中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

International Trade1.China Import & Export Community Fair中国进出口商业交易会2.GA TT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)关贸总协定3.WTO4.ELM (APEC Economic Leaders Meeting)世界贸易组织5.IMF (International Monetary Fund)国际货币基金组织6.MFN (Most –favored- nation) (Treatment)最会国地位（待遇）7.grant the national treatment to实行国民待遇8.Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构9.Free Trade Area自由贸易区10.Integration process一体化进程11.export-oriented industry出口创汇型产业12.anti-dumping measures反倾销措施13.quota-free products非配额产品14.balance of international payments国际收支平衡15.restraint of trade贸易管制16.to expand domestic demand 扩大内需17.GNP (Gross National Product )18.GDP19.per capita GNP人均国民生产总值modity economy商品经济21.primary / secondary/ tertiary industry第一产业22.foreign-funded enterprises外资企业23.joint venture合资企业24.cooperative enterprise合作企业25.wholly foreign owned/funded enterprises独资企业26.flagship product龙头产品27.market access市场准入28.China’s accession to the WTO中国加入世贸组织29.to exert wide and far-reaching impact 产生广泛深远的影响30.MOFTEC （the Ministry of Foreign Trade andEconomic Cooperation）对外贸易经济合作部31.the International Chamber of Commerce国际商会32.the China Import and Export Bank中国进出口银行33.to enact / Promulgate the Foreign Trade Law制定/颁布《外贸法》34.to implement the strategy of diversifying the market贯彻市场多元化的战略35.“attracting foreign investment” and “going global”“引进来”和“走出去”36.to optimize the market structure优化市场结构37.to enhance the export capacity/ capability扩大出口能力38.integration of industry with trade工贸结合39.strengthen the competitiveness of our products加强产品竞争力40.to propel the industrialization and commercialization 促进产业化和商品化41.to develop a full-dimensional export- oriented economy发展全方位的外向型经济42.in conformity with the international practices遵照国际惯例43.to explore overseas markets开拓国际市场44.honoring contract, guaranteeing quality, seekingmoderate profit and valuing friendship守约、保质、薄利、重义45.to face the challenges squarely正视挑战46.to turn pressure into a motive force变压力为动力47.ability to withstand risks抵御风险的能力48.to provide preferential treatment提供优惠待遇49.the director-general of the WTO世贸组织总干事50.chief negotiator首席谈判代表51.to take a harsh line on China对中国采取强硬立场52.to avert/ avoid a trade war避免发生贸易战53.to take/ adopt resolute/ retaliatory measures采取果断/报复性措施54.to reserve/ retain the right to…保留…的权利55.to adopt a pragmatic/ cooperative attitude采取务实态度56.to proceed from the actual situation of respectivecountries立足本国国情57.to erect trade barriers是指贸易壁垒58.to raise tariff rates提高关税税率59.to impose/ collect value-added taxes征收增值税60.to remove the artificially imposed obstacles消除人为障碍61.to cancel export subsidies取消出口补贴petitive bidding竞标bor service contract劳务合同64.processing charges/ fees加工费65.to reduce inventory 减少库存积压66.supply exceeding demand供过于求67.to submit a portion of one’s foreign exchange income tothe state向国家上交一部分外汇收入68.foreign exchange reserves外汇储备69.the market-adjusted rates市场调节价70.offset/compensation trade补偿贸易71.post/ after-sale service售后服务72.the balance of revenue and expenditure 收支平衡73.export/ import surplus出超/入超74.trade surplus/ deficit贸易顺差/贸易逆差75.to deal in futures经营期货76.to mount attack on producers of counterfeit products打假77.price list价格单78.price inquires <> quotation询价<.>报价79.wholesale price <> retail price批发/零售价80.letter of intent意向书81.to make / strike a deal成交82.date of delivery交货日期83.consignor <> consignee发货人<>收货人84.fright rate运费85.down payment定金86.payment by installments 分期付款87.cash settlement 现金结算88.cash on delivery (C.O.D.) delivery against payment付款交货89.to pay by the L/C (Letter of Credit)信用证结算90.C.I.F. (Cost, Insurance and Fright)到岸价91.Free on Board (F.O.B.) 离岸价（不含运费，保险费）92.FAS (Free Alongside Ship)船边交货价（装船级有关费用由卖主负责）93.to break/ breach a contact违约94.to honor a contract <> to dishonor/ tear up a contract95.premium保险费96.IDD/ DDD( International / domestic direct dial)97.the China Ocean Shipping company中国远洋运输公司98.APEC (Asia –Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚太经合。

中国贸易英文作文150英文：China's trade has been a hot topic in recent years. As a Chinese person, I have witnessed the rapid development of China's trade industry. China's trade has brought many benefits to both China and the world.Firstly, China's trade has greatly boosted its economy. The country has become the world's largest trading nation and its exports have played an important role in the growth of its economy. China's trade has also helped to create many jobs and reduce poverty.Secondly, China's trade has benefited the world by providing affordable products. Many countries rely on China's exports for their own economic growth. China's trade has also helped to bring down the prices of goods in many countries, making them more accessible to people around the world.However, there are also some challenges that China's trade faces. For example, there have been concerns about the quality and safety of some Chinese products. China's trade also faces challenges from other countries who may impose tariffs or other trade barriers.Overall, China's trade has had a positive impact on both China and the world. As a Chinese person, I am proud of the country's achievements in trade and hope to see continued growth and development in this industry.中文：中国的贸易近年来一直是一个热门话题。

外贸英语函电课本梳理Specimen Letter 1 Wishing to establish relations (P书28页) 敬启者：我方从中国对外贸易杂志上得知贵公司名址，我方公司是一家国营企业，力求扩展海外贸易。

然而，我方在南非还没有任何业务往来，对你方提出的任何建议我们都会认真考虑。

随函所附我方最新的插图目录和最新价目表及有关的销售条款，供你方参考，我方将很高兴办理你方对我方产品的具体询盘。

如你方需要进一步了解有关我方公司或我方的有关产品的情况，也务必请来信。

盼即复。

......启Specimen Letter 2 Writing self-introduce letters (P书29页)敬启者：承新加坡中国商务参赞常华先生介绍，得知你方号专营各种电器产品的出口业务，并力求扩展对外贸易。

