything shipped out properly and on-time.The hardest part is dealing with all the different laws, regulations, and documentation each country has for imports and exports. Can you imagine having to learn the trade rules for 150 different nations? That's why companies pay experts like my dad good money to handle that headache for them. The trading team makes sure everything is filled out correctly so nothing gets stopped or taxed extra at the borders.Sometimes the goods get transported directly between the two countries doing the trade. But many times it's faster or cheaper to move the products through third-party nations along the way, even just for temporary storage. So GlobalTrades has partners across the globe to help with those international shipment routes.Not everything is just simple boxes and containers though. Special equipment is needed for certain kinds of cargo like refrigerated foods, chemicals, large machinery, or living plants and animals. Those all have to be handled with extra carefollowing safety codes. There are also extra fees for insuring high-value merchandise like luxury items or electronics against theft, damage, or getting lost.One other important thing they do is something called "export management." That's where they take over a company's entire shipping process as an outsourced partner. Kind of like hiring a team to be your permanent product logistics department. This helps businesses without much international experience to be able to export and grow into new markets easily.GlobalTrades has teams focused on certain industries like automobiles, agriculture, clothing, toys, and more. So they become real experts on importing/exporting specific types of goods. Dad sometimes gets to travel to those companies' factories across the world to learn more about their operations too. How cool is that?The trading business can be complicated, but also really interesting with all the places and people they work with globally. No two days are the same for the employees. Sometimes it's a easy routine shipment, other times there's an unexpected delay or crisis throwing everything into chaos! Maybe someday I'll joinDad's import-export company when I'm older. For now, I just think it's awesome what they do.So that's a quick intro to how an international trading company like GlobalTrades operates. Helping companies buy and sell products all around the world - making global trade happen through careful logistics and regulation skills. It keeps the world economy connected by sending foods, toys, technology, resources, you name it to wherever it needs to go. Let me know if you have any other questions!篇4My Daddy's Import/Export CompanyMy daddy has a really cool job! He works at animport/export trading company called Global Traders Inc. I'm going to tell you all about what his company does.First, you might be wondering what the words "import" and "export" mean. Import means to bring products from another country into your own country. Export means to send products from your own country to another country. So an import/export company helps move products all around the world!Global Traders has offices in big cities like New York, London, Tokyo and more. They buy lots of different kinds of productsfrom companies in one country, then sell those products to companies in other countries. It's kind of like they are the middle-men helping products go from where they are made to where people want to buy them.For example, let's say a toy company in China makes really awesome action figures. Global Traders will buy a big shipment of those action figures from the Chinese company. Then they will find customers in places like the United States or Europe who want to sell those action figures in their toy stores. Global Traders will sell the action figures to those companies and arrange to have them shipped overseas. Pretty neat, right?My daddy is what's called an "Account Executive" at Global Traders. His job is to talk to different companies and try to get them to become customers of Global Traders. He travels all around the world to meet with companies in person. Just last month he went to Germany, France and Italy!When he meets with a company, he shows them a big catalog of all the different products Global Traders can get for them. The catalog is like a really thick book with pictures of everything from toys and clothes to electronics and furniture. Daddy tries to convince the companies that Global Traders can get them high quality products at good prices and deliver themquickly and safely no matter where the products are coming from.If a company decides they want to order products through Global Traders, daddy helps them pick out exactly what they want from the catalog. Then he sends that order to the other people back at the office who take care of arranging to buy the products, hire shipping companies to transport them, and take care of all the paperwork.Daddy also has to make sure Global Traders follows all the rules and laws for importing and exporting in every country they do business in. Different countries have different rules about what products you are allowed to bring in and taxes you have to pay. So it's really important to know all of those rules so they don't get in trouble.It sounds like a lot of work, but daddy says it's actually really fun and exciting! He gets to travel to fascinating places, learn about different cultures, eat delicious foods, and meet all kinds of interesting people. Plus, he feels good knowing that he is helping businesses all over the world get the products they need to keep their companies running successfully.Sometimes daddy lets me look through Global Traders' catalog of products when he brings it home from work. I loveflipping through the pages and seeing all the cool toys, clothes, furniture and electronics from around the world. Who knows, maybe one day I'll want to work for an import/export company just like my daddy when I grow up! For now, I'll just enjoy hearing about his latest business trip whenever he gets back home.篇5My Dad's Import/Export CompanyMy dad has a really cool job! He runs his own company that buys and sells things from all over the world. It's called an import/export trading company. Let me tell you all about it!What is an Import/Export Company?An import/export company is a business that moves products and goods across different countries. Importing means buying items from another country and bringing them into your own country to sell. Exporting is the opposite - it means selling items from your country to buyers in other countries.My dad's company both imports and exports all kinds of different products. Some things get imported from overseas factories and then sold to stores here. Other items get exportedand shipped off to be sold in faraway places I've never even been!The Really Fun PartsI think my dad has the best job ever because he gets to travel to so many fascinating places for work trips. Last year he went to China, Japan, and India! He always brings me back little souvenirs and tells me stories about the different cultures and foods he experienced.Another fun part is getting to work with people from all around the globe. My dad's company hires employees who speak dozens of different languages to help communicate with suppliers and customers worldwide. At the office, you can hear conversations in Spanish, Mandarin, Arabic and more!Dad also gets to learn about the most random products you can imagine. One week he might be importing knee pads for construction workers. The next week it's beauty supplies or recyclable shopping bags or even helicopter parts! There's always something new and exciting going on.How it All WorksRunning an import/export business is super complicated though. My dad's company has to follow a huge number of rulesand regulations set by our country and others too. There are lots of paperwork and licenses required every time goods get shipped across borders.The logistics of coordinating the movement of products is a total brain twister as well. Containers full of merchandise have to get loaded from factories onto trains, ships and airplanes. Then they get unloaded at ports and sent to warehouses on trucks. It's like one giant puzzle!My dad is essentially the ringmaster, overseeing everything. He negotiates deals with suppliers abroad to get the best prices possible. He markets his company's services to potential buyers worldwide. He manages the schedules and paperwork involved with each shipment. It's a lot of work but he loves it!Benefits of International TradeThe whole point of import/export is to give people access to goods and products that aren't available or can't easily be made in their own country. Through global trade, we can share resources, innovative ideas and products with each other across the world.For example, a lot of the fresh fruits and vegetables we enjoy come from being imported when they're out of season locally.Popular electronics like smartphones and computers get imported too since most of the factories are in Asia. My favorite part is getting fun and yummy snacks from around the world that you can't buy in regular stores here!On the export side, my dad's company helps businesses sell their products to international markets, allowing them to make more money. This creates jobs and helps economies grow. It's a way of sharing our country's resources and inventions with the rest of the world as well.Overcoming ChallengesOf course, being an import/export trader isn't all fun and games. My dad says some of the biggest challenges are dealing with changing rules, regulations and political issues in different nations. Tariffs, quotas and trade policies are constantly shifting, which makes his job really complicated.Another difficulty is navigating cultural differences in how business gets done. Some countries have very different expectations around things like negotiations, punctuality,gift-giving and more. You have to be really flexible and do your research.Language barriers, corruption, wars and civil unrest can also cause huge headaches when you're trying to move goods around the globe. Natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes can disrupt shipping routes and damage merchandise too. It's a high-stress career for sure!Overall ExperienceEven with those big challenges though, my dad loves his job and feels really lucky. He gets a huge sense of pride seeing how his import/export business connects different people and cultures through the trades they make. He feels like he's doing a small part to bring the world a little closer together.Personally, I'm just glad my dad's career allows him to take our family on some amazingly cool vacations exploring the fascinating places he does business in! Who knows, maybe I'll want to join the import/export hustle when I'm older. For now, I'm just really proud of my dad and think he has the coolest job ever.。

