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英文We learned in electronic courses are based on single chip computer, with the single chip processor as the core of the main, the rest of the extracurricular courses are in order to expand our knowledge, to aid in the us better development.Single-chip microcomputerSCM is A kind of integrated circuit chips, is to use very large scale integrated circuit technology has the ability to handle data CPU CPU, RAM random access memory read only memory ROM, A variety of I/O mouth and interrupt system, timer/timer function (may include display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, simulation way more converter, A/D converter circuits, etc) integrated into one of these forms of A small and perfect computer system.Single-chip microcomputer and says monolithic micro controller, it is not a complete a logical function chips, but put a computer system integration to a chip. The equivalent of a miniature computer, and computer, compared to the microcontroller lack only I/O devices. Summary of speak: a chip to become a computer. Its small volume, light quality, price cheap, application and development of learning, provides the convenience. At the same time, learn to use single chip computer is to know the principle and structure of the best choice.The basic structure of single chip microcomputerSingle chip microcomputer, controller, by unit memory, input and output devices to form.Hardware characteristicsSingle chip microcomputer high level of integration. SCM includes cpus, 4 KB capacity of the ROM (8031 no), 128 B capacity of the RAM, two 16 timing/counters, four eight parallel port, full-duplex serial line mouth. 2, system structure is simple, easy to use, realize the modular; 3 and single-chip microcomputer high reliability, can work to 10 ^ 6 ~ 10 ^ 7 hours trouble-free; 4, processing functions is strong, fast speed.Working processSingle chip microcomputer automatic completion of task to give it the process, is also the microcontroller program execution process, i.e. a executed instructions of the process, the so-called is the single chip microcomputer instruction execution of all kinds of operation requirements with the form of the command to write down, this is the design personnel give it the instructions of the system of the decision, an instruction corresponds to a fundamental operation; Single chip can perform all of the instructions, is the single chip microcomputer instruction system, and different kinds of single chip microcomputer, the instruction system is also different. In order to make SCM can automatically accomplish a specific task, must take to solve the problem into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected single chip can identify and executed instructions), this series of set of instructions will become program, the program need to be stored in the memory function is part--storage. Memory by many storage unit (minimum storage unit) composition, like big buildingshave many of the same room, the instruction is stored in the unit, the unit of instructions in take out and execute like big buildings of each room is assigned to the only one room number, each a storage unit must also be assigned to the only address number, this address, known as the address of a storage location, such as long as know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit, including storage instructions can be taken out, and then executed. Program is usually sequential order, so the instructions in the program is also a sequence of storage, microcomputer in the execution procedures can put these instructions to take out and to perform a, there must be a component can track instructions location, the components that are the program counter PC (including the CPU) at the beginning of the execution procedures, to PC attached to the first instruction program in the address, and then get each to perform commands, PC in content will automatically increase, by the instructions to increase the length, may be 1, 2 or 3, the next instruction to point to the starting address of the, ensure instruction sequence execution.The application of single chip microcomputerAt present single chip microcomputer permeate every aspect of our lives, almost hard to find no trace of the single chip microcomputer which field. Missile navigation device, the plane on various kinds of instrument control, computer network communication and data transmission, industrial automation process real-time control and data processing, the extensive use of all kinds of intelligent IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video, video camera, automatic washing machine control, and SPC toys, electronic pets, all of these cannot leave the microcontroller. Not to mention the automatic control in the field of intelligent instruments, robot, medical equipment and various kinds of intelligent machinery. Therefore, the study of single chip, the development, and the application will create a number of computer application, and intelligent control of scientists and engineers.Microcontroller learningSingle chip technology have been widely used in every field, this is a very popular in the unceasing innovation and technology. Have a chance or are interested in studying the door technology, is to be encouraged to try, this technology is also recommended door. In fact many people now use the C programming language, assembly seems to be behind The Times, however, it is still the most direct description language, hope some experience of the author, a little reference for beginners. Learn the key of single chip microcomputer, also is to study the