2012《金版新学案》高三一轮(安徽专版)化学(课件 课下作业):第5章章末专题讲练
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课时作业(四十) 选修8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestorsⅠ.单项填空1.(2011·塘沽一中模拟)When the whole area was________by the snow,the government sent food there by helicopter.A.cut away B.cut downC.cut up D.cut off2.Tom,behave yourself.It’s bad manners to________while others are talking.A.hesitate B.adjustC.interrupt D.operate3.The residents in the neighborhood all________the government’s decision to close the small dye factory.A.deleted B.identifiedC.interrupted D.applauded4.You have the________of working hard and being successful or of not working hard and being unsuccessful.A.selection B.choiceC.alternative D.option5.The company’s profit fell________in the first three months in 2009 because of the global financial problem.A.automatically B.narrowlyC.roughly D.sharply6.—May I clean the room tomorrow?—No,you have no________.You must do it now,for the guests will come at any moment.A.chance B.alternativeC.way D.help7.Every day a number of tourists take pictures in front of the tower,which________as early as 800 years ago.A.dates back to B.is dated backC.dates back from D.was dated from8.The young lawyer stood for freedom of speech for everyone________color,race or belief.A.regardless of B.in favor ofC.because of D.except for9.Terry,________the service at the hotel in the downtown area,has decided to change to another one.A.patient with B.satisfied withC.interested in D.fed up with10.—How long are you staying in New York?—For ten days________.I’ve to be back to attend an important conference in time.A.at all B.above allC.at first D.at most11.—I will not accept the job because I am not satisfied with the salary.—You should learn to look________—the company is world famous.A.ahead B.throughC.down D.up12.After the movie,they returned home happily,________that the house had been broken into.A.find B.to be foundC.found D.only to find13.Bill suggested________a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A.having held B.to holdC.holding D.hold14.Mount Wuyi is such an attractive place of interest________everyone likes to visit.A.that B.asC.which D.what15.(2011·西城抽样)—You were not listening;what troubled you?—I________my coming match exam.A.am thinking about B.was thinking aboutC.had thought about D.will think aboutⅡ.阅读理解(2011·抚顺一中模拟) Many people are tired of their jobs and know they want to give something back to the environment,but have no idea where to look for a green-collar job.That’s where consultants such as Marie Kerpan can help out.Tired of her own job as a career adviser at a New York firm,and expecting the looming trend of green career changers,Kerpan in 2000,positioned herself as an environmental career consultant—the first,she claims,of her kind.Since then,her company,Green Careers,has helped thousands of people assess what cause their skills and interests are best suited to—which could be anything from renewable energy to water conservation—and has helped them get hired.Most of her clients come from middle management or higher,and are seeking what she calls a path-of-least-resistance move—“doing something you already know how to do and putting it in the context of the green agenda,” she explains.One former human resources manager at General Electric,for example,had “a whole bag of tools”,and just had to figure out how to use them in a green job.The solution was simple enough—she landed a post as human resources manager at an organic food company.But if someone prefers his green career to be a completely new experience,that’s okay too.