中小企业在国际贸易中的地位和作用随着全球化的推进，国际贸易越来越频繁，也越来越普及，行业也越来越多。

中小企业能够有效地推动国际贸易的发展，促进经济的增长。

中小企业扮演着经济发展的关键角色，对于国际贸易同样也是如此。

它们在国际贸易中发挥着非常重要的作用。

一、中小企业在国际贸易中的地位中小企业在国际贸易中的地位非常重要，它们承担着国际贸易的重要组成部分，占据着贸易发展的重要一席之地。

不论是发达国家还是发展中国家，中小企业都是国家经济的不可或缺的组成部分。

中小企业在国际贸易中所起的作用和地位主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 满足消费者需求，增加消费者选择时至今日，人们对商品和服务的需求越来越多样化。

随着全球市场的不断扩大，消费者对于商品和服务的需求也越来越多，满足消费者的需求是中小企业的主要职责。

中小企业具有灵活的生产能力、快速的反应能力和适应性强的特点，可以根据市场需求的变化，调整商品和服务的供应，满足消费者的需求。

中小企业生产的商品和提供的服务丰富多样，从而扩大了消费者选择的范围，满足了消费者的不同需求。

2. 促进全球贸易的发展和增长由于中小企业在市场上的地位和规模相对较小，一般不直接参与到国际贸易的竞争中去。

但是，中小企业作为一种具有活力和创新力的市场主体，却能够通过各种合作和协作方式，为全球贸易的发展和增长作出贡献。

中小企业可以通过结合自己的资源和优势，积极参与到全球价值链中，不断提高自己的竞争力。

同时，中小企业也可以采取合作和联盟的方式，在国际贸易中共同应对挑战和风险，从而促进全球贸易的发展和增长。

3. 促进国际经济的均衡和稳定发展中小企业在国际贸易中的地位还体现在其对国际经济发展的贡献。

中小企业的出口贸易和国际合作能够促进国际贸易的平衡和稳定发展。

中小企业的活跃参与，能够形成更加均衡和稳定的国际贸易形势，通过加强国与国之间的合作，共同打造开放、包容、普惠的国际经济合作模式。

二、中小企业在国际贸易中的作用中小企业在国际贸易中扮演着重要的角色，其作用主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 激发市场活力，提高贸易效益随着全球市场的日益竞争和变化，中小企业在市场活力和创新动力方面的优势日渐凸显。

中小企业国际化理论与实践研究——兼论我国中小企业的国际化经营中小企业国际化理论与实践研究——兼论我国中小企业的国际化经营随着经济全球化的深入推进，中小企业的国际化已经成为了一个热门话题。

中小企业作为国家经济的重要组成部分，其国际化对于促进企业发展和整个国家经济的增长具有重要意义。

本文旨在探讨中小企业国际化的理论与实践，并针对我国中小企业的国际化经营进行一定的论述。

首先，我们来了解一下中小企业国际化的理论基础。

中小企业国际化理论主要包括国际化阶段理论、资源基础理论和动态能力理论等。

其中，国际化阶段理论认为中小企业的国际化发展可划分为进口、出口和直接投资三个阶段。

资源基础理论则侧重于中小企业的资源优势在国际化过程中的重要性。

动态能力理论则强调企业的创新能力和学习能力在国际化过程中的作用。

这些理论为中小企业国际化提供了理论支撑和指导。

接着，我们来看一看中小企业的国际化实践。

目前，全球中小企业国际化的趋势日益明显。

许多中小企业通过出口贸易、跨国合作等方式开展了国际化经营。

国内一些中小企业积极参与国际贸易，加强与国外企业的合作，并利用海外市场资源进行生产和销售。

一些具备一定实力的中小企业还采取了直接投资的方式，通过在国外设立子公司、合资企业等形式进入海外市场。

那么，我国中小企业的国际化经营面临哪些挑战呢？首先，中小企业一般在资金、技术、品牌等方面相对较弱，这给其国际化经营带来了一定的困难。

其次，中小企业在国际市场上还面临着激烈的竞争，无论是在产品质量、价格还是在市场营销等方面都需要与国际大企业竞争。

再次，中小企业在国际化过程中需要面临不同的文化背景、法律法规、市场需求等等，这对其经营管理能力提出了更高的要求。

为了解决这些问题，我国中小企业可以采取一系列措施来推进国际化经营。

首先，政府可以出台支持中小企业国际化的相关政策，为其提供财务支持和政策保障。

其次，中小企业可以通过加强技术创新和品牌建设来提升自身竞争力。

企业服务营销策略外文文献翻译最新2016年XXX market。

simply offering high-quality products is not XXX customer service and create a strong brand image in order to XXX marketing strategies。

including customer nship management。

service n。

and service recovery。

and provides examples of XXX.摘要本文探讨了企业开发有效的服务营销策略的重要性。

作者认为，在当今竞争激烈的市场中，仅仅提供高质量的产品是不足以的。

企业必须还提供优秀的客户服务，并创建强大的品牌形象，以吸引和留住客户。

本文研究了各种服务营销策略，包括客户关系管理、服务创新和服务恢复，并提供了成功实施的示例。

作者得出结论，优先考虑服务营销的企业将更好地为长期成功做好准备。

nXXX market。

XXX simply providing high-quality productsis no XXX success。

In order to stand out from the n。

XXX astrong brand image。

This requires the development of effective service marketing XXX.介绍在当今全球化和高度竞争的市场中，企业面临前所未有的挑战。

仅仅提供高质量的产品的传统方法已经不足以保证成功。

为了在竞争中脱颖而出，企业还必须专注于提供优秀的客户服务和创建强大的品牌形象。

这需要开发有效的服务营销策略，帮助企业区别于竞争对手，吸引和留住客户。

XXXXXX new field that has emerged in response to the growing importance of services in the global XXX marketing。

