欧盟反倾销政策【外文原文】

欧盟反倾销条例1995年12月22日欧共体理事会关于抵制非欧共体成员国倾销进口的第384/96号条例欧洲共同体理事会1995年12月22日通过欧洲联盟理事会鉴于建立欧洲共同体的条约，特别是其第113条；鉴于建立农业市场共同组织的诸规则和依照条约第235条通过的、适用于农产品加工产品的条例，以及特别是条例中可不遵循一般原则的规定，即边境贸易的保护性措施可完全为条例规定的措施所取代的规定。

鉴于委员会的建议；鉴于欧洲议会的意见；(1)鉴于欧洲理事会通过了2423/88号条例，制订了抵制非欧洲共同体成员国倾销或补贴性进口的一般规则；(2)鉴于这些规则是根据现存的国际义务、特别是那些产生于关税及贸易总协定（以下称为关贸总协定)第6条、实施关贸总协定第6条的协定(1979年反倾销法典)以及解释和适用关贸总协定第6条、第16条和第23条的协定(关于补贴和抵销关税的法典)的国际义务而通过的；(3)鉴于1994年结束的多边贸易谈判制订了实施关贸总协定第6条的新协定，因此，应根据新协定修订共同体条例；鉴于应该根据有关调整倾销和补贴的各自新规则的不同性质，在这两个领域内有一套独立的共同体规则，鉴于关于抵制补贴和反补贴税的新规则应包含在一个单独的条例中；(4)鉴于为了维护关贸总协定所建立的权利和义务的一致性，共同体在适用这些规则时须考虑共同体主要贸易伙伴如何解释这些规则；(5)鉴于有关倾销的新协定，即1994年实施关贸总协定第6条的协定(以下称为1994年反倾销协定)，包含了新的和详细的规则，特别是关于倾销的计算，提起和进行调查的程序，包括事实的认定和处理、采取临时性措施、征收反倾销税、反倾销措施的期限和复审以及公开披露有关反倾销调查的信息；鉴于考虑到这些变化的程度并为确保严格地和明确地实施这些新规则，应尽可能地将新协定中的用语引入共同体立法中；(6)鉴于需要就正常价值的计算制定明确和详细的规则；特别是鉴于这一价值在所有的情况下都应以在出口国正常贸易过程中有代表性的销售为基础；鉴于明确那些国内销售可视为亏本因此不予以考虑的情形，以及明确可以求助于不低于成本的销售、计算正常价值、或向第三国销售等情形是有利的；鉴于即使在启动情况下规定成本的适当配置也是合乎需要的，鉴于对"启动"的概念以及配置的范围和方法制定指导也是适当的；鉴于计算正常价值时有必要指出被用于确定销售量、一般成本和管理成本以及应包括在该价值内的利润幅度的方法；(7)鉴于在确定非市场经济国家产品的正常价值时，应当制订有关选择适当的将被用于这一目的的市场经济第三国的规则，以及在不可能找到适合的第三国时，可在任何其他合理的基础上来确定正常价值的规则；(8)鉴于确定出口价格和在有必要从第一次公开市场价格出发重新推算出口价格的情形下列举某些调整项目是有益的；(9)鉴于为保证在出口价格与正常价值之间进行公平比较，应列举可能影响价格和价格可比性的那些因素，应制定有关何时及如何进行调整的明确规则，包括应避免任何重复调整的规则；鉴于虽然各个出口价格因其客户、地区或期限等原因不同时仍可以与平均正常价值进行对比，但也有必要规定，可以使用平均价格比较出口价格和正常价值；(10)鉴于应制订明确、详细的规则指导那些与确定倾销进口商品是否已造成实质性损害或实质性损害的威胁有关的因素；鉴于在证明有关进口商品的数量和价格水平对共同体某一产业所遭受的损害负有责任时，应注意其他因素特别是共同体现有市场条件的作用；(11)鉴于应限定"共同体产业"这一术语，应规定与出口商有关联的当事人应从"产业"中排除以及应限定"关联"一词的含义；鉴于有必要规定以共同体某个地区的生产者的名义提起反倾销，以及有必要对该地区的定义制订指南；(12)鉴于有必要规定可以提起反倾销申请的当事人，包括共同体产业应该支持的程度，以及该申请应包括的有关倾销、损害和因果关系的信息；鉴于应规定有关驳回申请或者开始调查的程序；(13)鉴于有必要规定利害当事人应得到关于当局所需信息的通知，应有充分机会去提供所有相关证据及维护其利益的方法；鉴于应明确制定在调查期间应遵循的那些规则和程序，特别是如果利害当事人的意见和信息将被调查机关考虑，利害当事人在一个特定期限内据以进行自我通报、发表意见和提供信息的那些规则；鉴于应规定在哪些情形下利害当事人可以获得并评论由其他利害当事人所提供的信息的；鉴于在收集信息方面成员国和委员会之间应当进行合作；(14)鉴于有必要规定征收临时反倾销税的条件，包括这种征收不早于开始调查之日起60天和不晚于此日后9个月的条件；鉴于因行政管理的原因，有必要规定反倾销税由委员会征收，或者直接征收期限为9个月的临时反倾销税或者征收期限为6个月和3个月两个阶段的临时反倾销税；(15)鉴于有必要规定接受消除倾销和损害的承诺以代替征收临时或最终反倾销税的程序；鉴于应规定违反或者撤销承诺的后果，以及在有违反承诺之嫌或者需要进一步调查以补充调查结果情况下可以征收临时反倾销税；鉴于在接受承诺时应注意提出的承诺及其实施不会导致反竞争的行为；(16)鉴于有必要规定不论是否采取最终措施，案件通常应在开始调查之日起12个月内结束，并决不能超过15个月；鉴于在微量倾销或在损害可予忽略不计时，应终止调查或者诉讼，应对这些术语予以定义；鉴于在征收反倾销税时，有必要规定终止调查，在征收较少数额的反倾销税就可消除损害的情况下，有必要规定反倾销税应低于倾销幅度，以及有必要规定在抽样的情况下计算反倾销税程度的办法；(17)鉴于有必要规定如认为适当时可追溯征收临时反倾销税，有必要说明那些可能引起追溯适用反倾销税以免削弱将适用的最终反倾销措施的情况；鉴于也有必要规定反倾销税可追溯适用于违反或者撤销承诺的情况；(18)鉴于有必要规定反倾销措施5年后将终止，除非复审调查表明这些措施应继续实施；鉴于在有充分证据表明情况已变化的场合，应规定临时复审或调查，以确定是否同意退还反倾销税；鉴于作出以下的规定也是合适的，在重新计算倾销致使有必要重新计算出口价格时，如该反倾销税反映在受共同体反倾销制裁的商品的价格上，则该反倾销税不应作为在进口和转卖期间发生的成本；(19)鉴于在出口商通过补偿安排方式承受反倾销税和反倾销措施没有反映在受共同体反倾销制裁的商品的价格上时，有必要对出口价格和倾销幅度的重新估算作出特别规定；(20)鉴于尽管一个单独的关贸总协定部长决议承认规避是个问题并已将其提交到关贸总协定反倾销委员会去解决，但1994年反倾销协定并没有包括关于规避反倾销措施的条款；鉴于迄今在此问题上多边谈判的失败和关贸总协定反倾销委员会对此还未作出结论，从而有必要在共同体立法中增加新的条款，以解决包括在共同体内或者在第三国内进行的以规避反倾销措施为主要目的货物组装在内的做法；(21)鉴于在市场条件出现暂时性变化，使继续征收反领销税暂时显得不合适的情况下，允许中止反倾销措施是可取的；(22)鉴于有必要规定被调查的进口货物进口时应当登记，以便随后能够对这些进口货物适用反倾销措施；(23)鉴于为确保正确实施反倾销措施，成员国必须监督并向委员会报告被调查的或被实施反倾销措施的产品的进口贸易以及依照本规则所征收的反倾销税数额；(24)鉴于有必要规定，定期地或在特殊的调查阶段，同咨询委员会协商；鉴于该委员会应当由成员国的代表组成并由委员会的一名代表担任主席；(25)鉴于应规定进行实地核查以审核当事人提供的有关倾销和损害的信息，但实地核察应以收到对调查问卷的合适答复为条件；(26)鉴于应在当事人或者交易数目巨大的情况下规定抽样的调查方法以在法定的期限内完成调查；(27)鉴于有必要规定，在当事人不能令人满意地进行配合时，可以使用其他信息作出裁定，与当事人相配合的情况比，该信息可能对该当事人较为不利；(28)鉴于有必要对处理机密信息作出规定以便商业秘密不被泄漏；(29)鉴于应规定向那些有权得到这种待遇的当事人适当披露基本事实和审议；鉴于这种披露应适当考虑共同体内作出决定的过程，并在允许当事人维护自身利益的期限内进行；(30)鉴于应当建立一个解决争议的行政机构，有关反倾销措施是否符合包括消费者利益在内的共同体利益的争议可由它解决；应规定一个提供这类信息和有关当事人的知情权的期限；(31)鉴于理事会通过制定1994年12月22日欧共体关于抵制非欧共体成员国倾销进口的第3283／94号规则，废降了欧洲经济共同体第2423／88号规则，并建立了一个新的抵彻非欧共体成员国倾销进口的共同制度；(32)鉴于欧共体第3283／94号规则条文中的重大错误在公布时很明显；(33)此外，鉴于该规则已经两次修改；(34)鉴于为了法律的清楚、透明和法律确定性，该规则因此应被废除和取代，但这不影响根据该规则或根据欧洲经济共同体第2423／88号规则已提起的反倾销诉讼。

