Scaling Variables and Stability of Hyperbolic Fronts

hypothesis-generating resultHypothesis-generating result: Understanding the impact of a study beyond the numbersWhen it comes to research, there are two types of results: hypothesis-generating (HG) results and hypothesis-testing (HT) results. The former refers to the discovery of associations between variables, while the latter confirms or refutes a hypothesis based on the data collected. While HT results are essential for advancing knowledge in a field, HG results can be equally valuable for generating new ideas and directions for future research.In a world where research funding is scarce, researchers often feel pressured to produce HT results as evidence of their work's relevance and impact. However, they risk overlooking the importance of HG results, which can be just as valuable for producing novel ideas, making new discoveries, and advancing knowledge.HG results can be especially useful in the early stages of research, where they can provide new perspectives and directions for future inquiries. For example, a study aimed at identifying known gene variants in a specific population may produce HG results by discovering new, previously unknown gene variants. These HG results can then spark new lines of inquiry and further research into the previously unknown gene variants and their potential role in the population's health.Furthermore, HG results can be a valuable way of addressing complex problems by identifying potential mechanisms, pathways, or connections between variables. In this way, HG results serve as a foundation for hypothesis-driven research, providing researchers with a framework for designing experiments that test specific hypotheses.While HG results are essential for generating new ideas and directions for research, they also come with limitations. For instance, since HG results are observational, they do not confirm causality. While researchers may observe a correlation between two variables, they cannot determine which variable caused the other. Therefore, experimental research is required to study a causal relationship, in which researchers teach one of the variables and observe how the other responds.In sum, HG results can be invaluable for generating ideas and directions for research, but they must be interpreted with care. Researchers must be vigilant to ensure they don't oversell or misrepresent their HG results, and they must regularly consider how they can use them to catalyze hypothesis-driven research. By doing so, we can leverage HG results' value to spur new research advancements even where funding is scarce.。

物理化学名词英文及翻译equation of state 状态方程idea /perfect gas 理想气体kinetic theory of gases 气体分子动理论model fitting模型拟合root mean square rate 根均方速率zeroth law of thermodynamics 热力学第零定律translational energy 平动能phase diagram 相图isotherm等温线isobar 等压线distribution function 分布函数most probable rate 最概然速率mathematical average rate 数学平均速率fluctuation 涨落现象free path 自由程mean free path 平均自由程reduced mass 折合质量effusion 隙流law of effusion 隙流定律compressibility factor（Z）压缩因子Boyle temperature Boyle温度Internal pressure 内压力Virialcoefficient维利系数Critical temperature 临界温度Critical point临界点Wilson cloud chamber 威尔逊云雾室reduced pressure、volume、temperature对比压力，体积，温度corresponding state 对比状态law of corresponding state对比状态定律compressibility factor chart压缩因子图potential energy 位能chemical thermodynamics化学热力学classicial thermodynamics 经典热力学phenomenological themodynamics唯象热力学isolated system 隔离系统closed system 封闭系统open system 敞开系统thermodynamic variable 热力学变量extensive property 广度性质capacity property容量性质intensive property 强度性质thermodynamic equilibrium state 热力学平衡态thermal equilibrium 热动平衡mechanical equilibrium 力学平衡phase equilibrium 相平衡chemical equilibrium 化学平衡state function 状态函数process and path 过程与途径isochore等容线homogeneous system 多组分均相系统heterogeneous system 