高级英语听力

Unit 5 Big BusinessListeningAudio Track 4-5-1Talk 1Our company employs 100 people from the local area. It develops and produces wooden artware which it sells in one of its five city stores. Even without advertisement, the products are very popular and the stores are always busy. Customers often come directly to the stores to make purchases.*Talk 2I’m the Product Marketing Manager of our company. We are working on a marketing plan at the moment. Before any contracts are signed, there are a lot of things we have to take into careful consideration. We should know, for instance, the needs and preferences of consumers, the best distribution channel, the governing rules and regulations concerning the distribution of products, and the price at which products can be sold.**Talk 3My employer is a world-leading information and communications technology (ICT) solutions provider. The company supplies networking and telecommunications equipment to 45 of the world’s 50 largest telecom operators. In such a compet itive market, the company has to innovate to stay ahead. That’s why it invests heavily in research and development, the department I work in. I’m a senior analyst in the R&D division.Audio Track 4-5-2/Audio Track 4-5-3He may have been your typical teenager in most ways. But he was different in one particular way: he started his own magazine. At the age of 15 he managed the magazine called Student. It was written for and about young people in school. He was very busy, but it was a satisfying job.His next business venture was completely different. He and some friends started a mail order record company. It was also the same year, 1970, when his music discount store was opened in England. It made a lot of money.In the early 1990s, he sold his successful music business and used the money for another business idea: an airline company. And so, Virgin Airways Ltd. was born. To compete with other airlines, his company offered good prices to customers. Today Virgin is known for its excellent service. Richard Branson now runs the Virgin Group, Ltd. He employs 50,000 people and in many different fields, such as book publishing, financial services, modeling, and even bridal services! Not bad for a teenager from the UK who dreamed of editing his own magazine!Audio Track 4-5-4/Audio Track 4-5-5Host: Welcome back to “You Snooze, You Lose!” the best game show on television! This is our final round. Let me remind you of the rules. We will show an object for a couple of seconds. It’s your job to guess what it is. Michael? Linda? Are you ready to play?Michael & Linda: Yes!!Host: OK, then, let’s play ”You Snooze, You Lose!” Show us item number one.Host: Yes, Michael?Michael: I know what they are. They’re called “cams” and they’re used in mountain climbing. Host: That’s right for one point! They’re used to hold climbing ropes. All right then, here’s our second object. Yes, Linda?Linda: Is it some kind of tool?Host: Can you be more specific?Linda: I don’t know ... a tool used to fix some kind of machine?Host: No, I’m sorry. It’s a nose and ear hair trimmer. Next … item number three. Do you have any idea? Time is up. Since no one guessed, I’ll tell you the answer. Those are called Hopi ear candles. Linda: You stick them in your ears?Host: That’s right. They are used to clean out your ears. They also help to relax you. Let’s move on to item number four. Here it is.Michael: That’s obvious. It’s a corkscrew. You use it to open bottles.Host: Yes, that’s correct! It’s a mini-travel corkscrew. You can pack it in your suitcase. Oh, no! You know what that means! We’re out of time. Michael, with two correct answers, you are today’s winner! Congratulations! And before we leave, let me show the remaining objects. Item number five is an egg slicer. Item number six is a tongue scraper —make sure to use it so that you don’t have bad breath! That’s all the time we have for today. See you next time on “You Snooze, You Lose!” Goodbye everybody!Audio Track 4-5-6/Audio Track 4-5-7Microsoft CorporationMicrosoft Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, its best selling flagship products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite. Microsoft ships products to Europe, Asia, and Latin America.Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. In the mid-1980s, it rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS. Since 1985, Microsoft has released an upgrading line of Windows operating systems featuring a friendly user interface. The latest one, Windows 7, was released in October 2009 and has sold 600 million copies to date. A more powerful one, Windows 8, is to be released in late 2012. It is reported that this product can deliver a fast and fluid experience, along with a new user interface that responds equally well to touch as it does to keyboard and mouse.As one commentator notes, Microsoft’s original mission was “a computer on every desk and in every home, running Microsoft software,” and now it is a goal near fulfillment. Microsoft alsomakes profits in other markets such as computer hardware products and home entertainment products.Audio Track 4-5-8/Audio Track 4-5-9A different kind of holiday: Shop less, live more!Advertising is everywhere. It’s on race cars and subway trains, on T-shirts and billboards. Every day, you see hundreds of ads, and each advertiser wants you to buy their product. But do we really need all these products? A group in Canada says “No.” In 1991, they started an event called Buy Nothing Day, to protest against consumerism and waste. Every year, on the last Friday in November, no one should spend any money for 24 hours. The event has spread to over 15 countries around the world, including Japan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.In the United States, Buy Nothing Day takes place on the Friday after the Thanksgiving holiday. This is usually the busiest day of the year in department stores and shopping malls. Traditionally, it’s the first day of the Christmas shopping season, when Americans buy gifts for family and close friends.However, this “season” has grown longer every year. Now some stores put up their Christmas window displays in the middle of October, and Americans are pressured to buy gifts for every one of their relatives, for all of their coworkers, and for everyone they do business with. Many people feel that they are forgetting the real significance of the holidays, because companies just want them to spend more money.Of course, Buy Nothing Day supporters don’t want to change just one day. They want the change to continue all year. But if we take a break from shopping on one day, we can start thinking about wh at we really need in life. Michael Smith, British organizer of Buy Nothing Day, says: “Our message is clear: Shop less, live more!”Audio Track 4-5-10/Audio Track 4-5-11Ad or no ad?Is advertising really necessary? Billions of dollars are spent on it every year, so it must be important. After all, it’s a busy world. You have to advertise, sell products, and make money!Not every company thinks that way. The NO-AD company (“no-ad” stands for “not advertised”) avoids big advertising campaigns. The company was started in 1960 and is successful today. Their products are still affordable because the company saves money on advertising. They also use their savings to support a drug and alcohol awareness program to educate high school students.NO-AD sells by wor d of mouth. “Word-of-mouth advertising” happens when a person tells another person about a good experience with a product or service. That second person then tells another friend, family member, or colleague. And so a chain of information is created.Typic ally, advertisers talk about how good their product is. Although they say things like, “Studies show that our product is the best,” or “Everyone loves this product,” it can sound insincere or unconvincing. It’s much more believable to hear about a product from someone who did not make it. Our friends’ opinions are very important to us, so we often listen to their advice about aproduct.Word-of-mouth advertising has other advantages, too. It’s cost-effective (after all, it’s free) and a company doesn’t have to create a complex business plan to do it. Here is some advice for small business about word-of-mouth advertising:• Be prepared to talk about your company at any time. You never know who you will meet. Always carry business cards.• Only say positive things about your company. Don’t say negative things about your company.• Help other companies by referring people to them. The more you help others, the more good fortune will come back to you.Speaking & CommunicationAudio Track 4-5-12Noun: He gave me a beautiful present.Verb: Tomorrow I will present my ideas to the board of directors.Audio Track 4-5-131. a. I buy my produce at the market.b. We produce stereos and CD players.2. a. No one buys records anymore.b. I like to record my voice and listen to it.3. a. I can’t deliver it without an address.b. You need to address the envelope.Audio Track 4-5-14Host: So, welcome to our show. Why don’t you tell our listeners who you are and what you do. Woman: My name is Beverly Smith. I’m the CEO for TalkBack Communications.Host: Can you tell us about your company?Woman: Certainly. Our company was founded in 1995. We’re based in New York City. We have about 10,000 employees worldwide.Host: What does your company do?Woman: We do business in a large number of fields, such as telecommunications and computers. Our main area of business is new cell phone technology.Host: I hear your company is doing quite well.Woman: Well, we made over five million dollars profit last year. Experts say our company willgrow by up to 10% next year.Audio Track 4-5-15Conversation 1A: What’s the name of your company?B: It’s called Moonlights.A: Can you tell us about your company?B: Certainly. Our company was founded in 1999. We’re based in Seattle. We have over 5,000 employees.A: What does your company do?B: Moonlights produces and sells bottled coffee drinks. We also purchase coffee from farmers and sell it in our stores. Moonlights has over 3,000 stores worldwide.A: I hear your company is growing.B: Well, we made approximately 100 million dollars in profit last year. Experts say our company will grow by up to 10 percent next year.Conversation 2A: What’s the name of your company?B: It’s called Wasedosoft.A: Can you tell us about your company?B: Certainly. O ur company was founded in 2001. We’re based in Tokyo. We have over 12,000 employees.A: What does your company do?B: Wasedosoft produces millions of computer games and ships them to many countries. We also purchase computer games from freelancers and sell them in our stores. Wasedosoft has over 4,000 stores worldwide.A: I hear your company is growing.B: Well, we made approximately 1.5 billion dollars in profit last year. Experts say our company will grow by up to 15 percent next year.Audio Track 4-5-16History of Yahoo!This company was originally started as a hobby by two students in 1994. In the beginning it was called “Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web.” Their product was placed on two computers. The computers were named after two sumo wrestlers. The company grew quickly. Many stories were broadcast about it in the 1990s.Yahoo! TodayThis company’s Internet destination is visited by millions of people worldwide. It is used to find information. Free e-mail services are offered, too. Most of its profit is provided by advertising. Its main offices are found in California.Video CourseVideo Track 4-5-1Catherine: I’m a lawyer and the company I work for, we help people in the city … um … get assistance in a lot of different ways. We help them get housing, food, shelter …Gian: My company is a management consulting firm. We do education for executives. I make brochures that I send out to many executives throughout the United States. We invite those people to come to our trainings.Kevin: My friends and I founded a smoothie business back in college. We advertise by word of mouth and we also hand out flyers to students on campus.Malinda: The company that I work for employs about thirty people. We do a lot of things so that other people will know the kinds of work that we do. We talk to reporters to try to get articles in the newspaper, and we take lots of photographs.Calum: For my … um … classes I had to study a company. And I chose a company that produces advertisements. The adverts are usually quite complex, but they also have to be easy to remember. David: My friend’s dad’s business is a janitorial service. And businesses call him and he has people come in and clean the building, after hours. The business is successful because he’s a very hard worker.Video Track 4-5-2Gian: My company is a management consulting firm. We do education for executives. I make brochures that I send out to many executives throughout the United States. We invite those people to come to our trainings.Kevin: My friends and I founded a smoothie business back in college. We advertise by word of mouth and we also hand out flyers to students on campus.David: My friend’s dad’s business is a janitorial service. And businesses call him and he has people come in and clea n the building, after hours. The business is successful because he’s a very hard worker.Video Track 4-5-3Takeshi: By the way Mike, thanks a lot for helping me out with this. I can’t believe Tara got sick! And on the day of my first real commercial shoot. Can you believe it?Mike: Don’t worry about it. It’s going to be great … especially since you have a “lovely assistant” like me.Takeshi: Right … there, that should do it. Got your signs?Mike: Check!Takeshi: Ready Mr. Howard? (Mr. Howard nods ) And ro lling … OK … “Furniture Showroom” commercial — take one.Mr. Howard: Hello there! My name is John Howard, president of Furniture Showroom, and I’m here to tell you why we’re one of the most successful furniture stores around. The keys to our success are excellent quality, great design, and affordable prices. And who are these keys for? Why for you —our customers! And that’s why I’m here today to show you some of our premier pieces. Like this sleek and stylish lounge chair. All our loungers are covered in 100% genuine leather, and built with solid steel-frame construction. Take a look at that — talk about well-made. Or take a look at this Super Sleeper Sofa… why it’s one of the most comfortable sofas you’ll ever lay your head on! It’s true! See for yourself! (Mike lies down on sofa ) You know, folks, Furniture Showroom is not one of those flyby- night operations —“here today, gone tomorrow.” Our company was founded in 1982 with only three hard-working employees: my wife, my son, and me. Here at Furniture Showroom, we really pride ourselves in giving you the best product at the right price! So come on down to Furniture Showroom and take a look at our … (interrupted by Mike’s snore)Tara: Hey, what happened to that TV commercial? The one I couldn’t do because I was sick? Takeshi: You mean the one where Mike fell asleep on my first paying client? I just sent in the tape last week. Who … who knows what’ll happen.Mike: Look, I said I was sorry. Plus that couch was really comfortable …Takeshi: (phone rings) Hello? This is. Oh, hello, Mr. Howard! Yeah … uh-huh … OK … great! Thank you!Tara: Well?Takeshi: They loved it. They just booked me for another five commercials! Mr. Howard said that the big guy who fell asleep on the couch was the best part!Mike: Well, you k now what this calls for, don’t you?Takeshi: Yeah … an apology.Mike: No, an encore! (jumps on sofa )Video Track 4-5-4Takeshi: By the way Mike, thanks a lot for helping me out with this. I can’t believe Tara got sick! And on the day of my first real commercial shoot. Can you believe it?Mike: Don’t worry about it. It’s going to be great … especially since you have a “lovely assistant” like me.Takeshi: Right … there, that should do it. Got your signs?Mike: Check!Takeshi: Ready Mr. Howard? (Mr. Howard nods ) And rolling … OK … “Furniture Showroom” commercial — take one.Mr. Howard: Hello there! My name is John Howard, president of Furniture Showroom, and I’m here to tell you why we’re one of the most successful furniture stores around. The keys to our success are excellent quality, great design, and affordable prices. And who are these keys for? Why for you —our customers! And that’s why I’m here today to show you some of our premier pieces. Like this sleek and stylish lounge chair. All our loungers are covered in 100% genuineleather, and built with solid steel-frame construction. Take a look at that — talk about well-made. Or take a look at this Super Sleeper Sofa… why it’s one of the most comfortable sofas you’ll ever lay your head on! It’s true! See for yourself! (Mike lies down on sofa ) You know, folks, Furniture Showroom is not one of those flyby- night operations —“here today, gone tomorrow.” Our company was founded in 1982 with only three hard-working employees: my wife, my son, and me. Here at Furniture Showroom, we really pride ourselves in giving you the best product at the right price! So come on down to Furniture Showroom and take a look at our … (interrupted by Mike’s snore)Video Track 4-5-5Tara: Hey, what happened to that TV commercial? The one I couldn’t do because I was sick? Takeshi: You mean the one where Mike fell asleep on my first paying client? I just sent in the tape last week. Who … who knows what’ll happen.Mike: Look, I said I was sorry. Plus that couch was really comfortabl e …Takeshi: (phone rings ) Hello? This is. Oh, hello, Mr. Howard! Yeah … uh-huh … OK … great! Thank you!Tara: Well?Takeshi: They loved it. They just booked me for another five commercials! Mr. Howard said that the big guy who fell asleep on the couch was the best part!Mike: Well, you know what this calls for, don’t you?Takeshi: Yeah … an apology.Mike: No, an encore! (jumps on sofa )Audio Track 4-5-17Mike was helping Takeshi shoot a TV commercial for a store called Furniture Showroom. The president of Furniture Showroom, Mr. Howard, was starring in the commercial. First Mr. Howard talked about the company, which was founded in 1982. Then Mike helped show off the furniture while Mr. Howard described it and elaborated on how well each piece was made. However, while Mr. Howard was describing one of the sofas, Mike lay down on it and fell asleep!Later, Tara asked Takeshi about the TV commercial that she had failed to help him with. While Takeshi was telling Tara about the commercial, the phone rang and it was Mr. Howard! Mr. Howard said that his company loved the commercial, so they had decided to hire Takeshi to make five more commercials!。