programming, learning to make up ChengXian learning instruction system. Master the accurate meaning, using the instructions and related conditions and hardware resources, the relations of the Understand the hardware resources, such as memory, interruption, counter, timers and I/O, and external resources. A program or a program, always a certain purpose or some purpose, organization instructions, with the language to mobilize the related resources, achieve certain design goal. Learning programming the primary phases, can be read from a small routine started by Jane to numerous, 2, and gradually to read a short complete program. Like before writing articles, should have to learn to read the article, article describing, finally can write a good article. Reference existingprocedures for a new purpose modify the program; Gradually skilled can strategy resource architecture program. Read program will analyze the program. Program and the article, there in a program should have a clear purpose, analysis program to have the concept of paragraphs and architecture. No matter how long the program, it will be divided into several paragraphs, simplified structure diagram, the program's structure and purpose is clearly visible. Read procedure, can see the thread of the program, understand the gist of program, if we can find out the sword of incision, still can find and modify the omissions, is from a programming staff not far away. Write a program, often in one take, then don't pay attention to add comments, actually comments is very important. Because a commercial value software, often can be yourself or other personnel within the team repeatedly borrow, again and again modification; Clear comments, favorable future borrowing and modification. Note the key is: the memory unit assign the use, marks definition, procedure of inlet and outlet, I/O use. These all should have a clear list, not in use and modify conflicts, also conducive to testing software failure. For a long program, had better have paragraph the labeling of target. A programming staff of resources and the relationship between language, should have a profound understanding. Resources are the object of the language is to be described; Programming is organic to organize language, use and transfer these resources, and then reach some design purpose. Using relevant instructions composition statements, and describe the changing process of some resources, which constitute a events; Interlaced several events constitute a design project. The timer and counter that events have the time and the concept of order, also is our common speak of time and space concept. SCM (computer as well) to describe the space and time, also can describe our concern many events; Therefore, we also are all over the side of the single chip computer. On the phone, mp3, PDA, the home of air conditioning, the refrigerator, microwave oven, and vehicle, the office of printers, fax machines, all areas of measurement control instruments and so on, microcontroller is everywhere. Really master of single chip microcomputer, no doubt, to the personal employment and career development is very beneficial. A truly effective master this door technology, but also to the related electronic technology is certain to fix for, such as digital logic and analog electronic technology and electronic technology foundation. The rise the electronic technology in addition to the single chip microcomputer, and CPLD, FPGA, DSP technology. In the present application series microcontroller ARM and most widely used. Hope are interested in the opportunity and friends, according to their own conditions and work need, first introduction to master the essentials, we learn the practice, always began in earnest.sensorSensor is a physical device or biological organs, can detect, feeling outside signal, physical conditions, such as light, heat, degrees or chemical composition (such as smoke), and the discovery of information to other devices or organs. English name: transducer/sensor GB7665-87 national standards for the definition of the sensor is: \"can feel the provisions that is measured according to certain rules can be converted into a signal devices or device, usually by sensitive components and conversion components.\" sensor is a detection device, can feel the information is measured, andcan feel of the information, test according to certain rule transformation become electrical signals or other required forms of information output, to meet the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements. It is achieve automatic detection and automatic control of the first link.functionOften the function of the sensors with human 5 big sense organs par: photosensitive sensor-visual sound sensor--hearing gas sensors-smell chemical sensors-taste pressure sensitive, WenMin, fluid sensor--touch sensitive element classification: (1) physical class, based on force, heat, light, electric, magnetic harmony etc physical effects. (2) the chemical class, based on the principle of chemical reaction. (3) of biological, based on the enzyme, antibodies, and hormone and molecular recognition function. According to the basic perception usually function can be divided into temperature sensing elements, photosensitive components, gas-sensitive element, force sensitive components, magnetic susceptibility components, wet sensitive components, sound sensitive components, radiation sensitive components, color sensitive components and taste sensitive components, the 10 categories (and people who brought sensitive components points 46 class).According to the classification of sensor principleVibration sensor wet sensor