复相系统isothermal process等温过程isobaric process 等压过程isochoric process 等容过程adiabatic process绝热过程﹪﹪cyclic process环状过程thermodynamic energy 热力学能internal energy 内能first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律first kind of perpetual motion machine 第一类永动机free expansion 自由膨胀quasistatic process 准静态过程reversible process可逆过程irreversible process 不可逆过程reversible cyclic process可逆循环过程enthalpy 焓heat capacity 热容adiabatic process equation 绝热过程方程heat capacity ratio 热容比polytropic process 多方过程efficiency of the heat engine 热机效率transformation coefficient 转换系数coefficient of refrigeration 冷冻系数heat pump热泵throttling process节流过程differential throttling effect 微分节流效应inversion temperature转化温度isenthalpic curve 等焓线inversion curve 转化曲线thermochemistry 热化学chemical affinity 化学亲和力extent of reaction 反应进度molar enthalpy of reaction反应的摩尔焓变stand state 标准态elementary substance 单质standard molar enthalpy of formation标准摩尔生成焓standard molar enthalpy of combustion 标准摩尔燃烧焓second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律second kind of perpetual motion machine 第二类永动机heat reservoir恒温热储器spring 弹簧entropy 熵Clausius inequality 克劳修斯不等式Principle of entropy increasing 熵增加原理energy degradation 能量退降thermodynamic probability 热力学概率Helmholthz free energyHelmholthz自由能Helmholthz function Helmholthz函数Work function 功函characteristic function 特性函数Maxwell’s relations Maxwell 关系式Isobaric thermal expansivity等压热膨胀系数Conventional entropy 规定熵relaxation process弛豫过程relaxation time 弛豫时间local temperature and local density 局域温度和局域时间assumption of local equilibrium 局域平衡的假设entropy production 熵产生steady state 定态Onsager’s reciprocity relations Onsagre倒易关系式Phenomenological coefficient 唯象系数coupling 耦合dissipative structure 耗散结构convention cell 对流细胞self-oganization自组织行为chaos 混沌Maxwell demon Maxwell妖。

赵钜阳，陈逸玉，徐朔，等. 蛋白质-脂质/多糖基复合递送系统的形成机制与应用研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（7）：360−369. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023060080ZHAO Juyang, CHEN Yiyu, XU Shuo, et al. A Review of Protein-Lipids/Polysaccharides as a Delivery System of Bioactives in Food:Formation Mechanism and Application[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(7): 360−369. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023060080· 专题综述 ·蛋白质-脂质/多糖基复合递送系统的形成机制与应用研究进展赵钜阳1, *，陈逸玉1，徐　朔1，李玉奇1，袁慧萍2，杨斐然1（1.哈尔滨商业大学旅游烹饪学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150028；2.郑州科技学院食品科学与工程学院，河南郑州 450064）摘　要：一些生物活性物质因难溶于水且生物利用率较低而使其应用受限，近年来如何有效递送生物活性物质广受关注。

然而，脂质、多糖和蛋白质作为常用的食品级载体基质在单独使用时往往存在局限性，限制了它们在递送系统中的有效性。

蛋白质-脂质和蛋白质-多糖偶联是用于制造新型递送系统的新兴技术，相较于单一的一元载体，多元偶联物在体内具有更好的协同作用，在提高递送系统封装效率的同时提高整个系统的稳定低，从而最大限度地发挥产品功能性质和生物活性。

本文主要综述了脂质、多糖和蛋白质作为递送系统的重要性和局限性，横向对比了单一基质与多复合载体基质之间的优缺点，蛋白质-脂质/多糖二元基质作为主要研究对象，对其偶联机制、方法及其在营养递送中的作用优势进行了探讨，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

Z-45INTRODUCTIONThe mineral-insulated integrally metal-sheathed (MIMS) form of thermocouple consists of matched thermocouple wires surrounded by insulating material (typically MgO) compacted by rolling, drawing or swaging until the sheath is reduced in diameter.The advantages of MIMS thermocouples are:•Chemical isolation of wires from the surrounding atmosphere.•Shielding of thermoelements from sources of electrical interference.•Protection of the wires andinsulation from damage due to shock.•Flexibility of the final assembly allowing bending.For two decades, people have credited MIMS construction with a greatercapability than deserved.Quite frequently,this form has shown less stability, less durability and lower temperature limits than corresponding unsheathed elements.The nickel bearing MIMS thermocouples used above 400ºC (750ºF) are especially vulnerable to calibration instability and shortened lifetime - factors which bear heavily on thermocouple use and selection.HYSTERESISThermoelectric hysteresis is onecontributor toward calibration instability.Hysteresis is a form