为此特联系你方，以便在我地市场推销你方的产品。

我方号经营进口业务以达二十多年，在新加坡各地有广泛的业务关系。

目前我方处对电器产品的需求不断增长，相信你方在我地的成交数字，将会相当可观。

当前我方对电动缝纫机尤感兴趣，请寄这类商品的最新目录、价目表，并请告知有关的销货条款，不胜感激。

盼早复，希望收到你方好消息。

......启Specimen Letter 3 Importer writes to exporter (P书30页)敬启者：事由：缝纫机我方对你方去年在斯里兰卡中国经济贸易展览会上展出的电动缝纫机留有深刻的印象。

据告这类产品是由你们公司出口的。

我方公司有一客户拟购一批缝纫机，为此，请寄上开400台三斗缝纫机的形式发票一份，并请报包括佣金在内的最低价，回信时，请说明最早交货期，以供参考。

盼早复。

......启Sepcimen Letter 5 Exporter writes to importer (2) (P书30页)敬启者：承科伦坡商会介绍，得悉你方名址，并得悉你方拟进口中国生产的轻工产品。

中国对外贸易英文版China's Foreign TradeChina is one of the world's largest players in international trade. The country has experienced significant growth in export and import activities over the years, becoming a major contributor to global trade flows. Here are some key points about China's foreign trade:1. Exports: China is known for its vast manufacturing capabilities and has emerged as the world's largest exporter of goods. The country exports a wide range of products, including electronic goods, machinery, textiles, and toys. Chinese exports are valued at billions of dollars annually, providing employment and economic growth.2. Imports: China also has a high demand for imported goods. The country imports a variety of products, including machinery, chemicals, ores, and petroleum. China's growing middle class has contributed to increased demand for imported consumer goods, such as luxury items and automobiles.3. Trade Surplus: China has maintained a trade surplus for many years, meaning it exports more goods than it imports. This has led to some concerns among trading partners, who argue that China's trade practices may be unfair and pose a threat to domestic industries. As a result, there have been ongoing trade disputes and efforts to address trade imbalances.4. International Trade Partners: China has built strong traderelationships with numerous countries around the world. The country's largest trading partners include the United States, European Union, and ASEAN countries. China also actively participates in regional and international trade agreements, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): China has become an attractive destination for foreign investors, thanks to its large consumer market, skilled workforce, and improved business environment. Foreign companies have set up manufacturing facilities and service centers in China to tap into its domestic market and take advantage of its export opportunities.6. Free Trade Zones: China has established several free trade zones (FTZs) across the country to promote foreign trade and attract foreign investments. These zones provide preferential policies, streamlined customs procedures, and tax benefits to businesses operating within their boundaries.7. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China's BRI is a massive infrastructure project aiming to enhance connectivity and trade between China and other countries. It includes building roads, railways, ports, and other infrastructure to facilitate trade along the ancient Silk Road routes.China's foreign trade has played a crucial role in its economic development and global engagement. However, it also faces challenges such as trade tensions, protectionism, and market access barriers. The Chinese government continues to implement policiesto support and strengthen its foreign trade, aligning it with its broader economic goals.。