“This is a new frontier,and ther e’s also a lot more freedom to make a greater change,” says Kerpan.Such was the case with architect-turned-activist Horowitz.As partner in San Francisco’s KMD Architects,he seemed to have all:a central role in successful commercial projects,frequent travels to exciting destinations,and enough downtime to mind his own Sonoma Valley vineyard.But through his involvement with Equator Environmental,a forprofit group he co-founded with his nephew Gerrity Lansing,Horowitz awakened an inner passion for the environment.The creation and sale of carbon credits (碳排放信用),he realized,could make more profit,by conserving rainforests than destroying them.1.According to the passage,what are green-collar jobs?A.Jobs about human resources management.B.Jobs to deal with water conservation.C.Jobs about protecting the earth.D.Jobs engaged in doing physical labour.2.What kinds of people tend to take on green-collar jobs?A.People from the countryside.B.Those who are good at growing green vegetables.C.Anyone who is tired of his present job.D.Those who have been successful in their well-paid jobs.3.Why do people change their present jobs for green-collar ones?A.Because they can breathe fresh air and enjoy natural scenery.B.Because they can live an easy life in green.C.Because they are tired of their present jobs and want to do something good to the environment.D.Because they can make more profit.4.What is the main topic of this passage?A.Changing to green-collar jobs.B.What green-collar jobs are.C The way to get green-collar jobs.D.Advantages of green-collar jobs.(2011·安庆市检测) Have you played it?It’s a game for a person or for a carload.Someone begins,“I’m grateful to God for...” And he or she shares something.Then the next person gives gratitude for something.This goes on for 5 minutes or more until you reach your destination.There’s no loser.Everyone feels happy after expressing gratitude.And sometimes you discover amazing things.My 5-year-old granddaughter and I played the gratitude game when she visited us.I found out she was grateful to her friend Josh...and “the other Josh”.She was grateful to go swimming at the pool.She was grateful to have a daddy who played with her and to a nice mommy.She would begin the gratitude games as soon as we settled into the car to drive somewhere.Playing it with her,I tried to be honest and not just say something fast.I really stopped to think.What was I grateful for at the moment?That our country was not at war.That we had plenty to eat.Playing the game made me more aware of the good things in my life.A friend of mine was having a tough time seeing that there wasn’t any good in his life.I suggested to my friend that he take a few minutes before going to bed and write down all the good things he could think of that happened during the day.Later he told me what happened.He couldn’t think of anything good.But he persisted until he was able to write a few things down.The next morning he decided to look for signs of good during the day.He sat down on his front steps.A robin (知更鸟) landed on