of short-range order/disorder phenomenon occurring between 200 and 600ºC (peaking at ≈400ºC) for Ni-Cr alloys such as T ype K.It is evidenced by a calibration change of several degrees as the thermocouple temperature is cycled within thistemperature band.T ype N thermocouples exhibit hysteresis of up to 5ºC when heated and cooled between 200 and 1000ºC (peaking around 750ºC).At900ºC hysteresis is 2 to 3ºC.If the type K thermocouple, for example, will be used below 500ºC, hysteresis can be reduced by annealing overnight at 450ºC.OXIDATIONAnother phenomenon affecting calibration is oxidation.Ni-Cr-AI alloys (e.g.,Chromel*) have limited life in air above 500ºC because of oxidation.A special form of oxidation is so-called “green rot”which is preferential oxidation of Cr in atmospheres with low oxygen content (e.g., sheaths in which the volume of air is limited and stagnant).Nicrosil resists oxidation up to about 1,250ºC (2,300ºF)and does not exhibit green rot.Several new sheath materials called“Nicrobell”(**) consist of Nicrosil with 1.5%or 3.0% niobium.Nicrobell “A”isparticularly formulated to be resistant to oxidation.Another new oxidation resistant sheath material called Nicrosil +(***)consists of Nicrosil plus 0.15%magnesium.It is reported (ref.4) to exhibit less spalling and probably have a longer life than some Nicrobell version(s) tested.Nicrosil, itself, does not have satisfactory resistance to reducing atmospheres, such as encountered in most combustion or many heat treating processes.Other adaptations of Nicrosil for use as sheath material (such as Nicrobells B, C and D)can be expected to deal with typical nonoxidizing atmospheres.CONTAMINATIONA third influence on calibration stability is contamination.The idea behind the mineral-insulated, integrally designed,metal-sheathed thermocouple is that the uniform compression of finely divided mineral oxides (typically MgO) insulation surrounding the wires and filling the sheath would seal the internal volume,thereby eliminating contamination.The volume of the insulation compressed by swaging, rolling or drawing is on the order of 85% of solid material.This is useful,permitting the tubing to be bent and also permitting the manufacture of smaller diameter assemblies.It does, however,permit the intrusion of gas such as water vapor or air.It also permits vapor diffusion of elements composing the wires or sheath.Bentley and Morgan determined that the vapor-phase diffusion of Mn(manganese) through the MgO insulation has the greatest influence on thermocouple decalibration.METAL FATIGUEMetal fatigue is another cause ofshortened thermocouple life.Differing temperature coefficients of linearexpansion between sheaths and wires causes strain during heating or cooling.These strains result in eventual fracturedue to metal fatigue.On heating to 900ºC,the thermal expansion of Nisil differs from SS 304 by 0.4% of length.Nicrosil has only 0.05% difference in thermalexpansion compared to Nisil (the leg most likely to fracture).A sheath of Nicrosil,Nicrosil +or Niobell would therefore induce less metal fatigue in either leg of the T ype N thermocouple than would stainless steel.COMPOSITIONComposition changes in SS sheathed couples are generally greater than in Inconel (****) sheathed couples.In tests performed by Anderson, et al ., the KN leg showed an increase in chromium but a decrease in aluminum.These changes in composition contributed the major portion of the resulting change in calibration of the thermocouple.Most stainless steels have from 1 to 2% of manganese.T ype 304 has ≈2%manganese.Others have manganese concentrations varying from 1% to 10%.Inconel has up to 1% Mn.As a rule of thumb, each 1% of Mn in the sheathmaterial contributes -10ºC calibration shift for 1,000 hours at 1,100ºC.According to Bentley, at 1,200ºC, T ype N in a 3 mm