An Analysis on Characteristics of China’sProcessing Trade and Its Development StrategyQing ShiSchool of International Business,Southwestern University of Finance and Economics1. The important position of processing trade in China’s foreign tradeIn China, the trade of exports can be classified into three types according to the trade mode, namely common trade, processing trade, and other trade. From the “sixth five-year plan” to the “eighth five- year plan”, China’s foreign trade has kept on rising, centering on the common trade and assisting by the processing trade. In 1994, the total values of processing trade surpassed that of common trade for the first time. After that, the exports of processing trade are increasing annually, and its position in Ch ina’s foreign trade is rising. Data shows that the proportion of processing trade to total exports has always surpassed 50% since 1995. This fact proves the important position of processing trade in China’s imports and exports of trade.2. The characterist ics of China’s processing trade and the reasons for these characteristics in recent years2.1 Reviewing China’s total values of exports in last decade, we can conclude three characteristics of processing trade in China at present.Firstly, the position of processing trade in China’s exports of trade tends to be stable. The proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is about 55% or so from 2000 to 2006. This proportion is relatively stable. It indicates the importance of processing trade in China and its position becomes stable. Indirectly, it shows that the industrial structure and sections of foreign trade are basically stable, and the income of processing trade is chiefly coming from some industries. Secondly, the industrial structure of processing is upgrading. According to the comparative advantage ladder, we know that the comparative advantages of different countries, from the lower to the higher, are resource-intensive, non-skillful-labor-intensive, skillful-labor- and technology-intensive, research- and technology-intensive. Along with the execution of reform and open policy, China’s trade has gained great development and made huge progresses in science and technology fields. The processing trade has stepped into the new machine-dominant era from the textile-dominant era.Thirdly, the added value of products in the processing trade has been greatly improved. The upgrading of industrial structure will inevitably increase the value of commodities and their added value, which can help us gain more profits from exports. That is vital for the further development of processing trade in China.2.2 Why processing trade becomes more important in China. And why the quantities and total values of exports increase annually.Firstly, thanks for the integration of international economy and the great division of trade, China has gradually become a giant in the field of processing trade. What our aim is to be a great power in the trade field at present. Therefore, the processing trade has to catch up with the same space. Developing the processing trade, as the most important trade mode, firstly can drive the deepening development of other trademodes.Secondly, according to Ricardo’s comparative advantage theory and Ohlin’s factor endowment theory, China has rich natural resources and labor resources. That is our advantages and endowments at present. The trade theory tells us to make best use of favorable factors to develop the foreign trade.Thirdly, the processing trade is a mode of international trade resource allocation in essence. Different countries produce commodities at different levels based on their unique comparative advantages and engage in trade. In fact, this process is for different countries accomplishing different production at different stages. As a result, resources are optimized, and costs of production are reduced. Finally, the competence is enhanced.Fourthly, China’s present system is good for the development of processing trade. Companies that are engaged in processing trade can enjoy favorable taxation. No tax-drawback procedure in exports. It can reduce companies’ capital occupation and management costs. Besides, market for exports is relatively reliable. What the companies have to do is to manage well production and obey the contracts. Costs are under control. As far as the local governments are concerned, the processing trade is an important power to ensure the scale and the growing speed of exports, because it is free from the impact of policy changes, such as taxation, tax-drawback, and exchange rate, and market fluctuation.3. The potential problems in China’s processing tradeThe analysis above helps us understand the importance of processing trade and the characteristics in its development.In general, its development is optimistic. But we have to realize the fact that there are still many malpractices and potential problems in the development of processing trade. In specific, these problems are as follow.(1) In recent six years, the proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is about 55%. It seems fixed and loses its advantages in development.(2) Companies depend on processing trade for a long time, being short of endogenous development ability of economy and self-independent innovation.(3) Some projects of processing trade are not associated with the upward or downward industries. These projects fail to benefit the growth of economy and science and technology, except solving employment.(4) The processing trade has exerted certain negative effects on our environment, resources, and energy. In special, the low-value-added processing industries have destroyed the environment to such a severe degree.4. Suggestions and countermeasuresConsidering the present situations and the pote ntial problems in China’s processing trade, author thinks that the government and companies can reduce the negative effects of processing trade on China from these aspects as follow. By this way, the processing trade can gain better development and China’s economy can achieve a fast increase. Next, relevant explanations and suggestions are proposed in responding to the four problems brought forward in the third part of this paper.Firstly, the proportion of the values of processing trade to the total values of exports is relatively stable. The reason is that China’s processing trade is at the important period of industry upgrading and direction changing. The stable proportion is for lack of right chance. Why the values of trade in different industries are relatively stable is not because of losing advantages in development. As a matter of fact, it is an inevitable stagnation for reform.Secondly, the government should provide with motivation policies for companies’ self-independent innovation. Government can guide companies to pursue processing industry’s upward or downward development, creating a complete industrial chain, and trying to export the products with China’s brand.Thirdly, the processing trade chiefly focuses on processing materials supplied by clients chiefly and complementarily processing with imported materials. Processing materials supplied by clients is to produce commodities with semi-products supplied by clients according to requirements. The processing company can charge the clients for processing costs. Processing with imported materials is to produce commodities by self. Companies can manage the business by themselves, including the organization of material resources, the types of products, and the specific production. In a sense, it is the companies themselves who are responsible for their losses. They are meaningful for China’s economy, which can be illustrated by these points as follow.(1) Solve the contradiction between the surplus productivity of the state and the shortage of raw materials, increasing China’s foreign exchange.(2) Develop new labor resources and create new employment, flourishing the local economy.(3) Introduce foreign advanced technological and managerial experiences and drive the development of exterior economy.(4) Build up our own brands and products, enhancing companies’ self-independence, what can help to improve companies’ innovative spirits.Fourthly, the rise is originated from the improvement of quality instead of the increase of quantity, gaining success by quality. In the key period of constructing a wealthy society, the state council puts forward that it is a must to change the way of economic growth. As far as the foreign trade field is concerned, it is necessary to speed up the transformation of foreign trade growth. China should make best use of its comparative advantages, making up the shortage of resources, expanding the space of development, increasing the added values, and achieving the success by quality.Fifthly, sharpen the consciousness of environment protection. In the process of developing economy, we should emphasize the protection for ecological environment in order to achieve the harmony development of society, economy, and environment. Therefore, we should speed up the upgrade of industrial structure, reducing the low-value-added, highly-environment-polluted, and seriously-energy- consumed industries, pursuing the development of green industries.Source：International Journal of Business and Management, December, 2007, 77-80中国加工贸易特点与发展策略分析Qing Shi1.加工贸易在中国外贸中的重要地位中国按贸易方式将贸易分为三类：一般贸易、加工贸易及其他贸易。

携手合作开创中美经贸合作新局面各位来宾、女士们、先生们在华盛顿美好的秋季，我很高兴能出席中美高技术与战略贸易工作组第四次会议。

这是在第20届中美商贸联委会即将召开前的一次重要会议，对两国高技术贸易合作具有重要的促进作用。

在此，我谨代表中国商务部对会议的召开表示祝贺，向美国商务部、美国制造商协会及所有参与组织本次会议的人员表示诚挚的谢意！作为中国商务部主管高技术贸易和出口管制的副部长，我深知此项工作的重要性。

在扩大中美高技术贸易方面，互信是关键，沟通是基础。

在本次会议上，中美双方相关政府官员和企业代表共同参加，这对增加中美政府层面和企业层面的相互了解、增进互信、促进中美高技术贸易进一步健康发展、造福两国人民具有重要作用。