欧盟反倾销条例1995年12月22日欧共体理事会关于抵制非欧共体成员国倾销进口的第384/96号条例欧洲共同体理事会1995年12月22日通过欧洲联盟理事会鉴于建立欧洲共同体的条约，特别是其第113条；鉴于建立农业市场共同组织的诸规则和依照条约第235条通过的、适用于农产品加工产品的条例，以及特别是条例中可不遵循一般原则的规定，即边境贸易的保护性措施可完全为条例规定的措施所取代的规定。

鉴于委员会的建议；鉴于欧洲议会的意见；(1)鉴于欧洲理事会通过了2423/88号条例，制订了抵制非欧洲共同体成员国倾销或补贴性进口的一般规则；(2)鉴于这些规则是根据现存的国际义务、特别是那些产生于关税及贸易总协定（以下称为关贸总协定)第6条、实施关贸总协定第6条的协定(1979年反倾销法典)以及解释和适用关贸总协定第6条、第16条和第23条的协定(关于补贴和抵销关税的法典)的国际义务而通过的；(3)鉴于1994年结束的多边贸易谈判制订了实施关贸总协定第6条的新协定，因此，应根据新协定修订共同体条例；鉴于应该根据有关调整倾销和补贴的各自新规则的不同性质，在这两个领域内有一套独立的共同体规则，鉴于关于抵制补贴和反补贴税的新规则应包含在一个单独的条例中；(4)鉴于为了维护关贸总协定所建立的权利和义务的一致性，共同体在适用这些规则时须考虑共同体主要贸易伙伴如何解释这些规则；(5)鉴于有关倾销的新协定，即1994年实施关贸总协定第6条的协定(以下称为1994年反倾销协定)，包含了新的和详细的规则，特别是关于倾销的计算，提起和进行调查的程序，包括事实的认定和处理、采取临时性措施、征收反倾销税、反倾销措施的期限和复审以及公开披露有关反倾销调查的信息；鉴于考虑到这些变化的程度并为确保严格地和明确地实施这些新规则，应尽可能地将新协定中的用语引入共同体立法中；(6)鉴于需要就正常价值的计算制定明确和详细的规则；特别是鉴于这一价值在所有的情况下都应以在出口国正常贸易过程中有代表性的销售为基础；鉴于明确那些国内销售可视为亏本因此不予以考虑的情形，以及明确可以求助于不低于成本的销售、计算正常价值、或向第三国销售等情形是有利的；鉴于即使在启动情况下规定成本的适当配置也是合乎需要的，鉴于对"启动"的概念以及配置的范围和方法制定指导也是适当的；鉴于计算正常价值时有必要指出被用于确定销售量、一般成本和管理成本以及应包括在该价值内的利润幅度的方法；(7)鉴于在确定非市场经济国家产品的正常价值时，应当制订有关选择适当的将被用于这一目的的市场经济第三国的规则，以及在不可能找到适合的第三国时，可在任何其他合理的基础上来确定正常价值的规则；(8)鉴于确定出口价格和在有必要从第一次公开市场价格出发重新推算出口价格的情形下列举某些调整项目是有益的；(9)鉴于为保证在出口价格与正常价值之间进行公平比较，应列举可能影响价格和价格可比性的那些因素，应制定有关何时及如何进行调整的明确规则，包括应避免任何重复调整的规则；鉴于虽然各个出口价格因其客户、地区或期限等原因不同时仍可以与平均正常价值进行对比，但也有必要规定，可以使用平均价格比较出口价格和正常价值；(10)鉴于应制订明确、详细的规则指导那些与确定倾销进口商品是否已造成实质性损害或实质性损害的威胁有关的因素；鉴于在证明有关进口商品的数量和价格水平对共同体某一产业所遭受的损害负有责任时，应注意其他因素特别是共同体现有市场条件的作用；(11)鉴于应限定"共同体产业"这一术语，应规定与出口商有关联的当事人应从"产业"中排除以及应限定"关联"一词的含义；鉴于有必要规定以共同体某个地区的生产者的名义提起反倾销，以及有必要对该地区的定义制订指南；(12)鉴于有必要规定可以提起反倾销申请的当事人，包括共同体产业应该支持的程度，以及该申请应包括的有关倾销、损害和因果关系的信息；鉴于应规定有关驳回申请或者开始调查的程序；(13)鉴于有必要规定利害当事人应得到关于当局所需信息的通知，应有充分机会去提供所有相关证据及维护其利益的方法；鉴于应明确制定在调查期间应遵循的那些规则和程序，特别是如果利害当事人的意见和信息将被调查机关考虑，利害当事人在一个特定期限内据以进行自我通报、发表意见和提供信息的那些规则；鉴于应规定在哪些情形下利害当事人可以获得并评论由其他利害当事人所提供的信息的；鉴于在收集信息方面成员国和委员会之间应当进行合作；(14)鉴于有必要规定征收临时反倾销税的条件，包括这种征收不早于开始调查之日起60天和不晚于此日后9个月的条件；鉴于因行政管理的原因，有必要规定反倾销税由委员会征收，或者直接征收期限为9个月的临时反倾销税或者征收期限为6个月和3个月两个阶段的临时反倾销税；(15)鉴于有必要规定接受消除倾销和损害的承诺以代替征收临时或最终反倾销税的程序；鉴于应规定违反或者撤销承诺的后果，以及在有违反承诺之嫌或者需要进一步调查以补充调查结果情况下可以征收临时反倾销税；鉴于在接受承诺时应注意提出的承诺及其实施不会导致反竞争的行为；(16)鉴于有必要规定不论是否采取最终措施，案件通常应在开始调查之日起12个月内结束，并决不能超过15个月；鉴于在微量倾销或在损害可予忽略不计时，应终止调查或者诉讼，应对这些术语予以定义；鉴于在征收反倾销税时，有必要规定终止调查，在征收较少数额的反倾销税就可消除损害的情况下，有必要规定反倾销税应低于倾销幅度，以及有必要规定在抽样的情况下计算反倾销税程度的办法；(17)鉴于有必要规定如认为适当时可追溯征收临时反倾销税，有必要说明那些可能引起追溯适用反倾销税以免削弱将适用的最终反倾销措施的情况；鉴于也有必要规定反倾销税可追溯适用于违反或者撤销承诺的情况；(18)鉴于有必要规定反倾销措施5年后将终止，除非复审调查表明这些措施应继续实施；鉴于在有充分证据表明情况已变化的场合，应规定临时复审或调查，以确定是否同意退还反倾销税；鉴于作出以下的规定也是合适的，在重新计算倾销致使有必要重新计算出口价格时，如该反倾销税反映在受共同体反倾销制裁的商品的价格上，则该反倾销税不应作为在进口和转卖期间发生的成本；(19)鉴于在出口商通过补偿安排方式承受反倾销税和反倾销措施没有反映在受共同体反倾销制裁的商品的价格上时，有必要对出口价格和倾销幅度的重新估算作出特别规定；(20)鉴于尽管一个单独的关贸总协定部长决议承认规避是个问题并已将其提交到关贸总协定反倾销委员会去解决，但1994年反倾销协定并没有包括关于规避反倾销措施的条款；鉴于迄今在此问题上多边谈判的失败和关贸总协定反倾销委员会对此还未作出结论，从而有必要在共同体立法中增加新的条款，以解决包括在共同体内或者在第三国内进行的以规避反倾销措施为主要目的货物组装在内的做法；(21)鉴于在市场条件出现暂时性变化，使继续征收反领销税暂时显得不合适的情况下，允许中止反倾销措施是可取的；(22)鉴于有必要规定被调查的进口货物进口时应当登记，以便随后能够对这些进口货物适用反倾销措施；(23)鉴于为确保正确实施反倾销措施，成员国必须监督并向委员会报告被调查的或被实施反倾销措施的产品的进口贸易以及依照本规则所征收的反倾销税数额；(24)鉴于有必要规定，定期地或在特殊的调查阶段，同咨询委员会协商；鉴于该委员会应当由成员国的代表组成并由委员会的一名代表担任主席；(25)鉴于应规定进行实地核查以审核当事人提供的有关倾销和损害的信息，但实地核察应以收到对调查问卷的合适答复为条件；(26)鉴于应在当事人或者交易数目巨大的情况下规定抽样的调查方法以在法定的期限内完成调查；(27)鉴于有必要规定，在当事人不能令人满意地进行配合时，可以使用其他信息作出裁定，与当事人相配合的情况比，该信息可能对该当事人较为不利；(28)鉴于有必要对处理机密信息作出规定以便商业秘密不被泄漏；(29)鉴于应规定向那些有权得到这种待遇的当事人适当披露基本事实和审议；鉴于这种披露应适当考虑共同体内作出决定的过程，并在允许当事人维护自身利益的期限内进行；(30)鉴于应当建立一个解决争议的行政机构，有关反倾销措施是否符合包括消费者利益在内的共同体利益的争议可由它解决；应规定一个提供这类信息和有关当事人的知情权的期限；(31)鉴于理事会通过制定1994年12月22日欧共体关于抵制非欧共体成员国倾销进口的第3283／94号规则，废降了欧洲经济共同体第2423／88号规则，并建立了一个新的抵彻非欧共体成员国倾销进口的共同制度；(32)鉴于欧共体第3283／94号规则条文中的重大错误在公布时很明显；(33)此外，鉴于该规则已经两次修改；(34)鉴于为了法律的清楚、透明和法律确定性，该规则因此应被废除和取代，但这不影响根据该规则或根据欧洲经济共同体第2423／88号规则已提起的反倾销诉讼。

摘自“威尼斯的泪”的博文/s/blog_5ddab2600100cg gp.html欧盟的反倾销税ADT rate(2009-03-31 19:55:47)欧盟对原产于中、泰的垃圾袋和塑料袋实施反倾销2006年9月29日，欧盟委员会发布公告，对原产于中国、泰国和马来西亚的塑料袋作出反倾销终裁（见下表）。

根据该公告，欧盟并未对马来西亚涉案产品采取反倾销措施，并终止了对其的调查。

在本案中，108家中国企业要求获得市场经济待遇，3家要求获得单独税率。

最终只有7家公司获得市场经济待遇，包括赛德家庭用品（上海）有限公司、金冠（龙海）塑料包装有限公司、声科家居用品（上海）有限公司、苏州国信集团有限公司、无锡Jiayihe包装材料有限公司/无锡贝康包装材料有限公司、中山Qi Yu包装产品有限公司以及惠州Jun Yang 塑料有限公司。