magnetic sensor vacuum gas sensor sensor biological sensors, etc.But as a gas sensor to various kinds of gas sensitive device, capable of detecting various gas composition and concentration, so are widely used in detect all kinds of poisonous and harmful gas; All kinds of combustible gas detection; The greenhouse gas detection and pollution environment gas; Monitoring and control car tail gas, industrial waste gas; Detection and analysis, such as fish, meat food smell and breathe out, in order to understand the freshness and food health,... . In short, with the development of scientific technology, people's living standard and life quality improvement and application field of gas sensors is more and more expanded. Along with the application domain expansion, the people to the requirements of the gas sensor more and more is also high, ask its sensitive and selective, low power consumption, small volume, light weight, low price, integration, intelligence, muti_function change, etc.Various traditional gas sensors, as long as the structure and production technology of the corresponding change, in principle can be used to create a MEMS technology, become MEMS gas sensors. With the powerful microelectronics industry for its powerful support, IC technology and MEMS technology progress was, for gas sensors will provide an excellent opportunity.characteristicsSensor and static characteristicThe sensor static characteristic is to point to to static input signal, sensor output and input of the relationship between has. Because the input of the output and time is of all and, so, the relationship between them is static characteristic of the sensor can be used a excluding time variable algebraic equation, or to enter the abscissa denotesof, and its corresponding output and draw for y-coordinate characteristic curve to describe. Characterization of the main parameters of sensor static characteristics are: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drifting, etc. (1) linear degrees: refers to the sensor output and input of the relationship between the actual curve deviation from the extent of the fitting line. Defined as in all the range range actual characteristic curve and the fitting line the maximum deviation between value and the full range of output value than. (2) sensitivity: sensitivity is the sensor and static characteristic is one of important index. Defined as the output value increment and cause the increment of the input of the corresponding ratio of the delta. Use S said sensitivity. (3) hysteresis: sensor in the input of the small to large (are trip) and by the input of the big to small (the trip) during changes its input/output characteristic curve is not coincidence phenomenon be delay. For the same size of input signal, and the output signal of the sensor trip is not equal size, the difference value is called the delay difference. (4) repeatability: repeatability is refers to the sensor in the same direction according to the input of the whole range has repeatedly change, the characteristic curve is not the same degree. (5) drift: the sensor is to point to in input of the drift under the condition of invariable, sensor output change over time, this phenomenon is called drift. The cause of the drift has produced two aspects: one is the sensor itself structure parameters; 2 it is the surrounding environment, such as temperature, humidity, etc.).The dynamic characteristics of the sensorDynamic characteristics, it is to point to in the input sensor changes, it is the output characteristics. In practice, the dynamic characteristics of the sensor used it for some standard input signal response to said. This is because the standard input signal sensors to the response of the easy to use the experimental method calculated, and it for standard input signal and the response of the input signal for any it has certain relationship between response, often know the former can presumed the latter. The most commonly used standard input signal have order jump signal and the sine signal two kinds, so the dynamic characteristic of sensor are also used step response and frequency response to said.Sensor linearityUsually, the actual static output features sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In actual work, to make instruments have uniform scale readings, commonly used a fitting lines approximate represent the actual characteristic curve, the linear degrees (nonlinear error) is the approximate degree of a performance indicators. The fitting line, the selection of a number of methods. If the zero input and output connected full range theory as a straight line fitting line; Or will and characteristic curve deviation of different points on the theory of minimum squares of the straight line as the fitting line, the fitting line called least squares fitting lines.The sensitivity of the sensorSensitivity refers to the steady-state operation situation sensor output change input of the change of accidents y x of the ratio of the accidents. It is a characteristic curves of input output slope. If the sensor output and input show linear relationship between, the sensitivity S is a constant. Otherwise, it will be on the input of thechanges. The dimension is the output, the sensitivity of the ratio of the input of the dimension. For example, a displacement sensor, the displacement change 1 mm, the output voltage change for 200 mV, it should be said for 200 mV sensitivity/mm. When the output of the input of the sensor, the same in dimension, can understand the sensitivity for magnification. Improve sensitivity, can get high measuring accuracy. But the higher the sensitivity, measurement