the grass.In his words,it began “doing a little dance”,preening (整理羽毛) and cleaning itself.He watched the entire show.It was delightful.He realized that if he hadn’t been really looking for good,he would never have noticed the robin and would have missed what to him was a remarkable display.That evening he filled several pages with recordings of good that had happened during the day and things he was grateful for.Gratitude had made a huge difference!5.The purpose of the gratitude game is to________.A.let people share their gratitude to GodB.discover amazing things in lifeC.make people realize the good things around themD.practice people’s skill of expressing themselves6.From the description by the writer,we can know that her granddaughter________. A.spoke much faster than the writerB.enjoyed the gratitude gameC.finished the game within five minutesD.doubted her honesty7.What was the problem with the writer’s friend?A.He saw nothing worth his appreciation.B.He had lost his purpose of life.C.He had trouble remembering what had happened during the day.D.He found it hard to play the game.8.The story of the writer’s friend tells us that________.A.life is meaningless to a person who doesn’t know how to give gratitudeB.one can always find relief in nature when he is in depressionC.gratitude plays an important role in changing a person’s characterD.it’s not difficult to find good things in life if one starts looking for them。
(本栏目内容,在学生用书中以活页形式分册装订!)一、选择题1.质量为m的物体,受水平力F的作用,在粗糙的水平面上运动,下列说法中正确的是()A.如果物体做加速直线运动,F一定对物体做负功B.如果物体做减速直线运动,F一定对物体做负功C.如果物体做减速直线运动,F也可能对物体做正功D.如果物体做匀速直线运动,F一定对物体不做功解析:F做正功还是负功,要看F的方向与位移方向是相同还是相反,当物体做加速或匀速直线运动时F的方向一定与位移方向相同;当物体做减速直线运动时包括两种情况,一种是力F方向与位移方向相反,F做负功,另一种情况是力F方向与位移方向相同(此时F小于摩擦力),F做正功.所以只有选项C正确.答案: C2.某物体同时受到三个力作用而做匀减速直线运动,其中F1与加速度a的方向相同,F2与速度v的方向相同,F3与速度v的方向相反,则()A.F1对物体做正功B.F2对物体做负功C.F3对物体做负功D.合外力对物体做正功解析:因物体做匀减速运动,a的方向与v的方向相反,故F1对物体做负功,A错;F2与速度v方向相同做正功,B错误;F3与v方向相反做负功,C正确;合外力的方向与运动方向相反做负功,故D错误.答案: C3.我国武广高速铁路在2009年年底全线通车,这样大大减缓了现有京广线的运输压力.若在水平直轨道上以额定功率行驶的列车,所受阻力与质量成正比,由于发生紧急情况,使最后几节车厢与车体分离,分离后车头保持额定功率运行,则()A.脱离部分做匀减速运动,车头部分做匀加速运动B.分离出的车厢越多,车头能获得的最大速度越大C.车头部分所受牵引力减小,速度也减小D.车头部分所受牵引力增大,所以速度增大解析:因脱离部分只受阻力作用,故该部分做匀减速运动,但车头受牵引力作用,且牵引力因车头的加速而减小,故车头做加速度减小的加速运动,A、C、D均错,若分离出的车厢越多,则剩余部分的质量越小,所受的阻力越小,由v max=PF f可得,车头能获得的最大速度越大,B正确.答案: B4.运动员跳伞将经历加速下降和减速下降两个过程,将人和伞看成一个系统,在这两个过程中,下列说法正确的是()A.阻力对系统始终做负功B.系统受到的合外力始终向下C.重力做功使系统的重力势能增加D.任意相等的时间内重力做的功相等解析:本题主要考查功的计算公式及重力做功与重力势能变化的关系.阻力的方向总与运动方向相反,故阻力总做负功,A项正确;运动员加速下降时,合外力向下,减速下降时,合外力向上,B项错误;重力做功使系统重力势能减小,C项错误;由于做变速运动,任意相等时间内的下落高度h不相等,所以重力做功W=mgh不相等,D项错误.答案: A5.(2011·广州调研)设匀速行驶的汽车,发动机功率保持不变,则()A.路面越粗糙,汽车行驶得越慢B.路面越粗糙,汽车行驶得越快C.在同一路面上,汽车不载货与载货时行驶得一样快D.在同一路面上,汽车不载货比载货时行驶得慢解析:汽车行驶过程中,若发动机功率保持不变,且匀速行驶,则由牛顿第二定律得F-F f=0,又P=F v,解得v=P/F f;又由F f=μF N可知,当路面越粗糙或载货越多时,阻力F f越大,则v越小,故A正确,B、C、D均错误.答案: A6.如下图所示的a、b、c、d中,质量为M的物体甲受到相同的恒力F的作用,在力F作用下使物体甲在水平方向移动相同的位移.μ表示物体甲与水平面间的动摩擦因数,乙是随物体甲一起运动的小物块,比较物体甲移动的过程中力F对甲所做的功的大小()A.W a最小B.W d最大C.W a=W c D.四种情况一样大解析:依据功的定义式W=Fl cos θ,本题中四种情况下,F、l、θ均相同,这样四种情况下力F所做的功一样大,故选项D正确.答案: D7.2009年国庆大阅兵检阅了我国的空中加、受油机梯队,加、受油机梯队将模拟空中加油,如右图所示.空中加油的过程大致如下:首先是加油机和受油机必须按照预定时间在预定地点汇合,然后受油机和加油机实施对接,对接成功后,加油系统根据信号自动接通油路.加油完毕后,受油机根据加油机的指挥进行脱离,整个加油过程便完成了.在加、受油机加油过程中,若加油机和受油机均保持匀速运动,且运动时所受阻力与重力成正比,则()A.加油机和受油机一定相对运动B.加油机和受油机的速度可能不相等C.加油机向受油机供油,受油机质量增大,必须减小发动机输出功率D.