国际关系理论考试范围

选择题：1、The English School:代表人物：查尔斯曼宁（Charles Manning）、马丁怀特（Martin Wight）、赫德利布尔（Hedley Bull）（错）、亚当沃森（Adam Watson）、约翰文森特（R. J. Vincent）、巴里布赞（Barry Buzan）Hedley Bull is the order of......2、Peter J. Katzenstein (1945- ) （对）The Culture of National Security: N orms and Identity In World Politics《国家安全的文化:世界政治中的规范与认同》(1996).President of the APSA (2008-2009), he is known for his culture studies in national security.3、Alexander Wendt (1958- )1987―The Agent-structure Problem in International Relations T heory‖ (《国际关系理论中的施动者-结构问题》).He challenged the systemic theories by arguing that agents and structures in international systems are ―co-determined‖ or ―co-constituted‖, rather than causality in which the structure decides the state actions.4、Collective Identity (对)5、Neorealism provides us an idation eyes to international relations.名词解释：1、International Relation Theory : A set of principles and guidelines used to analyze both world events and relations between states.2、Kenneth Waltz system :a set of interacting units. On one level, it comprises a structure which is the systems-level component making the units form a set rather than a mere collection. On the other level, the system consists of interacting units.3、3 traditions of thought in international politics—3“R” (Martin Wight):R-1. Realist or Hobbesian, who views world politics in a constant status of war.R-2. Rationalist (or Grotian), who acknowledges the birth of international politics out of an international society.R-3. Revolutionist (or Kantian), who argues for the effect the community of mankind plays in international politics.Alexander Wendt’s four ―master variables‖ in the formation of collective identities : Interdependence、common fate、homogeneity、self-restraint4、English School of world society : A world society is a representation of world community in broad terms and it includes nations, multi-national organizations, NGOs and individuals.5、Wendt’s four “master variables” in the formation of collective identitiesWendt’s ―master variables‖-1/4 InterdependenceInterdependence means the outcome of an interaction for each depends on the choices of the others.Wendt’s ―master variables‖-2/4 Common fateCommon fate means individual survival, fitness, or welfare depends on what happens to the group as a whole. It is constituted by a third party who defines the first two as a group.Wendt’s ―master variables‖-3/4 HomogeneityHomogeneity refers to the alikeness on the corporate identities and type identities of different actors.Wendt’s ―master variables‖-4/4Self-restraintSelf-restraint refers to the fundamental problem in the formation of collective identity, that is, trust exists between actors in the absence of a third party.简答：1、Summarize the 3 debates in IRT:The 1st debate (1930s-1940s):Realism challenged the dominance of idealismFrom ―what the world should be‖ to ―what the world is‖Realism gained the dominant position in IRT after that debate.The 2nd debate (1960s-1970s):Behavioralism/Scientism challenged TraditionalismCarr W. Deutsch／J. David Singer／Robert AxelrodThis debate was more of a dispute of methodsThe 3rd debate (1980s-):The debate originally between Neorealism and Neoliberalism turned into the focus of IRT and the two mainstream theories as a whole was confronted by a series of reflective approaches, which paved way for the emergence of Constructivism.Rationalism (Mainstream)Neo-realism Neo-liberalismReflectivism(Critical approaches)Post-modernismFeminist theoryHistorical sociology......Social Constructivism或The 1st debate (1930s-1940s):Realism challenged IdealismFrom ―what the world should be‖ to ―what the world is‖Realism gained the dominant position thereafterThe 2nd debate (1960s-1970s):Behavioralism/Scientism challenged TraditionalismCarr Deutsch/David Singer/Robert AxelrodDispute on methodsThe 3rd debate (1980s-):The debate originally between Neorealism and Neoliberalism turned into the focus of IRT and the two as a whole was confronted by a series of reflective approaches, which paved way for the emergence of Constructivism.2、Main forms of Institutions : Formal intergovernmental or cross-national nongovernmental organizations. They consist of bureaucratic organs, staffs and explicit rules to run the organizations. (UN, WTO, NA TO, EU) International regimes (国际机制). Such institutions are usually made of international treaties agreed upon by governments; they provide a platform for their participants to make decisions in front of the same world settings or common crisis. ( the Bretton Woods, 1944)Conventions . They are informal institutions with implicit rules and understandings that shape the expectations of actors. They enable actors to understand one another to coordinate their behavior and limit actors’ incentives to go to the oppo site. They provide ―spontaneous orders‖ to facilitate intergovernmental negotiations. 3、Distinct properties of the international system transition:1. The distribution of national power underwent dramatic changes1) The proportion of the traditional powers decreased in global economy2) The proportion of developing countries increased2. The value of the international normative system in coordinating the relations among states is being enhanced1) International organizations2) International laws, treaties, bilateral and multi-lateral agreements3. Conceptual interaction is in the transition from ideological field to cultural and value field.1) Conceptual interaction is increasingly important in the post-Cold War IR2) It guides the priority setup in a state’s allocation of national resources3) It forms the national perception and misperception in IP4.conclusion:these features of the international system transition reflect shifting from the domanance of western developed countries to multi-rolarized , multi-lateral international shared government . It requires states not only to make great efforts to develop their own strength , but also to take part in the international normative system more actively ,as a member of international system.(反映了国际社会的发展从大国主导转向多极化共同治理，要求国家更主动地参与到国际体系中，承担自己的责任）论述：Arab Spring(阿拉伯之春)（事件、时间、演变、分析原因：信息时代、网络、国家、地区变革、个人、领导人）阿拉伯之春，是西方媒体所称的阿拉伯世界的一次革命浪潮。