药学英语Unit 8 Text A 注释及译文

Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate energy for their activities.生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。

药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品根据他们的产品或来源药物可以被分为三种：Ⅰ、全合成Ⅱ、天然产物和Ⅲ、由部分合成产物（半合成产物）本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。

然而，这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。

它们可以被用作有价值的先导化合物，并且它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。

表一给出了不同方式来获得药物的概述。

方法举例1.全合成超过所有药物的75%2.从自然资源中分离出的（自然产物）2.1 植物2.2 动物器官2.3 其他来源3.发酵4.自然产物的部分合成修饰（半合成药物）一些有治疗意义的天然产物最初是从自然来源中获得的，是目前更有效的，即：通过全合成而更加经济的。

在过去的几年里发酵，即微生物工程，已经变得极其重要。

通过现代技术和基因的选择结果，导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生，发酵已经变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。

真核细胞（酵母和霉菌）和原核细胞（单细菌细胞和放线菌）都被用作微生物。

以下为可获得的生产形式:1. 细胞原料（单细胞蛋白质）2. 酶3. 初级的降解产物（初级酶代谢物）4. 次级的降解产物（次级的代谢物）在次级代谢物中，必先提起的是抗生素，以下五种药代表了每年世界范围内价值170亿美元的药物：青霉素，头孢菌素，四环素，红霉素，氨基糖苷类。

大约有5000种抗生素已经从微生物中分离出来了，但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。

然而，一定知道，那些衍生物通过部分合成被改进用于治疗。

在过去十年中，单单从β-内酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。

发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行，避免了微生物噬菌体的污染等等，整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。

（倒数第五段开始）大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸（盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸），还有无机和有机碱（氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶）。

还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。

所有这些补充的化学物质（比如中间体）在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。

第四版药学英语课后翻译（节选）药学英语课后翻译Organic Chemistry Translation1. 没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。

The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. 既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。

Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. 通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。

The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. 幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。

Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. 迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。

So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. 人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞生了有机化学Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. 煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新物质。

参考译文1)There is something in the nature of tea that leads us into a world of quiet contemplation (沉思)of life. Picked at early dawn on a clear day, when the morning air on mountain top was clear and thin, and the fragrance of dews was still upon the leaves, tea is still associated with the fragrance and refinement of the magic dew in its enjoyment. Tea is then symbolic (象征的) of earthly purity, requiring the most fastidious (严苛的) cleanliness in its preparation. From picking, fermenting （发酵）and preserving to its final infusion （过滤）and drinking, easily upset or spoiled by the slightest contamination （污染）of oily hands or oily cups. Consequently, its enjoyment is appropriate in an atmosphere where all ostentation (虚饰) or suggestion of luxury is banished （驱逐）from one's eyes and one's thoughts.（Excerpted from “Tea and Friendship” by Lin Yutang）2) Calligraphic works can demonstrate the beauty of both the body and movement, like the art ofdance. They can absorb inspiration （灵感）from each other. Zhang Xu, a cursive-script calligraphy master of the Tang Dynasty, was famous for distinctive rhythms （韵律）and a wild style. Legend says that he made swift progress in his calligraphy after he got inspiration from a dance performed by the famous dancer Gongsun. Through distinctive rhythms and neat movements, the dancer demonstrates various kinds of charms and emotions such as vividness, joy, sadness, anger, aspiration （愿望）, demand, boldness（勇猛）and inspiration. The cursive-script calligraphic works by Zhang Xu, the poems by Li Bai and the sword dance by Pei Min were praised as the three wonders by the emperor of their time.。

Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?—A scientist's choice动物仍是孩子？——一名科学家的选择1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury —circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.1 我就是那个仇敌！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、弄动物实验的医生科学家之一。

Special terms for pharmaceutical administration AAbbreviated New Drug Application（ANDA）(仿制药)简化新药申请abstention 戒毒abuse 滥用Accelerated Review “加速审批”（FDA政策）Accelerated Testing 加速稳定性试验accept and register 受理和立案acceptable 可接受的acceptance 验收，接受accident 意外，不测事件accompanying chart 附图account for 了解，查明accounting 会计，计账action 作用，效果Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients（API）原料药activity 活动addiction 瘾癖，成瘾additional source of information 其他信息来源additive agent 添加剂adequate 足够的adherence 坚持；遵守adhesive bandage 粘绷带Administrative Law Judge行政法裁判administration responsibility 行政责任administrative 行政的，管理的administrative officers 行政官员Administrative Procedure Act of19046《1946年行政诉讼法》Administrative Procedure Law《行政诉讼法》Administrative Reconsideration Law《行政复议法》Administrative Supervision Law《行政监察法》adopted name 药品通用名adulterate （在饮食和药品中）掺假adulteration（在饮食和药品中）掺假advance 发展，进展Adverse Drug Experience 不良药物经历adverse drug reaction（ADR）药品不良反应adverse event 不良事件adverse reaction reporting system不良反应报告系统adversely 不利地，有害地。