加油机向受油机供油,加油机质量减小,必须减小发动机输出功率解析:在加油过程中,加油机和受油机必须相对静止,速度一定相等;加油机向受油机供油,受油机质量增大,运动时所受阻力F增大,由P=F v可知,要保持匀速运动,必须增大发动机的输出功率P;加油机向受油机供油,加油机质量减小,运动时所受阻力F减小,由P=F v可知,要保持匀速运动,必须减小发动机输出功率P.答案: D8.(2011·徐州模拟)一辆汽车在平直的公路上以某一初速度运动,运动过程中保持恒定的牵引功率,其加速度a和速度的倒数(1/v)图象如图所示.若已知汽车的质量,则根据图象所给的信息,不能求出的物理量是()A .汽车的功率B .汽车行驶的最大速度C .汽车所受到的阻力D .汽车运动到最大速度所需的时间解析: 由P =F ·v ,和F -F f =ma 得出:a =P m ·1v -F f m,由图象可求出图线斜率k ,由k =P m ,可求出汽车的功率P ,由1v =0时,a =-2 m/s 2,得:-2=-F f m可求出汽车所受阻力F f ,再由P =F f ·v m 可求出汽车运动的最大速度v m ,但汽车做变加速直线运动,无法求出汽车运动到最大速度的时间,故选D.答案: D9.(2011·唐山模拟)如右图所示,一水平传送带以速度v1向右匀速传动,某时刻有一物块以水平速度v 2从右端滑上传送带,物块与传送带间的动摩擦因数为μ( )A .如果物块能从左端离开传送带,它在传送带上运动的时间一定比传送带不转动时运动的时间长B .如果物块还从右端离开传送带,则整个过程中,传送带对物块所做的总功一定不会为正值C .如果物块还从右端离开传送带,则物块的速度为零时,传送带上产生的滑痕长度达到最长D .物块在离开传送带之前,一定不会做匀速直线运动答案: B10.水平地面上有一木箱,木箱与地面之间的动摩擦因数为μ(0<μ<1).现对木箱施加一拉力F ,使木箱做匀速直线运动.设F 的方向与水平面夹角为θ,如图,在θ从0逐渐增大到90°的过程中,木箱的速度保持不变,则( )①F 先减小后增大 ②F 一直增大 ③F 的功率减小 ④F 的功率不变A .①③B .①④C .②③D .②④解析: 木箱在F 作用下向右匀速运动的过程中,受4个力作用而平衡.即F cos θ=μ(mg-F sin θ),解得:F =μmg cos θ+μsin θ,F 有极值,所以①对②错;F 的功率P =F v cos θ=μmg v 1+μtan θ,所以③对④错.故选项A 正确.答案: A二、非选择题11.(2010·四川理综)质量为M 的拖拉机拉着耙来耙地,由静止开始做匀加速直线运动,在时间t 内前进的距离为x .耙地时,拖拉机受到的牵引力恒为F ,受到地面的阻力为自重的k 倍,耙所受阻力恒定,连接杆质量不计且与水平面的夹角θ保持不变.求:(1)拖拉机的加速度大小.(2)拖拉机对连接杆的拉力大小.(3)时间t 内拖拉机对耙做的功.解析: (1)由匀变速直线运动的公式:x =12at 2① 得:a =2x t 2② (2)设连接杆对拖拉机的拉力为F T ,由牛顿第二定律得:F -kMg -F T cos θ=Ma ③根据牛顿第三定律,联立②③式,解得拖拉机对连接杆的拉力大小为:F ′T =F T =1cos θ⎣⎡⎦⎤F -M ⎝⎛⎭⎫kg +2x t 2④ (3)拖拉机对耙做的功:W =F ′T x cos θ⑤联立④⑤式,解得:W =⎣⎡⎦⎤F -M ⎝⎛⎭⎫kg +2x t 2x .⑥ 答案: (1)2x t 2 (2)1cos θ⎣⎡⎦⎤F -M ⎝⎛⎭⎫kg +2x t 2 (3)⎣⎡⎦⎤F -M ⎝⎛⎭⎫kg +2x t 2x12.右图为修建高层建筑常用的塔式起重机.在起重机将质量m =5×103 kg 的重物竖直吊起的过程中,重物由静止开始向上做匀加速直线运动,加速度a =0.2 m/s 2,当起重机输出功率达到其允许的最大值时,保持该功率直到重物做速度v m =1.02 m/s 的匀速运动.取g =10 m/s 2,不计额外功.求:(1)起重机允许输出的最大功率;(2)重物做匀加速运动所经历的时间和起重机在第2秒末的输出功率.解析: (1)设起重机允许输出的最大功率为P 0,重物达到最大速度时`,拉力F 0等于重力.P 0=F 0v m ①P 0=mg v m ②代入数据,有:P 0=5.1×104 W .③(2)匀加速运动结束时,起重机达到允许输出的最大功率,设此时重物受到的拉力为F ,速度为v 1,匀加速运动经历时间为t 1,有:P 0=F v 1④F -mg =ma ⑤v 1=at 1⑥由③④⑤⑥,代入数据,得:t 1=5 s ⑦t =2 s 时,重物处于匀加速运动阶段,设此时速度为v 2,输出功率为P ,则v 2=at ⑧ P =F v 2⑨由⑤⑧⑨,代入数据,得:P =2.04×104 W .⑩答案: (1)5.1×104 W (2)5 s 2.04×104 W。
课题19晶体结构与性质学习任务1晶体常识与晶体的组成和性质一、晶体与非晶体1.晶体与非晶体的比较2.得到晶体的途径(1)熔融态物质凝固。
(2)气态物质冷却不经液态直接凝固(凝华)。
(3)溶质从溶液中析出。
3.晶胞(1)概念:描述晶体结构的基本单元。
(2)晶体中晶胞的排列——无隙并置无隙:相邻晶胞之间没有任何间隙。
并置:所有晶胞都是平行排列、取向相同。
二、晶体的组成与性质(一)四种类型的晶体1.分子晶体分子间通过分子间作用力结合形成的晶体,此类晶体熔、沸点低,硬度小。
2.共价晶体原子通过共价键相互结合形成的晶体,整块晶体是一个三维的共价键网状(立体网状)结构;其物理性质的突出特点是高硬度、高熔点、高沸点。
3.离子晶体(1)阴、阳离子通过离子键结合而成的晶体,此类晶体的熔、沸点较高。
(2)配位数:指一个离子周围最邻近的异电性离子的数目,晶体阴离子、阳离子的配位数之比等于组成中的阴离子与阳离子数目的反比。
4.金属晶体(1)含义:金属原子通过金属键形成的晶体,金属单质形成的晶体就是金属晶体。
(2)金属键的形成:晶体中金属原子脱落下来的价电子形成遍布整块晶体的“电子气”,被所有原子所共用,从而把所有的金属原子维系在一起;金属键无饱和性、方向性。
(3)金属晶体的物理性质及解释(二)四种晶体类型的比较石墨属于混合型晶体,但因层内原子之间碳碳共价键的键长为1.42×10-10m,比金刚石中碳碳共价键的键长(1.54×10-10 m)短,所以熔、沸点高于金刚石。
(三)晶体熔、沸点的比较1.不同类型晶体熔、沸点的比较(1)不同类型晶体的熔、沸点高低的一般规律:共价晶体>离子晶体>分子晶体。
(2)金属晶体的熔、沸点差别很大,如钨、铂等熔、沸点很高,汞、铯等熔、沸点很低。
2.同种类型晶体熔、沸点的比较(1)共价晶体原子半径越小,键长越短,键能越大,熔、沸点越高,如金刚石>碳化硅>硅。
课时作业(十五) 必修3 Unit 5 Canada—“The True North”Ⅰ.单项填空1.—Did you go to see the film yesterday?—Unluckily,I couldn’t________it.But I am going to set it this evening.A.realize B.manageC.make D.do2.—Peter told me he wanted to come with us.Is it OK for you?mind________he pays for his meals.—I don’tA.as far as B.as well asC.as long as D.as soon as3.It was________to me when Julien told me he would leave China for Paris in one week.A.so a big surprise B.such a big surpriseC.a such big surprise D.a so big surprise4.