Chapter 9 Lecture: Public Education: Philosophy and FundingMost young people in the United States, like most young people around the world, attend public school. Indeed, young people in the U.S. have to attend school because education is compulsory, in most states to the age of sixteen or until the students reach ninth grade.A small percentage of American youth attend private schools, wither religious or secular schools, but the vast majority attend public schools. One distinguishing feature of U.S. public education that surprises many foreigners is that although there are some standardized examinations, there is no nationwide curriculum set by the government ministry of education determines the curriculum that all students study and the examinations that all the students take at a set time. Of course, U.S. students follow a curriculum, and they take examinations as all students do. Although the federal government does influence public education by providing funds to schools for special programs such as education for the handicapped and for bilingual education, the federal government does not determine the curriculum or the examinations. Today I’d like to talk about the three levels of control within each state and then spend some time discussing where the money for education comes from and three issues related to funding.Control of education in the United States is mainly exercised locally at three levels. Let’s begin with the state department of education. The department of education of each of the fifty states has two basic functions. First, each state department of education sets basic curriculum requirements for all the schools in its state. For example, a high school might require four years of English, three years of math, two years of social science, and so forth. The state also sets the number of credits a student must complete in order to graduate from a high school. This total number of credits includes both required courses and electives. So much for the state part in education.The second level of control is the school district. The number of school districts a state has depends on the size of its population and the size of the state. A large metropolitan area would have several school districts. A smaller community might have only one district. Each school district is run by a school board that is elected by the citizens of the district. The school district is responsible for the specific content of courses taught in its schools. In other words, the school district determines what the students will study in each of their, let’s say, four years of high school English. The school district also decides what electives will be available for students. Besides determining course content, the school district is responsible for the operation of the schools in its district, for example, the hiring if teachers and administrators. The third level of control is the individual school itself, where teachers have primary responsibility for deciding how to teach the content of each course and for preparing and giving examinations to the students.Local control of schools may seem very strange to some of you, but it will seem less strange if you consider how public schools in the United States are funded- that is, where money to run the schools comes from. Only about 7 percent of the money comes from the federal government. The rest of the money comes from state and local taxes. The percentages supplied by the state and by the local districts fluctuate over tome and from state to state. Currently appropriately 49 percentage of school funding comes from the states and about 44 percent comes from the local communities, that is, the school districts.Finally, I’d like to discuss three issues related to the funding of schools that have been receiving a lot of attention recently in the United States. The first issue deals with theinequality of educational opportunity that students face. Because public schools are funded to a great degree by local taxes, this means that schools in poorer communities or poorer parts of large cities do not have the same amount of money as schools located in richer communities. This, in turn, means that children from poorer areas are less likely to receive a good education than children from wealthier areas. The second issue, one that has been controversial since the beginning of public education, is the issue of funding for private schools, which are generally run by religious organizations. As you already know, the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution mandates separation of church and state. A little background on the history and development of public education will be useful here.During colonial times, education was largely a religious concern and most schools were supported by religious organizations. However, during the nineteenth century, there was widespread support and acceptance of public education paid for by taxes as the best way to provide equal educational opportunity for all children. Nevertheless, some parents have always chosen to send their children to either private religious schools or private schools devoted to academic excellence. Because private schools are not funded by the government, parents have had to pay tuition to send their children to private schools. People who have wanted to send their children to private schools have long questioned why they should have to pay taxes for public schools at the same time as they pay private tuition for their children’s education.Although this issue is not new, during the last twenty years or so, more parents have become unhappy about what they perceive to be the increasingly secular nature of public education and prefer to send their children to schools where they will receive an education more in line with their religious beliefs. Other parents are concerned about the questionable quality of education in public schools. These concerns have led to efforts by the school system, and the government, to offer alternative educational opportunities, that is, educational choices. Two of the most important responses to these concerns have been charter schools and school vouchers. Both of these alternatives to regular public education are based on the idea that competition in the educational market is a good thing, but otherwise, they differ quite a bit. Charter schools are nonsectarian public schools that compete with regular public for students. Charter schools operate under contract to a sponsor, usually a state or local school board. Charter schools are accountable to their sponsors, the parents who choose to send their children to them, and the public that funds them through their tax money. In turn, charter schools generally have greater autonomy, that is, independence, over selection of teachers, curriculum, resources, and so on, than regular public schools. The first charter schools came into existence toward the end if the 1980s. By 2003, there were 2,695 charter schools with almost 685,000 students enrolled. This was a 15 percent increase over the year 2003, which shows how fast these schools are growing. There are many issues surrounding charter schools, but a study published in 2003 found that charter school students did a little better than their public school counterparts on a standardized exams.The school voucher concept is a much more controversial one than charter schools. The idea behind school vouchers is that the government provides students with a certain amount of money each year that they can use to attend whatever school they choose, public or private. The idea again is that competition will improve the education students receive. Voucher schools in reality are largely private schools, and most often religiously based schools. They are quite different from charter schools, which as public schools are first of all, nonsectarian, that is, not religious. Second, charter schools cannot apply restrictive admission standards, as publicschools do. To date, voucher programs funded by taxpayers are operating in only three U.S. cities, and there are many court battles over the voucher system. Supporters of the voucher system feel very strongly that private schools offer better education than public schools. Those opposed to the voucher system claim that vouchers rob public schools of needed funding and that voucher schools do not truly provide school choice because of restrictive admissions standards, which can include academic performance, religion, sex, and other factors. Opponents of vouchers also strongly believe that using taxpayer funds for private religious schools violates the separation of church and state built into the U.S. Constitution.The third and final issue I’d like to touch on today is also very controversial. I mentioned earlier that United States does not have a nationwide curriculum nor nationwide exams set by the government. However, in the past fifteen or twenty years, there has been an increased emphasis in various states on raising standards and on giving students standardized exams to monitor their progress. The federal government in 2002 passed a sweeping education bill that requires states that wish to receive certain federal funding to develop and put in place extensive testing programs and other systems to ensure adequate yearly progress of students. Although the percentage of funding for schools from the federal government is relatively small, it still represents a lot of money that schools do not want to lose. Some people support this movement toward standardization and accountability in the educational system, while others see it as a dangerous step away from local control of schools.No one can predict the future of public education in the United States, but it appears that emphasis on educational choice and on accountability of educational system for student results will be with us for a long time.Chapter 10 Postsecondary Education: AdmissionsIn this lecture, I’m going to talk to you about postsecondary education in the United States. Today I’ll give you some facts and figures about colleges and universities in the United States and some general information about admission policies. I will also make a few remarks about community colleges and finish up by giving you an idea of what kinds of students make up the student body on a typical U.S. campus.Let’s begin with some facts and figures. The most recent figures I have reveal there are 4,182 public and private four-year and two-year colleges in the United States. These range from full universities with diverse programs to smaller four-year colleges to two-year community colleges. Most of them are accredited, which means the schools meet certain standards set by institutional and private evaluators. When applying to a school, you would probably want to make sure it was accredited. Even though there are more private colleges than public ones, over three-quarters of students, precisely 78 percent, are enrolled at public colleges and universities. Some of the small private schools may have fewer than 100 students, whereas some of the large state university systems may have 50,000 or more students. Most of these schools are coeducational although some of them are primarily for women and others are primarily for men. Some schools may offer only one program of study and others have a great variety of programs. The total cost for attending one of these schools may be less than $5,000 a year or as much as 30 or 40 thousand dollars a year for one of the prestigious private schools. These schools are located all over—in industrial areas, agricultural areas, large cities, and small towns in a wide variety of climates.With such a wide variety of sizes, kinds, and locations of schools, it probably won’t surpriseyou to find out that admissions requirements at these colleges and universities vary greatly also. Some are relatively easy to be admitted to whereas others are highly competitive. However, most schools will ask undergraduate applicants to submit their high school transcripts with a record of their grades and test results from one of the standardized tests regularly offered to high school students. The most common of these standardized exams is the Scholastic Aptitude Test, commonly known as the SAT. Students who are applying to graduate school are usually asked to take other, more specific standardized exams depending on which college they are applying to. For example, some students are required to take the Graduate Record Exam, or the GRE. Students applying to a business college will probably have to take the GMAT, and students applying to law college will have to take the LSAT. You probably know about the TOEFL exam, which most foreign students have to take before being admitted to American colleges or universities. These exams, including the TOEFL, are all prepared by a company that is independent of the school system. These exams have come under a lot of criticism lately, but they are still widely used as one way to determine who will be admitted to various schools. However, most schools try to look at the whole student and consider factors other than simply grades and test scores. Some of these factors may be extracurricular activities in school, ethnic background, work experience, and so on. Some schools will have personal interviews with students they are considering for admission. Many schools, private as well as public, try very hard to have a student population with a wide variety of backgrounds and ages. Even the most prestigious and most highly competitive colleges and universities will not take only those students with the highest grades and standardized test scores but will consider these other factors. Nevertheless, schools of this type, such as Stanford and Harvard, have so many more people applying than they can possibly accept that students who want to get into such schools take grades and SAT exams very seriously. In general, medical and law colleges, both private and public, are very difficult to get into, and, once again, test scores on standardized exams can be extremely important to those applying to these schools.However, for students who want to attend a state college or university in their own state, it may be enough to graduate from high school in the upper third or even upper half of their high school class. This may surprise those of you who come from an educational system that is highly competitive, a system in which only a small percentage of students who pass a very difficult nationwide standardized high school examination can enter a university. You may be even more surprised by what I have to tell you about community colleges.An interesting feature of education in the United States is the two-year community college. Community colleges that are publicly supported offer somewhat different educational opportunities than those offered by a senior college or a university. First, admissions requirements at public community colleges are usually much more lenient than those at a four-year college or university. It’s usually enough to have graduated from an American high school to be admitted. Second, it is also cheaper to attend a community college. The tuition and fees are usually quite a bit lower. Students often live at home because this type of school does not have dormitories. For these two reasons, many people who are unable to go to a four-year college or university can have an opportunity to take classes for college credit. Finally, community colleges offer two-year programs that can lead to an Associate of Arts degree. Many of these programs, but not all of them, are vocational in nature. People attend community colleges for many different purposes. Some people may be taking on a course or two in some field that particularly interests them and may not be planning on getting a degree. Other people may be going to community collegefull-time and planning to transfer to a four-year college or university upon successful completion of two years at a community college. Well, so much for community colleges.I promised to tell you a little about the actual student body on a typical U.S. campus. Let’s start with some statistics, and then we’ll discuss two items that surprise many foreign students. Among the 2.8 million high school graduates in 2002, 65.2 percent were enrolled in college the following October. More than 90 percent of those attended full time. Young men represented half of the high school graduates, but more women than men went on to college. The exact statistics are:68.4 percent of female high school graduates and 62.1 percent of male high school graduates. If we break down the statistics racially, we find that white students enrolled in college in greater proportions than black or Hispanic students. The figures are 66.7 percent for white graduates, 58.7 percent of black graduates, and 53.5 percent of Hispanic students. My next statistic may be surprising. 42.6 percent of full-time students in 2002 were either employed or looking for work. That number jumps to 75.7 percent for part-time students. That last statistic makes more sense when we consider that besides the students who are from eighteen to twenty-two years old that one expects to find on a college campus, there are also many older married students. They may be people who attend part-time to upgrade their skills, people who are changing careers, or retired people who still have a desire to learn. Also, foreign students are often surprised at how poorly prepare American students are when they enter a university. Actually, at very select schools the students are usually very well prepared, but at less selective schools, they may not be as well prepared as students in your country are. If you will remember the educational philosophy we discussed in the last lecture, you will understand why. Schools in the States simply admit a lot more students than is usual in most other countries. Also, most young American university students have not traveled in other countries and are not very well versed in international matters and do not know a lot about people from other countries. Foreign students usually find them friendly but not very well informed about their countries or cultures.In brief, you can see that educational opportunities and admissions standards vary greatly in the United States. While it may be quite difficult to gain admission to some colleges and universities because of the very large number of applicants, probably any student graduating from high school with reasonable grades can find some accredited university or college to attend. Those students hoping to enter graduate school will often face very stiff competition, whether at private or public schools. Many students who start at a college or university will not finish in four years. Some will drop out to work or travel and may never finish. Others will return to school a few months or a few years later. Some will go to school full-time and others part-time. Some will not work while going to school, but most will work at some time or other during their school years.We’re out of time, I see. In my next lecture, I’ll talk to you about a relatively new development in education, distance learning. It should be of interest to those of you who want to attend college but can’t because of living far from a college, busy schedules, or for other reasons.Chapter 11 Lecture: Distance educationOne of the most exciting changes in education in the United States today is the incredible growth of distance education at the post-secondary level. Let me begin the lecture by asking you a couple of questions. First, can you imagine getting a college, or university, degree, without ever once setting foot on a college campus? Second, would you believe me if I told you thereare a few higher education institutions that grant degrees that don’t even have a campus? Some of these schools even grant graduate degrees, that is, a master’s degree or even a Ph.D.What is distance education? A publication called Distance Education: A Consumer’s Guide defines distance education this way:” Distance education is instruction that occurs when the instructor and student are separated by distance or time, or both,” That sounds a little strange, but it’s not really new.As early as 1840, it was possible to take a correspondence course in shorthand; that is, a student could learn shorthand by mail. And the University of Wisconsin offered the first correspondence catalog in 1892. This meant that a student could take university courses by mail over 100 years ago. So distance education is not really new; however, modern technology, such as audio, video, and computer technology, has changed distance education a great deal. Today almost all distance education programs are online or have an online learning component to take advantage of the technology.As I mentioned, distance education is now growing at an incredible rate, Peterson’s 1994 Guide to Distance Learning listed 93 accredited distance education programs available at community colleges and universities across the United States and Canada, whereas its 1997 guide listed more than 700 programs. In 2003, almost 1,100 programs were listed. According to the U.S. college and universities with 10.000 students or more offer distance education programs with new ones coming online continuously.Distance education is quite a complex subject with many aspects to look at. Today let’s look at the reasons why distance education is growing so rapidly, how distance education works, that is, what the modes of delivery are, and some things people considering distance education need to be aware of.To start with, why is distance education growing at such an incredible rate?First, rapidly changing economic conditions require many professional people to upgrade their knowledge or skills on an almost continuous basis. For example, a person who graduates with a degree in engineering or computer science may find it necessary to take courses to upgrade his or her skills every few year. Or a person who begins his or her career with a B.A. or B.S. degree may find it desirable to pursue an M.A. after some time, or even a Ph.D. Busy working people often find it difficult or even impossible to take courses they need or to pursue degrees on campus. Thus, there are a lot of people wanting post-secondary education who don’t find it convenient to study in the traditional on-campus setting.At the same time that demand for postsecondary education is growing, many U.S. colleges and universities are facing budget crunches; many U.S. colleges and universities are facing budget crunches; that is , they just don’t have as much money as they had in the past, but at the same time they have more students. They have to find ways to deliver instruction in the most economical way possible.The final reason is modern technology, which is the key to making the desired postsecondary education available to the millions of people who have access to audio, video, and computer technology. Many institutions offer distance education courses, certificate programs, and degree programs. How does distance education work at the postsecondary level? What are the usual modes of delivery?The modes of instruction can vary greatly and different courses in a program may use different modes. And any given course may use several different modes. Some of the modes include video,audio, CD-ROM, Internet, bulletin boards, chat rooms, and e-mail. Let’s consider some of the possibilities among these technologies. Video, for example, can be as simple as videotape the student plays on his or her VCR. Or it could involve video conferencing where the student is able to see and interact with the instructor and other students. Audio works similarly. A student may have a set of audiotapes to play on a cassette player or may be connected to an audio conference where he or she interacts with other students and the instructor. When students study on their own, at a time convenient to them to them, from a video-or audiotape, it is asynchronous learning, asynchronous meaning not at the same time. Video and audio conferencing, on the other hand, are called synchronous learning; that is, the instructor and the students are engaged in the teaching and learning process at the same time. Let’s look at two other popular modes used in distance learning: bulletin board anytime of the day and night, read what other students have written, and respond, by either adding his or her ideas or asking a question. Chat rooms, on the other hand, offer a discussion forum where students can interact in real time, that is, synchronously. CD-ROMs may come to the student via mail or the student may download materials from the Internet. E-mail provides a very convenient way for students to submit assignments or to ask the instructor questions. There are many more modes of instruction, but this should give you an idea of the possibilities.Students interested in pursuing distance education degrees need to consider the following six points:Number 1. Many distance education programs have a residency requirement. The students may be required to take two courses on campus, that is, six hours of credit, or students may be required to spend several days on campus several times during the program.Number 2. Distance education courses generally have time limits. Courses and programs must be completed within a certain time limit. Assignments must be submitted on time.Number 3. Admissions requirements are the same as those of an on-campus education.Number 4. Distance education can save students money in terms of not having to travel to campus for classes, and the like, but the academic fees about the same as for traditional education. Fulfilling the residency requirements may be quite costly in terms of travel and lodging for students who live far from the campus.Number 5. Online study requires students to have access to a computer that meets minimum requirements such as the latest version of Windows, a microphone, sound card and speakers, adequate hard drive and RAM, a modern, browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape), and Internet connection. Connection speed is very important and many schools recommend having high-speed Internet access like a cable modern or DSL.And finally Number 6. Distance learning requires that students be disciplined and independent learners. Distance education is not easier than traditional education. Not everyone is temperamentally suited for distance education. The dropout rate from distance education courses and programs is higher than for traditional courses and programs.Before I close today, let me just say that many people are still suspicious of distance education believing that it cannot possibly be equivalent to a traditional classroom education, although there are studies that indicate that distance education can be as effective as traditional education and some times even more effective. However, some suspicions are well founded. There are many unscrupulous and disreputable universities advertising on the Internet with very alluring Web sites. Therefore, it is important for everyone wishing to take a courseor pursue a degree to check out the credentials of the school they are considering very carefully.We have an expression: Let the buyer beware. That means that anyone who wishes to buy something should be very careful! And that includes online or distance eductation.。