下面，我谈几点看法：一、关于中美经贸关系2009年是中美关系中非常重要而有意义的一年，双方确立了共同努力建设21世纪积极合作全面的中美关系新定位。

中美高层往来频繁，交流富有成效。

中美经贸关系是中美关系的重要基础和组成部分。

建交30年来，通过两国政府和业界的共同努力，中美经贸关系稳定健康发展。

根据中方统计，2008年双边货物贸易额达到3337亿美元，比2001年翻两番，年均增长率达19.5%。

美国对华出口815亿美元，是2001年的3倍，年均增长率15.2%。

两国互为第二大贸易伙伴，美国是中国的第二大出口市场和第六大进口来源地，中国是美国的第三大出口市场和第一大进口来源地，连续7年成为美增长最快的主要出口市场。

两国在贸易、投资、科技、能源、环境等领域开展全方位合作，经贸合作的规模迅速扩大，领域不断拓宽，内涵日益丰富，形式更加多样。

两国经济互补性强，联系紧密，相互依存度较高。

当前，我们正经历着百年不遇的金融危机，世界经济陷入了自上世纪大萧条以来最困难的境地，中国经济发展也面临着严峻考验，中美经贸合作也受到了一定冲击。

中国作为负责任的大国，在危机中采取了积极负责的态度。

中国把扩大国内需求作为促进经济增长的基本立足点，果断实施一揽子经济刺激计划。

bor productivity劳动生产率2.production-possibility curve(ppc)生产可能性边界3.absolute advantage绝对优势comparative advantage比较优势4.principle of comparative advantage比较优势原则：(A country will export the goods and services that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import the goods and services that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost. )5.opportunity cost机会成本(the value of other goods and services that are not produced because resources are instead used to produce this product.)increasing marginal cost 递增边际成本6.Constant Marginal Cost: 边际成本不变7.( community)indifference curve (社会)无差异曲线8. labor-intensive劳动密集型的9.terms of trade贸易条件:(the ratio of the price of its export commodity to the price of its import commodity)10.Zero-sum game 零和竞争Positive-sum game合作博弈11. Factor-endowment生产要素Factor-proportions要素比例12.Export-oriented 、import-competing sector出、进口导向部门13.economic growth经济增长balanced growth平衡增长biased growth 偏颇增长immiserizing growth悲惨性增长14. product cycle hypothesis 产品生命周期理论The five stages: 五个阶段The introduction of the product；Expansion of production for export ；Standardization and beginning of production abroad through imitation ；Foreign imitators underselling the nation in third markets ；Foreigners underselling the innovating firms in their home market as well.15.Dutch disease荷兰病Alternative Theories of Trade贸易的替代理论16.Monopolistic competition垄断竞争Global oligopoly全球寡头垄断17.Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变Internal scale economies内部规模经济External scale economies外部规模经济18.Intra-industry Trade产业内部贸易(two way trade in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products) Inter-industry trade产业间贸易(a country exports some products in trade for imports of others quite different products)19.Small country (price-taker)小国Large country (price-setter)大国20.Tariff关税: （a tax on importing a good or service into a country customs）countervailing duties（反补贴税）anti-dumping duties（反倾销税）Specific tariff(从量税) Ad Valorem tariff (从价税) Compound tariff (复合税) Alternative duties (选择税）Monopsony power买方垄断势力The Nationally Optimal T ariff全国最优关税21.consumption effect消费效应production effect生产效应22.Nontariff barriers (NTBS)非关税壁垒Import Quota (Quota) 进口配额import-license auction进口许可证拍卖resource-using application procedures使用资源的应用程序Resource-using procedures资源使用的过程Voluntary Export Restraints （VER）(自愿出口限制) TBT( technical barrierto trade) (技术性贸易壁垒)23.Domestic Content Requirements国内成分要求Mixing requirements混合要求Net loss净损失ernment procurement政府采购业务fixed favoritism固定偏袒25.Market failure市场失灵Government failure政府失灵26.The infant industry幼稚产业spillover effect 溢出效应27.Predatory dumping掠夺性倾销（恶性倾销）Cyclical dumping周期性倾销Seasonal dumping季节性倾销: sell off excess inventories of a product 28.Antidumping duty反倾销税(discrepancy不符)Export Subsidy出口补贴Government subsidize exports政府补贴出口Countervailing duty反补贴税Strategic export subsidy战略性出口补贴Game theory.博弈理论29.price discrimination价格歧视30.Trade Blocs贸易集团: each member country can import from other member countries freely, or at least cheaply, while imposing barriers against imports from outside countries.31. Trade embargoes贸易禁运: some countries discriminate completely against certain other countries, for a policy dispute. Block exports to or imports from, even block both exports and imports.32.Free-trade area自由贸易区: members remove trade barriers among themselves but keep their separate national barriers against trade with the outside world. (NAFTA北美自由贸易区)33.Customs Union关税联盟: members remove all barriers to trade amongthemselves and also adopt a common set of external barriers. (EEC,欧洲经济共同体European Economic Community 1957-1992)34. Preferential Trade Arrangement优惠贸易协定: provide lower barriers on trade among participating nations on trade than with nonmember nations35. Common Market共同市场: members allow full freedom of factor flows (migration of labor and capital) among themselves in additional to having a customs union. (EC欧共体（European Community)36.Most favored nation principle( MFN最惠国): any concession given to any foreign nation must be given to all nations having MFN status 37.Trade creation贸易创造: net volume of new trade created by forming the trade bloc. Increase the welfare of the country because it shifts productions from less efficient domestic producers to the more efficient producers inside union.38.Trade diversion贸易转向: the volume of trade diverted from low-cost outside exporters to higher-cost bloc-partner exporters. Reduce the welfare of the country. ASEAN东南亚国家联盟APEC亚太经贸合作组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation39.H—O model: a nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and deep factor and import the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively scare and expensive factor.。

国际贸易英文版International TradeThe global economy has become increasingly interconnected, with countries around the world engaging in a complex web of trade and investment. International trade has become a fundamental driver of economic growth and development, providing access to new markets, resources, and technologies. However, the landscape of international trade is constantly evolving, presenting both opportunities and challenges for countries and businesses alike.At the heart of international trade lies the exchange of goods and services across national borders. Through this exchange, countries can leverage their comparative advantages, specializing in the production of goods and services that they can produce more efficiently, and trading for those that they cannot. This allows for greater economic efficiency and a higher standard of living for all involved.One of the primary benefits of international trade is the ability to access a wider range of products and services. Consumers in one country can enjoy goods and services produced in other countries,often at lower prices or with higher quality than what is available domestically. This increases the variety of choices available to consumers and allows them to satisfy their needs and preferences more effectively.Moreover, international trade enables countries to benefit from economies of scale. By expanding their production and distribution to global markets, businesses can achieve greater efficiencies, reduce costs, and offer their products at more competitive prices. This, in turn, can lead to increased profits and investment, driving further economic growth.International trade also fosters the diffusion of technology and knowledge across borders. As countries engage in trade, they are exposed to new ideas, processes, and innovations developed elsewhere. This cross-pollination of ideas can lead to increased productivity, improved products and services, and the development of new industries.However, the benefits of international trade are not without their challenges. One of the key issues is the potential for job displacement and economic disruption, as industries and workers adjust to the changing competitive landscape. Countries and communities may struggle to adapt to the shifting demands of the global marketplace, leading to concerns about job security, incomeinequality, and social stability.Additionally, international trade can sometimes be a source of political tension and conflict. Disputes over tariffs, subsidies, trade agreements, and other policy measures can lead to trade wars and retaliatory actions, which can have far-reaching consequences for the global economy.To address these challenges, countries have increasingly turned to multilateral institutions and trade agreements to establish rules and frameworks for governing international trade. Organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional trade agreements like the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) play a crucial role in promoting free and fair trade, resolving disputes, and ensuring a level playing field for all participants.In conclusion, international trade is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has profoundly shaped the global economy. While it has brought significant benefits in terms of economic growth, consumer choice, and technological advancement, it also presents challenges that require careful policy coordination and effective regulation. As the world continues to evolve, the importance of international trade will only grow, and it will be up to policymakers, businesses, and citizens to navigate this dynamic landscape andensure that the benefits of trade are equitably distributed and the risks are effectively managed.。