欧盟对原产于中国和泰国的塑料袋作出的反倾销终裁结果国家涉案企业反倾销税率（%）附件一中国获得8.4%反倾销税率的92家涉案企业名称1. BEIJING LIANBIN PL AS TIC & PRINTING CO LTD.2.Changle Beihai Plastic Products Co., Ltd.3. CHANGLE BEIHAI PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD.4. CHANGLE UNITE PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD.5. CHANGLE HUALONG PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO LTD.6.CHANGLE SHENGDA RUBBER PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Changle7.CHANGZHOU HUAGUANG PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Wujin8.CHEONG FAT PL AS TIC BAGS (CHINA) PRINTING FACTORY Shenzhen9.CHUN HING PLASTIC PACKAGING MANUFACTORY LTD Hong Kong10.CHUN YIP (SHENZHEN) PLASTICS LIMITED Shenzhen11.CROWN POLYETHYLENE PRODUCTS (INT`L) LTD. Hong Kong12.DALIAN JINSHIDA PACKING PRODUCTS CO., LTD Dalian13.DONG GUAN HARBONA PL AS TIC & METALS FACTORY CO., LTD. Dongguan14.DONGGUAN CHERRY PLASTIC INDUSTRIAL, LTD Dongguan15.DONGGUAN FIRSTWAY PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD Dongguan16.DONGGUAN MARUMAN PLASTIC PACKAGING COMPANY LIMITED Dongguan17.DONGGUAN NAN SING PLASTICS LIMITED Dongguan18.DONGGUAN NOZAWA PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO. LTD Dongguan19.DONGGUAN RUI LONG PLASTICS FACTORY Dongguan20.FOSHAN SHUNDE KANGFU PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Shunde21.FU YUEN ENTERPRISES CO. Hong Kong22.GOLD MINE PLASTIC INDUSTRIAL LIMITED Jiangmen23.GOOD-IN HOLDINGS LTD. Hong Kong24.HANG LUNG PLASTIC FACTORY (SHENZHEN) LTD Shenzhen25.JIANGMEN CITY XIN HUI HENGLONG PLASTIC LTD. Jiangmen26.JIANGMEN TO PT YPE PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Jiangmen27.JIANGMEN XINHUI FE NGZE PLASTIC COMPANY LTD. Jiangmen28.JIANGYIN BRAND POLYTHENE PACKAGING CO., LTD. Jiangyin29.JINAN BAIHE PL AS TIC PRODUCTS COMPANY LIMITED Jinan30.JINAN CHANGWEI PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Jinan31.JINAN CHENGLIN PL AS TIC PRODUCTS COMPANY LTD. Jinan32.JINAN MIN FE NG PLASTIC CO., LTD. Jinan33.JINYANG PACKING PRODUCTS (WEIFANG) CO. LTD Qingzhou34.JUXIAN HUACHANG PLASTIC CO., LTD Liuguanzhuang35.JUXIAN HUAYANG PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD Liuguanzhuang36.KIN WAI POLY BAG PRINTING LTD. Hong KongIZHOU JINYUAN PLASTICS INDUSTRY & TRADE CO., LTD. LaizhouIZHOU YUANXINYIE PLASTIC MACHINERY CO., LTD. Laizhou39.LICK SAN PL AS TIC BAGS (SHENZHEN) CO., LTD. Shenzhen40.LINQU SHUNXING PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO. LTD Linqu41.LONGKOU CITY LONGDAN PLASTIC CORPORATION LTD. Longkou42.NEW CARING PLASTIC MANUFACTORY LTD. Jiangmen43.NEW WAY POLYPAK DONGYING CO., LTD. Dongying44.NINGBO HUASEN PLASTHETICS CO., LTD. Ningbo45.NINGBO MARUMAN PACKAGING PRODUCT CO. LTD. Ningbo46.POLY POLYETHYLENE BAGS AND PRINTING CO. Hong Kong47.QINGDAO NEW LEFU PACKAGING CO., LTD. Qingdao48.RALLY PLASTICS CO., LTD. ZHONGSHAN Zhongshan49.RIZHAO XINAO PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD Liuguanzhuang50.DONGGUAN SEA LAKE PL AS TIC PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING CO., LTD. Dongguan51.SHANGHAI HANHUA PLASTIC PACKAGE PRODUCT CO., LTD. Shanghai52.SHANGHAI HUAYUE PACKAGING PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Shanghai53.SHANGHAI LIQIANG PLASTICS INDUSTRY CO., LTD. Zhangyan54.SHANGHAI MINGYE PLASTICS GOODS COMPANY LIMITED Shanghai55.SHANGHAI QUTIAN TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. Shanghai56.SHANTOU ULTRA DRAGON PLASTICS LTD. Shantou57.SHAOXING YUCI PLASTICS AND BAKELITE PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Shangyu58.SHENG YOUNG INDUSTRIAL (ZHONGSHAN) CO., LTD. Zhongshan59.SUPREME DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED Hong Kong60.TAISHING PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. ZHONGSHAN Zhongshan61.TIANJIN MINGZE PLASTIC PACKAGING CO., LTD. Tianjin62.UNIVERSAL PL AS TIC & METAL MANUFACTURING LIMITED Hong Kong63.WAI YUEN INDUSTRIAL AND DEVELOPMENT LTD Hong Kong64.WEIFANG DESHUN PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Changle65.WEIFANG HENGSHENG RUBBER PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Changle66.WEIFANG HONGYUAN PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Changle67.WEIFANG HUASHENG PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Changle68.WEIFANG KANGLE PLASTICS CO., LTD. Changle69.WEIFANG LIFA PLASTIC PACKING CO., LTD. Weifang70.WEIFANG XINLI PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Weifang71.WEIFANG YUANHUA PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Weifang72.WEIFANG YUJIE PLASTICS PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Weifang73.WEIHAI WEIQUAN PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS CO. LTD. Weihai74.WINNER BAGS PRODUCT COMPANY (SHENZHEN) LIMITED Shenzhen75.WUI HING PL AS TIC BAGS PRINTING (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED Shenzhen76.XIAMEN EGRET PLASTICS CO., LTD. Gaoqi77.XIAMEN RICHIN PLASTIC CO., LTD Xiamen78.XIAMEN UNITED OVERSEA ENTERPRISES LTD. Xiamen79.XIAMEN XINGXIA POLYMERS CO., LTD Xiamen80.XIAMEN XINYATAI PLASTIC INDUSTRY CO. LTD. Xiamen81.XINHUI ALIDA POLYTHENE LIMITED Xinhui82.XINTAI CHUNHUI MODIFIED PLASTIC CO., LTD Xintai83.YANTAI BAGMART PACKAGING CO., LTD. Yantai84.YANTAI LONGQUAN PACKAGING MATERIAL CO. LTD. Yantai85.YAU BONG POLYBAGS PRINTING CO., LTD. Hong Kong86.YINKOU FUCHANG PL AS TIC PRODUCTS. CO., LTD. Yingkou87.YONGCHANG (CHANGLE) PLASTIC INDUSTRIES CO., LTD. Weifang88.ZHANGJIAGANG YUANHEYI PA PE R & PLASTIC COLOR PRINTING & PACKING CO., LTD Zhangjiagang89.ZHONGSHAN DONG FE NG HUNG WAI PLASTIC BAG MFY Zhongshan90.ZHONGSHAN HUANG PU TOWN LIHENG METAL & PLASTIC FACTORY Zhongshan91.ZHUHAI CHINTEC PACKING TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE CO. LTD Zhuhai92.ZIBO WEIJIA PL AS TIC PRODUCTS CO., LTD. Zibo附件二泰国获得7.9%反倾销税率的10家涉案企业名称1.A PP LE FILM CO., LTD.2. C P PACKAGING INDUSTRY CO., LTD.3. K. INTERNATIONAL PACKAGING CO., LTD.4. POLY WORLD CO., LTD.5. SIAM FLEXIBLE INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.6. THAI GRI PT ECH CO. LTD. et SU PE R GRIP CO., LTD.7.THANTAWAN INDUSTRY PU BLIC COMPANY LIMITED8.UNITY THAI PRODUCTS CO., LTD. et UNITY THAI PRODUCTS (1999) CO., LTD.9. UNIVERSAL POLYBAG COMPANY LTD.10. ZIPLAS INTERNATIONAL CO LTD2009年3月12日，欧盟委员会发布公告称：就塑料袋反倾销新出口商复审作出裁决，我国5家申请企业中，3家获得新出口商资格，将享受原审应诉企业平均税率8.4%，另外2家企业维持28.8%的最高税率。

