Scalp Infiltration with Bupivacaine Plus Epinephrine

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CLINICALINVESTIGATION

ScalpInfiltrationwithBupivacainePlusEpinephrine

orPlainRopivacaineReducesPostoperativePain

AfterSupratentorialCraniotomy

Jean-DominiqueLaw-Koune,MD,*BarbaraSzekely,MD,*ChristopheFermanian,MD,†

ClarissePeuch,MD,*NgaiLiu,MD,*andMarcFischler,MD*

Abstract:Localanestheticinfiltrationhasbeenproposedtode-

creasepostoperativepain.Theaimofthisstudywastodetermine

whetherscalpinfiltrationwithbupivacaineorropivacainewouldim-

proveanalgesiaaftersupratentorialcraniotomyfortumorresection.

Eightypatientswererecruitedintoarandomizeddouble-blindstudy.

Infiltrationwasperformedafterskinclosurewith20mLofsaline0.9%

(placebogroup,n=40),of0.375%bupivacainewithepinephrine

1:200,000(bupivacainegroup,n=20),orof0.75%ropivacaine

(ropivacainegroup,n=20).Postoperativeanalgesiawasprovided

withpatient-controlledmorphineIVanalgesia(PCA).Thestudywas

continueduntilPACUdischarge,whichoccurredearlyinthemorning

followingsurgery.Resultsarereportedon37patientsintheplacebo

group,20inthebupivacainegroup,and19intheropivacainegroup

because4patientsexperiencedpostoperativecomplicationsandwere

excludedfromthestudy.Morphinetitrationatarrivalinthepost-

anesthesiacareunitwasnecessarymoreoftenintheplacebogroup

(62%ofthepatients)thaninthe2treatedgroups(19%ineach,P=

0.02).Themedianquantityofmorphineadministeredduringthefirst

2postoperativehours,includinginitialtitrationadministeredby

anurseandPCA-administeredmorphine,waslowerineachtreated

groupthanintheplacebogroup(P,0.01).Themedianmorphine

consumptionuptothe16thpostoperativehourwasnotsignificantly

differentamongthe3groups.Therewasnodifferenceinthevisual

analoguescalescoresamongthe3groupsatanytime.Scalpinfil-

trationwitheitherbupivacaineorropivacainehadastatisticallysig-

nificanteffectonmorphineconsumptionduringthefirst2postoperative

hours.

KeyWords:localanesthesia,bupivacaine,ropivacaine,craniotomy,

postoperativepain

(JNeurosurgAnesthesiol2005;17:139–143)

Upto84%ofpatientsreportmoderatetoseverepainafter

craniotomy.1Localanestheticinfiltrationofthescalphas

beenproposedtoblunthemodynamicresponsestocraniot-

omy2andtodecreasepostoperativepainperceptionandanalgesicrequirement.3,4However,nostudyhasdemonstrated

thatscalpinfiltrationreducespostoperativepainusinga

standardizedmethodofevaluation(ie,morphineconsumption

usingIVpatient-controlledanalgesia).Theobjectiveofthis

studywastoevaluatetheefficacyofscalpinfiltrationper-

formedatskinclosure,withbupivacaine0.375%andepineph-

rine1:200.000orplainropivacaine0.75%,toreducetheseverity

ofscalppain.

MATERIALSANDMETHODS

TheEthicalCommitteeofourUniversityapprovedthis

prospective,randomized,double-blindedstudy.Patientswere

informedofthenatureofthestudyandgavetheirwritten,

informedconsent.Patientsscheduledforelectivecraniotomy

forresectionofasupratentorialtumorwereselectedforthe

study.Otherinclusioncriteriawereagebetween18and

80yearsandAmericanSocietyofAnesthesiologistsstatusI,

II,orIII.Thedaybeforesurgery,allsubjectsreceivedverbal

instructionsforuseofpatient-controlledanalgesia(PCA)and

ofa10-cmVisualAnalogueScale(VAS;0=nopain,10=

excruciatingpain).

Theexclusioncriteriaincludedinabilitytounderstand

orincapacitytousethevisualanaloguescale,provenorsus-

pectedallergytolocalanesthetics,apreviousscalpincision,

andintracranialhypertension.Patientschronically(ie,for

morethan2weeks)treatedwithnarcoticmedicationswere

alsoexcluded,aswerepatientswhosesurgicalprocedurewas

scheduledtostartafter2PM.

Afterenrollment,thepatientswereassigned,asdeter-

minedbyatableofrandomnumbers,to1ofthe2treatment

groups(thebupivacainegrouportheropivacainegroup)orto

theplacebogroup.Allsolutionswerepreparedandprovidedin

asterilemanner.Theanesthesiologist,surgeon,andpatient

wereblindedtothesolution.

Onthedayofsurgery,patientswerepremedicatedwith

100mghydroxyzine.Avenouscatheterwasinserted,andan

infusionoflactatedRingersolutionwasstarted.Normother-

miawasmaintainedwithaforcedairblanket(Augustine

Medical,Inc,EdenPrairie,MN).Routinemonitoring(noninvasive

orinvasivebloodpressure,ECG,pulseoximetry,capnography)

wasused(AS/3monitor,Datex,Helsinki,Finland),bladder

catheterizationwasperformedifdurationofsurgerywasan-

ticipatedtobelongand/orifmannitolperfusionwasplanned.

After

preoxygenation,anesthesiawasinducedwithpropofolReceivedforpublicationJanuary25,2005;acceptedApril22,2005.Fromthe*DepartmentofAnesthesiology,FochHospital,Suresnes,France;and†Paris-OuestClinicalResearchUnit,AmbroisePare´Hospital,AP-HP,92100Boulogne-Billancourt,France.Reprints:M.Fischler,Serviced’Anesthe´sie,HoˆpitalFoch,40rueWorth,92151Suresnes,France.(e-mail:fischler@hopital-foch.org).CopyrightÓ2005byLippincottWilliams&Wilkins

JNeurosurgAnesthesiol󰀁Volume17,Number3,July2005139