中国对外贸易形势报告英文版China's Foreign Trade Situation ReportIntroduction:China's foreign trade plays a crucial role in the country's economic growth and development. This report provides an overview of China's foreign trade situation, including exports, imports, trade balance, and major trading partners.Exports:China is one of the world's largest exporters, with a diverse range of products. In recent years, China's exports have experienced steady growth, although there have been some fluctuations. The main export products include electronic equipment, textile products, machinery, and furniture. In 2019, China's total exports reached $2.5 trillion, making it the world's largest exporter. Imports:China's imports have also seen significant growth in recent years. The main imported products include crude oil, machinery, electronic equipment, and natural resources. In 2019, China's total imports reached $2.1 trillion. The country is highly dependent on imports to meet its domestic demand and support its manufacturing industries.Trade Balance:China has historically maintained a trade surplus, with exports exceeding imports. However, in recent years, the trade surplus has decreased due to rising import volumes and increasing domestic consumption. In 2019, China's trade surplus stood at $421.50billion, a decrease from previous years.Major Trading Partners:The United States, the European Union, and ASEAN countries are China's largest trading partners. In recent years, China has faced trade tensions with the United States, resulting in increased tariffs on goods from both countries. China has also been actively diversifying its trading partners by strengthening economic ties with countries in the Belt and Road Initiative.Challenges and Opportunities:China's foreign trade faces several challenges, including trade protectionism, geopolitical tensions, and global economic uncertainties. However, the country also has significant opportunities for further development, such as expanding its market access, increasing technological advancements, and promoting the Belt and Road Initiative.Conclusion:China's foreign trade continues to be a vital component of its economic growth. Despite challenges, China remains committed to promoting open and inclusive trade policies. The country will continue to explore new opportunities and strengthen partnerships to ensure sustainable and balanced growth in its foreign trade sector.。