EU对来自非EU国家征收反倾销税的法律依据欧盟理事会第384/96条规定[1](以下简称规定)是目前欧盟对来自非欧盟国家征收反倾销税的法律依据。

根据《规定》，欧盟对来自非欧盟国家进口产品采取反倾销措施的首要前提是这些进口产品具有倾销行为和由此所致的对欧盟利益的损害。

根据《规定》第2条第2款，进入欧盟市场的产品如果其出口价低于出口国内市场同类产品的出售价并给欧盟同类产品的生产部门造成损害，则被视为具有倾销倾向。

一般通过对正常价值和出口价格的比较确定反倾销对象的倾销幅度。

对非市场经济国家[2]，《规定》第2条第7款规定选择一个市场经济第三国作为参照国，由此确定非市场经济国家出口产品的正常价值。

若出口商和进口商有协议关系，那么涉及产品的出口价格不可认可，在这种情况下，出口价格以涉及产品首次独立出售价格为计算基础。

1998年4月27日欧盟委员会一致同意批准将中国从“非市场经济国家”名单中除去,这是有积极意义的,至少是以后在一个企业的产品被征收了反倾销税后,不会再危及到同行业的所有企业;这个“出口国内市场同类产品的出售价”如何确定的问题。

一般来说，出口产品的价格一般都要比出口国国内市场的价格低，所以说出现出口产品的出口价格比其国内市场的价格低的情况真的很少。

但我有理由相信中国就是这么一个例外。

原因：1)中国外向型经济在相当长的一段时期内片面强调出口,追求创汇,各专业进出口公司及其他外贸企业为完成国家下达的创汇指标,不得不千方百计扩大出口。

因此企业出口的成本相对在国内销售小，甚至还可以获得国家的补贴。

2)国内的地方政策、市场流通、交通物流、购买力、税收政策等方面都无法同欧盟相比较，所以同类的产品在国内销售的成本极有可能高于出口到欧盟的价格。

这恰好就符合了欧盟对我国的出口产品具有倾销倾向的认定。

关于目前应对欧盟反倾销中国的做法总之，就中国现阶段的情况来看，中国在相当长一段时间里出口到欧盟的产品都是技术含量低、价格低廉的。

第1篇一、引言反倾销是国际贸易中一项重要的法律制度，旨在保护国内产业免受不公平竞争的损害。

欧盟作为世界上最大的经济体之一，其反倾销法律制度在全球贸易中具有重要地位。

本文将对欧盟反倾销法律规定进行详细阐述，包括反倾销的定义、法律依据、调查程序、反倾销措施等。

二、欧盟反倾销法律依据1. 欧盟基本法欧盟反倾销法律制度的基础是欧盟基本法，即《欧洲联盟条约》和《欧洲经济共同体条约》。

其中，《欧洲联盟条约》第110条规定：“欧盟应采取必要措施，以防止不公平贸易行为，特别是倾销和补贴。

”2. 欧盟反倾销法规欧盟反倾销法规主要包括以下三个法规：（1）《关于反倾销措施的规定》（Regulation (EC) No 1225/2009）该法规是欧盟反倾销法律制度的核心，规定了反倾销调查程序、反倾销措施的制定和实施等。

（2）《关于反倾销调查程序的规定》（Regulation (EC) No 1227/2009）该法规详细规定了反倾销调查的程序，包括发起、调查、裁定和实施等环节。