我国发展进出口贸易的好处和优势。

英语作文China has been actively participating in international trade and has become one of the world's leading trading countries. Developing foreign trade has many benefits and advantages for China.Firstly, foreign trade promotes economic growth. By engaging in international trade, China can access a greater variety of goods and services, and this leads to increased productivity and efficiency, which ultimately drives economic growth. Moreover, foreign trade helps to attract foreign investment and improve technology, which stimulates further economic development.Secondly, foreign trade enhances the competitiveness of domestic industries. By importing advanced technologies and equipment, China can improve the quality and efficiency of its production. Similarly, exporting goods can help domestic industries to gain global recognition and market share, which is beneficial for overall industry development.Thirdly, foreign trade can help to optimize resource allocation. China has a large population but relatively limited resources, and foreign trade can help to alleviate the pressure on domestic resources by importing raw materials and exporting finished products.Fourthly, foreign trade can help to promote international cultural exchanges. Through trade, China can introduce its culture to the world and learn from other countries' cultures, which can facilitate mutual understanding and respect.In conclusion, developing foreign trade is essential for China's economic growth and development. By embracing international trade, China can leverage its advantages, optimize resource allocation, enhance industrial competitiveness, and promote international cultural exchanges.。

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Foreign Direct Investment, Exports and Imports in Mexico 出处：The World Economy作者：Penelope Pacheco Lopez译文：墨西哥的外商直接投资和进出口一、简介自20世纪80年代中期以来，特别是1994年签署北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）之后，外商直接投资大幅进入墨西哥。

墨西哥政府奉行降低外商直接投资的进入壁垒的积极政策，希望跨国公司引进外商直接投资通过知识溢出与出口增长较快推动经济。

在2001年，墨西哥是拉美最大的外商直接投资（贸发会议，2002年）获得者，并成为世界第二大贸易发展中国家（世界贸易组织，2001），有近三分之二的出口来自跨国公司（贸发会议，2002）。

本文的目的有三：首先，描述外商直接投资自由化的过程，并描述性分析外商直接投资在墨西哥的作用；第二，探讨外商直接投资和进出口的因果关系；第三，简短的总结评价外商直接投资与墨西哥的经济发展。

一般的外国直接投资的影响是深远的，有证据表明外商直接投资效率显著影响，如在效率，就业要素价格和贸易方面。

墨西哥的情况是，各种研究都集中在外商直接投资对劳动生产率（布洛姆斯特罗姆和佩尔松，1983年；布洛姆斯特罗姆，1988年），工资（芬斯特拉和汗森，1997年），和经济增长（拉米雷斯2000年;2003年）的影响。

然而，尽管外商直接投资和贸易增长迅速，外商直接投资对出口和进口的影响尚未广泛。

最近的一篇文章探讨外商直接投资和出口的因果关系（安格斯，2002年），但外商直接投资和进口的因果关系还没有研究。

二、外商直接投资的自由化和作用（一）外商直接投资的自由化随着时间的推移，对外商投资法已逐渐放松管制，减少了对墨西哥公民或活动范围管制。

在特别是1989年和1993年的改革，尝试将外商投资法与北美自由贸易协定兼容。

到1995年，1996年，1998年，1999年和2000年对外商投资法进一步修订，加快了外商直接投资参与墨西哥的经济活动。

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Key Factors for Successful Export Performance for Small Firms出处：Journal of International Marketing作者：Lance Eliot Brouthers, George Nakos, John Hadjimarcou, and Keith D. Brouthers译文：（原文从P21-25）小企业成功出口绩效的关键因素介绍国际市场营销中研究最多的议题之一是国际化进程，特别是出口(Dhanaraj and Beamish 2003; Leonidou, Katsikeas, and Piercy 1998; Li and Cavusgil 1995; Nakata and Huang 2005)。

尽管有相当大量的出口研究专用于小企业和中小企业(SMEs; Leonidou, Katsikeas, and Piercy 1998),但是完全确定小企业出口活动的适当水平很少受到关注。

虽然中小企业的组合已经在以前的研究中探讨过，然而我们认为这是合理地提出质疑是否存在差异在一些雇佣了约35-50雇员的公司和典型的中小型企业最多有500名员工。

特别，对于目标是将企业进行国际化的小企业了解关键因素引导改善出口绩效是重要的。

多大的国际化对小企业来说是有益的？如果一个小企业决定出口，它的目标是多少个国家？虽然这些问题已经被其他类型的公司进行广泛地考查，比如跨国公司企业（MNEs）和中小企业，但是小企业对同样的问题却很少有专门的研究。

例如，大多数早期的中小企业研究（以及州和地方贸易促进组织）认为，任何类型的中小企业进行国际化都将是有益的(Aaby and Slater 1989; Bilkey 1978)。

这对小企业来说是否也是真的呢？我们认为这对这些小企业可能是不成立的。

小企业不仅仅是大公司的更小形式(Shuman and Seeger 1986)。

产业科技创新　Industrial Technology Innovation106Vol.1　No.21外贸产业转型升级背景下商务英语翻译的重要性及应用张　悦（北海职业学院，广西　北海　536000）摘要：英语是国际交流的主语言，而商务英语作为英语的一个特殊分支，在外贸产业交流中占据重要地位。

本文首先分析了外贸产业转型升级背景下商务英语翻译的重要性，接着讨论了影响商务英语应用的因素和翻译的原则，最后分析了商务英语的应用策略。

关键词：外贸产业转型升级；商务英语；应用策略中图分类号：F724.6　文献标识码：A　文章编号：2096-6164（2019）21-0106-02我国自2001年加入世界贸易组织以来，国家的经济、文化和科技等得到迅速发展，尤其是2013年习主席提出的“一带一路”倡议，更加推动了我国与相邻国家经济的快速发展，推动了国家外贸产业转型升级，促进了国与国之间语言文化的交流。

在国家经济全球化发展和对外贸易产业转型升级的背景下，商务英语作为外贸产业交流的主要和通用语言，在贸易中具有不可替代的作用。

商务英语翻译不仅关系着贸易活动能否顺利进行，而且关系着贸易活动的效果和质量，甚至关系着企业和国家的形象和名誉。

本文首先分析了外贸产业转型升级背景下商务英语翻译的重要性，接着讨论了影响商务英语应用的因素和翻译的原则，最后分析了商务英语的应用策略。

1　商务英语翻译在外贸产业转型升级中的重要性1.1　获得新兴知识的重要途径当下国家为了适应经济全球化发展，对外贸易产业面临着转型升级，国家想要与时俱进，就需要不断地学习新知识，提升国家文化软实力，确保长远发展。

在进行贸易谈判过程中，通过商务英语交流，双方国家可以相互学习并获得新的知识，在创造经济价值的同时建立良好合作关系，增进彼此的信任和联系，推动企业甚至国家之间的发展，实现国家之间的共同发展和共同进步。