diameter SS sheath drifted -24ºC in 1,000hours.HUMIDITYThere is a multiple effect of water vapor within the sheath.It is rapidly absorbed in the MgO, reducing the insulationresistance.Humidity intrusion can ruin a MIMS thermocouple assembly in as short a time as a few minutes.In lesseramounts, it destroys a protective oxide coating on Nickel-Chromium alloys,subjecting them to more rapiddeterioration.The changes due to waterThe Choice Of SheathingFor MineraI Insulated ThermocouplesH.L.Daneman,P .E.200D R I F T (°C )–25+25–5040060080010001200ElapsedTime (h)Type K (310 SS)Type N (310 SS)Type K (Inconel)Type N (Inconel)Figure 1. Drift of 3 mm diameter stainless steel sheathed and Inconel 600 sheathed type K and Nicrosil vs. Nisil thermocouples in 1200°C in vacuum. The dips in the drift curve are the result of the "in-place inhomogeneity test" where the samples were extracted from the furnace by 5 cm.Z-46Zvapor can be sufficiently severe as to make affected couples useless by reducing insulation resistance.This reduced resistance can result in misleading temperature readings,premature failure or even erroneous readings after open circuiting.Water vapor can be introduced during thermocouple fabrication or repair, or even by changes in atmospheric pressureduring air shipment or during long periods of storage (e.g., six months) atconstruction sites.Care must be taken of hermetic seals during shipment and installation.RECOMMENDATIONSAlthough not mentioned above , there is some relationship between the diameter of these thermocouple materials and stability and longevity at elevated temperatures.The surface of thebrickwork on which electrical heaters are supported becomes conductive atelevated temperatures.This leads to flow of electrical currents throughthermocouple sheaths to ground, perhaps through the measuring instrument.The temptation to use the finest sheathed thermocouples (as fine as 1 mm) should be resisted for higher temperature or corrosive industrial environments.Stainless steel is a poorer sheath for mineral-insulated, metal-sheathedthermocouples than either Inconel 600 or modified Nicrosil when used with Ni-Cr thermocouples such as T ype K or T ype N.The modified Nicrosil sheathedthermocouples offer improved oxidation resistance up to 1,100ºC (1,200 to1,250ºC for T ype N), reduced failures due to differential thermal expansion, improved ductility and the elimination of the driftproblems caused by the vapor diffusion of manganese from stainless steels or Inconel.Considering the current state of supply of the newer materials, one could wellchoose a low manganese (0.3% or less)Inconel sheathed T ype K MIMSthermocouple until such time as modified Nicrosil sheathed T ype K or N and appropriate supporting data become readily available.(*)CHROMEL is a trademark of the Hoskins Manufacturing Co.(**)NICROBELL is a trademark ofNICROBELL Pty.Ltd.NICROBELL sheath alloys are patented in a number of countries including the USA (***)NICROSIL + is a trademark ofPyrotenax Australia Pty.Ltd.(****)INCONEL is a trademark of theInternational Nickel Co.Reproduced with the permission of:H.L.Daneman P .O.Box 31056Sante Fe, NM 87594REFERENCES1.Anderson, R.L., Ludwig, R.L.,FAILURE OF SHEA THED THERMOCOUPLES DUE TO THERMAL CYCLING, T emperature, (1982) pp 939-9512.Anderson, R.L., Lyons, J.D.,Kollie, T G., Christie, W.H., Eby, R., DECALIBRA TION OF SHEA THED THERMOCOUPLES, T emperature, (1982) pp 977-10073.Bentley, R.E., NEW-GENERA TION TEMPERA TURE PROBES, Materials Australasia, April (1987), pp.10-134.Bentley, R.E., THEORY ANDPRACTICE OF THERMOELECTRIC THERMOMETERY , 2nd Edition, CSIRO Div.of Applied Physics, (1990) 152 pages.5.Bentley, R.E., private communication, 11/22/906.Burley, N.A., HIGHL Y ST ABLE NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS FOR THERMOCOUPLES, J.of the Australian Institute