（3）《关于反倾销措施的实施和复审的规定》（Regulation (EC) No 1226/2009）该法规规定了反倾销措施的执行、期限、复审等事项。

三、欧盟反倾销定义根据欧盟反倾销法规，倾销是指出口商将其产品以低于正常价值的价格出口到欧盟市场，给欧盟国内产业造成损害的行为。

正常价值是指出口国市场的国内销售价格、出口到第三国的销售价格或推定价值。

四、欧盟反倾销调查程序1. 发起调查欧盟委员会在收到申诉书后，根据申诉书中提供的信息，决定是否发起反倾销调查。

申诉书应由欧盟国内产业或其代表提交。

2. 初步裁定在调查期间，欧盟委员会对倾销和损害进行初步裁定。

如果初步裁定认为倾销存在，并且对欧盟国内产业造成损害，则将继续进行反倾销调查。

3. 最终裁定在初步裁定后，欧盟委员会对倾销和损害进行最终裁定。

如果最终裁定确认倾销存在，并且对欧盟国内产业造成损害，则可以采取反倾销措施。

Our analysis of the causes of frequent anti-dumping charges on export goodsOur country export commodities have been the cause of the foreign anti-dumping charges are various, integrated industry, mainly from the following several aspects to analyze:First, forced by the situation of international economy and trade. On the one hand, due to the rapid development of economic globalization, the regional protectionism looked up, they (including us) to protect their products in the domestic market, the frequent use of anti-dumping measures to limit foreign products to enter. Effect on the other hand, as a result of the Uruguay round agreements, requires countries to slash tariffs and cancel import limit, to offset the negotiation results impact on domestic industries, anti-dumping a convenient and effective measures adopted. China's economy has developed rapidly in recent years, export product variety, quantity is big, maintain national treasure to more countries, especially in the west 2 trade surplus, naturally became one of the main object of the anti-dumpingSecond, the system differences lead to discrimination. International countries, especially in western countries has prejudice to society Fang Yi China, treatment of "non-market economies", often arbitrarily based on country prices as a computer, and in a third country selection reference price and ulterior motives or responsible. And to our country foreign trade enterprise, on grounds of "state", generally a single anti-dumping tax rate, and even the anti-dumping as a whole of theindividual companies to decide, namely enterprise anti-dumping proceedings, the similar export products as the defendant, the show is just and reasonable. Although the European Union in April 1998, changed the anti-dumping policy, reputation in China as a market economy country, but in fact still treat China as a non-market economy country, but in fact still treat China as a non-market economy country, to our country still implement discriminatory anti-dumping measures, use the unreasonable practices such as the "reference".Third, the value of fierce competition. Product itself has the low cost competitive advantage, plus export order confusion, export enterprises on a campaign, cause our country export commodities prices fell sharply, constitutes a threat to importer of enterprises.Fourth, the export product technology content is low. Look from product structure, China's exports of some products, technology content is low, how is labor-intensive products. Such as textiles, semi-finished products, easy to cause importer price dumping.Fifth, lack of international marketing strategy. Export enterprises in our country are mostly lack of in-depth research and overall grasp of the international market, in the international market without creating an overall marketing and accounts for its own brand slightly, rely on low price strategy into the international market, means of non-price competition. On the one hand, due to some export enterprises are eager to clinch a deal, low price, easy to make the importer give the impression that the "cheap shoddy"; , on the other hand, because of the lack of the research onthe importer of consumer habits, do not take the taste, style, packaging and other aspects of the improvement and innovation, often make some "good" sold out "good price"; Again on the other hand, some companies failed to according to the international markets and imports quantity and adjust the prices of export commodities, causes the massive influx of certain commodities importer, increases the probability of anti-dumping.Sixth, lack of law suit. At present our country has not yet established the anti-dumping litigation-responding mechanism, there are responses to fund shortage, the lack of professional talents, such problems as weak consciousness of Chinese goods. After investigation, anti-dumping has many enterprises due to a variety of concerns are often reluctant to fight. Anti-dumping litigation as the passive and negative practice in our country, to those countries refers to the dumping caused to the illusion of success, the result not only fan the flames of the some countries wantonly dumping on China, also lost many years away from the market.Anti-dumping measures:1, the advantage for the enterprise to face shortage. First correct consciousness, changing management idea, standardize the market behavior of enterprises. Based on the principle of litigation earnings, vigorously. Not responding or lack of goods is the practice of enterprises cut off its ways, enterprise to have key is to deal with anti-dumping problem. After receiving anti-dumping investigation notice,enterprise if not responding to, other countries will have the right to use the best available information ", this is often the prosecution to bad data. Provide relevant materials, metal fierce anti-dumping cases in China in the United States, China's responses to a few companies get 3% respectively, 5%, 20% of anti-dumping duties, but not responding to a few companies in accordance with the unified tax rate of 143% of anti-dumping duties. Followed by diversifying export markets and "going out" strategy, improve the international image of China's export products, it is effective to avoid the premise of anti-dumping.2, for the government, transform function, improve the government's coordination and market control. Firstly, the government should strengthen the enterprise's export behavior guidance, supervision and market regulation. Second to perfect the relevant laws and regulations. At present our country has already formed the "foreign trade law of the People's Republic of China > < anti-dumping countervailing regulation of the People's Republic of China > < about Chinese products in foreign anti-dumping cases related regulations > anti-dumping legal system etc. But some of the lack of maneuverability, the government should formulate specific operation details is tend to enterprises. Secondly, the government can through intergovernmental negotiations in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism of international trade disputes. After China's entry into the WTO, can directly use WTO rules to solve the problem, also can avoid putting pressure on developed countries.3, for social relevant departments institutions to intensify propaganda of ourcountry market economy system, firmly opposed to China's discriminatory anti-dumping abroad is a common responsibility of the government and enterprises. Practice market economy in our country for many years, and is loaded by the constitution and the foreign trade law, but there are still countries see China as a "non-market economy country" and discriminatory antidumping, make the economic losses of our country. Although in China's WTO accession negotiations, WTO members are allowed to 15 years after China's accession to the WTO can still use "country", but the