range is narrow, the stability also often the worse.The resolution of the sensorResolution is refers to the sensor can be felt by measuring the minimal change ability. That is, if the input of from a nonzero value change slowly. When the input change does not exceed a certain numerical value, the sensor output will not change, namely the quantity change this input sensor is distinguish not to come out. Only when the quantity change more than resolution, the output will change. Usually in full range sensor range of the each point is not the same resolution, so commonly used full range can output quantity to produce order of step change input of the biggest changes in the value as a measure of resolution index. The above indexes with full range if percent, it is known as resolution. Resolution and the stability of the sensor is a negative correlation.Global sensor market forecastIn 2008, the sensor for $50.6 billion market capacity, expect 2010 global sensor can reach more than $60 billion market. Investigation shows, eastern Europe, Asia Pacific and Canada became the fastest growing market sensor, and the United States, Germany, Japan is still the largest in distribution sensor market. The world is concerned, the fastest growing market sensor is still car market, accounting for the second is process control market, good communication market prospect. Some sensors market such as pressure sensor, the temperature sensor, flow sensor, level sensor has shown the mature markets of the features. Flow sensor, pressure sensor, the temperature sensor of the largest size of the market, to the whole of the sensor market respectively 21%, 19% and 14%. The main market growth comes from sensors in wireless sensor, MEMS (Micro-Electro-MechanicalSystems, MEMS) sensor, biological sensors and other emerging sensor. Among them, the wireless sensor in the 2007-2010 year compound annual growth rate is expected to more than 25%. At present, the sensor in the changing market of innovation presents the fast growth the tendency. Concerned expert points out, the main technical field sensor in the existing basis to extend and improve, countries will compete to speed up the development of a new generation of sensors and industrialization, competition will also increasingly fierce. The development of new technology will redefine the future of sensors in the market, such as wireless sensors, optical fiber sensors, intelligent sensor and metal oxide sensors the emergence of new sensors and the expansion of the market share.Liquid crystal displayDisplay technologyHuman survival rely heavily on information, such as cybernetics founder, N wiener says: \"to effectively life, will have enough information.\" People live in society, every time through the eyes, ears, mouth and nose, and his body from externalinformation, including visual information accounted for 70%, and eyes getting information amount, the most accurate and reliable, such as \"be clear at a glance and seeing is believing\" means that the importance of visual information more than others. Ancient display technology: characteristic is simple, intuitive. The most ancient ancient inventions is to fire and light. People use fire and light to lighting, cooking and heating flooding the beast and the information and so on, and is a beacon tower shows with fire and light information way. Modern display technology: characteristics is the combination of light and electricity, is light and the combination of modern scientific achievements. Its goal is: clear, accurate, real-time, convenient, intuitive and energy saving, carry information, colour and three-dimensional, etc. It is the product of development of modern science, modern science and technology is one of the important component. The modern technology basic characteristics: will all kinds of quantity of electricity information, such as sound, light, heat, power, number, atmosphere through certain information source sensor, a processor for perception and processing, transfer to display device, again by display device for processing, conversion, finally through display device into human visual can identify information. So we say the modern display technology for information display technology.Liquid crystal displayReflected type 2, transmission type 3, projection type LCD projectors light piece of function, to cast light on modulation effect, so called liquid crystal light valve. The early light valve is LCD LCD box and light-sensitive layer together, between a layer of shading layer. Photosensitive material for amorphous silicon, Se, CdS, etc light conductivity membrane. Use light conductance layer receive different amount of light, the resistance to change, and add in the liquid of a voltage. Then the to the electricity CCD, but now use more active matrix liquid crystal box of add. Especially in recent years is developing very quickly LCOS (LC on Silicon) is typical of the projection type. In active matrix of LCOS directly made in monocrystalline silicon chip, size can do to be small, and can make full use of development has very mature silicon integrated process.The characteristics of liquid crystal display (LCD)A liquid crystal display devices in dc voltage will happen under the action of electrolysis, so must using ac drive, and limited communication components of the dc component is no more than the dozens of millivolt; 2 because under the action of liquid crystal in electric field of the optical properties change depend on liquid crystal as elastic continuous body of elastic deformation, response time long, so the effects of alternating voltage driver does not depend on the peak, less