of Metals, May (1972), pp 101-1137.Burley, N.A., Burns, G.W., Powell, R.L., NICROSIL AND NISIL:THEIR DEVELOPMENT ANDST ANDARDIZA TION, Inst.Physical Conf.Ser.No.26, (1975), pp 162-1718.Burley, N.A., Jones, T .P .,PRACTICAL PERFORMANCE OF NICROSIL-NISIL THERMOCOUPLES,Inst.Physical Conf.Ser.No.26, (1975),pp 172-1809.Burley, N.A., Powell, R.L., Burns, G.W., Scroger, M.G., THE NICROSIL VS NISIL THERMOCOUPLE:PROPERTIES ANDTHERMOELECTRIC DA T A, NBSMonograph 161, April (1978), pp 1-15610.Burley, N.A., THE NICROSIL VSNISIL THERMOCOUPLE:THE FIRST TWO DECADES, (1986) private communication11.Burley, N.A., N-CLAD-N:A NOVEL ADVANCED TYPE NINTEGRALL Y -SHEA THEDTHERMOCOUPLE OF UL TRA-HIGH THERMOELECTRIC ST ABILITY , High T emperatures-High Pressures, (1986) pp 609-61612.Burley, N.A., NICROSIL/NISIL TYPE N THERMOCOUPLE, Measurements & Control, April (1989), pp 130-13313.Burley, N.A., ADVANCEDINTEGRALL Y SHEA THED TYPE N THERMOCOUPLE OF UL TRA-HIGH THERMOELECTRIC ST ABILITY , Measurement, Jan-Mar 1990, pp 36-4114.Daneman, H.L., THERMOCOUPLES, Measurements & Control, June (1988),pp 242-24315.Frank, D.E., AS TEMPERA TURES INCREASE, SO DO THEPROBLEMS!, Measurements & Control, June (1988), p 24516.Hobson, J.W., THE INTRODUCTION OF THE NICROSIL/NISILTHERMOCOUPLES IN AUSTRALIA, Australian Journal of Instrumentation and Control, October (1982), pp 102-104 17.Hobson, J.W., THE K TO N TRANSITION - BUILDING ON SUCCESS, Australian Journal ofInstrumentation and Control, (1985) pp 12-1518.Northover, E.W., Hitchcock, J.A., A NEW HIGH-ST ABILITY NICKEL ALLOY , Instrument Practice,September (1971), pp 529-531 19.Paine, A., TYPE N AND K MIMS T/C’S, fax LNA5195, 11/23/9020.Wang, T P ., Starr, C.D., NICROSIL-NISIL THERMOCOUPLES IN PRODUCTION FURNACES, ISA(1978) Annual conference, pp 235-25421.Wang, T .P ., Starr, C.D., EMFST ABILITY OF NICROSIL-NISIL A T 500˚C, ISA (1978) Annual conference, pp 221-233I n s i t u D r i f t (°C )20101100°C-10-201000Time (h)20003000NCRSS1.6 mm Bare Wire3 mm OD Mineral Insulated Metal Sheathed ThermocoupleFigure 2.The insitu drift in type N thermocouples with tips held at 1100°C.Curves refer to mineral insulated metal sheathed thermocouples with 3mm OD sheaths of 310 stainless steel (SS) or Nicrosil (NCR) and 1.6mm bare wire thermocouples in air.The range in drift for the latter is also indicated.Material Selection GuideAcetate Solvents Crude or Pure Monel or Nickel Acetic Acid10% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "50% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "50% - 212°F316 Stainless Steel " "99% - 70°F430 Stainless Steel " "99% - 212°F430 Stainless Steel Acetic Anhydride MonelAcetone212°F304 Stainless Steel Acetylene304, Monel, Nickel Alcohol Ethyl70°F304 Stainless Steel " "212°F304 Stainless Steel Alcohol Methyl70°F304 Stainless Steel " "212°F304 Stainless Steel Aluminum Molten Cast iron Aluminum Acetate Saturated304 Stainless Steel Aluminum Sulphate10% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "Saturated 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "10% - 212°F316 Stainless Steel" "Saturated 212°F316 Stainless Steel Ammonia All concentrations 70°F304 Stainless Steel Ammonium Chloride All concentrations 212°F316 Stainless Steel Ammonium Nitrate All concentrations 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "All concentrations 212°F304 Stainless Steel Ammonium Sulphate5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "10% - 212°F316 Stainless Steel" "Saturated 212°F316 Stainless Steel Aniline All concentrations 70°F304 Stainless Steel Amylacetate MonelAsphalt Steel (C1018)Phosphor Bronze,Monel, Nickel Barium Carbonate70°F304 Stainless Steel Barium Chloride5% - 70°F Monel" "Saturated 70°F Monel" "Aqueous - Hot316 Stainless Steel Barium Hydroxide Steel (C1018) Barium Sulphite Nichrome Benzaldehyde Steel (C1018) Benzene70°F304 