语态转换译法 12-13

语态转换译法Translation of Passive Voice12-13-2010例如：As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of theunderground rock structure must be carried out . If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a“drilling rig drilling rig”” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick a derrick””. 译文：因为石油深埋地下，所以单靠研究地面还不能确定有无石油储量。

因此，必须对地下岩层结构进行地质勘测。

如果认为某地域岩层含有石油，那就在该处安装“钻机”。

钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。

It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struckstruck,, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves. (John Swales: Writing Scientific English) . 续：井架用来升吊分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔隙中。

当孔隙钻成后，放入钢管以防止孔壁坍塌。

如发现石油，需在油管顶部紧固加盖，使石油通过系列阀门流出。

英语中被动语态使用广泛。

凡是在不必要说出主动者，不愿说出主动者，无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等等场合，往往都用被动语态。

汉语中虽也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。

英语被动语态的句子，翻译成汉语时，很多情况下都可译成主动句，但也有一些可以保持被动语态。

既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法。

译成汉语“被、受、由、把、遭、挨、使、给、为……所、加以、予以”等有标志的被动结构。

顺译法 (Translation in Original Order)顺译成被动句•英语被动句如果表达的是令人不快或不幸的事情，句中又有施动者，则正符合汉语被动句的使用条件。

因此大都可以译成汉语的被动结构。

例：His passport was confiscated by the police.Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, every one respects him.They are deprived of their rights.He was beaten black and blue.A. 译成 “被” 字句(Charlotte Brontë:自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。

“挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。

The little boy was criticized three times last week.I was caught in the downpour.This time he was tipped over by his buddies.B. 译成“挨”字句C. 译成“给”字句“给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。

Our clothes were soaked with sweat.The crops were washed away by the flood.Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company.His father was killed beofore liberation.D. D. 译成译成译成“叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为……所、经……所” 等字句，用以加强说话、表等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。

You have been wetted in the rain.Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in thehospital.The American President Bill Clinton was received with great honorand much kindness when he paid a visit toChina.A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged inthe seaquake.It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.Other processes will be discussed briefly.The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.He was looked down upon by all his friends.顺译成主动句A. 顺译成形式是主动，意义是被动的句子把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。

Love can not be forced.Love and cough cannot be hidden.The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.On their domestic stations events in the Middle east were reported briefly.Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine.C. 顺译成“是……的”结构英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况。

�句子里强调的是行动的静态而不是动态的含义。

“是……的”的句式。

受事者——是——动词——的That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain. China-ink stains cannot be washed out.Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.倒译法(Translation in Reverse Order)把原文中的主语译为宾语1. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.2. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语Heat is removed from the body during sweating. Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI.In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous Gold Rush.倒译成汉语的无主句将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语句子常是无主句。

有时也会译成动宾词组作主语的句子，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺自然。

对于原文中未提及动作执行者（施事者）的句子常可采取这种翻译方法。

Quality of products must be guaranteed first.The goods are urgently needed.When the anthem had been played, the Congress began. Smoking is not allowed here.Children should be taught to speak the truth.You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered.分译法(Splitting Translation)把原文的主语部分或被动式谓语动词从原文中分出来，单独译成一个带主语或不带主语的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再译成一句或几句，跟在其后。

“It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. ”结构原句的主语是先行代词It，翻译时添加“有人，人们，大家，我们”等作主语，常用于下列结构中：It is asked that … 有人会问……It is asserted that … 有人主张……It is felt that … 有人感到……；人们认为……；It is preferred that…有人建议……It is recommended that …有人建议……；有人推荐……It is suggested that … 有人建议……It is stressed that … 有人强调说……It will be said that … 有人会说……It is believed that … 有人相信……It is estimated that …有人估计……It is announced that … 有人通知……; 有人宣称……It is pointed out that …有人指出……It is claimed that …有人宣称……It is declared that …有人提出……It is described that …有人介绍说……It has been objected that …有人反驳说……It is thought that … 人们认为……；有人认为……It is taken that … 人们认为……It is reputed that … 人们认为……例：It is pointed that there may be as many as 100,000 different sorts of proteins in a man’’s body.different sorts of proteins in a manIt is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on It is well known thatthe mind and body, suffusing the body with afeeling of well-being.During the enquiry, it was discovered that herDuring the enquiry, itdeath had not been an accident.As the same time it is agreed that all Americans,whatever their origins, must learn to speakEnglish clearly and fluently, and they must learnto adapt themselves to the American way of life.S + be known to-V S + be known to-V …… 大家知道，………… /人们(都)知道，……S + be held to-V S + be held to-V …… 人们认为，……S + be considered to-V S + be considered to-V …… 我们认为，……S + be found to S + be found to ––V V ……人们发现，……S + be thought to-V S + be thought to-V …… 有人认为，…… ““S + be + v.-ed + to-v.S + be + v.-ed + to-v.””结构 原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时添加“有人，人们，大家，我们”等，译成分句，其余部分分层译出。