天学网高中英语听力高级模拟试题5答案Ⅰ.听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.Where did the man go last year?A.Chengdu.B.Beijing.C.Xi’an.2.Which book has the woman bought?A.A math book.B.A history book.C.An English book.3.Where will the man go first?A.The classroom.B.The library.C.The post office.4.What’s the time now?A.7：00.B.6：30.C.6：20.5. What are the speakers talking about?A.An organization’s help.B.Ways to protect animals.C.Things made from animals.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

请听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. How is the man probably feeling?A.Disappointed.B.Encouraged.C.Delighted.7. What will the man probably do tonight?A.Have a meeting.B.Go to a party.C.Fly to the US.请听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。

Unit 3 New orleans is sinkingFor 300 years，the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues，it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather，New Orleans is sinking。

As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U。

S. history，the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again?Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of。

On Lizardi Street，60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started.Correspondent Scott Pelley reports。

Before Katrina，”There would be noise and activity and families and people，and children, and，you know, I haven’t seen a child in a month here,” says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo，is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished。

（高级）值班水手英语听力与会话（会话部分）Chapter oneLesson oneTopics1 please say something about yourself【请说说你自己】My name is ShenZhiPeng, I’m 18-years old. I’m a sailor. I have been working on board for half a year. My hobby is playing computer games.My daily work is to keep bridge watch as a watch man or to steer the wheel when the ship is at sea. When the ship is alongside the wharf, I’ll keep the gangway watch.我的日常工作是保持桥看着手表的人或引导轮当船在海上。