premise condition that our country enterprise is unable to prove they are clearly under the condition of market economy. If it can prove that the other party shall use the enterprise's own production cost or domestic sales prices. Since January 1, 2002 in the anti-dumping regulations, sharp enough to show our country: never allow foreign products in China for dumping, more does not allow the product to go abroad dumping. For both the enterprise and the government must constantly strengthen the publicity and make the world more real understanding of China. In addition still need to speed up the pace of perfecting the market economy in our country, in accordance with the actual all-round increase the degree of marketization, gradually realize the full transition to a market economy, may soon become the world recognized market economy countries, and from foreign trade discrimination.4, establish flexible fickle business strategy. With the intensification of international competition and production factors market gradually standardized, low-cost campaign has not feasible. The indications are that our country will notalso can't open process, especially after China's accession to the WTO, the market access and market under the condition of open become a reality, our country enterprise will face more severe tests, the first thing to control the export product price level, especially close to the importer of competitive products, the price level. To control the number of good product growth, a product of avoid by all means a lot in a short time or multiply, regardless of the importing country market capacity and importer of relative industry production and operation conditions. So export enterprises should strengthen self-discipline, fair and orderly development of export trade, on the pricing strategy only changes the single price competition strategy for the integrated enterprise flexible non-price competition strategy, can really produce high benefit and lasting competitiveness. The government to establish the necessary punishment system, in order to ensure the normalization of export foreign trade order.5, deal with anti-dumping needs all-round, multi-angle stereo matching. In the face of increasingly frequent anti-dumping abroad, domestic enterprises, industry associations and relevant government departments should strengthen the division of labor and cooperation, to establish the government, enterprise, industry associations and social institutions of "four one" anti-dumping coping mechanism. According to international experience, the relevant government departments as a macro management, should strengthen the functions in the following aspects: one is in with the cooperation of enterprises and industry associations, to establish a anti-dumping prewarning system to avoid foreign antidumping; The second is tostrengthen coordination and service work in the process of the anti-dumping litigation-responding; Three is actively use the WTO dispute settlement mechanism to deal with foreign unreasonable anti-dumping actions. For companies, first of all to practice in daily business activities in the financial system in conformity with the international standard, at the same time to avoid dumping export; Once a foreign antidumping, should change concept, vigorously. Industry associations as all enterprises cooperation organization, the department in the prevention and at the core and dominant position in the foreign anti-dumping. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects: one is to coordinate export price, avoid dumping export; Second, set up anti-dumping early warning system, monitoring overseas anti-dumping dynamic; Three represent or assist enterprise foreign investigations of the department. Domestic industry associations should give full play to the role, you first need to according to the requirements of market economy and open economy system to reform itself, a real cooperation organization can provide effective services industry. It should be said that the government, enterprises and industry associations "trinity" coping mechanisms to prevent and dissolve the foreign anti-dumping can play a very active role.6. Exports to strengthen self-discipline, attaches great importance to the export strategy.First of all, regulate the behavior of its own trade. Enterprises should strengthen self-discipline, practice "internal strength", in a lawful order, reasonable prices openup overseas market, an orderly competition, avoid competing interacting, disrupt the market order. Next, want to export diversification strategy. Pay attention to all-round develop international market, to strengthen the existing European and American market at the same time, actively explore new district especially should strengthen the overseas markets such as eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa's development, in order to reduce the risk brought by the market is too centralized. Third, grasp the rhythm of the market development. Practice of anti-dumping charges from the west. Some imports of Chinese growth too fast, the most likely to cause the domestic like product competitors charge. Finally, enhance their awareness of the importance of international marketing. In the long run, China's products to really towards the international market, must improve the technology content and added value of export products, quality win is an effective way to deal with anti-dumping charges. In the increasingly fierce competition in the international situation, export enterprises should transform the existing competitive strategy and strategy as soon as possible, change "with cheap win" for the "quality win", learn to use trademarks, packaging, public relations, advertising, and other means of non-price competition, in the technology content of exports and ChuangHuiLv fluctuation kongfu, expand the export of high technology content, high value-added products, the final effect to avoid the anti-dumping investigation.7. T o master relevant knowledge, improve the responding ability.Enterprises as the main bodies of market management, to participate in theinternational market competition, must be more to learn and master the law of international trade, strengthen the awareness of self protection, self development. Number of the European Union is one of the world anti-dumping to China, Chinese enterprises to develop the European market in the future should develop a comprehensive, long-term strategy, recognize the importance of the anti-dumping problem, try to understand the local laws, ready to deal with the eu anti-dumping measures, safeguard the legal rights of the enterprise. In addition, to give full play to the role of the import and export chamber of commerce. Should maintain close contact between enterprises and import and export chamber of commerce, regularly or irregularly export condition of communication products, the supply and demand of the international market, timely discover signs of anti-dumping and take the appropriate treatment method; At the same time, both sides should make full use of the information channels focus on importing countries similar industry in the importer's production and operation situation and possible anti-dumping charges, and timely information on each other, so as to make full investigations.。

