Chapter1 Brief Introduction

Population: by ethnic groups (1987-89) 54.666 million including 51.6 whites
Ethnic Group Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese African Arab All ethnic minority (others, mixed) Population (thousands) 779 433 112 132 127 72 groups 2,569
3. Racial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the society
1) a multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims; 2) gender difference: male and female live different lives 3) class difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are very different from a blue-collar worker’s.) * Economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries: 1) difference between highland and lowland Scots 2) difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)

简论巴哈伊之上帝创物与老子之道生万物的异同 Chapter 1: Introduction - Background information on Bahá'í and Taoism - Brief summary of the main ideas of God and creation in Bahá'í and Taoism - Purpose of the paper: to compare and contrast the similarities and differences of God and creation in Bahá'í and Taoism

Chapter 2: God in Bahá'í - Definition of God in Bahá'í - God's attributes according to Bahá'í teachings - The role of God in creation - How Bahá'ís view human beings in relation to God

Chapter 3: Creation in Bahá'í - Explanation of the Bahá'í concept of creation - The purpose of creation in Bahá'í - The relationship between creation and the human soul - Bahá'í teachings on the role of humans in the process of creation

Chapter 4: Taoism and the Tao - Introduction to Taoism and the Tao - Definition of the Tao and its importance in Taoist philosophy - Taoist views on the nature of creation - The role of humans in Taoism in relation to the Tao

许渊冲《声声慢》翻译的研究Abstract The history of five thousand years of Chinese culture is broad and profound.Translation, as a practical activity, has played an important role in the process of culture inheritance and communication. Recent years, in China, there spring up a number of translators. However, Majority of them pay too much attention to the translation practice but ignore the research of translation theory.Their translation style are very similar to each other. Xu Yuanchong is a famous translator and translation theorist in China.His years of work has made a great contribution to the spread and inheritance of Chinese classical culture .When it comes to translation theory, we all know that Xu put forward a variety of translation theories which are combined with translation practice, It’s of great importance for China translation career. In translation practice, Xu’s translation of Chinese ancient literature especially the classical poetry is unique.He makes it known to the world about the rich Chinese culture. 29364 This paper makes a research on Xu’s translationof Sheng Shengman . And then, I will give a elaboration and meticulous analysis of Xu’s translation thoughts to explore his unique translation style. In addition to the abstract and conclusion, the first chapter of this paper briefly introduces the structure , research purpose, significance etc. And to grasp the works’background, emotion etc.. The second chapter is literature review. I will study the present explore situation of the research and lead you to the original text and Mr Xu to grasp the work background and emotion. The third chapter is theoretical framework. I will study Mr. Xu Yuanchong's translation style according to a certain translation. I will also study his translation thoughts, his theory etc. I will elaborate the theory of Beauty in Three Aspect , the Subjectivity of the translator and the Theory of Teleology that reflected in the translation works. The forth chapter will discuss the translation from the three aspects and look at Xu from the perspective of other people and himself. Then, I will give my own objective evaluation.源自【Key word】：Xu Yuan Chong Sheng Sheng Mantranslation style摘要中华上下五千年历史，文化博大精深。

1.4 The nature of NNS knowledge Stabilization(Long, 2003): 1. Its existence is not in doubt. 2. It avoids the methodologically problematic “permanence” issue. 3. It makes an additional subset of claims empirically testable. 4. Unless and until solid evidence appears of the psychological reality of fossilization, it lightens the burden of SLA theory.
1.3 The nature of language
• What is language? • How can we characterize the knowledge that humans have of language?
Aspects of Language • • • • • Phonology [fəu‘nɔlədʒi] 音系学 Syntax [‘sintæks] 句法学 Morphology [mɔ:‘fɔlədʒi] 形态学 Semantics [si‘mæntiks] 语义学 pragmatics [præg'mætiks] 语用学
1.3.2 Syntax • This is what is frequently known as grammar, sentence structure . • Prescriptive Grammar : By prescriptive grammar, we mean such rules as are generally taught in school, often without regard to the way native speakers of a language actually use language.