Scalp Infiltration with Bupivacaine Plus Epinephrine
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CLINICALINVESTIGATION
ScalpInfiltrationwithBupivacainePlusEpinephrine
orPlainRopivacaineReducesPostoperativePain
AfterSupratentorialCraniotomy
Jean-DominiqueLaw-Koune,MD,*BarbaraSzekely,MD,*ChristopheFermanian,MD,†
ClarissePeuch,MD,*NgaiLiu,MD,*andMarcFischler,MD*
Abstract:Localanestheticinfiltrationhasbeenproposedtode-
creasepostoperativepain.Theaimofthisstudywastodetermine
whetherscalpinfiltrationwithbupivacaineorropivacainewouldim-
proveanalgesiaaftersupratentorialcraniotomyfortumorresection.
Eightypatientswererecruitedintoarandomizeddouble-blindstudy.
Infiltrationwasperformedafterskinclosurewith20mLofsaline0.9%
(placebogroup,n=40),of0.375%bupivacainewithepinephrine
1:200,000(bupivacainegroup,n=20),orof0.75%ropivacaine
(ropivacainegroup,n=20).Postoperativeanalgesiawasprovided
withpatient-controlledmorphineIVanalgesia(PCA).Thestudywas
continueduntilPACUdischarge,whichoccurredearlyinthemorning
followingsurgery.Resultsarereportedon37patientsintheplacebo
group,20inthebupivacainegroup,and19intheropivacainegroup
because4patientsexperiencedpostoperativecomplicationsandwere
excludedfromthestudy.Morphinetitrationatarrivalinthepost-
anesthesiacareunitwasnecessarymoreoftenintheplacebogroup
(62%ofthepatients)thaninthe2treatedgroups(19%ineach,P=
0.02).Themedianquantityofmorphineadministeredduringthefirst
2postoperativehours,includinginitialtitrationadministeredby
anurseandPCA-administeredmorphine,waslowerineachtreated
groupthanintheplacebogroup(P,0.01).Themedianmorphine
consumptionuptothe16thpostoperativehourwasnotsignificantly
differentamongthe3groups.Therewasnodifferenceinthevisual
analoguescalescoresamongthe3groupsatanytime.Scalpinfil-
trationwitheitherbupivacaineorropivacainehadastatisticallysig-
nificanteffectonmorphineconsumptionduringthefirst2postoperative
hours.
KeyWords:localanesthesia,bupivacaine,ropivacaine,craniotomy,
postoperativepain
(JNeurosurgAnesthesiol2005;17:139–143)
Upto84%ofpatientsreportmoderatetoseverepainafter
craniotomy.1Localanestheticinfiltrationofthescalphas
beenproposedtoblunthemodynamicresponsestocraniot-
omy2andtodecreasepostoperativepainperceptionandanalgesicrequirement.3,4However,nostudyhasdemonstrated
thatscalpinfiltrationreducespostoperativepainusinga
standardizedmethodofevaluation(ie,morphineconsumption
usingIVpatient-controlledanalgesia).Theobjectiveofthis
studywastoevaluatetheefficacyofscalpinfiltrationper-
formedatskinclosure,withbupivacaine0.375%andepineph-
rine1:200.000orplainropivacaine0.75%,toreducetheseverity
ofscalppain.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
TheEthicalCommitteeofourUniversityapprovedthis
prospective,randomized,double-blindedstudy.Patientswere
informedofthenatureofthestudyandgavetheirwritten,
informedconsent.Patientsscheduledforelectivecraniotomy
forresectionofasupratentorialtumorwereselectedforthe
study.Otherinclusioncriteriawereagebetween18and
80yearsandAmericanSocietyofAnesthesiologistsstatusI,
II,orIII.Thedaybeforesurgery,allsubjectsreceivedverbal
instructionsforuseofpatient-controlledanalgesia(PCA)and
ofa10-cmVisualAnalogueScale(VAS;0=nopain,10=
excruciatingpain).
Theexclusioncriteriaincludedinabilitytounderstand
orincapacitytousethevisualanaloguescale,provenorsus-
pectedallergytolocalanesthetics,apreviousscalpincision,
andintracranialhypertension.Patientschronically(ie,for
morethan2weeks)treatedwithnarcoticmedicationswere
alsoexcluded,aswerepatientswhosesurgicalprocedurewas
scheduledtostartafter2PM.
Afterenrollment,thepatientswereassigned,asdeter-
minedbyatableofrandomnumbers,to1ofthe2treatment
groups(thebupivacainegrouportheropivacainegroup)orto
theplacebogroup.Allsolutionswerepreparedandprovidedin
asterilemanner.Theanesthesiologist,surgeon,andpatient
wereblindedtothesolution.
Onthedayofsurgery,patientswerepremedicatedwith
100mghydroxyzine.Avenouscatheterwasinserted,andan
infusionoflactatedRingersolutionwasstarted.Normother-
miawasmaintainedwithaforcedairblanket(Augustine
Medical,Inc,EdenPrairie,MN).Routinemonitoring(noninvasive
orinvasivebloodpressure,ECG,pulseoximetry,capnography)
wasused(AS/3monitor,Datex,Helsinki,Finland),bladder
catheterizationwasperformedifdurationofsurgerywasan-
ticipatedtobelongand/orifmannitolperfusionwasplanned.
After
preoxygenation,anesthesiawasinducedwithpropofolReceivedforpublicationJanuary25,2005;acceptedApril22,2005.Fromthe*DepartmentofAnesthesiology,FochHospital,Suresnes,France;and†Paris-OuestClinicalResearchUnit,AmbroisePare´Hospital,AP-HP,92100Boulogne-Billancourt,France.Reprints:M.Fischler,Serviced’Anesthe´sie,HoˆpitalFoch,40rueWorth,92151Suresnes,France.(e-mail:fischler@hopital-foch.org).CopyrightÓ2005byLippincottWilliams&Wilkins
JNeurosurgAnesthesiolVolume17,Number3,July2005139