外刊经贸知识选读(贸易术语翻译)1中国的对外贸易Nationai income 国民收入EEC(European Economic Association) 欧共体Most-favored nation treatment 最惠国待遇Visible trade account 有形贸易收支Minister without portfolio 不管部长Balance of payments 国际收支Invisible account 无形的贸易收支Current account 经常项目Center bank 中央银行Counter-trade 反向贸易Joint venture 合资企业OCCE(organization for economic co-operation and development) 经济合作发展组织Bank for settlements international 国际清算银行Non-bank trade related credits 买方信贷，卖方信贷等Manufactured goods工业产品Capital equipment 资本设备Industrialization programme 工业项目Heavy industry 重工业Economic imbalances 经济失衡Trade relating 贸易往来Per annum 每年Normalization of diplomatic relations 外交关系正常化Industrial country 工业国家In surplus 顺差Earnings and requirements 收入和需求Trade fairs 商品展销会Compensation trade 补偿贸易Raw materials 原材料Direct investment 直接投资The international capital markets 国际资本市场Commercial terms 商业条件Representative offices 办事处2中国的对外直接投资The China international trust investment copprporation (CITIC)中国国际信托投资公司The special economic zone 经济特区The state council 国务院Standard of living 生活水平Foreign-exchange reserves 外汇储备Capital stock 实际资本，股本Cooperative enterprise 合作企业Wholly foreign-owned operation 外商独资企业Consumer goods 消费品Capital goods 资本货物Customs duties 进口税Technical transformation技术改造Provincial capital 省会inner regions 内地，内陆readily obtainable 轻易得到economic and technicai development zone(ETDZ) 经济技术开发区uniform tax rate 统一税率profit-remittance利汇款率preferential tax rate 统一税率municipal govermment 市政府grassroots units 基层单位rules and regulations 规章制度comprehensive framework 综合准则public ownership of the means of production 生产资料公有制national people’s congress 全国人民到表大会seventh five-year plan 第七个五年计划china international economic consultants inc 中国国际经济顾问有限公司3中国开放的经济Commercial hud商业活动中心The world’ sdominant economy 世界经济强国Per capita 人均Gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值American administration 美国政府China hands 中国通（华人）Punitive import tariffs 惩罚进口性关税Securities and real estate markets 证劵及房地产市场“G reater china” trade bloc “大中华”集团Gross domestic product(GDP) 国内生产总值Private businesses 私有企业Competitive advantage 竞争优势High wage economy 高工资经济General agreement on tariffs and trade(GA TT) 关税及贸易总协定Consumer eiectronics 电子产品Human rights 人权问题Preferred status 优惠地位，优先权State-owned conglomerate 国有跨行业公司Semiconductor chips 半导体集成电路芯片Brokerage services 经济业务Double digits 两位数4世界经济Per capita gross domestic product 人均国内生产总值Weak performance 不景气High rates of growth 高增长率The gulf crisis 海湾危机International conditions 国际坏境The group of seven 七国集团Continental Europe 欧洲大陆Disinflationary policies 反通胀政策Weakness in demand 需求疲软Cyclical deceleration in investment spending 周期性的投资下降Short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元汇率Nonoil commodity prices 非石油商品价格Foreign exchange 外汇Hard currencies 硬货币Severely indebted 负债严重The Uruguay round of GATT 关贸总协定乌拉圭回合Commodity market 商品市场Nominal(dalloar)terms 名义（美元）价Constant(dollar)terms 不变（美元）价Real terms 实际价The united nations conference on environmentand development 联合国坏境和发展会议Anti-inflationary monetary policy 反通货膨胀政策GDP(GNP)deflator 消除国内（民）生产总值通货膨胀指数The cyclical slowing of investment 周期性投资放缓Tax-cut-induced boom 由减税引发的繁荣Interest rates 利率Unemployment rates 失业率Financial stress金融压力Tightening of credit 紧缩信贷Current account deficit 经常项目赤字Yield curve收益曲线European monetary system(EMS) 欧洲货币体系Accommodative monetary policy 肯通融的货币政策Nominal short-term interest rates 名义短期汇率Real output 以不变价格计算的产品价值Structural transformation 结构转变，体制改革Trading partners 贸易伙伴The population-weightted growth rate 人均加权增长率Debt restructuring债务调整Portfolio investment 证劵投资Per capita income 人均收入Fiscal adjustment 财政调整Investment liberalization 投资自由化Trade-oriented region 贸易导向型地区Market-oriented regional integration 市场导向型区自由化Multilateral trade agreements 多边贸易协议Budget deficit预算赤字Emergency stabilization measures 紧急稳定措施Tight credit policies信贷紧缩政策Exchange-rate devaluation 汇率贬值The council mutual economic assistance( C MEA) 经互会5关于美国的贸易策略与政策Trade representative贸易代表Trade policies 贸易政策Trade sanctions 贸易制裁Trade barrier 贸易壁垒Trade surplus 贸易赤字North American free-trade agreement 北美自由贸易协定Trade priority 贸易优先权Government procurement 政府采购Free-trade agreement 自由贸易区Ttrade signals 贸易信号6欧盟的发展European community欧洲共同体The single market统一大市场The European community vast single market 欧共体的统一大市场Barrier-free market 无壁垒市场European integrationg 欧洲一体化The internal market 内部市场Marriage contract 结婚契约Political and economic integration 政治经济一体化Free-trade zone 自由贸易区Free market philosophy 自由市场论Economic benefits 经济利益Economic activity经济活动Annual growth rate 年增长率Plant modennization工厂现代化Budget cuts 预算消减7关于日本的贸易地位Import targets 进口指标Guantifiable results 定量结果，量化结果White paper 白皮书Uruguay round of trade talks乌拉圭回合谈判Average tariff 平均关税Manufactured goods制成品Bilateral surplus 双边顺差Fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划Trade in goods 易货贸易International bodies 国际组织Industrial commodities 工业商品Business cycle商业周期Economic cycle经济周期Managed trade 管理贸易Consumer goods消费品Market share市场份额Households save家庭储蓄Budget deficit预算赤字Trade balance贸易差额Public opinion工众舆论Trade reprisals贸易报复8亚洲国家发展问题Corporate headguaters公司总部Silicion valley硅谷Annual sales年销售额Nation economic machine国家经济结构Industrial infrastructure工业基础设施Investment capital投资资本Antidurmping suits反倾销起诉Fledging conglomerates新兴的跨行业工资Literacy rate脱盲率，识字率Middle class中产阶级Nouveau riche暴发户Government-backed loans 政府担保贷款Human-rights restrictions 人权限制Political liberalization政治自由化Political opposition政治反对派Driving force驱动力Labor-cost advantage劳动力成本优势Industrial group工业集团Basic industries基础工业Industrial structure工业结构Industrial giants大工业企业Business setback商业挫折Tax breaks税额优惠Direct subsidies直接补贴Market forces 市场力量Financial system金融体制Official interest rates官方汇率Consumer market消费市场9贸易新星Gulf region海湾地区Sovereignty dispute主权争端GCC(gulf cooperation council)海湾合作委员会OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting)石油输出国组织Carbon tax双重税收Firm order实盘Non-oil trade非石油贸易Manufacturing capacity生产能力Government grants政府津贴Risk-weighted assets风险加权资产Import surcharge进口附加税Certificates of origin原产地证书The developing areas开发区Lucrative fees利率报酬10从关税贸易总协定到世界贸易组织Economic growth促进经济发展Common agricultural policy (CAP)共同农业政策Liberal market自由贸易Market force市场力量Monopoly purchasing boards统购部门Export subsidies生产补贴The administration’goals政府目标Technical standards技术水平Anti-dumping measures反倾销措施Countervailing duty反倾销税，抵消性关税Intellectual property right知识产权Trade in services服务贸易Farm-trade liberalization农业贸易自由化Majority vote多数选票Straight forward of vote直接否定权11易货贸易仍在使用I nternational financial institution国际金融机构Currency reserves货币储备Of equivalent value同等价值Mean of trade贸易方式Client states附属国International monetary found(IMF)国际货币基金组织Multilateral trade多边贸易Convertible currency可兑换货币Burden of debt债务负担Debt service=intrerst payment利息付款Debtor nation债务国Export earning出口收入Multinational corporations跨国公司Compensation agreements补偿贸易协定Clearing agreements清算系统Bilateral pacts双边协议Credit-starved信用危机Letter of credit信用证12市场竞争Test market试销市场Baby-boomers生育高峰期出生的人Consumer coupons消费优惠劵Price promotions价格促销Exclusive contract独家经销合同Competitive in price andguanlity价格和质量上的竞争力All-out sales campaigns大规模销售战役Hard sell硬销售Heavy discounting大幅度打折Soft drink软饮料Retail sales零售Special promotion特殊销售13市场分析Export market出口市场Fast food shop快餐The method of packing包装方式Subsidized competition补贴性竞争Grocery store杂货店Wet market鲜货市场The retial market零售市场Promote sales促销商品Export enhancement programe增加出口计划Structure of trade贸易结构Preserved duck eggs咸鸭蛋14初级商品市场Soft commodities非耐用初级产品Agricultural commodoties农产品Surplus produce剩余产品Financial futures以期货形式交易的有价证劵The money market货币市场The equity market一般的股票市场Basic raw materials基本原材料Conference on trade and development联合国贸易和发展协会Currency movements货币变动Special drawing right特别提取款Food price index食品价格指数Glut of supplies供应过剩Devastating consequences毁灭性后果Spin-offs副作用Cash-strapped现金短缺at its weakest萧条services sector服务部门official austerity programmers政府紧缩计划foreign exchange earnings外汇收入unit commodity price单位初级产品价格real interest rates实际利率stores of vaule储备价值liquid assets流动资产price volatility价格多变speculative business投机生意the patten of supply and demand供需模式export quote出口配额in short supply 供应短缺15初级商品市场行情电传报告Commodities dealers初级商品交易商Stock exchange证劵交易所Investment support投资支持Regained ground重得青睐Labour dispute劳务纠纷Export figures出口量Good resistance强烈抵制Discount rate贴现率Labour-agreement劳动协议Bleak outlook前景黯淡Futures markets期货市场Spot market现货市场Strategic stockpile战略性库存Take prices back使价格回升Terminal prices期货价格International coffe organizayion(ICO)国际咖啡组织Upward adjustment 上调Replacement costs重置成本。