船在码头时,我会保持舷梯值班。

In my spare time, I’d like to listen to music, see move.在我的业余时间,我喜欢听音乐,看行动。

2 please say something about your familyThere are three members in my family, my father, my mother and me.My parents are workers in a company, and I’m a sailor.My parents are very kind and tender to me, and they all like reading newspaper.3 please say something about your hometownMy hometown is in Henan province, with a population of 100,000, and it is famous for its tea.My hometown has beautiful sightseeing and the people are very friendly.The specialty of my hometown is tea.4 1 please say something about your responsibilities on boardMy position on board is A.B.My daily work is to keep bridge watch as a watch man or to steer the wheel when the ship is at sea. When the ship is alongside the wharf, I’ll keep the gangway wa tch.My duties are to keep safe watch as normal, and when in emergency, I’ll act as required in the muster list.Questions1.what’s your date of birth? My date of birth is May 18th, 1990.2.what’s your seaman’s book number? My seaman’s book number is A1234563.where are you from? I’m from China.4.what’s your captain’s nationality? Our captain’s nationality is Chinese.5.what do you think is the most important thing on board? Safety first.6.which ports do you often call at? We often call at Qingdao, Shanghai and Pusan.7.what’s your marital status? I’m unmarried.8.how long will it take to get Entry Visa to Australia? It will take 3 months to get Entry Visa to Australia.9.how do you wish to fly? Economy or first class? Economy, please.10.do I have more than the duty-free allowance? Sorry, you don’t have. / No, you don’t have.lesson twotopics1.say something about ship’s manningThe master is in command of the ship. The ship’s manning consists of three departments.The personnel of deck department includes the c/o, 2/o, 3/o, bosun, A.B. and O.S.The personnel of engine departments includes the C/E, 2/E, 3/E, 4/E, fitter, oilers and wiper.The personnel of service department includes the c/cook and the steward.2.say something about maritime agencies and the staff related to the ship.There are many maritime agencies, the MSA, harbour master, the agent, stevedores company, tally agency, and so on.The MSA supervising the maritime fares, the harbour master is in charge of the harbour and inbounding and outbounding vessels, the agent is to assist the master in going through the formalities, the stevedores load and discharge the cargo, and the tally agency is responsible for the tally work during cargo handling.3.say something about ship’s structures.In general, a ship is made up of two parts, the hull and the superstructure.The main body of a ship is the hull, it contains the E/R, cargo spaces and a number of tanks.The superstructure includes the forecastle, the bridge and the poop.Questions1.who is in command of the ship? Our captain is in command of the ship.2.generally speaking, how many officers are there in the deck department? There are 3 officers in the deckdepartment, they are c/o, 2/o and 3/o.3.what department does bosun belong to? Bosun belongs to the deck department.4.can you list some ship’s stores? The ship’s stores include the oil, water, paint, spare parts, and so on.5.can you list some ship’s tools? The ship’s tools include the scaling manchines, jett guns/ chisel, scrapers,chipping hammers, brushes, booms, and so on.6.what does “lifebuoy with light and smoke” mean? It means the man overboard lifebuoy, it’s used inemergency when someone falls overboard.7.what does “cargo wire” mean? It’s the wires to lifting the cargo used in the derricks or crane s.8.what does “port side” mean? It means the left hand side of the ship.9.what is “board sling” used for? It is used to carry the general cargoes during cargo handling.10.can your list some ship’s bridge equipments? The ship’s bridge equipments includes th e wheel, telegraph,radar, GPS, AIS, gmdss equipments, and so on.Chapter twoLesson oneTopicsWhat procedures should be taken when you receive helm orders as a helmsman?The helmsman should take three procedures orderly when he receives the helms orders, that is to repeat, carry out and report.The helmsman should answer the helm orders clearly and loudly.When the ship does not answer the wheel, the helmsman should report it immediately to the person giving the orders.Questions1.How many orders are included in standard ship orders? Can you list some? There are four orders includedin the standard ship orders. They are the helm orders, anchor orders, mooring and unmooring orders, and the engine orders.2.if you are ordered “port five”, how to reply and report? First repeat the order “port five” clearly and loudly,then steer the wheel to port five position, when the rudder angle reaches “port five”, report to the commander “wheel is five to port, Sir.”3.if you are ordered “steady”, how to reply and report? First repeat the order “steady” clearly and loudly, andspeak out the course on the compass when the order is given. then steer the wheel to keep the course steady on it. Then report, “steady on course XXX.”4.how does the rudder answer? The rudder answer well/ slowly./ No answer./sluggish.5.what is the course? Course XXX.Lesson twoTopicsPlease describe the line handling operations before berthing.When approaching the quay, the deckhands should prepare the heaving lines, the winches and the mooring lines. Keep sharp look out of the movement of the ship, and prevent the lines from fouling.Usually the spring lines are firstly sent ashore, and keep it in strain. Then send the other lines ashore. When the ship is in position, make fast all the lines.To prevent the lines from fouling, you should operate the winch step by step and keep the lines in good order.Questions1.what does “single up forward to breast line and spring” mean? That means to cast off all the other forwardlines except for one breast line and a spring line.2.if you want to change the position of the head line forward for 3 meters, what do you say? Shift the head line3 meters forward.3.if you want to heave tight the breast line, what should you say? Heave up the breast line. / Take in/Pick upthe slack on the breast line.4.which order is an equivalent to “send out head line”? Pay out/Slack the head line.5.which order is an equivalent to “let go stern line”? Undo/ slack off the stern line.Lesson threeTopicsWhat measures should be taken if anchor dragging?Anchor dragging means the anchor can’t bring up the ship to the seabed/ground. To prevent anchor dragging, you should make full consideration of all the features of the anchor position before anchoring, work out the cable length, and make sure the ship is brought up when anchoring. When anchor dragging, we should inform the master, the engine room, c/o and other personnel involved. Announce the alarm on radio to the other ships in vicinity. And then heave up the anchor to drop it again.Questions1.what does “anchor is foul” mean? It means the anchor chain is across.2.if the anchor has been heaved out of the ground and clear of the bottom, what do you report? Anchor isaweigh.3.if the anchor is secured firmly in sea bottom, what do you report? She is brought up.4.if there is no obstruction around the anchor before anchoring, what do you report? The bow is clear.5.when the anchor is heaved out of water and just above it, what do you report? The anchor is out of water.Lesson fourTopicsIf you are given engine orders, how should you reply and report?When engine orders given, first repeat it clearly and loudly, then ring the telegraph to the position ordered, when the revolution commanded of the engine is obtained, report it to the commander. Such as “dead slow astern”, that means to keep the ship run astern very slowly. When the order is given, repeat it “dead slow astern”, then ring the telegraph to the “dead slow stern” position., when the revolution is obtained, report “engine i s dead slow astern, sir.”Questions1.If you are ordered “stand by both engines”, how should you reply and report? First repeat is clearly andloudly, then inform the engine room to get the both engines ready for use. When you receive the notice from the E/R that both engines are ready, you should report it to the commander, “both engines are ready, Sir.”2.if you are ordered “full ahead”, how should you reply and report? When the order is given, repeat it “fullahead”, then ring the telegraph to the “full ahead” position., when the revolution required is obtained, report “engine is full ahead, sir.”3.if you are ordered “ring off engine”, how should you reply and report? When the order is given, repeat it“ring off engine”, then ring the telegraph to the max imum position., when the revolution required is obtained, report “engine is rung off , sir.”4.if you are ordered “stop engine”, how should you reply and report? When the order is given, repeat it “stopengine”, then ring the telegraph to the “stop” position., when the revolution reaches zero, report “engine is stopped, sir.”5.what does “finished with engine” mean? That means the movement of the engine is no longer required.Chapter threeQuestion1.Are you the sailor on duty/ watch? Yes, I am.2.Is your chief officer on board? Yes, he is.3.Would you show me the way? Yes, my/ with pleasure. This way, please.4.Our master is not on board, please wait a moment. I’ll call him back. O.K., thank you.5.When will your captain come back? He will be back in half an hour.6.The gangway/ accommodation ladder is too high. I’ll lower it a bit more/ a little bit.7.Would you please take me to see your captain? Yes. Follow/ After me, please.8.I am the relieving/ in-coming third officer, here is my ID card. O.K. please sign here.9.The head line is too tight. I’ll slack it. /Ease the strain on it.10.What’s your draft fore and aft? The draft is 6.90 meters, on even keel. //DESIMALChapter fourLesson oneQuestion1.Are holds clean? Yes, they are.2.Are holds dry? Yes, they are.3.Are holds free of smell? Yes, they are.4.Close hatch covers and report. Close the hatch covers. The hatch covers are closed, Sir.5.Lower down and secure all derricks. Lower down and secure all derricks. All derricks are secured，Sir.Lesson two1.How many holds do you have? We have 5 holds.2.What is size of hatch openings? It’s 16X/by 25 square meters.3.What is safety load of Hold No. 2? The safety load of Hold No.2 is 5 tons per square meter.4.Are dockside cranes available? Yes, they are.5.What is length (width, depth) of Hold No.1? The length (width, depth) of Hold No.1 is 40 (30, 15) meters.Chapter fiveTopics1.Describe the procedures of adjusting derricks. The derrick is made up of derrick itself, winch, guys, hookand riggings. First, unlash the derrick, then operate the derrick as required, such as topping, lowering or swinging. Remember safety first, and operate it steadily. Do not exceed the safe working load of the derrick.2.Describe the proper way of using derricks. Remember safety first, and operate it steadily. Do not exceed thesafe working load of the derrick. Do not swing it when the cargo is not being hoisted up.Questions1.What does “Union purchase” mean? “Union purchase” means handling the same sling by two derricks atthe same time.2.What does “SWL” stand for?/ represent “SWL” stands for safe working load.3.What cargo does a jumbo boom or heavy derrick used for lifting? A jumbo boom or heavy derrick used forlifting heavy cargo.4.Who usually adjust the derricks during the loading and discharging? During the loading and discharging,the stevedores adjust the derricks usually.5.How many derricks are there at each hold? There is one derrick at each hold. /One for each.6.Before adjusting the derrick, what work should be done? Before adjusting the derrick, you should make surethat the power is on and that the derrick is clear of obstructions.7.If the derrick is overloaded, what will happen? The cargo wire or the derrick will break up, and maybe hurtpersons.8.If the derrick is too high and can’t get to the cargo in the hold, how do you adjust it? Lower the derrick andpay out more cargo wire.Chapter sixTopics1.Say something about cargo carried on a ship. Generally speaking, the cargo includes dry cargo and liquidcargo. Dry cargo includes general cargo, cargo in bulk, cars, containered cargo, etc. Liquid cargo includes oil, LNG & LPG, chemical, and so on. The principal of cargo stowage is to ensure the safety of the ship and cargo.2.Preparations for loading cargo on board ship. Before loading cargo, we should get the ship ready forloading, the preparation includes cleaning the cargo holds, decks, preparing dunnage, and derricks or cranes if fitted, and so on.Questions1.What does “SWL” stand for? “SWL” stand for safe working l oad.2.What equipment can be used to load cargo? It depends on the cargo to be loaded. The loading equipmentincludes deck cranes, derricks, shore cranes, convey belt, loading machines, crabs, and so on. .3.What can be used to cover bilge before loading? Mattress, 麻布片？4.What can be used to separate cargo in a hold? Dunnage. Such as plank, canvas, mattress, wires, and so on.5.Who do the work of loading and unloading? The stevedores do.6.Where shall we stow cargo on a vessel? It depends on the type of ship, the cargo，the sequence ofdischarging and the shiper’s requirement. Usually, the cargo is stowed in holds or tanks.Chapter sevenTopicsDescribe the importance of lashing and securing operation.The lashing and securing operation means to fix the cargo to holds and prevent them to move or shift during the voyage. It’s very important job onboard vessel, especially for general cargo. As we know, the ship will roll and pitch at sea, if the cargo is not well lashed and secured, the cargo will move or shift in the hold to cause cargo damage, and even more to affect the stability of the ship so as to cause vessel listing or capsizing.Questions1.What does “jettison of cargo” mean? “jettison of cargo” mean to drop some cargo overboard in emergencyfor the safe of the ship and cargo on board and for the mutual interests of the parties involved.2.What shall be ensured before entering the enclosed space? Before entering the enclosed space, we shouldcomplete the check list, check the air for oxygen and toxic gas, and check the equipments to be used to ensure that it is safe to enter the enclosed space. And the approval from the master and the chief officer is essential.3.What does “shifting cargo” mean? “shifting cargo” means that the cargo moves in the holds when t he shipis at sea.4.Can you list some lashing and securing equipment? Please list some. Yes, I can list some lashing andsecuring equipment. The lashing and securing equipments are the lashing ropes or wires, shackles, turnbuckles, chocks, wedges, and so on.5.When is the lashing work done? The lashing work should be done during and after the loading operation,and should be completed before sailing.6.When is the unlashing work done? The unlashing work should be done before discharging.Chapter eightQuestions1.What should be prepared before the pilot comes on board? Before the pilot comes on board, we should getready of pilot ladder, heaving line, lifebuoy, outside lighting at night, and so on.2.What flag should be hoisted when a vessel requires a pilot? When a vessel requires a pilot, the flag “G”should be hoist.3.What ship’s particulars does pilot station usually ask for? Pilot station usually ask for the ship’s particularsof ship’s name, call sign, nationality, cargo, drafts, last port of call, and so on.4.What kind of things to be report to the pilot station? There so many things to be report to the pilot station,such as ship’s name, call sign, nationality, cargo, drafts, last port of call, and so on.5.What should be confirmed from the pilot station? The followings should be confirmed from the pilot station,such as the way of boarding, boarding time and position, the requirements about the pilot ladder if needed.6.What does “underway” mean? “underway” mean the ship is not at anchor, berthed, or made fast to shore.7.What must always be brought and placed close to the pilot ladder well before the pilot’s embarkation?Before the pilot’s embarkation, the heaving line, lifebuoy, and outside lighting, must always be brought and placed close to the pilot ladder.8.What flag should be hoisted when the pilot has arrived on board? When the pilot has arrived on board, theflag “H” should be hoist.Chapter nineTopics1.Cleaning and repair work onboard. The importance of the cleaning and repair work is to maintain the shipin good condition for seaworthiness. Cleaning and repair work onboard includes clean the deck, holds, engine room and accommodation, and some repair to moving parts. The work should be done as planned. And some must be daily done.2.Painting work used on board. The basic types of paint used on board include primer, coating, varnish andso on. Before painting, the surface should be well prepared, free of stains or rust, dry, and free of dirt.Questions1.Can you list at least three kinds of paint? Yes, I can. They are primer, undercoats, top coats, varnish, andso on.2.What kind of paint is usually given to the ship’s funnel? Heat-resistant paint is usually given to the ship’sfunnel.3.What type of paint do you use on deck? We used non-slip paints on deck.4.What paint is used for woodwork? Varnish is used for woodwork.5.Before repainting an area, what preparations do you make? Before repainting an area, the area must becleaned and washed to remove the salt, dirt and oil. Loose paint and scale to be removed.6.How do you remove the heavy rust on the plates? We use chipping hammer to remove the heavy rust on theplates.7.What repair work do the sailors usually do on board? Cleaning and greasing.Chapter tenC h a p t e r T e nShipboard Safe Navigational W atchT o p i c s1.The duties of the able seafarer on watch when underway.a) General rules as to watch-keeping.The able seafarer shall make regular checks to ensure that the ship navigates safety.b) Items to be checked at each watch.I t e m s t o b e c h e c k e d a s f o l l o w s:p o s i t i o n,c o u r s e,s p e e d a n d d r a u g h t o f t h e s h i p, w i t h t h e o t h e r ssuch as tides, current, weather, visibility and so on.2.The bridge shift change.a)The procedures for the bridge shift change.1) The officers and sailors often change their shifts once every 4 hours on the bridge.2)T h e r e l i e v i n g o f f i c e r s h o u l d c o m e o n t o t h e b r i d g e15m i n u t e s e a r l i e r i n o r d e r t o g e t f a m i l i a r with the circumstances. The handing over officer shall introduce the circumstances at present suchas the sh ip’s position, course, speed, vessels in the vicinity, sea state, wind state, etc. the relieving officer should check the navigational equipments and the ship’s route.b)Special attention for shift change.T h e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n f o r s h i f t c h a n g e i s h a n d o v e r t h e w o r k c o n t e n t s u n d e r s t a n d i n g v e r y c l e a r l y between the both parties.Questions1.Who keeps navigational watches on the bridge at sea?The duty officer and the duty sailor.2.How many watches are there on the bridge a day?There are three watches.3.Who takes the navigational watch from 0800 to 1200 hours in the morning and evening?The third officer.4.Who takes the navigational watch from 0000 to 0400 hours in the day and night?The second officer.5.What is the duty of the able seafarer on watch on the bridge at sea?Ensure the ship navigating safety.6.What should the able seafarer being relieved say?I now have the watch.7.What should the relieving able seafarer say?Y ou now have the watch.8.What should a relieving able seafarer do after taking over the watch?They will watch on the bridge and do the duty of watch work.Chapter ElevenShip SecurityQuestions1.What cargo are you carrying on your ship?The general cargo.2.Who is responsible for the security training on your ship?SSO (ship security officer)3.Do you organize regular security trainings?Y e s,w e d o.4.Do you know about the main threats facing to the security officer?Encountering the pirates and the armed attacks.5.What means of Security Level 1?Means the easy class security.6.What means of Security Level 2?Means the middle class security.7.What means of Security Level 3?Means the highest class security.8.Do you understand the measures for the prevention of unauthorized access to the ship?Y es, I understand.9.Do you understand the identification of the restricted areas and measures for the prevention of unauthorized access to them?Y es, I understand.10.Do you have the special security facilities?Y e s, w e h a v e.C h a p t e r T we lv eQuestions1.Check the fire alarms and report.All fire alarms are operational.2.Check the portable extinguishers and report.All portable extinguishers are in position and operational3.Check the firemen’s outfits and report.All the firemen’s outfits are operational.4.Check the openings in all rooms and report.All the openings are operational.5.Check the fire area every 10 minutes for re-ignition and report.For several times 10 minutes checking there is no re-ignition.6.Report direction and distance of person in water.The person in water’s direction is 120 angles and 50 meters ahead.7.Check launching tracks and report.All the launching tracks are operational.8.Check working parts and report.All working parts are operational.9.Operate lifeboat engine and report.Lifeboat engine is operated.10.Pressure in the water pipe in cargo holds is too low.Increasing the pressure in the water pipe in cargo holds.。