________,it was hard for him to top the list of all the performers.A.Would try as he B.Try as he wouldC.As he would try D.Would as he try5.The grandma wants to train her grandson to be a musician because she finds he has a________for music.A.gift B.presentC.power D.strength6.In spite of these unexpected difficulties,the Chinese scientists________to carry out their experiments on the lonely island.A.threatened B.managedC.offered D.hesitated7.Seen from space,the earth looks like a blue ball,with________75% of its surface covered with water.A.entirely B.exactlyC.slightly D.approximately8.By________,people in western countries can play jokes on others on April the first.A.system B.historyC.habit D.tradition9.—What do you think of his performance?—________indeed.I never met so young a boy with such great skills.A.Impressive B.ViolentC.Terrifying D.Gentle10.After the exploration the army got the building________and the________area was also cut off from the outside.A.surrounded;surrounded B.surrounding;surroundedC.surrounding;surrounding D.surrounded;surroundingsuccess cannot always be________in terms of money.11.In my opinion,one’sA.calculated B.gainedC.measured D.gathereddifficult to tell this picture from that one.12.—It’s—Yes.The differences between the pictures are very________.A.broad B.narrowC.slight D.impressivefirst reaction was a strange________of joy and anger.13.The doctor’sA.mixture B.collectionC.mass D.number14.It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot________easy reach.A.near B.uponC.within D.around15.Maybe all Americans realize that________they expect to be next president will face masses of problems.A.no matter who B.whoeverC.whomever D.no matter whomⅡ.阅读理解宝鸡检测一)(2011·It’salways difficult to admit you are in the wrong.Being humans,we all need to know the art of apologizing.Look back with honesty and think how often you’ve judged roughly,said unkind things,and pushed yourself ahead at the expense of a friend.Then count the occasions when you indicated clearly and truly that you were sorry.A bit frightening,isn’tit?Frightening because some deep wisdom in us knows that when even a small wrong has been committed,some mysterious moral feeling is disturbed;and it stays out of balance until fault is acknowledged (承认) and regret isexpressed.I remember a doctor friend,Clarence Lieb,telling me about a man who came to him with a variety of signs:headaches,insomnia and stomach trouble.No physical cause could be found.Finallyhelp you.”Dr.Lieb said to the man,“Unless you tell me what’sworrying you,I can’twill,he had After some hesitation,the man confessed that,as executor (执行者) of his father’sbeen cheating his brother,who lived abroad,of his inheritance (遗产).Then and there the wise old doctor made the man write to his brother asking forgiveness and enclosing a cheque as the first stepin restoring their good relation.He then went with him to the mailbox in the corridor (走廊).As thehe said,“I think I’mcured.”letter disappeared,the man burst into tears.