1.2　帮助实现科技成果共享科学技术是国家强盛的基础，是国家兴旺的源泉。

外文翻译原文The Gravity Equation in International TradeMaterial Source: KELLY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS INDIANA UNIVERSITY Department of Business Economics and Public Policy Author: Michele FratianniAbstractThis chapter offers a selective survey of the gravity equation (GE) in international trade. This equation started in the Sixties as a purely empirical proposition to explain bilateral trade flows, without little or no theoretical underpinnings. At the end of the Seventies, the GE was “legitimized” by a series of theoretical articles that demonstrated that the basic GE form was consistent with various models of trade flows. Empirical applications of GE expanded to cover a variety of issues, such as the impact of regional trade agreements, national borders and currency unions on trade, as well as the use of the equation to sort out the relative merit of alternative trade theories. A new wave of studies is now concentrating on the general equilibrium properties of the GE and finer econometrics points. The renewed interest of the academic profession in the development of the GE is undoubtedly driven by the equation’s empirical success.Keywords: gravity equation, trade theories, borders, regional trade agreement, currency unions.JEL Classification: E58, F15, F33, G15Draft date: August, 2007I. INTRODUCTIONInternational economics and international business have common interests but somewhat different research agendas. The former emphasizes cross-border trade and capital flows, whereas the latter looks predominantly at foreign direct investment. Part of this difference results from the emphasis that scholars in international business place on the study of the multinational firm and part is due to intellectualspecialization. It is worth recalling that the yearly flows of international trade are a large multiple of the yearly flows of foreign direct investment, while the stock of foreign direct investment has only recently approached annual trade flows (see Figure 1). Furthermore, total real exports have grown faster, on average, than the world real GDP since the mid-1980s (see Figure 2). Finally, it is widely believed that exports are an engine of economic growth; see Krueger (2006). For all these reasons, international trade economists spend a great deal of time and resources understanding and explaining trade flows.With this brief background, I can state the objectives and outline of the chapter. The objective is to explain trade flows in terms of the gravity equation (GE). The reason for focusing on GE is two fold. The first is that GE, unlike other frameworks, has had great empirical success in explaining bilateral trade flows. For a long time, however, GE was a child without a father in the sense that it was thought to have no theoretical support. Since the late 1970s, this state of affairs has changed radically. Now, the gravity equation has strong theoretical support and can be derived from a variety of models of international trade. The second is that GE can be used to sort out alternative hypotheses of international trade.In its simplest form, the gravity equation (GE) explains flows of a good between pairs of countries in terms of the countries’ incomes, distance and a host of idiosyncratic factors--such as common border, common language, and common money-- that enhance or reduce bilateral trade flows:（1） 123ijk 0k k k k ik jk ij ijk M A Y Y d U ααα=，wheredenotes that the k good is exported by country i and imported by country j,andare expenditures on the k good by thetwo countries , and d is distance; A and αs are coefficients, and U is a well behaved error term. The vector of idiosyncratic factors has been omitted in (1) because these factors are more control variables than theoretically derived variables. Aggregating over all k goods, the GE of a given product can be transformed into a GE of total exports of country i:（2） 312ijk 0i j ij ij M A Y Y d U ααα=，where the k subscript has been suppressed and Y is the country’s income (forexample, nominal gross domestic product or GDP). The implications of GE –which we develop and discuss below-- are such that α1 and α2 are positive and in some instances equal t o one and that α3 is negative. Typically, equation (2) is specified in log linear form and estimated either with cross-section or panel data. In the latter case, a time subscript τ is added, except for the time -invariant physical distance:（3） 034ln()ln()ln()ijt jt ij ij ijt M Y d F u αααα=++++，Where in stands for the natural logarithm, 00ln()A α= and ln()ijt ijt u U =. The vector of idiosyncratic factors,, has also been added to equation (3). These factors are typically measured as dummy variables that acquire the value of one for the existence of the phenomenon and zero for its absence. The coefficients α1 through α3 are interpreted as elasticity’s or as percentage changes in bilateral trade for one percentage change in income and distance. The coeffic ient α4 is positive if the factor is trade enhancing (e.g., common language) and negative if trade reducing (e.g., terrorism).In the following section I will explore different models of international trade from which GE can be derived, ranging from models of complete specialization and identical consumers’ preferences (Anderson 1979; Bergstrand 1985; Deardorff 1998) to models of product differentiation in a regime of monopolistic competition (Helpman 1987) to hybrid models of different factor proportions and product differentiation (Bergstrand 1989; Evenett and Keller 2002) to models of incomplete specialization and trading costs (Haveman and Hummels 2004).II. TRADE THEORY AND THE GEComplete specializationSpecialization is at the heart of trade theory; it is complete or deepest when each country specializes in the production of its own output and consumers purchase the output of each country according to identical and homothetic preferences. Furthermore, trade occurs without friction, meaning that it is not impeded either by transport costs, tariffs or tariff-equivalent border obstacles. This idealized set-up serves the purpose of creating a benchmark of maximum trade flows. Each country imports and consumes a share of the goods produced by all other countries, as well as a share of its own output. These shares are the same for all countries. Consider, for example, two countries, country 1 and country 2, producing differentiatedproducts by country of origin. Country 1 will export its own good to country 2 in the amount of 1212M b Y =, where 1b =marginal propensity to import good 1 in country 2. Country 1 will also sell 12b Y amount of the good it produces to domestic consumers. Note that the propensity to consume good 1 is the same across all consumers regardless of location. Income of country 1 is the sum of purchases by consumers located in country 1 and consumers located in country 2, i.e., 111121w Y bY bY bY =+=, where w Y = world income = 12Y Y +. Thus, identical and homotheticpreferences imply that the propensity to import and consume good 1 is equal to country 1’s share of world income. Replacing 1b with 1/w Y Y , 1212/w M YY Y =. This is the simple GE derived by Anderson (1979, p. 108):译文国际贸易中的引力方程资料来源：印地安那大学凯莱商学院校刊 作者：米歇尔·弗拉蒂安尼摘要本文章精心选择并调查了在国际贸易中的重力方程（简称GE ）。