European case law and theWTO ruling on conflictsbetween geographical indications and trademarks1 IntroductionGeographical indications (hereinafter referred to as GIs) are geographical or traditionalnames which identify a good as originating in a particular territory, where aThis paper is the written version of the presentation given by the author at the ERA conference on―Recent developments in European intellectual property law‖, held in Trier on 1–2 December 2008.A word of appreciation and thanks for suggestions and encouragement during work on this article isdue to Bernard O‘Connor, senior partner of O‘Connor and Company, and Florence Hartmann-Vareilles, Head of the ―European Business Law‖ Section at the Academy of EuropeanLaw in Trier.given quality, reputation or other characteristics of the good are essentially attributableto its geographical origin. Examples of such indications are Parmigiano Reggiano, Roquefort, Irish Whiskey, Manchego, Cognac, Teruel and Parma hams, Feta cheese, Tuscany olives and many other well known names of foods in Europe.The main function of GIs is to identify the origin of goods and expressly note the specific qualities which are due to the geographical origin. Evidently, this helps in differentiation of the products among similar goods and their identification as specific quality products on the market. For these reasons geographical indications are recognised as a valuable tool for achievement of rural and social development goals. Besides, they address quality concerns and provide marketing opportunities for traditionalproducts. Their economic benefits cannot be underestimated; GIs help producersto obtain premium prices for their products, guaranteeing at the same time safetyand quality of products to consumers. By acquiring recognition, GIs are increasingly becoming known as traditional quality products from specific regions. GIs have a long history in Europe and are of particular importance for the European Union at present.1Council Regulation 510/2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs2 is central in the EC legal framework for the protection of GIs. The protection of geographical indications for wines in the EC is regulated by Council Regulation 479/2008 of 29 April 2008 on the common organisation of the market in wine,3 which lays down the rules and standardsfor designations of origin and geographical indications for wines. With respectto wines, Commission Regulation 753/2002 of 29 April 2002 on the description, designationand protection of certain wine sector products is also relevant, as it lays downthe rules for the labelling of wine.4 Regulation 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of geographical indications of spirit drinks deals with the use of geographical names for spirits.5There have been a number of disputes concerning the provisions of the above mentioned European regulations involving geographical indications. The major issues concerned generic character of registered and protected names,6 the use of partsof compound geographical indications,7 definition of geographical area of protection of GI products,8 particularities of specifications9 and various others.10 However, without doubt, the most extensive European case law concerns conflicts between geographicalindications and trademarks. This article, therefore, reviews the cases dealtwith by the European Court of Justice involving conflicts between geographical indicationsand trademarks and inquires into the WTO dispute, which examined relevantEU provisions on GIs and trademarks.2 Interface between geographical indications and trademarksIn performing their function of identification of goods, geographical indications, in spite of being recognised as a separate intellectual property type, are often linked with trademarks, particularly because in a number of WTO members GIs are protected as trademarks.11Trademarks, similar to geographical indications, serve for identification of goods. Their main purpose is to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from goods or services of another undertaking. However, even though there are some similaritiesbetween geographical indications and trademarks, they are different legal concepts. Besides, geographical indications and trademarks play a different role with regardto development of rural communities and information transmitted to consumers.The possibility of conflict between geographical indications and trademarks is recognised both in national and international law. As to the international treaties,few of them regulate expressly the relationship between trademarks and geographical indications.12 Only one, the TRIPS Agreement, deals comprehensively with both types of intellectual property rights in the same instrument.The EU legislation also devotes attention to the issue in question. Regulation510/200613 Article 14 helps to regulate the problems arising when a trademark that includes a geographical name clashes with a protected geographical indication or a protected designation of origin.14 The Regulation distinguishes between three situations.The simplest case is the first one, referred to in Article 14.1 of the Regulation. Any application for a conflicting trademark for the same type of product made after the date of application for protection of the geographical name at Community level will be refused. In this case, the regulation gives priority to the geographical name.The second case, referred to in Article 14.2 of the Regulation, provides for coexistencein certain cases. However, a conflicting trademark can only continue to be usedin accordance with Community law if:– the trademark was applied for, registered or established by use in good faith before the date of protection in the country of origin or the date of submission to the Commissionof the application for registration of the protected geographical indicationor protected designation of origin;– there are no grounds for invalidity or revocation of the trademark under applicable Community legislation.The third situation is different. In case of conflicts between registered trademarks and geographical indications, the registration of the latter is not allowed if it would mislead the consumer in light of a trademark‘s reputation and the length of time it has been used.15 As an illustration of this situation, consider a hypothetical example of application for registration of ―Guinness‖ bee r from the little village of Guinness in France. Such an application would be refused in light of the protection of the Irish trademark ―Guinness‖.163 The European case law involving conflicts between geographical indications and trademarksThe European case law on conflicts between geographical indications and trademarks is the most extensive. This is not surprising, considering that even during the negotiationsof the WTO TRIPS Agreement the issue of geographical indications and trademarks was the most contentious. These negotiations might have been influenced by the famous ‗Torres‟ case. In this case, the ―Miguel Torres‖ trademark had been registered in Spain and used for wine for many years. The Portuguese government declared ―Torres Vedras‖ a geographi cal indication, which, under a European Commissionregulation on wine, would have resulted in prohibiting the use of the ―Miguel Torres‖ trademark since it was in conflict with a geographical indication. As a consequenceof this case, the European Commission subsequently amended its regulationto allow the co-existence of both the geographical indication and the trademark.3.1 The Austrian ‗Cambozola‘ cheese case17The Italian Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Gorgonzola brought proceedings against Käserei Champignon Hofmeister GmbH & Co. KG and Eduard Bracharz GmbH (Austria) prohibiting the marketing in Austria of a blue cheese under the designation…Cambozola‟ and requiring cancellation of the …Cambozola‟ trademark. The applicant referred to Article 3 of the International Stresa Convention for the Use of Designations of Origin and Names of Cheeses,18 which provided that only “cheese manufactured or matured in traditional regions, by virtue of local, loyal and uninterruptedusages” may benefit from designations of origin governed by national legislation.Article 1 of the Convention also prohibited the use of descriptions which contravene that principle. Article 2 of the Agreement between the Austrian Governmentand the Italian Government on geographical designations of origin and names of certainproducts, signed in Rome on 1 February 1952, prohibited the importation andsale of all products bearing, or displaying on their packaging or in their trademarks, designations and names listed in the annex, which were liable to mislead the public as to the origin, variety, nature or specific qualities of those products or goods.The European Court of Justice ruled that the principle of free movement of goods does not preclude Member States from taking the measures incumbent upon themin order to ensure the protection of designations of origin registered under Council Regulation 2081/92. Use of a name such as …Cambozola‟ might therefore be deemed, for the purposes of Article 13(1)(b) of that Regulation, to evoke the protected designationof origin …Gorgonzola‟, irrespective of the fact that the packaging indicates the product‘s true origin.The European Court of Justice ruled that it is for the national court to decide whether, on the facts, the conditions laid down in Article 14(2) of Regulation 2081/92 allow use of an earlier trade mark to continue notwithstanding the registration of the protected designation of origin …Gorgonzola‟, having regard in particular to the lawin force at the time of registration of the trademark, in order to determine whether such registration could have been made in good faith, on the basis that use of a name such as …Cambozola‟ does not, per se, constitute an attempt to deceive the consumer.3.2 Misleading labels on the beer in the ‗Warsteiner‘ case19Warsteiner Brauerei (a German beer producer and the owner of the trademark …Warsteiner‟) had run a brewery inWarstein in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, since 1753. In autumn 1990, Warsteiner Brauerei acquired a brewery located in Paderborn, 40 km from Warstein, where it brewed …Light‟ and …Fresh‟ type beers until the end of 1991. The labels on the front of the bottles for these beers bore inter alia the name …Warsteiner‟ or …Marke Warsteiner‟ (…Warsteiner Brand‟). The back labels indicated inter alia that the beers were brewed and bottled “in unserer neuen Paderborner Brauerei” (―in our new Paderborn Brewery‖).The Schutzverband gegen Unwesen in der Wirtschaft, an association founded to combat unfair competition, thought that these labels were misleading and broughtan action against Warsteiner Brauerei before the Landgericht (Regional Court), Mannheim, seeking an injunction, pursuant to Paragraph 3 of theUWG (Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb—Law against Unfair Competition), restraining it from using …Warsteiner‟ as a geographical indication of source for beer brewed in Paderborn.The Landgericht prohibited the defendant from offering for sale, distributingand/or putting into circulation beer with the offending labels. On appeal, the Oberlandesgericht(Higher Regional Court), Karlsruhe, quashed the judgment of theLandgericht and dismissed the action of the Schutzverband. The dispute finally camebefore the Bundesgerichtshof.relationship between the national legislation and the Regulation. The Court acknowledgedthat Council Regulation 2081/92 did not preclude the application of national legislation which prohibits the potentially misleading use of a geographical indication of source in cases where is no link between the characteristics of the product andits geographical provenance.。