“Thank you.”A heartfelt apology can not only heal a damaged relationship but also make it stronger.If youcan think of someone who deserves an apology from you,someone you have wronged,or judged too roughly,or just neglected,please do something about it right now.1.When we have done something wrong,we should________.A.look honest and think over the fault carefullyB.admit the fault and express the regretC.escape from being disturbedD.forgive ourselves and forget it2.What will happen if we have done something wrong?A.Our logic of thinking will be disturbed.B.We shall feel sad.C.Our moral balance will be disturbed.D.We shall apologize at once.trouble?3.What exactly was the patient’sA.Some unknown physical weakness.B.Headaches,insomnia and stomach.C.The losing of a friend.D.Something wrong with his conscience.4.The patient was cured by________.A.asking his brother to forgive himB.enclosing a chequeC.writing a letterD.mailing a letter(2011·西城区第一学期期末) Employment practices often reflect the needs of employers several decades ago.Times have changed.And so too has the Canadian workforce.Yet many employment practices have not kept pace with this change.For example,some work environments and washrooms designed for able-bodied workers seldom accommodate people who use a wheelchair.Modernizing these practices is what employment equality is about.For example,making sure work benches and washrooms are adapted for disabled people entering the workplace,paving the way for workers who become disabled on the job.By doing so,any given group of people formerly discriminated against—now has access to better employment opportunities.The objective,of course,is to make the workplace reflect Canadian society.However,this does not necessarily mean setting and enforcing quotas (配额).Rather,it means identifying the barriers to employment and designing measures,with achievable goals and clear timetables,to remove them.largest union,For example,according to the Canadian Union of Public Employees—Canada’sit would be unrealistic in the short term to insist that because half of the working age population is women,half of the employees of an engineering firm should be women.At this moment,there would not be enough qualified female engineers.A reasonable numerical goal would be based on the number of women who actually are engineers (8%) and those who are studying to become engineers (25%).A short term goal of 13% would be appropriate without running the risk of hiring unqualified people.Equally important is to ensure people who have been disadvantaged the chance to becomeq ualify for qualified for new opportunities.If aboriginal people (土著居民),for example,can’thad access to appropriate educational opportunities,then an certain jobs because they haven’temployment equality program would have to address that problem with training programs.Employment laws in this country cannot be considered displeasing if they guarantee all Canadians fair and equal access to the workforce.5.The passage is mainly about how to________.A.modernize equipment for the disabled at workB.achieve equality of employment opportunitiesC.protect women’s rights in employmentD.complete a job training program6.The underlined word “them”in Paragraph 3 refers to________.A.barriers B.measuresC.goals D.timetables7.The example of women shows that________.A.only a small percentage of women engineers will get promotedB.13% of the working age women should be hired as engineersC.policy makers should adopt a practical and flexible approachD.the quota of women for employment should be raisedin Paragraph 6 probably means________. 8.The underlined word “address”A.put forward B.run intoC.find out D.deal with。