国际服务贸易产生发展的原因
国际服务贸易产生发展的原因有多方面。

首先，随着全球化的加速和信息技术的进步，服务业已成为各国经济的重要组成部分，其在国民经济中的比重不断提升。

因此，各国之间进行服务贸易已经成为必然趋势。

其次，服务业的国际化程度较低，有较大的潜力。

在国际服务贸易中，主要包括旅游、金融、教育、医疗、咨询等服务领域，这些领域的国际化程度相对较低，有巨大的发展空间。

同时，随着服务业的不断发展和创新，还将出现更多新的服务领域，促进国际服务贸易的进一步发展。

第三，全球化背景下，各国之间的竞争也越来越激烈，服务贸易正成为各国提高竞争力的重要手段。

通过开展服务贸易，可以推动国际分工、提高劳动生产率，同时增加国内市场的竞争，从而提高经济效益。

最后，国际服务贸易的发展也得益于各国政府的积极推动。

各国政府通过制定有利于服务贸易发展的政策和法规，鼓励企业积极参与服务贸易，推动国际服务贸易的发展。

综上所述，国际服务贸易产生发展的原因复杂多样，但都与全球化、技术进步、国际竞争等因素有着密不可分的关系。

未来，随着服务业的不断升级和创新，国际服务贸易的发展也将不断提升。

- 1 -。

国际贸易的论文范文(通用12篇)论文一：国际贸易的发展与趋势随着全球化的加速和科技的不断进步，国际贸易的发展已成为全球经济发展的重要推进因素。

国际贸易涉及到多个领域和行业，包括物流、金融、技术和知识产权等方面。

本文从国际贸易的发展历程和趋势两方面进行探讨。

首先，国际贸易的发展可以追溯到数百年前，当时的贸易主要是以航海为主要方式进行的。

而在当今时代，科技的进步和全球化的加速使得国际贸易更加便捷和高效。

网络技术和物流系统的进步，使得国际贸易的全球化程度不断提高，也为中小企业占据市场提供了机会。

其次，国际贸易的趋势也呈现出多种新特点。

首先是多元化贸易市场的出现。

近年来，发展中国家的出现使得贸易市场的格局发生了变化，亚太地区和拉丁美洲等地成为了新兴的贸易市场。

其次是贸易的自由化和规范化。

自由贸易区的建立促进了国际贸易的自由化，而贸易规则的制定也为国际贸易的有序进行提供了保障。

但是，国际贸易在发展中面临着挑战和风险。

比如全球化的进一步加速可能导致信息和技术差距的扩大，发展中国家可能因此面临贸易壁垒的困境；金融危机和贸易保护主义的出现也会对国际贸易造成不利影响。

因此，在国际贸易发展的过程中，要加强合作和规范，积极应对风险和挑战，创造更加公平、和谐的国际贸易环境，助力全球经济的健康发展。

论文二：国际贸易中的贸易壁垒问题及解决措施在当今世界，贸易自由化成为了国际贸易发展的主流趋势。

然而，由于国家间的不同经济实力和国别文化差异，贸易壁垒也难以避免。

本文将分析国际贸易中的贸易壁垒问题及解决措施。

一、贸易壁垒的种类贸易壁垒包括贸易限制和贸易刺激措施。

前者主要包括关税、非关税壁垒、配额等，后者主要包括出口补贴和关税偏低等。

二、贸易壁垒的影响贸易壁垒不仅影响到贸易水平和贸易结构，还可能对经济产业的发展产生深远影响。

贸易壁垒对进口商品的价格影响明显，会导致国家的生产成本升高，同时影响到贸易伙伴的利益。

而贸易刺激措施则可能导致贸易伙伴的损失，也会影响到全球市场的公平竞争。

外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例Chapter 12The International Competitiveness of Tradein Tourism Services Evidence from RomaniaAna Bobirca and Cristiana Cristureanu121 IntroductionTourism is the only service activity that can potentially provide trading opportunitiesfor all nations regardless of their level of development However it is also a sectorwhere there is clearly an uneven distribution of benets that is largely dependant oncountries ability to strengthen their performance in the global economy which inturn requires improving their competitivenessSince the beginning of the 1990s Romania has experienced major changesin its tourism exports volume growth rate and structure These disparate uc-tuations have all inuenced the relative competitive position of Romania onthe international tourism market and have been associated with changes in itstourism trade balance In the same time the new and more heterogeneous Euro-pean architecture has induced signicant changes inRomanias regional tourismcompetitivenessAgainst this background the paper attempts to suggest a frameworkfor assessingthe international competitiveness of Romanias tourism services trade by focusingon the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performanceTo this end the rst part starts by introducing the concept of internationalcompetitiveness and by presenting evaluating and systematizing key issues of thecomplex analysis on international competitiveness The paper subsequently consid-ers the relationship between export performance and international competitivenessas well as its relevance for international tourism The second part includes a macrooverview of the tourism sector focusing specically on its importance to the econ-omy The third part of the paper sets out in detail the framework for calculating theproposed measures of competitiveness and shows the importance of the method-ological approach in interpreting the information provided by these indicators Italso illustrates the recent performance of Romanian tourism based on an integratedA Bobirca BFaculty of International Business and Economics Academy of Economic StudiesBucharest Romaniae-mail AnaBobircacomá Matias et al eds Advances i n Tourism Economics189DOI 101007978-3-7908-2124-6_12 C Physica-Verlag Heidelberg 2009 190 A Bobirca and C Cristureanumeasure of international trade competitiveness The paper concludes by explainingthe competitive position of Romania on the European tourism market and byidentifying research issues that require further study122 Perspectives on International Competitiveness – TheRelationship Between Export Performanceand International Competitivenessand its Relevance for International TourismThe concept of international competitiveness although controversial and elusivehas gained acceptance and continues to attract the attention of both academics andpolicymakers worldwideMost measures of international competitiveness that have so far been consideredwere undertaken at the economy-wide level Garelli 2003 and generally refer to theability of a country to produce goods and services that meet thetest of internationalmarkets while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of itscitizens European Commission 2007Because competitiveness ultimately depends upon rms in a country competingsuccessfully on the domestic and international markets attention has focused oncompetitiveness at the rm level Porter 1990 where it is generally understood torefer to the ability of the rm to retain and better still enlargeits global marketshare increase its prots and expand Clark and Guy 1998 OECD 1993 According to traditional economic theory a rm can gain competitive advan-tage through comparative cost of production by for example reducing labor costHowever recent research suggests that non-price factors are equally important deter-minants of competitiveness The range of non-price factors is diverse and includeshuman resource endowment such as skills technical factors such as research anddevelopment capabilities and the ability to innovate managerial and organizationalfactors both internal to the rm and externally organizedthrough relationshipswith other bodies customers suppliers public and private research institutes andother rms Clark and Guy 1998 Fagerberg 1986 Together these factors deter-mine the ability of the rm to compete successfully in international markets on thebackground of changing technological economic and social environments Exportperformance and the ability of the rm to maintain its market share remain theultimate indicators of international competitivenessConsequently although widely proclaimed the theoretical bases of internationalcompetitiveness as it relates to national economies and their international trade havebeen less analyzed in academic literature Thus the nature benets and constraintson a nation of being internationally competitive remain ambiguous Coldwell 2000Krugman 1994 1996International competitiveness within the context of trade in goods and servicesrefers to a nation securing and maintaining a trade advantage vis-à-vis the rest ofthe world12 Evidence from Romania191International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of anation is enhanced through an increase in the ow of trade or through an alteration inthe conditions of trade starting from a presumed initial equilibrium Coldwell 2000Trade theory asserts that economic welfare is dependent on the production ofgoods and services that a country has comparative advantage in This in effectmeans that international competitiveness is secured when production is in line with acountrys comparative advantage situation If countries perform well internationallyand compete successfully for export markets this could be a sign of their soundinternational competitivenessTherefore at the international level competitiveness can be dened as the abilityof an economy to attract the demand for its exports and the investment to supplythat demand all within social norms that result in an improved standard of livingfor its citizens This in turn depends on the macro and microeconomic policiesregulations and institutions that affect the productivity of the economys factors ofproduction and the costs of doing businessA review of available literature and empirical evidences supportsthe notion thatinternational competitiveness can be explained to some extent by a countrys abil-ity to export Dollar and Wolff 1993 Fagerberg et al 2004 There is in fact aself-recurring relationship between export performance and international compet-itiveness Exports are the rst level of international competitiveness afrmationThe improvement in export performance leads to an increase in a countrys com-petitiveness This effect is a result of enterprises skills knowledge propensity toinnovate and use new technology ability to exploit technological opportunities in asuccessfully commercial way etcOn the other hand in striving to achieve successful exports inhighly competi-tive global markets a country is forced to improve its competitiveness The morecompetitive a country is the more economically powerful it is Consequently it ismore capable to compete on the global market to attract people with higher level ofknowledge skills to buy new technologies etc and to improve its export perfor-mance as well as to achieve better export results This can in turn favor additionalinnovations and trigger an improvement in its competitivenessConsequently export performance and competitiveness should not be consideredin isolation since they are mutually interdependentHowever competitiveness should not be equated only with a countrys ability toexport The evolution of export market shares is also an important element of tradecompetitiveness while the latter is just a component of a nations competitivenessdened by the European Declaration of Lisbon as the capacity to improve and raisethe standard of living of its habitants by providing more and higher quality employ-ment and a greater social cohesion The gains or losses of world marketshares