Lesson 1 Section one News item1 A. b,c,dB. 1c,2d,3b,4aNews item 2 A. bB. running behind News item 3 A. d,B. 1.president,had died in a plane crash2.ruling,1303.Foreign Minster,474.Portugal,19755.Prime Minister,9,transitional Section two A. FTFFFB. C,C,B,A,D,B,C,BC. 52,hospital director,married,good,US Air Force Hospital,Wiesbaden,W .Germany,thismoring,undertermined,U.S.A D. 1.precisely,freedom2.take up,reporters,six-mile jog3.evaluation,had coped extremely well4.evidence,tortured,physically ab used Section threeA.1.Most Chinese thoughtt mao tsetong as a very good poet,according to the speaker.2.poetry was considered abysmal because of the restriction of publicatio n during the ten years of the cultural revolution.3.leaders in china,as well as in the east,are expected to be accomplished p oets.4.it is about getting rid of a disease that was a plague in china.5.willis barnstone is a professor of comparative literature at Indiana unive rsity in Bloomington.6.mao’s poetry was interesting because he was a revolutionary and his personal poetry was the history of china. B.FTC.1.an original master,most important poets 2.the revolution,the red army, nature3.dismiss his poetry as simply the work of a man who achieved fame else where.Lesson two Section one News item 1A.four other americans were jailed,five daysB.1.the former united states national security advisor.2.they were disguised as aircraft crewmen.3.a bible signed by president r eagan and a cake4.they were designed for improving the relations between the two countri es. News item 2A.hostage david jacobsen was freed,negotiations,the united states,iranB.1 .comment,dynamics2.the next twenty-four hours,returning to,negotiate the release of more hostagesNews item 3A.1.was reunited with his family municate with peopleB.needs,to communicateNeedn't,have follow up medical care News item 4A.which party will control the senateB.Membes,one hundredth,senators,us house of representatives Section twoA.1.irish,signed by president reagan,a key-shaped,the symbol,the hope of reopening,relations,a hotel,deported,not to meet them,receive their messa ge2.former security advisor,political commentator,npr's morning editionB.1.advise friends,the hostage takers,israel frees lebanese prisoners,end th eir hostility,security,a tape of telephone conversation,the american preside nt,his envoys,a sign of washington's helplessness2.seventh,the seizure of the us embassyC.confirm,deny,jeopardize,to release the hostagesSection threeA.1.strong leadership2.stonegate community near charleston ,west virginia.3.Because they had beaten their son to death4.Because she had been found guilty of conspiracy in the death of the child B.stewart, leslie,joeyJohn,dorothy, , danny C.badcaD.1.the circumstances of the death of the child would be covered up 2.th e death would be called an accident F.1.outside,eight young,farming,construction work,ran a restaurant,intention,less,commune,more,community,se parate houses2.mclellan's teaching,influence,testified,four-hour,dorothy mclellan's gran dson,two weeks before3.Taking in,were having trouble,drugsLesson threeNews item 1a.1.it is pulling out of south Africa. 2.its south African holdings3.the political and economic situation in south Africa.4.they praised thi s decision.5.1,500b.spokesman,today,corporate involvement,progressive force,apartheid,red uce us private sectorc.have harmful effects on black workers injure the south African economylimit the extent of us influence in south Africanews item twoa. demonstration ,south African;offices&us embassy ,harate,Zimbabwe,bl ackb. 1.a thousand2.more than fifty3.a.suspecting south African complicity in the plane crash that killed Moz ambique president machel in south Africanb.blaming Malawi for supporting the Pretoria –backed insurgents that are attacking Mozambique 4.calm5.prime minister Mugabe6.londonNews item threea. west german chancellorabout one hourat the white house todayhis support for the president’s sdi programb. president Reagan met for about an hour today with west german chanc ellor helmut kohlat the white house who expressed support for the president’s sdi program.Section twoa. bcdabcbabsection threea.a group of business leaders bostonalmost 20 yearsto expand a college scholarship program for any eligible boston hig h school graduates to supply a permanent 500 dollar endowment fun dto hire any of the students who go on to complete their college educa tion b.20 years agowork internships and later an endowment program more than 1 million do llarsa multi-million-dollar scholarship programto enable the city’s poorest kids to go on to college and to jobs afterward acess,action center for education services and scholarships no.only those eligible graduates around 500 dollars 100 studentsc.1.airplane mechanics’2.in wentworth institute of technology in boston3.next year4.the grant from the acessprogramThe state scholarshipWhat he earned from his work over the summer His family contribution5.57 hundredd.1.the lowest,business leaders,finding qualified job applicants 2.just go od public relations,self-preservation involved3.enter managerial and technical-professional level jobs,but a plus4.fin ishes college,hiring priority,the participating business e.1.collecting the fi ve-million-dollar fund 2.two billion 3.324.it will become a national model.Lesson four News item 1a. kidnapping,west Beirut,this morningfrank reed,American ,53,school director b.1.4 american 2.3 frenchmen c.1.abducted by four gunmen,claimed responsibility ,accusing,a spy, mald enMassachusetts,Lebanon,8 years news item 2a. jury,indicted,un employee,spyingb. bdcbdc. fftnews item 3a.1.an editor of a news maganize 2.he was found shot dead 3.anlisis4.it has been banned5.someone attempted to assassinate president augusto Pinochet b.41253c.1.the new state of siege2.police,deny they arrested carrascoSection two a.1,a rally2.2 days ago3.the government had a crackdown on its opponents4.they gathered be fore the presidential palace5.he was kidnapped by police b.cacddc.1.two more murdered victims 2.identities,established 3.arrests,second by4.rounded up ,number of detetion5.arrest orders ,hiding d.tffttt section threea.1.henry ford and his son edsel ford 2.50 years ago 3.ford foundation4.a modest amount5.more than six billion dollars b.fftffc.1.it is about four and a half billion dollars 2.19363.25 thousand dollars4.its initial aim was to help local charities in Michigan5.the son died before the father6.a great deal of the stock of the ford motor company was left after the death of the two men and,for tax reasons,a large part of it had to be dispos ed of quickly d.badcaclesson five section 1 news item 1 a. cadcb. 1.penalities,violators,drug enforcement,coast guard personnel,establish eradicationprograms,condition,support for development loansNews item 2 a. bb. 1.american2.Correspondent news and world report4.detained in a Moscow jail c.1.next week 2.l atvia,ussr3.the united states and the soviet union4.two hundred and seventyd.the decision,personal,the Reagan administration,retaliation,detention news item 3a. egypt and Israelresolving the taba border dispute clearing the way for a summit tomorrow AlexandriaEgyptian president hosni Mubarak Israeli prime minister shimon peres Section 2 a. abb. an all-out war,public and private,national and local,this menace,drainingour economy,twohundred and thirty billion,rotting awy,seducing,take money,artillery c. dbd. 1.of endurance2.and selling drugs for a profit e.drug related crimesjail term,drug trafficking and manufacturingdrug enforcement administration and prison construction coast guard,c ustoms service,drugs coming into this country drug educationf.1.she was nominated for the senate2.she spoke to the part of the bill which funds drug eradication programs in foreign countries3.she compared it to the places where cocaine is gro wn,refined or manufactured4.it should attack the places where cocaine is grown ,refined or manufactured.g.it was a situation under which a country can conduct legal trade with us on the one hand and illegally sell drugs to us under the table ,poisoning o ur young people and our population h.bcdeasection 3 a. cdb. 1.24,36,mixed heights,the first2.chinese history,economies,trade,politics,Chinese faculty3.the us,Ameri can professors4.proficient in English,master’s degrees,fluency in Chinesec.tftd.1.american organizers hope that American students in the center will not only have the experience of living in china,having studied with Chinese faculty and hearing the Chinese view of Chinese policy for one year,but a lso make friends with Chinese studentsroughly their own age who are goi ng to be dealing with the united states in the future.2.the simple exchange program is to ask Chinese students to come to the united states and at the same time to send American students to china3.the simple exchange program would involve fewer headaches4.the joint venture is unpredictable because it depends on various unpredi ctable things ,such as continuing sweet sino-american relations and being able to attract funding5.it is easy to denounce the center as an espionage organization simply b ecause some of the participants in the center will afterwards enter the inte lligence community.Lesson six Section 1 News Item 1 a. acbb. 1.civil rights,mrs.caretta scott king,senate family gallery,sanction and t he efficacy ofsactions,the choice between affirming the bill,congress,supporting the pre sident News item 2 a. bdc news item 3 a. cabb. planted misleading stories,the American news media,a plan to topplec.1.this summer2.it revealed that stories were leaked alleging quddafi was resuming his s upport for terrorist activies.3.poindexter denied the administration had involved the media in an anti-quddafi campaign4.speaks did not deny the possibility that a disinformati on campaign was conducted in other countries.Section twoA.1.the question in Washington today is if the federal government tried to scare libya’s quddafi by way of a disinformation campaign in the American media 2 .in august this year3.the government tried to do it by providing the American media with m isleading stories.B.washington post,disinformation program,the white house ,quddafi ,abo ut to attack again ,ousted in a coup c.cdd.1.watch outthe Mediterranean,a cover for more attack,Libya,in the past2.august 14th,john poindexter,a strategy of real and illusory events,a disi nformation program3quaddfi was stepping up his terrorist plans,quddafi was temporaily quies cent,internal infighting,to oust quddafi,he was firmly in power,to oust him were not working,the pentagon was planning news attacks,nothing was b eing done 4.a national security planning group meeting 5.president Reaga n and his top aidessection threea. 1.the links between television coverage of suicide and subsequent teena ge suicide rates,ateam from the university of California,a team from Columbia university 2 .television news coverage of suicides 3.made-for-tv movies about suicide4.2.91 teen,2 adult5.mde-for-tv movies about suicide,imitative behavior6.holidays,personal birthday,the start of school,the beginning of winter7.call suicide hot lines,seek counseling,discuss their depression with fami ly members b. Fttf c. 1.5,5002.55,0003.275,000Lesson seven Section 1 News item 1 a. ab b. tfc. 1.five hours, closed-door,2. a system ,fine ,employers ,illegal immigrants News item 2 a. Db News item 3 a. 1.today2.nobel peace prize3.elie wiesel4.585.256.his experience in a nazi death camp and the holocaust7.manhattan,new York city8.rumania b.dac.1.human rights activits,302.the survivors,holocaust,their children3.france,the united states4.credited,nazi extermination,the jews Section 2a. bdaab. 1.anti-discrimination,employers,do refuse to,any Hispanics,a citizen,analien2.impractical as well as inhumane,congressc. 1.they oppose the legalization provision because they believe millions i f people could eventually become citizens and bring their relatives to this country.and all those people could bankrupt the country’s social services. 2.it is the farm worker program3.agricultural interest wanted to be able to bring workers into this count ry to harvest crops without being subjected to employer sanctions4.finally a compromise was reached which permitted up to three hundred and fifty thousand farm workers to enter this country and promised to p rotect their rights and to allow them to apply for legalization if they met c ertain conditions5.the combination of horror stories about people coming over the border s and editorials about congressional inability to act.6.they say so because and the conference report must still pass both hou ses of congress,and a senate filibuster is always a possibility. Section 3 a. Adb. According to tom baudet,we often exaggerate a little to a camera.for in stance, we put on ourhaving-a-wonder-ful-time smile when we take pictures during our vacatio n although we have been complaining about the trip,or we put an arm aro und the person next to us when we take pictures together as if we have been standing that way all day c. 1.after a long and dangerous discussion As your hold the phone and hear your got that promotionAfter learning that those suspicious lumps were benign and something to watch but not worry aboutd. Photographer,at a party with loneliness,you didn’t think,bitterness tugging at your lips,to beoverheard,slip up like this,get caught with our guards down,our best sides ,that face forward,having pictures of the other sides,look just like people.Lesson eight Section 1 News item 1 A. cd B. ffnews item 2a. 1.stepping up drug enforcement,mandatory drug testing2.nine hundred billion,half a billion,56 million3.have access to classified information,by the president,law enforcement, affect public health nd safety or national security b. tffnews item 3 a. Bacb. they refuse the soviet involvement in middle east peace talks because t he soviet union hasno diplomatic ties with Israel,and the soviet union does not permit free e migration of soviet jews.Section 2 a. ff b. cdbac. 1.two years ago,prime minister,foreign minister,shimon peres,Yitzhak Shamir,2.pere’s recent achievements3.the major topic for discussiond. 1.president Reagan mentioned the longing for peace by the Israeli and arab peoples and the constructive actions taken by the leaders in the regio n2.shimon peres3.his vision,his tenacity,his statesmanship4.president Reagan assured pers that the plight of soviet jewry will remai n an important topic in all the talks between the united states and the sovi et union.5.american economic aid to Israel ,international terrorism,soviet jewry Se cton 3a.1.a small pamphlet of collected poems 2.poems written by students of medicine 3.american’s great poet-physicianb.1.he was from new jersey 2.he used to write drafts of his poem on his prescription pads 3.he died in 1963c.1.the northestern ohio univerity’s college of medicine 2.fifth3.all medicial students,this country4.only one percent,a few hubdred5.lovers and friends,sorrowful kinds of situations,their experience in me dical school,their relationship with their patients d.1.doesn’t have to be a doctor 2.could only be written by doctor.e.college of medicine,there ‘s no evidence,produces better medicine,helps the students understand,their patients better,William carlos Williams p oetry competition.Lesson nineSection 1 News item 1a.1.an assassination attempt,Indian prime minister rajiv Gandhi2.fired several shots atb.1.they were participating in an open-air prayer meeting2.they have been suspended and an investigation is under way. c.ff news item 2a.1.he is now the director of the Johnson space center. 2.he was in charge of the shuttle program then.3.he announced today that he will be leaving his new post as the director of the Johnson space center and will take a year’s leave.4.he will be reassigned to nasa headquarters in Washington d.c5.the fail ure of shuttle rocket’s o-rings caused the expkosion.b.1.he told moore in detail tha there were serious problems with the shuttl e rocket’s o-rings 2.he did not know the o-ring problems were serious until after t he challenger exploded.c.congressional aide,nasa veteran’s been depressed,blew up,the edge he used to,hollow,a lot of guys at nasa, the shuttlesection twoa. 1.survived ,new delhi2.attending a hindu prayer service,his wife,Indian president zail singh3.s ources,a major security lapse4.witness,security guards,he had heard gun shots,dismissed,motorcycle ba ckfire5.half an hour later,surrounded,capturedb. 1.directly responsible,security arrangements,suspended from duty2.top-level,determine,security,of the most closely protected,collapsed,an illegally manufactured revolver,the security cordon undetected,a few feet C. abbd.1.twenties2.a concrete shelter,thick green vines e.ttfsection threea.1.weather,higher costs of growing food,lower selling prices of food2.farm hands,strugging farms,linking city dwellers,farmers,benefit bothb.ttftc.1.the reporter thought that gibson’s orientation talk was too lengthy 2.gibson described the area as part of t he new York milk shed3.one of the big incentives,Gibson believed,was the founding of the bord en plant d.cdacbc e.1.four2.she is 28-year-old new York city painter and now is currently workingon gibson’s farm as a long-termfarm-hand3.gibson is quoted as saying,”she works like a demon”,and “she is a germ”4.27-year-old wendy d ubidf.the labor,appreciative consumer,picking raspberries,scrathing their own arms,the farm reality,the value of food,valuable consumersg.new York MarylandConnecticut Pennsylvania New jersey Massachusetts VermontLesson 10 Section 1 News item 1a. he will veto a defense spending bill if it is approved by the houseb. president Reagan was concerned about the provisions that would ban n uclear testing and cutfunding for his star wars defense systemc. charged,soviet-backed ban,backdoor to a nuclear freeze news item 2 a. israeli warplanes bomed suspected Palestinian guerrilla bases in southe ast Beirut b. 1.at least four targets were set on fire2.two people were wounded.News item 31. pic botha described the international sanctions against south Africa as a madperverse action2. pic botha believed that the international sanctions against south Africa wouldresult in the unemployment of many blacks3. botha said that the south Africa government will accept the challenge t oovercome the effects of the sanctions4. botha made his statement at a news conference in Pretoria today news item 41. larry speakes is the white house spokesman2. he said that president Reagan will veto a sanction bill whichwas passed by congress, but he admitted that it will be difficult to sustain the vetonews item 5wall street,up four and a half,closing,1797.81,moderate,132 million section 2 a. badbc b. ftfc. 1.take over,southern Lebanon2.past six weeks,4 french,hizbullah,this morning,was rocketed,southern L ebanon3.no casualty,were blown offd.1.israeli defense sources had this consideration because they found the word onward toJerusalem on kerchiefs worn by some dead hizbullah men2.there have been no hizbullah attacks on the south Lebanese army since t hen3.they had returned to their basesSection 3a. bdabacdbb. range,8 dollars,15 dollars,the union,a slight reduction,cuts in the pensio n,health benefits,atwenty percent reduction,the union,overll costs c. edabclesson 11 section 1 news item 1 a.1.texas air 2.today3.texas air,people express airlines,one hundred and 25 million dollars b. proposed,allow,employees,keep their jobs,lose its identity,become part of c.1.the merger must be approved by federal officials 2.texas air is trying to buy eastern airlines News item 2A. rally,six consecutive losing sessions,ended the day up,nine points,seve nteen sixty-seven pointfifty-eight news item 31. freedom flight,111,including 70 former prisoners and 41 relatives,today,Miami,former Cuban political prisoners and their relatives2. relatives,well-wishers,ecstatic reception3. culminated,two year,castro r egimesection 2a.1.continental airlines and new York air2.eastern aielines,people express airlines,frontier airlines b.1.no-frills,low-fare air 2.financial3.shut down,frontier airlinesc.1.by purchasing people express,texas air will get airplanesthe lowest cost work force in the industry a new terminal at Newark,n ew jersey flights to London,andcontrol over competition in the northeast corridor2.in order to get the approval from the department of transporation,texas a irlines should agree to sell more landing slots in the northeast corridor to pan am3.the department of transportation insists on texas air’s selling more slots because it wants toensure competition in the northeast part of the market place.4.no.texas air does not have to do that because people express is a failing company and the deparment of transportation thought it would be better t o let texas air buy people express and keep it running rather than let people express fail and lose all those jobs5.if the merger is approved by the department of transportation and if there is less competition ,the fares are likely to go upd.two competitors,one airliner,would just have to go up,keep in mind,unre stricted fares,people express,eliminated,phased out,profitable,mergers,cre ate more efficiencies,low costs,low fares,making a lot of money,raising pr ices excessively,move in,brought down,competition section 3 a. acb. 1.she took the picture in front of a Woolworth store because her song lo ve at the five anddime deals with the Woolworth store2.she posed with a book in her hand because her audience consists of you ng people and she wants to take every opportunity to influence the young people to read books3.she was sitting in her hotel room and listening to two people singing in t he next room.when she was looking out of the window at the moon,the so ng just came flowing to her c.yourself,inspiration,bringing,particular,a ma tter of getting up,writing it downlesson 12 section 1 news item 1a. 1.he is an American reporter2.he is now in Frankfurt,west germany3.he was in Moscow4.he was detained by the soviet5.he was detained on espionage charges6.he was there for one month7.he is now on his way home b.ffc. 1.an agreement was reached after meeting 2.it had lasted three hours3.it was held last nght in new York4.american secretary of state and soviet foreign minister News item 2 a. ft b. dbaac. 1.majority leader ,restating his opposition,punitive,harm the victims,out line an executiveorder,impose some but not all of,congress2.the house foreign affairs committee,come back,tougher sanctions,sustai nedSection 2 a. Ttffb. Acdoc. 1.an arrest warrant, against,narrow political purpose,some political leve rage,gennadizakaharov2.the Russian scientist,arrest,spying,daniloff’s detention,the united states,the soviet union,a summit meetingd.a summit could not take place,gaining his freedom,been removed,an im pediment,the zakharov case,the twenty-five soviet diplomatssection 3a. one year ago this month, mexico city,powerful,more than nine thousand killedb. cbcac. tfftftd. 1.the loans,technical assistance,a catholic church foundation,repaying t he loans,keeping upwith operating expenses,having a boss,transition,accustomed,male authori ty figures2.giving overtime pay for extra work,allowing workers to take vacation,pr oviding standard benefitse.1.they began to raise questions because some factory owners moved more quickly to salvage machinery and cash boxes than to rescue trapped wo rkers 2.the nine factory owners agreed to guaranteef.1.a seamstress who works at an cooperative on Uruguay street 2.a leade r of another seamstresses’cooperative3.press chief for the September 19th garment workers’union4.a seamstress who was fired for organizing the women in the factoryg.an uphill battle,decent living,important in assuring,a fair shake,lawyers, feminists,set new terms,new organizations,cooperatives and unions,new a lliances,educated elites,popular groups,lasting legacylesson 13 section 1 news item 1 a. bac news item 2 a. ffttfb. tough on drugs,business,are thinking of using drugs,stop,are pushing dr ugs,beware news item 3one,more than 50,in paris,at the drivers’permit office,headquarters,the fourth blast,7 dayssection 2 a. cbdcb. paris today,more than 50,police headquarters,a crowded public target,a week,policeofficer,yesterday,removing a bomb,a restaurant ,minutes after,prime minis ter,new security measures,curbing,francec. 1.a terrorist group called the committee for solidarity eith arab and mid dle-eastern prisonershas been very active recently in paris2.the anti-terrorist measures include increased ,military patrols along the French borders and requirement of an entry visa for all foreign visitors to france3.french involvement in middle-eastern affairs,the long French tradition of granting political asylum ,and the lack of resolution in repressing terrori st activities have made france an ideal target of terrorists d.fftfffe.with terrorism at home and abroad,two weeks,the united nations peace k eeping force,remote-controlled bombs,an emergency meeting,the united n ations security council,the role and safety,7 French hostages,the Chirac go vernmentf.edabcsection 3 a. fftff b. cbdbc. 1.damage done,espionage and lax security,acknowledged publicly,us m ilitary plans,havebeen seriously compromised, gravely impaired,have been overcome,spyin g,exposed to adversaries 2.too many streets,access to secrets ,spies,accou ntability,our national secrets,effort,combating,real threat,national security d.1.there are too many weak points in the national security system and not enough effort has been made to improve it 2.95 recommendations2.a.greater emphasis on re-investigations of cleared personnel b.a strea mlined classification systemc.more money for counter-intelligence elements of the fbi,cia and the mi litary servicesd.tighter controls on foreign diplomats from hostile countriese.durenberger Minnesota republican chairman of the intelligence comm ittee leahy Vermont democrat vice-chairman of intelligence com mitteelesson 14 section 1 news item 1a. 1.it is about Bernard kalb2.he has resigned from the post as state department spokesman3.it happe ned today4.he resigned because of the government’s alleged disinformation campaign against Libya b. caddnews item 2a. 1.it is Eugene hasenfus2.he has been captured by the Sandinista government3.he allegedly carried arms to the contra rebels b. fttffftfc.the utmost seriousness,consular services,function of an embassy,Sandini sta government,that function difficult,whether,us embassy,normally,Nicar aguasection 2 a.fcdbae b.adadbc c.ftffffttd.1.in 1983 a deputy quit his job at the white house as a protest against mi sleading the us press shortly before the American invasion of grenada 2.it was Shultz who appointed kalb the chief spokesman of the state depar tment two days ago 3.shultz defended the us policies against Libya,includ。