than 1000 Hz in frequency, liquid crystal light transmittance of change and the effective value of an external voltage only about; Three LCD unit is capacitive load, liquid crystal of resistance in most cases can be neglected, is no polar, namely, positive pressure and negative pressure effect is the same.Liquid crystal display device of excellent propertiesAdvantages: 1) low pressure, the very low power consumption of working voltage, as long as 2 V ~ 3 V can work, and only a few microamps working current is that only a few microamps each character. A little button cells can also use 1 ~ 2years, this is any other display devices and incomparable. In the working voltage and the power consumption of liquid crystal display (LCD) as it happens and the scale of the adapt to the development of integrated circuits. Such as electronic watches, calculators, portable instrument, the laptop computer and electronic map the realization of such as GPS are possible. 2) low voltage driver to general distortion column (TN) device type threshold voltage is only 1.5 ~ 2 V, can be directly and large scale integrated circuit directly to match. 3) flat structure of liquid crystal display device is the basic structure of the two pieces of glass substrates of fractal box made thin. This structure is the most suitable for used as a display window, and it can be in a limited area on a lot of shows hold the content, showing the contents of the highest rate. In addition, the structure not only can be very small, such as the camera used to show a window, and a big, such as LCD TV and large LCD billboards. This structure is easy to mass, automation production. At present the production of liquid crystal display devices mostly adopts the automation of integrated automation production process and a half, only a few workers can start YiTiao years production of the thousands of production line. At present already to develop with the plastic substrates of liquid crystal display device is made. This device thin as paper, and can be bent, and thus further reduce the use of space. 4) passive display 1), the device itself can't shine, and it by a light to the outside world that purpose. It is not like active model display device that, by glowing eye that stimulate realization, but simply to outside light on different form contrast reflects different to achieve the purpose of the show. So called passivity display. Passive display is more suitable for human visual, is not easy to feel tired. The advantages of information in big, high density rapid transformation, long time observation display is especially important. 2), passive show not afraid light erosion. The so-called light scour, which means that when the environment is bright light, the information is shown by the light diluent, thus display does not clear, and passivity shows, because it is to rely on external light reflection to display purpose, so the external light is stronger, the reflected light is stronger also, the content of the show and also more clear. 3), liquid crystal display can not only at the outdoor also can be in indoor, according to indoor darkness in display can equipped with back light can overcome can't see faults. 5) shows that large compared with the CRT, liquid crystal display device no YinZhao limit, pixel can be smaller, more careful; Compared with the plasma display, liquid crystal display device pixel point don't need plasma display that, between the pixels to the isolation zone with have certain. So the liquid crystal display in the same size of the display window in the area, can accommodate more pixels and more information, to produce the high definition TV, laptop computers are very favorable type. 6) easy to color of liquid crystal itself no color, tantalum is have many ways to realize the color, such as color filters method and interfering method. Because color filters technique more mature, make the color LCD, more accurate and more gorgeous color distortion in more didn't color optimal effect. 7) long life liquid crystal material is the organic polymer synthesis materials with high purity and other materials are also high purity material, and in the very purification conditions is made, liquid crystal of driving voltage and very low, drive current is very small, the degradation of the device almost no, life isvery long, from a practical application of investigation, except the hard hit, broken or damaged parts outside, liquid crystal display device own life almost no end. 8) no radiation pollution liquid crystal display devices in use won't produce soft X-ray or electromagnetic wave radiation, and radiation can cause environmental pollution and information disclosure, and liquid crystal display device won't produce such problem. It is the ideal display device.LCD monitor development and application prospectLiquid crystal display device of their excellent properties of determined the all kinds of display devices in the position. Only 20 years liquid crystal display changed the hundred years of clock time industry, electronic calculators have all necessary, intelligent instruments used liquid crystal display, make it can be portable. All kinds of computer change human life, even the way change the form of war. Liquid crystal as a special functional material, have extremely extensive application value. As the liquid crystal display device to give priority to the emergence of of all kinds of LCD products and development, LCD to have in-depth all walks of life and social life in all corners. Human development the LCD, liquid crystal changes in human life.中文我们电子专业所学的课程都是基于单片机，以单片机为主要的核心，其余一些课外的课程都是为了扩展我们的知识，以助于我们更好的发展。