byindividual countries are often considered as an index of their trade competitivenessHowever market share growth depends also on structural factors Due to changesin demand a countrys geographical and sectoral specialization at the beginningof a period is an important factor shaping future market share growth Similarlythe countrys ability to adapt its exports to such changes will also affect the naloutcome192 A Bobirca and C CristureanuFurthermore the concept of international competitiveness in tourism servicesalso encompasses qualitative factors that are difcult to quantify the quality ofservices involved the degree of specialization the capacity for technological inno-vation the quality of human resources Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001 are factorsthat may inuence a countrys tourism trade performance favorably Likewise highrates of productivity growth are often sought as a way of strengthening competi-tiveness But it is not necessarily the case that favorable structural factors of thissort will give rise to increased sales on foreign markets They may instead showup as improving terms of trade brought about through exchange-rate appreciationwhile leaving export performance broadly unchanged It is for this reason as wellas because these factors are hard to measure in quantitative terms that considerationhere is conned to a more specic and integrated method for determining Romaniasrelative competitive position in international tourism123 An Overview of Romanias InternationalTrade in Tourism Servicescom Key FactsRomanias Travel and Tourism Economy1 currently shows a return to positive terri-tory following negative results posted during the early years of economic transitionwith an optimistic outlook for growth over the next ten years much stronger thanthat of the EUWith a 48 contribution of tourism to GDP Romania ranks the 162nd among174 countries being currently among the lower-tiertourism-intensive countries ofthe region and the world However Romanias prospects for tourism sector growthare better than for most of its neighbours and competitors withinthe regional andworld ranking ie 67 contribution to GDP over the next 10 years and12thposition respectively World Travel and Tourism Council 2007Romanias Travel and Tourism Industry2 contributed 19 to GDP in 2006 ris-ing to 25 of total GDP by 2016 while in the European Union theTravel andTourism Industry posted a GDP contribution of 39 in 2006 WorldTravel andTourism Council 2007While the Travel and Tourism Economy accounts for 87 of global employ-ment Romanias Travel and Tourism Economy employment was estimated at485000 jobs in 2006 representing 58 of total employment or one in every 174jobs The current 265000 Travel and Tourism Industry jobs account for 31 oftotal employment as compared with 42 of total employment in the EuropeanUnion 86 million jobs World Travel and Tourism Council 20071Broad concept developed by the World Tourism and Travel Council and used in Tourism SatelliteAccounting referring to both the direct and indirect economicimpacts of tourism2Narrower concept developed by the World Tourism and Travel Council and used in TourismSatellite Accounting referring only to the direct economic impact of tourism12 Evidence from Romania193Travel and Tourism represented in the European Union 130 of total exports in2006 In Romania exports make up a very important share of Travel and Tourismscontribution to GDP Out of the total Romanian exports Travel and Tourism repre-sented 52 12 billion Euros in 2004 with a prospect to increase in nominalterms to 18 billion Euros 46 of total by 2016 World Travel and TourismCouncil 2007The vast majority of international arrivals in Romania are from Europe Since2000 some 95 of visitors every year have been intra-regional Out of these agrowing number – 75 according to 2004 gures –represent arrivals from theve countries with which Romania shares a border Ukraine Moldavia BulgariaHungary Serbia and Montenegrocom Major FindingsThe analysis shows that while still lagging behind the developed economies thetrend towards a service-oriented society is observable for Romania This is alsoreected by the increasing proportion of GDP attributable to tourism services andthe growing share of employment in the tourism services sectorAlthough the overall tourism balance of Romania is positive EU represents anet exporter of tourism services to Romania the tourism balance is negative with aworsening decit from 2005 to 2006 still the propensity to trade with EU partnersis stronger in this eld reecting a higher degree of integration into the EU tourismservices market EUROSTAT 2003 2004 2005 2006– While Romanias Travel and Tourism is growing in terms of international visitorsthe countrys tourism receipts have been lagging considerably behind neighboringcountries In 2004 Romania registered some 38 of those registered by Bulgariaapproximately 12 of those registered by Hungary and the Czech Republic anda mere 7 of Croatias receipts This reects the fact that many of Romaniasvisitors do not stay overnight or spend anything while they are in the country animportant weakness to address for any tourism plan going forward EUROSTAT2003 2004 20058 2006– Within EU-15 countries Romanias largest markets are Germany Italy FranceAustria and the UK Worryingly arrivals from all of the EU-15 countries showednegative growth in 2004 This can be attributed in part to the accession of ten newcountries to the EU and related incentives for visitors to these countries such aslow-cost airlines– Growth in 2004 was driven by Hungary which showed a 69 increase inarrivals in Romania Outside Europe Romanias main international markets arethe USA which has shown steady growth since 2000 to 111000 arrivals in2004 as American tourists have started to be aware ofthe fact that Romaniais more than a Dracula destination and Israel although the Israeli markethas remained stagnant in recent years Tourists from China are also expected toincrease in the future as Romania received approved destination status in June2004 EUROSTAT 2003 2004 2005 2006194 A Bobirca and C Cristureanu– Analysis of accommodation gures shows that a large number of these visitors donot stay in registered facilities and either reside with friends or relatives or do notovernight in Romania Thus it is difcult to quantify their impact on the economy– The majority of international arrivals to Romania are by road again mirroringthe large proportion of the countrys visitors from bordering countries Howeverarrivals by air have also seen a healthy rise over the past ve years with increasedfrequency of scheduled services and some charters operating in regional airportsAs Romania is forced to liberalize its aviation industry as a consequence of EUaccession air transport is set to rise dramatically in the near future Arrivals byrail are decreasing at almost the same rate that air arrivals are increasing as airtravel becomes cheaper and more accessible124 Methods for Assessing the International Competitivenessof Trade in Tourism Servicescom The Research MethodFor the specic assessment of the international competitiveness of trade in tourismservices the underlying methodological approach undertaken in this study is basedon the idea that the economy with an improving degree of competitiveness in tourismservices is the one able to enhance the size of its tourism services exports to a certainmarket Similarly the economy with a declining degree of competitiveness is the onethat increases the size of its tourism services imports coming from other countriesThe greater or smaller degree of competitiveness a country or sector has showsthe nature and degree of participation it has – through its exports – in the importscarried out by the analyzed market ie a country improves its competitiveness inthe way that the other country increases its imports coming from the former oneMandeng 1991In addition the process of inserting a country in the international economy isrelated not only to its exporting progresses but also to the behavior and actions ofother competitors The model is adapted from De la Guardia Molero and ValadezDe la Guardia et al 2004 that introduced the aspect of the dynamic nature ofmarkets and implemented through their work an expost assessment of servicescompetitiveness by providing a descriptive reference on the changes produced inthe competitiveness level and specialization degree in international tradeThe commercial advantage is revealed through the evolution of tourism exports –which reects improvements in competitiveness and through the evolution oftourism imports that reects a worsening of the commercial advantage Based on the aforesaid the changes in the international tourism services tradecompetitiveness are measured through the analysis of different variables1 the rst variable is the market share or participation in the market and measuresthe portion of the market that is supplied by a certain country or the tourismsector of this country12 Evidence from Romania1952 the second variable used is the export structure of the analyzed country Thisvariable reects the relative weight of the tourism sector in thetotal exports ofthat country3 nally by means of the import structure of the market the degree ofdynamism that the tourism sector has in the analyzed import market can bedeterminedThrough the combination of the aforementioned variables threetourism com-petitiveness matrices see Table 121 are