Stainless Steel Benzine Steel (C1018),Monel, Inconel Benzol Hot304 Stainless Steel Boracic Acid5% Hot or Cold304 Stainless Steel Bromine70°F Tantalum Butadiene Brass, 304Butane70°F304 Stainless Steel Butylacetate MonelButyl Alcohol CopperButylenes Steel (C1018),Phosphor Bronze Butyric Acid5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "5% - 150°F304 Stainless Steel Calcium Bisulfite70°F316 Stainless Steel Calcium Chlorate Dilute 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "Dilute 150°F304 Stainless Steel Calcium Hydroxide10% - 212°F304 Stainless Steel " "20% - 212°F304 Stainless Steel" "50% - 212°F317 Stainless Steel Carbolic Acid All 212°F316 Stainless Steel Carbon Dioxide Dry Steel (C1018), Monel " "Wet Aluminum,Monel,Nickel Carbon Tetrachloride10% - 70°F MonelChlorex Caustic316SS, 317SS Chlorine Gas Dry 70°F317 Stainless Steel " "Moist 70°F Hastelloy C" "Moist 212°F Hastelloy C Chromic Acid5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "10% - 212°F316 Stainless Steel" "50% - 212°F316 Stainless Steel Citric Acid15% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel " "15% - 212°F316 Stainless Steel " "Concentrated 212°F317 Stainless Steel Coal Tar Hot304 Stainless Steel Coke Oven Gas AluminumCopper Nitrate304, 316Copper Sulphate304, 316Core Oils316 Stainless Steel Cottonseed Oil Steel (C1018),Monel, Nickel Creosols304 Stainless Steel Creosote Crude Steel (C 1018),Monel, Nickel Cyanogen Gas304 Stainless Steel Dowtherm Steel (C1018) Epsom Salt Hot and Cold304 Stainless Steel Ether70°F304 Stainless Steel Ethyl Acetate MonelEthyl Chloride70°F304 Stainless SteelEthylene Glycol Steel (C1018)Ethyl Sulphate70°F MonelFerric Chloride1% - 70°F316 Stainless Steel" "5% - 70°F Tantalum" "5% - Boiling TantalumFerric Sulphate5% - 70°F304 Stainless SteelFerrous Sulphate Dilute 70°F304 Stainless SteelFormaldehyde304 Stainless SteelFreon Steel (C1018)Formic Acid5% - 70°F316 Stainless Steel" "5% - 150°F316 Stainless SteelGallic Acid5% - 70°F Monel" "5% - 150°F MonelGasoline70°F304 Stainless SteelGlucose70°F304 Stainless SteelGlycerine70°F304 Stainless SteelGlycerol304 Stainless SteelHeat Treating446 Stainless SteelHydrobromic Acid48% - 212°F Hastelloy BHydrochloric Acid1% - 70°F Hastelloy C" "1% - 212°F Hastelloy B" "5% - 70°F Hastelloy C" "5% - 212°F Hastelloy B" "25% - 70°F Hastelloy B" "25% - 212°F Hastelloy BHydrocyanic Acid316 Stainless SteelHydrofluoric Acid Hastelloy CHydrogen Peroxide70°F316 Stainless Steel" "212°F316 Stainless SteelHydrogen Sulphide Wet and dry316 Stainless SteelIodine70°F TantalumKerosene70°F304 Stainless SteelLactic Acid5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "5% - 150°F316 Stainless Steel" "10% - 212°F TantalumLacquer70°F316 Stainless SteelLatex Steel (C1018)Lime Sulphur Steel (C1018), 304,MonelLinseed Oil70°F304 Stainless SteelMagnesium Chloride5% - 70°F Monel" "5% - 212°F NickelMagnesium Sulphate Cold and Hot MonelMalic Acid Cold and Hot316 Stainless SteelMercury Steel (C1018) , 304,MonelMethane70°F Steel (1020)Milk304, NickelMixed Acids Carpenter #20(Sulphuric and Nitric- all temp. and %)Molasses Steel (C1018), 304,Monel, NickelMuriatic Acid70°F TantalumNap70°F304 Stainless SteelNatural Gas70°F304 Stainless SteelNeon70°F304 Stainless SteelNickel Chloride70°F304 Stainless SteelNickel Sulphate Hot and Cold304 Stainless SteelNitric Acid5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "20% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "50% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "50% - 212°F304 Stainless Steel" "65% - 212°F316 Stainless Steel" "Concentrated - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "Concentrated - 212°F TantalumNitrobenzene70°F304 Stainless SteelNitrous Acid304 Stainless SteelOleic Acid70°F316 Stainless SteelOleum70°F316 Stainless SteelOxalic Acid5% - Hot and Cold304 