Unit 2 The new space raceA plan to build the world's first airport for launching commercial spacecraft in New Mexico is the latest development in the new space race, a race among private companies and billionaire entrepreneurs to carry paying passengers into space and to kick-start a new industry, astro tourism.The man who is leading the race may not be familiar to you, but to astronauts, pilots, and aeronautical engineers – basically to anyone who knows anything about aircraft design – Burt Rutan is a legend, an aeronautical engineer whose latest aircraft is the world's first private spaceship. As he told 60 Minutes correspondent Ed Bradley when he first met him a little over a year ago, if his idea flies, someday space travel may be cheap enough and safe enough for ordinary people to go where only astronauts have gone before.The White Knight is a rather unusual looking aircraft, built just for the purpose of carrying a rocket plane called SpaceShipOne, the first spacecraft built by private enterprise.White Knight and SpaceShipOne are the latest creations of Burt Rutan. They're part of his dream to develop a commercial travel business in space."There will be a new industry. And we are just now in a beginning. I will predict that in 12 or 15 years, there will be tens of thousands, maybe even hundreds of thousands of people that fly, and see that black sky," says Rutan.On June 21, 2004, White Knight took off from an airstrip in Mojave, Calif., carrying Rutan's spaceship. It took 63 minutes to reach the launch altitude of 47,000 feet. Once there, the White Knight crew prepared to release the spaceship one.The fierce acceleration slammed Mike Melvill, the pilot, back in his seat. He put SpaceShipOne into a near vertical trajectory, until, as planned, the fuel ran out.Still climbing like a spent bullet, Melvill hoped to gain as much altitude as possible to reach space before the ship began falling back to earth.By the time the spaceship one reached the end of its climb, it was 22 miles off course. But it had, just barely, reached an altitude of just over 62 miles— the internationally recognized boundary of space.It was the news Rutan had been waiting for. Falling back to Earth from an altitude of 62 miles, SpaceShipOne's tilting wing, a revolutionary innovation called the feather, caused the rocket plane to position itself for a relatively benign re-entry and turned the spaceship into a glider.SpaceShipOne glided to a flawless landing before a crowd of thousands. "After that June flight, I felt like I was floating around and just once in a while touching the ground," remembers Rutan. "We had an operable space plane."Rutan's "operable space plane" was built by a company with only 130 employees at a cost of just $25 million. He believes his success has ended the government's monopoly on space travel, and opened it up to the ordinary citizen."I concluded that for affordable travel to happen, the little guy had to do it because he had the incentive for a business," says Rutan.Does Rutan view this as a business venture or a technological challenge? "It's a technological challenge first. And it's a dream I had when I was 12," he says.Rutan started building model airplanes when he was seven years old, in Dyenuba, Calif., where he grew up."I was fascinated by putting balsa wood together and see how it would fly," he remembers. "And when I started having the capability to do contests and actually win a trophy by making a better model, then I was hooked."He's been hooked ever since. He designed his first airplane in 1968 and flew it four years later. Since then his airplanes have become known for their stunning looks, innovative design and technological sophistication.Rutan began designing a spaceship nearly a decade ago, after setting up set up his own aeronautical research and design firm. By the year 2000, he had turned his designs into models and was testing them outside his office. "When I got to the point that I knew that I could make a safe spaceship that would fly a manned space mission -- when I say, 'I,' not the government, our little team -- I told Paul Allen, 'I think we can do this.' And he immediately said, 'Go with it.'"Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft and is one of the richest men in the world. His decision to pump $25 million into Rutan's company, Scaled Composites, was the vote of confidence that his engineers needed to proceed."That was a heck of a challenge to put in front of some people like us, where we're told, 'Well, you can't do that. You wanna see? We can do this," says Pete Sebold.Work on White Knight and SpaceShipOne started four years ago in secret. Both aircraft were custom made from scratch by a team of 12 engineers using layers of tough carbon fabric glued together with epoxy. Designed to be light-weight, SpaceShipOne can withstand the stress of re-entry because of the radical way it comes back into the atmosphere, like a badminton shuttlecock or a birdie.He showed 60 Minutes how it works."Feathering the wing is kind of a dramatic thing, in that it changes the whole configuration of the airplane," he explains. "And this is done in space, okay? It's done after you fly into space.""We have done six reentries. Three of them from space and three of them from lower altitudes. And some of them have even come down upside down. And the airplane by itself straightens itself right up," Rutan explainsBy September 2004, Rutan was ready for his next challenge: an attempt to win a $10 million prize to be the first to fly a privately funded spacecraft into space, and do it twice in two weeks."After we had flown the June flight, and we had reached the goal of our program, then the most important thing was to win that prize," says Rutan.That prize was the Ansari X Prize – an extraordinary competition created in 1996 to stimulate private investment in space.The first of the two flights was piloted, once again, by Mike Melvill.September's flight put Melville's skill and training to the test. As he was climbing out of the atmosphere, the spacecraft suddenly went into a series of rolls.How concerned was he?"Well, I thought I could work it out. I'm very confident when I'm flying aplane when I've got the controls in my hand. I always believed I can fix this no matter how bad it gets," says Melville.SpaceShipOne rolled 29 times before he regained control. The remainder of the flight was without incident, and Melvill made the 20-minute glide back to the Mojave airport. The landing on that September afternoon was flawless.Because Rutan wanted to attempt the second required flight just four days later, the engineers had little time to find out what had gone wrong. Working 12-hour shifts, they discovered they didn't need to fix the spacecraft, just the way in which the pilots flew it.For the second flight, it was test pilot Brian Binnie's turn to fly SpaceShipOne.The spaceship flew upward on a perfect trajectory, breaking through to space.Rutan's SpaceShipOne had flown to space twice in two weeks, captured the X Prize worth $10 million, and won bragging rights over the space establishment."You know I was wondering what they are feeling, 'They' being that other space agency," Rutan says laughing. "You know, quite frankly, I think the big guys, the Boeings, the Lockheeds, the nay-say people at Houston, I think they're looking at each other now and saying 'We're screwed!' Because, I'll tell you something, I have a hell of a lot bigger goal than they do!""The astronauts say that the most exciting experience is floating around in a space suit," says Rutan, showing off his own plans. "But I don't agree. A space suit is an awful thing. It constrains you and it has noisy fans running. Now look over here. It's quiet. And you're out here watching the world go by in what you might call a 'spiritual dome.' Well, that, to me, is better than a space suit because you're not constrained."He also has a vision for a resort hotel in space, and says it all could be accomplished in the foreseeable future. Rutan believes it is the dawn of a new era.He explains, "I think we've proven now that the small guys can build a space ship and go to space. And not only that, we've convinced a rich guy, a very rich guy, to come to this country and build a space program to take everyday people to space."That "rich guy" is Richard Branson, the English billionaire who owns Virgin Atlantic Airlines. Branson has signed a $120 million deal with Rutan to build five spaceships for paying customers. Named "Virgin Galactic," it will be the world's first "spaceline." Flights are expected to begin in 2008."We believe by flying tens of thousands of people to space, and making that a profitable business, that that will lead into affordable orbital travel," says Rutan.Rutan thinks there "absolutely" is a market for this.With tickets initially going for $200,000, the market is limited. Nevertheless, Virgin Galactic says 38,000 people have put down a deposit for a seat, and 90 of those have paid the full $200,000.But Rutan has another vision. "The goal is affordable travel above low-Earth orbit. In other words, affordable travel for us to go to the moon. Affordable travel. That means not just NASA astronauts, but thousands of people being able to go to the moon," he says. "I'd like to go. Wouldn't you?"。