constructed that allow for the descriptionof Romanias international tourism trade development proleThe Market Share Competitiveness Matrix illustrates the fact that a countrystourism exports can be classied according to their international competitivenessstarting from the behavior of the countrys market share in tourism exports and theevolution of the world tourism services imports over timeIn effect the world market share held by each country in tourism servicesexports can increase or diminish throughout time such modications take placein the same time with the increase or decline that tourism imports register ininternational tradeThis allows for the classication of a countrys tourism exports as performingmissed opportunities declining and retreatingTourism services are performing when a country enhances its market share intourism in circumstances in which this activity has an increasing importance inworld-wide tradeTourism services are missed opportunities when a country is losing market sharewhile international trade in the sector is enhancingDeclining are those tourism services in which the exporting country increases itsmarket share while the international market is shrinkingFinally we dene the situation of tourism services as retreating when this eco-nomic activity besides losing market share registers a decline of dynamism ininternational tradeThe competitiveness matrix of the export structure is obtained relating the behav-ior of a countrys tourism services export structure with the tourism services importdynamism of the international marketThis matrix shows how the adjustments of the export structure can take place inthe same direction or in the opposite direction with respect to the changes in worldimports structureTable 121 The tourism competitiveness matrixMarket share Declining PerformingExport structure Retreating Missed opportunitySpecialization indexImport market structureSource adapted from De la Guardia et al 2004196 A Bobirca and C CristureanuThe different segments of services exports including tourism can be classiedfrom the point of view of their international competitiveness through the changesthat take place in the services export structure of the country and the world servicesimports structure throughout timeCombining these two variables tourism as a services exporting sector can beclassied as performing missed opportunity declining and retreating with theequivalent meaning mentioned beforeFinally tourism exports can also be classied from the point of view of theirinternational competitiveness throughout time when the degree of trade special-ization of each country and the evolution of the world imports are simultaneouslyanalyzedThe specialization index is dened as the relative participation that an exportingsector of a country has in world trade3Similarly tourism as an exporting sector can be classied as performing missedopportunity declining and retreating with an identicalinterpretation to the onespreviously indicatedOur aim here is to adapt and apply the modeldeveloped by De la GuardiaMolero and Valadez in order to assess the international competitiveness of tourismservices using information related to the current situation of the EU-25 countriesand to that of Romania based on the statistical information availableBalance of payments transactions for tourism services are less easy to link toactual tourism services provision than is the case for goods some tourism activ-ities may be difcult to disentangle from goods or capital transactions Countrieshave developed unique national methods for assembling the data some have tendedto rely more on statistical surveys and others have relied more on central banksadministrative systems Even so there has been and still remains considerable vari-ation in data collection methods To compound the picture methods of collectionhave changed considerably over timeDespite these troubles we believe that the forthcoming descriptive analysis couldbring some highlights on international competitiveness and the factors determiningthe commercial position in tourism services tradeThe sample data is drawn from UNCTAD-IMF-BOP Statistics on Trade in Ser-vices by sector and country OECD 2003 2004 2005 2006 UNCTAD 2003 20042005 2006 a data-set which covers exports credits and imports debits of threemain services categories transportation tourism and travel and other commercialservices according to the concepts and denitions of the IMF Balance of PaymentsManual with a focus on tourism services Data-set comprises the 25 EU countriesRomania and the world 178 countries and covers a yearly time period comprising2003 2004 2005 and 20063The specialization index is dened as the ratio of a services category exports to total servicesexports of a country with respect to the same ratio to the world economy The index measuresthe countrys revealed comparative advantage in exports according to the Balassa formula Valuesabove 1 indicate that the country is specialized in the sector under review12 Evidence from Romania197com The Research Resultscom1 The IndicatorsThe evolution of the market share shows the penetration ability of tourism as aservices exporting sector of each country in the international economyThe data reveal that for the analyzed period the EU-25 economies were amongthe main world suppliers of tourism services since they maintainedan overallparticipation next to 45 of the world supply in tourism exportsAltogether the group constituted by these countries slightly diminished the heldproportions of the world quota in tourism services –068 growth rate From the perspective of individual countries the economies that registered anincrease of their quotas in the world market of tourism services were in order thoseof Poland Estonia Lithuania UK and LuxemburgBy contrast especially signicant are the resultsregistered by countries likeHungary Finland and Spain which decreased their market share in tourismRomanias market share in tourism services exports declined at both world levelRomania – world and in relation to EU-25 countries Romania –EU-25 but thedecrease in the latter case was more severe 2085 as opposed to 465 Alsothe reduction in Romanias market share on the EU-25 market was much higher thenthe overall European market retreatThrough the analysis of the export structure we can appreciate the importancethat export of services has as currency provider for the EU-25 economies andRomaniaData show that in relation to the examined services sectors the exports oftourism services represent about 27 of the overall services exports in the EU-25 countries and about 28 at world level meaning that compared to the worldexport structure the EU-25 countries exhibit a similar pattern with a slight negativedeviation for tourism servicesIn the analyzed period most of the countries registered minor decreases in theircurrency entry through exports of tourism services The countries that opposed thistrend were Poland Estonia Malta Germany UKIn Romania tourism services represent about 14 of the overall services exportswhich is below the world and European average 27–28 The evolution is similarwith that signaled above meaning that the structure of Romanias exports is alteredin the detriment of tourism services that are decreasing both in relation to the worldand to the EU-25 countries but with a much higher amplitude in the latter case2785 as compared to 614Finally through the analysis of the import structure we can illustrate the changesthat have taken place in the world imports of tourism servicesThe rst relevant fact reected by the data is that EU-25 tourism import activitiesevolved in the same direction as compared to the world but with a different growthrate 098 increase in tourism imports for EU-25 countries as compared to 231at world level With respect to the services import structure itself it is similar atEU-25 level and world level with tourism services representing about 26–28 ofservices imports198 A Bobirca and C CristureanuThe highest increase in the contribution of tourism imports to the overall importswas felt in Poland Lithuania Spain and The NederlandsThe structure is different in Romania with tourism services accounting foronly 16 of the overall services imports In relation to the EU-25 countries thepercentage is slightly higher ie 182While at the world level and the EU-25 countries level the greater relative weightof the imports increase corresponded to the activity of tourism these services aredecreasing their contribution to services imports in Romania the corresponding rateis much higher at world level 1419 than in relation to EU-25 countries 495com2 The Tourism Competitiveness MatricesAs it has already been indicated a rst assessment procedure of a countrys compet-itiveness in tourism services consists of analyzing simultaneously the market sharethat an economy holds with respect to tourism services exports and the changes thatare taking place in the world tourism trade imports throughout time The results of the analysis are reected in Table 122 where countries examinedin accordance with these criteria have been orderedA second tourism competitiveness assessment procedure consists of simultane-ously analyzing the behavior that the export structure of the economy has throughouttime and the changes that take place in the structure of world trade with emphasison tourism services see Table 123A third and most complex tourism competitiveness assessment procedure con-。