Stainless Steel" "10% - 212°F MonelOxygen70°F Steel (C1018)" Liquid304 Stainless SteelPalmitic Acid316 Stainless SteelPetroleum EtherPhenoI304 Stainless SteelPentane304 Stainless SteelPhosphoric Acid1% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "10% - 70°F316 Stainless Steel" "10% - 212°F Hastelloy C" "30% - 70°F Hastelloy BPicric Acid70°F304 Stainless SteelPotassium Bromide70°F316 Stainless SteelPotassium Carbonate1% - 70°F304 Stainless SteelPotassium Chlorate70°F304 Stainless SteelPotassium Chloride5% - 70°*F304 Stainless Steel" "5% - 212°F304 Stainless SteelPotassium Hydroxide5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "25% - 212°F304 Stainless Steel" "50% - 212°F316 Stainless SteelPotassium Nitrate5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "5% - 212°F304 Stainless SteelPotassiumPermanganate5% - 70°F304 Stainless SteelPotassium Sulphate5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "5% - 212°F304 Stainless SteelPotassium Sulphide70°F304 Stainless SteelPropane304 Stainless SteelPyrogallic Acid304 Stainless SteelQuinine Bisulphate Dry316 Stainless SteelQuinine Sulphate Dry304 Stainless SteelResin304 Stainless SteelRosin Molten304 Stainless SteelSea Water MonelSalommoniac MonelSalicylic Acid NickelShellac304 Stainless SteelSoap70°F304 Stainless SteelSodium Bicarbonate All concentrations 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "5% - 150°F304 Stainless SteelSodium Bisulphate MonelSodium Carbonate5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel""5% - 150°F304 Stainless SteelSodium Chloride5% - 70°F316 Stainless Steel""5% - 150°F316 Stainless Steel""Saturated - 70°F316 Stainless Steel""Saturated - 212°F316 Stainless SteelSodium Fluoride5% - 70°F MonelSodium Hydroxide304 Stainless SteelSodium Hypochlorite5% still316 Stainless SteelSodium Nitrate Fused317 Stainless SteelSodium Peroxide304 Stainless SteelSodium Phosphate Steel (C1018)Sodium Silicate Steel (C1018)Sodium Sulphate70°F304 Stainless SteelSodium Sulphide70°F316 Stainless SteelSodium Sulphite150°F304 Stainless SteelSteam304 Stainless SteelStearic Acid304 Stainless SteelSulphur Dioxide Moist Gas - 70°F316 Stainless Steel" "Gas - 575°F304 Stainless SteelSulphur Dry - Molten304 Stainless Steel"Wet316 Stainless SteelSulphuric Acid5% - 70°F Carp. 20, Hastelloy B" "5% - 212°F Carp. 20, Hastelloy B" "10% - 70°F Carp. 20, Hastelloy B" "10% - 212°F Carp. 20, Hastelloy B" "50% - 70°F Carp. 20, Hastelloy B" "50% - 212°F Carp. 20, Hastelloy B" "90% - 70°F Carp. 20, Hastelloy B" "90% - 212°F Hastelloy DTannic Acid70˚F304 Stainless SteelTar Steel (C1018), 304,Monel, NickelTartaric Acid70°F304 Stainless Steel" "150°F316 Stainless SteelTin Molten Cast IronTolvene Aluminum, PhosphorBronze, MonelTrichloroethylene Steel (C1018)Turpentine304 Stainless SteelVarnish304 Stainless SteelVegetable Oils Steel (C1018), 304,MonelVinegar304 Stainless SteelWater Fresh Copper, Steel (C1018),Monel" Salt AluminumWhiskey, Wine304, NickelXylene CopperZinc Molten Cast IronZinc Chloride MonelZinc Sulphate5% - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "Saturated - 70°F304 Stainless Steel" "25% - 212°F304 Stainless SteelThis chart is a guide to selection of thermocouple sheath and thermowell materials according to process fluid.It includes factors such as catalytic reaction, contamination and electrolysis.However, there are many instances where factors other than these must be considered.It is recommended that such special applications be submitted to OMEGA ENGINEERING for recommendations.These recommendations are only guides based on the most economical material selection.OMEGA ENGINEERING cannot be held responsible if these recommendations are not satisfactory for specific applications.SUBSTANCE CONDITIONS RECOMMENDEDMETAL SUBSTANCE CONDITIONS RECOMMENDEDMETALSUBSTANCE CONDITIONS RECOMMENDEDMETALZ-47。