1.背景；俄罗斯人主要从中国进口鞋，包，皮带等皮革制品，还有服装，布料，床上用品等纺织品，化工产品，玩具，食品，工程机械及其配件，汽车配件，电子产品，轻工业加工设备，日用小商品等等The Russians are mainly imported from China shoes, bags, belts and other leather products, garments, fabrics, bedding and other textiles, chemical products, toys, food, engineering machinery and accessories, auto parts, electronic products, light industrial processing equipment, small commodities for daily use and so on.2.文化，政治，经济环境4近几年来，中俄两国经贸关系不断深化。

苏联解体以来，作为中国重要邻国，俄罗斯已逐渐发展并稳定成为中国第八大贸易伙伴，两国的贸易额在不断攀升，随着两国政治关系的日益紧密，两国的经济也开始升温，中俄已经建立总理定期会晤机制和中俄互办国家年制，建立了上海合作组织，中俄经贸合作总体发展趋势良好，交流合作空前活跃。

当前，两国贸易发展中存在的问题。

主要体现在贸易框架、贸易规则、贸易服务系统、人才交流、携手意识等方面。

两国的地缘优势、稳定友好的政治关系、互补的经济结构，使中俄经贸关系的前景十分乐观。

两国如果能在贸易体制、贸易商品结构、金融合作领域方面达成共识，再加之完善的贸易服务体系，两国的贸易发展空间一定更为广阔In recent years,the economic and trade relations between China and Russia arecontinued to deepen.Since the collapse of the Soviet union, as China's important neighbor, Russia is gradually developing and stability become China's eighth largest trading partner, the two countries in the volume of trade climbed, As the two countries closer political relations, both economies also began warming, The prime minister of Russia and China have been set up to meet re gularly mechanism and sponsoring country year of Russia and C hina, set up the Shanghai cooperation organization, economic an d trade cooperation between China and Russia overall developm ent trend good, exchange and cooperation active unprecedented. Currently,trade development problems of the two countries mai nly reflect in the trade frame, trade rules trade service system, talent communication, hand in hand to consciousness, etc. The two countries advantage of location, make economic and trade r elationship between China and Russia's optimism. If the two cou ntries can reach a consensus inthe trade system, commodity structure of trade and financial co operation, plus the perfect trade service system, the trade devel opment space of the two countries must be more promising.双方产业内贸易发展虽一直保持稳定但总体水平较低，长期没有突破性增长。

中国外贸发展英语作文China's foreign trade has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years. The development of foreign trade has not only boosted China's economy but also contributed to global trade. Let me elaborate on this in both English and Chinese.In recent years, China has become the world's largest exporter of goods. This is mainly due to several factors. Firstly, China has a large and diverse manufacturing industry, which enables it to produce a wide range of products at competitive prices. Secondly, China has made significant investments in infrastructure, which has improved transportation and logistics, making it easier to export goods. Lastly, China has actively engaged in international trade agreements and established trade partnerships with many countries, creating a favorable environment for foreign trade.近年来，中国的外贸取得了显著的增长。

第1课中国的对外贸易China in the Market Place 市场经济中的中国Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究The pattern of China’s foreign trade has changed s ubstantially since the founding of the People’s Republic.During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country’s industrialisation p rogramme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances.Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests (1959-1961> with the result that national income and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。