listen to this：高级英语听力 lesson 11 Lesson ElevenSection One： News in BriefTapescript1. Texas Air announced today that it will buy the troubled PeopleExpress Airlines for about a hundred and twenty-five milliondollars. The proposed deal would allow most People Express em-ployees to keep their jobs, although the company will eventually loseits identity and become part of Texas Air. Federal officials must ap-prove the merger. Texas Air is also trying to buy Eastern Airlines.2. A rally on Wall Street today after six consecutive losing sessions,the Dow Jones Industrial Average ended the day up nearly ninepoints, to close at seventeen sixty-seven point fifty-eight.3. What's being called a 'freedom flight" of seventy former Cubanpolitical prisoners landed in Miami today to an ecstatic reception bythousands of relatives and well-wishers. The plane also carriedforty7one relatives of former prisoners. The flight culminated nearlytwo years of negotiations with the Castro regime.Section Two： News in IDetailTapescriptTexas Air Corporation today announced that it has agreed tobuy People Express Airlines for one hundred twenty-five milliondollars in securities. Texas Air already owns Continental Airlinesand New York Air. It is in the process of acquiring Eastern Airlines.People Express, one of the first no-frills, low-fare air carriers, hasbeen in financial trouble lately. It was forced to shut down its subsid-iary, Frontier Airlfiies. Texas Air now says it will acquire Frontier'sassets as part of its deal with People Express. Joiningus now fromNew York, NPR's business reporter Barbara Mantel.' Barbara, it is said this is a very attractive low price, this onehundred twenty-five million dollars in securities. Besides that, whydoes Texas Air want People Express?'"Well, Frank Lorenzo, who is Chairman of Texas Air, will getairplanes from People Express, which he might need. Hewill get thelowest cost work-force in the industry at People Express. He will geta new terminal at Newark, New Jersey that People Expressis build-ing. He'll get flights to London, and he will getcontrol over competi-tion. People Express competes heavily, especially in the northeastcorridor, with Texas Air.''This issue of competition has been a sticking pointbefore forthe Department of Transportation when two airlines wanted to gettogether. How will Texas Air get around it this time?''Well, they might not. Texas Air wanted to acquireEast ..., orwants to acquire, Eastern Airline, and the Department of Transpor-. Itation said, 'No, not unless you sell more landing slots, more slots inthe northeast corridor to Pan Am so that we'll have some competi-tion there.' And Texas Air agreed to that just last week. That mayhappen again here. The Department of Transportation may requirethat Texas Air sell some slots or some gates to another airline to en-sure that there is still competition in the northeastpart of themarketplace. But Texas Air has some leverage here with the De-partment of Transportation because People Express is a failing com-pany. And the Department of Transportation may feel,'Well, we'lllet them'buy People Express and keep it running, rather than let iifail and lose all those jobs.'"'Mm hm. Now, if the deal is approved by the Department ofTransportation, what is it likely to mean for consumers? If there'sless competition the fares could possibly go up. "'Well, yes. You would think that when you move from twocompetitors in a market to just one airliner that prices would justhave to go up. But I want you to keep in mind that unrestricted faresof the kind People Express offered, you know, wholesale unrestrictedfares, were being eliminated and phased out anyway, because theywere not profitable. And the Department of Transportation theoryhere is that if you allow mergers to take place, or many mergers totake place, you might create more efficiencies and low costs, leadingpossibly to lower fares. And also the Department of Transportationbelieves that there's a lot of potential competition in themarketplace. Airlines can move planes around and buy gates, and sothat if an airline in a particular market segment was making a lot ofmoney and raising prices excessively, other airlines would move inand prices would be brought down through competition. So that it'sa nice theory, the theory of potential competition keeping prices inline, but it's sort of a new idea and it's not clear that that's really theway it would work.''Thanks.' From New York, NPR's Barbara Mantel.Section Three： Special ReportTapescript"My audiences have been very devoted over the years through-out the country. And they've expanded and grown and the countryaudience has been just as kind and as supportive as the folk audiencehas been.''I was thinking though, nonetheless, when I put on this album,'The Last of the True Believers,' especially the title cut, that I heardmore country there than I'd perhaps heard before.""Well, I guess it has .-.. I've moved in that direction, mainly be-cause I am playing with the band more. My natural roots are there incountry and hillbilly music. And so I think that that just comes outmore when you put the band with it."I 'I want to ask you some questions, please, about this album,aboutthe ... not so much what's on the inside right now, but whaeson the outside - a picture on the front of you in front of aWoolworth store, someplace, I guess, in Texas or Tennessee, and'Houston, Texas.'In Houston, Texas? Is it the Woolworth store that has thehardwood floor still'and the parakeets in the back and that sort ofthing?'"Well, this one that we shot this in front of in Houston Texas isone of the largest ones in the country. It's a two-storey and it's gotthe escalator that does a little pinging noise every couple of minutes.And it takes up a whole city block.""But, why a cover photo in front of Woolworth's?''Well,, that comes from the song 'Love at the Five and Dime,'which was a song that Cathy Mattea also cut this year and had myfirst, you know, top five country hit with. And it deals with theWoolworth store.'"There is, on the cover, you are holding a book, and you can/treally see. ... What is the name of the book on the cover you're hold-ing?''In the Kindness of Strangers, the latest Tennessee Williams' bi-ography.''And on the back is Larry McMurtrie's book about a cattledrive around the turn of the century, Lonesome Dove.'"He's my main prose hero.''Now, why? Why would you do that? Why would you posewith a book?'"Well, I have, my audience consists of a lot of young people be-tween the ages of, maybe you know, fourteen and twenty-f'ive. And Iread a lot, and I alsowrite short stories and havewritten a novel.And I just feel like young people are missing out because they don'tread books. And any time I have the opportunity to influence theyoung person to pick up a book and read it, I would try to do that.''When you hear these lyrics, when the words come to you, areyou hearing the stanzas'as poetry or as music?''Well, I'm hearing them as music. Lyrics usually come to me,and songs come to me as a total picture. And the music and the lyricscome at the same time. Sometimes they shoot me straight up in bed,you know, in the middle of the night. 'The Wing and the Wheel' is avery special song to me. It's probably my favorite song that I've everwritten. And that song was inspired at the Vancouver Folk Festivalby two people who are from Managua, Nicaragua. They have a duocall Duo Guar Buranco. And just about four o'clock in the morning,I was sitting in my hotel room and listening to them sing in the roomnext door, and looking out the window at this little fingernail moonhanging out over the Vancouver Bay, and that song just came flow-ing, you know, and was inspired by those two people.''Now, that sounds easy.''Well, it IS easy. If you listen. to yourself and you listen to theinspiration that's bringing on that particular song, it's easy. It's just amatter of getting up and writing it down.'Nancy Griffith, talking with us in WPLN in Nashville. She iscontinuing her national tour with the Everly Brothers. Her latest al-bum is called "The Last of the True Believers.'。