跨境电商背景下涉外中小型企业的语言服务研究【摘要】本文研究跨境电商背景下涉外中小型企业的语言服务情况。

首先介绍了研究背景、研究目的和研究意义。

接着分析了跨境电商对涉外中小型企业的影响，以及语言服务在跨境电商中的重要性。

然后对涉外中小型企业的语言服务现状进行了分析，提出了提升语言服务的策略，并探讨了语言服务技术在跨境电商中的应用。

最后进行了研究总结，展望未来研究方向，并提出了对涉外中小型企业语言服务的建议。

通过本文的研究，有望为涉外中小型企业提供更好的语言服务，促进其在跨境电商领域的进一步发展。

【关键词】跨境电商, 涉外中小型企业, 语言服务, 研究背景, 研究目的, 研究意义, 影响, 现状分析, 提升策略, 技术应用, 结论, 展望, 建议.1. 引言1.1 研究背景跨境电商的蓬勃发展给涉外中小型企业带来了巨大的发展机遇，但同时也带来了新的挑战。

在跨境电商的环境下，涉外中小型企业需要面对全球市场的竞争压力、不同国家的政策法规、文化差异以及语言沟通障碍等多重问题。

语言服务作为涉外中小型企业跨越语言障碍、拓展国际市场的重要工具，扮演着至关重要的角色。

随着全球化进程的加速推进，涉外中小型企业对语言服务的需求也日益增长，如何提供高效且专业的语言服务成为了涉外中小型企业发展的关键因素之一。

开展对涉外中小型企业语言服务的研究，探讨如何有效提升其语言服务水平，对于促进涉外中小型企业的国际化发展，提升其在全球市场中的竞争力具有重要意义。

本文将就此展开深入研究，探讨跨境电商背景下涉外中小型企业的语言服务问题，为涉外中小型企业的发展提供理论支持和实践指导。

1.2 研究目的研究目的是为了探讨跨境电商背景下涉外中小型企业的语言服务现状及问题，并提出相应的解决策略。

具体目的包括：1. 分析跨境电商对涉外中小型企业的影响，特别是在语言服务方面的挑战；2. 探讨语言服务在跨境电商中的重要性，以及对涉外中小型企业的影响；3.分析涉外中小型企业当前的语言服务状况，发现存在的问题和局限性；4. 提出提升涉外中小型企业语言服务的策略，包括技术、人才和管理方面的建议；5. 研究语言服务技术在跨境电商中的应用情况，探讨未来发展趋势。

中小企业在国际贸易中的角色与地位随着全球化的加速推进，中小企业在国际贸易中的地位和角色逐渐凸显。

作为全球经济的重要一环，中小企业在推动经济增长、创造就业机会以及促进区域发展方面发挥着不可忽视的作用。

本文将探讨中小企业在国际贸易中的角色与地位，并分析其面临的挑战和发展机遇。

一、中小企业的地位中小企业作为经济发展的重要力量，在国际贸易中有其特殊的地位。

首先，中小企业在创造就业机会方面起到了积极的推动作用。

据统计数据显示，中小企业在很大程度上是就业岗位的主要提供者，为社会创造了大量的就业机会。

其次，中小企业在促进经济增长上有着广泛的作用。

由于中小企业数量众多，市场份额相对较小，因此其发展速度相对较快，对经济增长的贡献也不容忽视。

此外，中小企业在促进区域发展和提升综合竞争力方面也发挥着重要的作用。

二、中小企业的角色在国际贸易中，中小企业发挥着多种角色。

首先，中小企业作为供应链中的关键环节，为大型企业提供了各种产品和服务。

中小企业因其灵活性和高效性，能够快速响应市场变化，满足大型企业对于定制化产品和快速交付的需求。

其次，中小企业作为经济创新的重要推动者，由于其灵活性和创新能力，能够不断研发新产品和提供新的解决方案，推动产业升级和创新发展。

此外，中小企业还可以作为外贸的“桥梁”，积极参与国际贸易合作，开拓新的市场，加强与国外企业的合作与交流，推动国际贸易的发展。

三、中小企业面临的挑战然而，中小企业在国际贸易中也面临着一些挑战。

首先，资金短缺是中小企业发展的一大难题。

相对于大型企业，中小企业往往面临融资难、融资成本高等问题，限制了其发展和参与国际贸易的能力。

其次，缺乏市场信息和国际经验也是中小企业面临的困境。

由于资源有限，中小企业往往无法投入大量时间和资金进行市场调研和拓展，这使得他们在国际贸易中面临着市场不透明、竞争激烈等问题。

此外，中小企业的管理和运营能力相对薄弱，也成为其面临的一个挑战。

四、中小企业的发展机遇尽管面临挑战，中小企业在国际贸易中仍然有很多发展机遇。