国贸英汉互译国际贸易 International Trade对外贸易 Foreign Trade国内贸易 Domestic Trade海外贸易 Oversee Trade世界贸易 World Trade有形贸易 (Visible Trade)商品贸易 (Commodity Trade)无形贸易(Invisible Trade)国际服务贸易 (International Service Trade)国际技术贸易(International Technology Trade)出口贸易(Export Trade)进口贸易(Import Trade)过境贸易(Transit Trade)复出口(Re—export Trade)复进口(Re—import Trade)可兑换(Convertible)易货贸易(Barter)双边贸易(Bilateral Trade)多边贸易(Multilateral Trade)直接贸易(Direct Trade)间接贸易(Indirect Trade)转口贸易(Entrepot Trade)统计边界(Statistical boundary)海关管理区(Customs territory)关境(Customs frontier)自由贸易区(Free zone, Free trade zone)保税仓库(Bounded warehouse)保税工厂(Bounded factory)出口加工区(Export processing zone)总贸易(General Trade System)专门贸易(Special Trade System)国际收支平衡(balance of International Payments )贸易差额(Balance of Trade)贸易顺差（出超）(trade surplus/favourable trade balance ) 贸易逆差（入超）(trade deficit /unfavourable trade balance ) 净出口(Net export)净进口(Net import)进(出)口商品价格指数（Price index）贸易条件(Terms of Trade)对外贸易依存度(degree of dependence upon world trade)国际贸易商品结构(Composition of International Trade)《联合国国际贸易标准分类》(SITC)（Standard International Trade Classification)国际贸易地理方向(Direction of International Trade)进口替代(Import Substitution)出口导向(Export Leading)国际分工 (International Division of Labour)绝对成本理论（Theory of Absolute Advantage)绝对优势(Absolute Advantage)比较成本理论(Theory of Comparative Advantage)要素禀赋理论（ Heckscher - Ohlin Theory ）要素禀赋(Factor Endowment)要素充裕度(Factor Abundance)要素密度(Factor Intensity)里昂惕夫之谜（Leontief Paradox）劳动熟练说 (Skilled Labor Theory)人力资本说 (Human Capital)产品生命周期理论（Product Life Cycle Theory）需求偏好相似论（Theory of overlapping demands）产业内贸易理论Intra-industry Trade国家竞争优势理论The Competitive Advantage of Nations世界市场World market商品交易所（Commodity Exchanges）国际拍卖中心（International auction center）包销(Exclusive Sales)代理(Agency)寄售(Consignment)拍卖(Auction)招标与投标(Invitation to Tender，Submission of Tender)商品期货交易(Futures)补偿贸易(Compensation Trade)加工贸易(Processing Trade)租赁(Leasing)贸易专业化系数 (Trade Specialization Coefficient)显性比较优势指数 (Revealed Comparative Advantage Index)商品的国际价值（International Value）商品国际价格（International Price）国际贸易政策International Trade Policy自由贸易政策 ( free trade policy )保护贸易政策 (protective trade policy)重商主义（Mercantilism）幼稚工业 (infant industry)财政关税 (Revenue Tariff )保护关税 (Protective Customs Duties)、进口税 (Import Duties)出口税 (Export Duties)过境税(Transit Duties)进口附加税 (Import Surtax)反倾销税 (Anti-dumping Duty)反贴补税 (Counter-vailing Duty)滑准税（Sliding Duties）特惠关税(Preferential Duties)洛美协定（Lome Convention ）普遍优惠制度（GSP）(Generalized System of Preference，GSP) 原产地规则 (Rule of Origin)免责条款 (Escape Clause)预定限额 (Prior Limitation)竞争需要标准(Competitive Need Criterion，美国)海关税则 (Customs Tariff )自主税则（Autonomous Tariff)协定税则（Conventional Tariff)《商品名称和编码协调制度》(Harmonized System, HS)货物分类目录 ( Description of Goods )税则号序列 (Tariff No.)税率 (Rate of Duty)单式税则 (Single Tariff)复式税则 (Complex Tariff)从量税 (Specific Duties)从价税 (Ad Valorem Duties)混合税 (Mixed or Compound Duties)选择税 (Alternative Duties)完税价格 (Duty Paid Value)混合税（Mixed or compound Duty）选择税（Alternative Duty）报关 Customs Entry /Customs Clearance通关申报（customs declaration）验关（查验）（customs inspection）通关放行(release)关税水平(Tariff Level)有效保护率(Effective Rate of Protection)附加值(Value Added非关税措施(non-tariff barrier—NTBs)进口配额制 ( Import Quota System)绝对配额(Absolute Quotas)全球配额 (Global Quotas)国别配额 (Country Quotas)协议配额 (Agreement Quotas)关税配额 (Tariff Quotas)自动出口限制 (Voluntary Export Restraint )自限协定(Self-restriction Agreement)进口许可证制 (Import Licence System)特种许可证(Special Licence，SL)公开一般进口许可证(Open General Licence，OGL)外汇管制 (Foreign Exchange Control)对外贸易的国家垄断(State Monopoly)最低限价 (Minimum Price)进口押金制 (Advanced Deposit)国内税收 (Internal Taxes)国家垄断(state monopoly)国营贸易(state trade)歧视性的政府采购政策 (Discriminatory Government Procurement Policy) 海关估价(Customs Valuation)进口押金制 (Advanced Deposit)技术性贸易壁垒 (Technical Barriers to Trade，TBT)劳工标准（SA8000）出口补贴(Export Subsidies)出口退税（Export Rebates）出口信贷Export Credit出口信贷国家担保制(Export Credit Guarantee system)外汇倾销(Exchange Dumping)卖方信贷 (Supplier‘s Credit)买方信贷 (Buyer's Credit)自由贸易区(Free Trade Zone)保税区(Bonded Area)出口加工区(Export Processing Zone)出口管制（Export Control）贸易制裁（Trade Sanctions）巴黎统筹委员会（COCOM）(Coordinating Committee for Export Control)国际服务贸易(International Service Trade)联合国贸易与发展会议(UNCTAD)《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)过境交付（cross-border supply)境外消费(consumption abroad)商业存在(commercial presence)自然人流动(movement of personnel)居民与非居民之间的服务贸易（ Balance of Payments 简称BOP ）通过本国境内的外国附属机构所提供的服务贸易（Foreign Affiliates Trade 简称FATS）专利(Patent)商标(Trade Mark)专有技术(Know—how)许可证贸易(Licensing)知识产权（Intellectual Property）世界知识产权组织公约—WIPO世界贸易组织—WTO└与贸易有关的知识产权协议---TRIPS贸易条约和协定(Commercial Treaties and Agreements)最惠国待遇条款（MFNT）most-favoured-nation treatment clause国民待遇条款（National Treatment clause）通商航海条约(Treaty of Commerce and Navigation)贸易协定 (Trade Agreement)贸易议定书 (Trade Protocol)支付协定 (Payment Agreement)国际商品协定(international commodity agreement)缓冲存货(buffer stocks)出口限额(export control)多边合同(multilateral contracts)石油输出国组织 (OPEC)铜出口国政府联合委员会 (ICCEC)铁矿砂出口国协会 (AIOEC)国际铝土协会（IAI）钨生产者协会 (TPA)天然橡胶生产国协会 (ANRPC)区域经济一体化（Regional Economic Integration）优惠贸易安排（Preferential Trade Arrangements ，PTA）自由贸易区 (Free Trade Area)关税同盟 (Customs Union)共同市场 (Common Market)经济联盟 (Economic Union)完全经济一体化 (Complete Economic Integration)政治联盟 (Political Union)欧洲联盟（European Union--EU）欧元（EUR）北美自由贸易协定( NAFTA )南方共同市场（MERCOSUR）亚太经济合作组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation，简称APEC）东南亚国家联盟Association of Southeast Asian Nations跨太平洋伙伴关系协议ＴＰＰ跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定 TTIP服务贸易协定（TISA）（2011，GATS落后）贸易创造效应(Trade Creation Effect)贸易转移效应(Trade Diversion Effect)贸易扩大效应(Trade Expansion Effect)社会福利效应(Social Welfare Effect)贸易条件效应 (Effect on Terms of Trade)国际资本移动（international capital flow）国际直接投资(International Direct Investment)国际间接投资(International Indirect Investment)对外直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment，简称 FDI）独资企业(individual proprietorship)合资企业(joint venture）合作经营(joint cooperation)跨国公司（Transnational Corporation）国际生产折衷理论 (The Eclectic Theory of International Production) 所有权特定优势（Ownership Advantage）内部化优势（Internalization Advantage）区位优势（Location Advantage）世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization，WTO)贸易自由化( Trade Liberalization )市场准入原则（Market Access）互惠原则（Reciprocity）非歧视原则( Trade Without Discrimination )关贸总协定(GATT)关税减让(Schedule of Tariff Concessions)出口价格（Export Price）正常价值（Normal Value）同类产品（Like Product）国内产业（Domestic Industry）实质损害（Material Injury）因果关系（Causation ）禁止性补贴（prohibited subsidies）可诉补贴（actionable subsidies）不可诉补贴（non- actionable subsidies ）农产品协议( Agreement on Agriculture )纺织品和服装协议(Agreement on Textiles & Clothing)贸易政策评审机制(Trade Policy Review Mechanism)争端解决机制(Dispute Settlement Understanding)。