★⽆忧考英语听⼒频道为⼤家整理的⾼级英语听⼒ lesson 16（listen to this）。

更多阅读请查看本站频道。

esson SixteenSection One: News in BriefTapescript1. President Reagan announced today, that he and Soviet leaderGorbachev will meet in Iceland October I 1 th and 12th to prepare fora summit between the two leaders in the United States later this year.The announcement came after the release yesterday from Moscow ofAmerican reporter Nicholas Daniloff and a court appearance inNew York this morning by accused Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov,who pleaded no contesti6espionage charges and was. told to leavethe United States within twenty-four hours. Zakharov is now on hisway back to the Soviet Union and Daniloff has arrived back in theUnited States. The movement of Daniloff and Zakharov and plansfor the meeting in Iceland were also announced today in Moscow.The BBC's Peter Ruff reports. 'The announcement makes it clearthat this was at Mr. Gorba hev'@nm iation, and it's,also pointed outc vthat this is simply a preparator eeting to a possible summit. It'spointed out here that it will enable the Soviet Union to focus onarms issues, particularly the Strategic Defense Initiative, or StarWars program, President Reagan's refusal to join a testand a possible arms deal involving medium-rangiEurope. In a separate announcement, the official news agency Tasrevealed that Gennadi Zakharov had, as they put it, been releasedfrom custody and was returning home. It made no mention of thefact that I ie'd pleaded no contest in a court in New York. Then came,the first official confirmation from the Soviet Union that theAmericar reporter Nicholas Daniloff had been expelled, The newsitem did aot refer to him as a spy but as someone who'd been en-gaged in inadmissible activity." BBC correspondent Peter Ruff inMoscow.2. There was the Soviet press today that prominentSoviet disside and his wif@ will be allowed to leave forthe U s by October 7th. Secretary of State Shultz madethat announcement in Washington saying Orlov was the drivingforce behind the Helsinki Monitoring Group of Civil RightsActivists. In 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years in a prisoncamp to be followed by five more years in internal exile. Shultz saidOrlov's release was in exchange for that of Zakharov and had noth-ing to do with Daniloff's freedom.Section Two: News in DetailTapescriptIn just eleven days President Reagan and Soviet leaderGorbachev will meet in Iceland for what is described by the two sides*****************************************************was made at the White House this morning at a news conferenceheld by President Reagan and Secretary of State George Shultz cal-led to discuss the Iceland meeting and the negotiations which had ledup to the release of Nicholas Daniloff yesterday. Negotiations forthe release of Daniloff went on for over a month. Today, at the sametime that the White House news conference was going on, SovietForeign Minister Shevardnadze met with the press in New York.NPR's Jim Angle was at the White House, and Mike Shuster waswith the Soviet Foreign Minister.'Jim, since Daniloff was only released yesterday, and the detailsof the negotiations leading up to his release were not known yester-day, didn't this arm uncement of a summit announced before anydiscussion of the D-.tniloff affair come as a surprise?'"What was a surprise is that we did not know it was cois not a surprise if you look at the overall context of preparations fora summit and the discussions so far. Of course, the US had said it would not attend a summit until the Daniloff case wag resolved, and the President said today that he could not have accepted thispre-summit preparatory meeting if Daniloff were still being held. Today the matter was resolved. At least we heard that the other de-tails of the matter's resolution, including the fact that Gennadi Zakharov, the accused Soviet spy, was allowed to plead no conte 'st in a New York court and allowed to leave the Urited States. The reso-lution of that matter cleared the way for summit preparations. The meeting, of course, this pre-summit meeting, was proposed by Secre-tary Gorbachev, in a letter delivered to President Reagan by Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze on September ]9th. The announcement of this meeting todav at the same time as the resolu-tion of Zakharov's status is a way of both sides saying that they con-sider the Daniloff matter resolved with the exception of one or two details and that no obstacles now exist in the preparations for sum-mit later this year in the US.''At the news conference this morning both President Reaganand Secretary of State Shultz stress that there had been no trade for Nicholas Daniloff. Jim, was this a trade?'" Well, clearly, Daniloff's release, Zakharov's quick trial and departure, and the release of the Soviet dissident were all part of one -package. But to the extent that definitions are important, especiallyin the diplomatic world and in terms of principles and precedents,the US has insisted that there was no trade involved here. They say Daniloff was released without a trial, an M iC' acknowledgement,if you will, by the Soviet, that he is not a spy. Kakharov, on the other hand, in pleading no contest to espionage ch4rges, allows, in a sense, the US assertion that he was a s to stand. resident Reagan soujzht today in his rema t W te H se that these wereUers. " There is no connection between these twore eases. I don't know just what you have said so far about this.But there were other arrangement-. with regard to Zakharov that re-sulted in his being freed." Margo, the President's referring there to what the US sees as the only trade involved in this whole package, and that is the Soviet agreement to allow Soviet human rights activist Yuri Orlov and his wife to leave the Soviet Union by October7th."Section Three: Special ReportTapegcript;Today in the Supreme Court of the United States, a case in-volving maternity leave: at issue wh6ther,. states may require employers to guarantee that pregnant workers are able to return to their jobs after a limited period of unpaid disability leave. NPR'sNina Totenberg reports.Nine states already have laws or regulations that require all employers to protect the jobs of workers who are disabled by preg-nancy or childbirth. Depending on what the- Supreme Court rules in the case it heard today, those laws will either die or flourish. The test case is from California. It began with Lillian Garland, the receptionist at California Federal Savings and Loan. In 1982, she re-turned to work after having a child and found she had no job-,-"After working for California Federal for over three and a @iyears, I was told at that time they no longer had apposition available for me. My question was, 'Well, what about the job that I've had foriso many years?' And they said,- 'We hired the person that youi trained in your place.' I was in shock."Officials at California Federal say Garland should not havebeen surprised, that she'd been told at the time she took pregnancy leave that her job was not guaranteed. But the fact is that California law requires all employers in the state to provide up to four months' disability leave for pregnant workers. The leave time is unpaid, andit is only available to women who, because of pregnancy or child--birth, are physically unable to work. The law does require that suchworkers get back the same job unless business necessity makes thatimpossible. So when Lillian Garland was told she couldn't have herold job back, she filed discrimination charges against the bank. Thebank then challenged the California pregnancy disability law incourt, claiming that the state law amounted to illegal sex discrimina-tion. The bank's reasoning went like this: Federal law bans discrimi-nation in employment. based on pregnancy, but the state law man-dates disability leave to women for pregnancy while denying thesame leave time to men who are disabled by other ailments, such asheart attacks and strokes. California counters that the state law doesnot discriminate between men and women, that it treats them boththe same as to,all, ailments, bui-gra@ts@disability leave only to preg-nant workers. Moreover, California argues that the state law in factequalizes the situation between men and women, allowing them bbthh bt he pregnancy disabilityto have children without t_FV j IT)- C/'-case has produced so@triaViZe @Ae s 'Me Reagan Admini-stration is siding with the California business community in arguingthat federal law requires no special treatment for pregnancy. Manyof the major national women's organizations agree, but argue thatthe way to cure the problem is to give everybody unpaid disabilityleave in case of illness. Other women's organizations, particularly inCalifornia, argue that singling out pregnancy for special treatment is6 " > n o t s e x d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . F e m i n i s t B e t t y F r i e d a n d e f e n d s t h e b r b d s f i d = " 1 97 " > C a l i f o r ni a l a w . b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > ' I t ' s n o t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a g a i n s t m e n t o d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e b r b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > f a c t t h a t w o m e n g i v e b i r t h t o c h i l d r e n . I t ' s a f a c t o f l i f e . I f m e n c o u l d b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > c a r r y t h e b a b y , i f m e n c o u l d g o t h r o u g h t h e n i n e m o n t h s , i f m e n b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > c o u l d h a v e t h e l a b o r p a i n , y o u k n o w , t h e y a l s o s h o u l d h a v e c o v e r a g e b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > f o r p r e g n a n c y . Y o u ' r e n o t d i s c r i i h i n a t i n g a g a i n s t m e n ; y o u ' r e r e c o g - b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > n i z i n g a f a c t o f l i f e : t h a t w o m e n a r e d i f f e r e n t t h a n m e n . ' b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > O n t h e o t h e r s i d e , t h e l a w y e r f o r t h e b a n k , T e d O l s o n , a r g u e s b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 5 " > t h a t s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t f o r p r e g n a n c y i s o b i o u s l y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , a n b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 6 " > t h a t C a l i f o r n i a c o m p a n i e s r i s k b e i n b y o n e g r o u p o f p e o p l e b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 7 " > g s u e b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 8 " > t i ' i e y f o l l o w f e , , i e i - a l l a w a n d b y a n o t h e r g r o u p o f p e o p l e i f t h e y f o l l o b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > s t a t e l a w . b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > " T h e C t l i f o r n i a l a w r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t o f p r e g n a n c y ; t h b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > f e d e r a l l a w r e q u i r e s e q u a l t r e a t m e n t o f p r e g n a n c y . A n e m p l o y e r - b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > e n t i t l e d t o k n o w w h i c h l a w i t m u s t f o l l o w . ' b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 3 " > T h e f a c t i s , t h o u g h , t h a t m u c h o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a b u s i n e s s c o b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 4 " > ) i , t i n i t y o b j e c t s , m o s t o f a l l , t o b e i n g t o l d t h a t i t h a s t o p r o v i d e a n b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 5 " > D i s a b i l i t y l e a v e . H e r e i s D o n B u t l e r , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e M e r c h a n t s a n b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > M a n u f a c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , w h i c h i s a p a r t y t o t h i s l a w s u i t . b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 7 " > " W h a t w e h a v e t o g e t b a c k t o , t h o u g h ; i s w h o ' s g o i n g t o s e t t h b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 8 " > d i s a b i l i t y l e a v e p o l i c i e s . I s t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , i s t h e s t a t e o b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 9 " > C a l i f o r n i a , o r a r e w e , t h e e m p l o y e r s , g o i n g t o s e t ? Y o u , t h b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 0 " > e m p l o y e e , h a v e t h e c h o i c e o f w o r k i n g f o r o u r c o m p a n y u n d e r t h e f o l b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 1 " > l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s o r w o r k i n g f o r a n o t h e r c o m p a n y u n d e r o t h e b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 2 " > c o n d i t i o n s . A n d I b e l i e v e t h a t t h a t w a s w h a t b u i l t @ t h i s c o u n t r y t o b b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 3 " > a g r e a t f r e e e n t e r p r i s e s y s t e m . A n d i f w e ' r e g o i n g t o l e g i s l a t e i t , t h e b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 4 " > w e ' r e g o i n g t o d e s t r o y a l o t o f t h e i n c e n t i v e s t o . . . ' b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 5 " > ' B u t b a s i c a l l y y o u d o n ' t w a n t t o b e t o l d t o h a v e a d i s a b i l i t y p o l b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 6 " > i c y a t a l l . " b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 7 " > ' R i g h t . ' b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 8 " > I n t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t t h i s m o r n i n g , p e r h a p ! u e s - b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 9 " > t i o n w a s a s k e d b y J u s t i c e L o u i s P o w e l l , w h o p o @ b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 0 " > s i t u a t i o n t o C a l i f o r n i a D e p u t y A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l M a r i o n J o h n s t o n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 1 " > " L e t u s a s s u m e , ' s a i d J u s t i c e P o w e l l , " t h a t a m a n a n d a w o m a n i n b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 2 " > t h e s a m e c o m p a n y l e a v e t h e i r j o b s o n t h e s a m e d a y : h e , b e c a u s e h e i s b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 3 " > i l l ; s h e , b e c a u s e s h e ' s a b o u t t o h a v e a c h i l d . A n d t h e y r e t u r n o n t h e b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 4 " > ' s a m e d a y , b u t u n d e r t h e C a l i f o r n i a l a w s h e g e t s h e r j o b b a c k a n d h e b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 5 " > d o e s n o t . I s t h a t f a i r ? " a s k s J u s t i c e P o w e l l . L a w y e r J o h n s t o n r e - b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 6 " > s p o n d e d , " I t m a y n o t b e f a i r , b u t i t ' s l e g a l . C a l i f o r n i a l a w , ' s h e s a i d , b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 7 " > s i m p l y r e q u i r e s t h a t e m p l o y e r s t r e a t a l l t h e i r e m p l o y e e s , m e n a n d b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 8 " > w o m e n , i n t h e s a m e w a y w i t h r e s p e c t t o p r e g n a n c y .B u t , s i n c e m e n b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 9 " > e o f f . " A ' d e c i s i o n i n t h e b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 0 " > d o n ' t g e t p r e g n a n t , t h e y d o n ' t g e t t h e t i m t e d u n t i l n e x t y e a r . I ' m N i n a T o t e n b e r g b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 1 " >C a l i f o r n ia c a s e i s n o t e x p e c i n W a s h i n g t o n - , / d i v > d i v i d = " f l o a t _b t n "c l a s s = " " bd s f i d = " 2 4 2 " > b u t t o n c l a s s = " f l o a t _ b t n lef t _ b t n " i d = " c o p y _ b u t t o n " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - a c t i o n = " c o p y " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - t a rg e t = " # c o n t e n t - t x t " o n c l i c k = " d o _ c o p y ( ) ; " b d s f i d = " 2 4 3 " > e m c l a s s = " i c o n " b d s f i d = " 2 4 4 " >。

自考高级英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. 根据所听对话，选择正确答案。

（每题2分，共10分）A) 听第一段对话，回答以下问题：What is the man going to do this weekend?A) Go to the beach. B) Stay at home. C) Visit his parents.B) 听第二段对话，回答以下问题：Why does the woman refuse the invitation?A) She has to work. B) She is not interested. C) She is ill.2. 根据所听短文，完成下列句子。

（每空1分，共10分）A) The speaker mentioned the importance of _______ in the workplace.B) According to the speaker, effective communication can lead to _______.二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 阅读下列短文，选择最佳答案。

（每题3分，共15分）A) What is the main idea of the passage?A) The benefits of exercise. B) The importance of healthy eating. C) A balanced lifestyle.B) What does the author suggest to improve memory?A) Taking more breaks. B) Using mnemonic devices. C) Listening to music.2. 阅读下列短文，回答问题。

（每题2分，共15分）A) Why did the company decide to relocate its headquarters? Answers: The company relocated its headquarters to take advantage of the lower operating costs in the new location.B) What is the author's opinion about the future of the company?Answers: The author believes that the company has a promising future due to its innovative approach.三、词汇与语法（共20分）1. 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。