欧盟对纺织业反倾销修改稿最近，欧盟对纺织业的反倾销措施再次成为了热门话题。

根据最新的消息，欧盟将修改其反倾销法律，以应对纺织业中不断增长的倾销行为。

这份修改稿带来的变化是什么？对欧盟、纺织业以及全球经济有何影响？本文将进一步探讨这些问题。

首先，我们需要了解什么是反倾销。

反倾销是指一国政府或国际机构为了保护本国产业，采取的限制进口的一种手段。

这种手段针对的是外国企业在出口商品时采用不正当的价格手段，即比本国市场价格更低的价格来操作，使得这些商品在国内市场上的销售量大幅上升，对本国生产厂商造成极大的冲击，这也被称为“倾销行为”。

欧盟对纺织品的反倾销也不是第一次了。

几十年来，欧盟一直在采取各种方式来打击进口纺织品的倾销行为。

但是，随着全球化的加速和竞争的激烈，欧盟所面临的压力和挑战也越来越大。

因此，欧盟开始考虑修改其反倾销法律，以更好地适应当前的环境。

据悉，这份修改稿主要包括以下几个方面：1. 加强对企业的监管。

欧盟反倾销的核心是对不正当价格采取报复性关税措施，而其中一个主要问题是，在采取保护措施之前，欧盟需要证明这些企业采取了不正当的价格行为。

修改稿提出了增加对企业监管的措施，包括加强调查、强制企业公开价格数据、收集更多证据等。

2. 降低倾销证明的门槛。

欧盟反倾销使用的一个关键指标是“伤害指数”，即欧盟本国的产业受到了多大的损害。

然而，现行法律规定的门槛很高，使得欧盟生产厂商很难证明自己的损害。

修改稿提出降低门槛，使得生产厂商更容易证明自己的损害。

3. 对规则进行更新和调整。

欧盟反倾销规则已有几十年的历史，需要不断更新和调整。

修改稿提出更新规则，包括对一些特定制度的调整和新颁布的规定。

这些修改在经济层面带来了哪些影响？首先，对于欧盟内部，这些修改有助于减少倾销带来的伤害，保护本国产业。

其次，对于外来企业，这些修改会增加其在欧盟市场的经营难度。

但是，从全球经济的角度看，这些修改却可能导致产业保护主义加剧，增大国际贸易摩擦。

欧盟反倾销法实践与应对反倾销的法律策略引言：反倾销是国际贸易中常见的争端之一，通过采取反倾销措施，国家可以保护本国产业免受不公平的国际贸易竞争影响。

欧盟（EU）是全球最大的贸易实体之一，其反倾销法律体系经过多年实践不断完善，成效显著。

本文将从欧盟反倾销法的实践出发，分析欧盟在应对反倾销方面的法律策略。

一、欧盟反倾销法律体系的构建1.基本法律框架：欧盟反倾销法律体系主要由欧盟反倾销条例和欧洲联盟委员会颁布的反倾销指令构成。

欧盟反倾销法律体系适用于来自非欧盟成员国的进口商品。

2.反倾销调查程序：欧盟反倾销调查程序包括立案、受理、立案公告、初步调查、勘察访问、披露和听证、终裁等阶段。

在调查过程中，欧盟将对涉嫌倾销的商品进行调查，包括价格差异、伤害及因果关系等方面。

3.反倾销措施：倾销调查结束后，欧盟可根据调查结果对倾销行为采取相应的反倾销措施，如征收反倾销税、设定最低关税等。

二、欧盟反倾销法律策略1.建立有效的倾销问题数据分析机制：欧盟通过收集和分析倾销问题数据，及时发现和应对倾销行为。

借助数据分析，可以更准确地评估倾销的伤害程度，为采取合理有效的反倾销措施提供依据。

2.加强国际合作和协商机制：欧盟通过与其他国际组织和国家开展合作，加强信息交流和协调，共同应对倾销问题。

此外，欧盟还积极参与世界贸易组织（WTO）的倾销问题谈判，推动国际倾销规则的完善，为自身利益争取更多保障。

3.根据国际经济形势灵活调整反倾销政策：欧盟在实践中根据国际经济形势的变化，不断调整反倾销政策。

例如，2024年，面对全球钢铁产能过剩和严重扭曲的市场竞争，欧盟推出了一个新的钢铁反倾销工具，以更好地应对倾销问题。

4.支持产业结构调整和创新发展：欧盟通过支持产业结构调整和创新发展，提升本国产业的竞争力，并减少其对外倾销的依赖。

在相应领域，欧盟鼓励产业通过创新、提高附加值和服务质量等方式，提高其产品的竞争力。

5.建立有效的争端解决机制：欧盟建立了一个有效的争端解决机制，用于处理反倾销争端。