Lesson 2 Memory Devices

– integrated circuit is an superthin slice of semiconducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements, such as wires, transistors, capacitors, logic gates, and resistors.(p28 )
Digital processing
• A machine code instruction has two parts: the op code and the operand.
• Eg: instruction: add 1
Op code
Operand
P31 f1-36 00000100
00000001
RAM
Address M1 Address M2 Address M3
Control Unit Instruction pointer
M12
Instruction Register AMDUDL two number
CPU Performance Factors
- Moore law
- “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”.
Hardware System
输入设备
存储器
输出设备
运算器
控制器
数据流 控制流
• Information processing cycle
§ 2.2: Microprocessors
What is a microprocessor?
is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions

Computer English
Chapter 2 Basic Organization of Computers
Key points: useful terms and basic organization
of computers
Difficult points: describing the basic organization
2.1.1 System Buses
Physically, a bus is a set of wires. The components of the computer are connected to the buses. To send information from one component to another, the source component outputs data onto the bus. The destination component then inputs this data from the bus. As the complexity of a computer system increases, it becomes more efficient (in terms of minimizing connections) at using buses rather than direct connections between every pair of devices. Buses use less space on a circuit board and require less power than a large number of direct connections. They also require fewer pins on the chip or chips that comprise the CPU.

Another advantage of hard disk is its storage capacity .
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优盘[OnlyDisk]：USB接口、无需驱动器的高容量存储 ： 优盘 设备，如图所示。其特点是体积小、重量轻，容量较大 （16MB、32MB、64MB、128MB……2GB）、存取速 度较快，价格比较便宜，已在逐步取代软盘。
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coordinate activity various determine operation carry out order retrieve reference
vt.调整，整理 n.活跃，行动 adj.各种各样的 v.决定，确定 n.操作，运转 执行 n.顺序，命令；v.命令 n.找回；v.重新得到 n.提及，参考
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UNIT TWO
Introduction and Development of Computer
Lesson One the Central Processing Unit Lesson Two Introduction of Memory Lesson Three Input/Output devices
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Occasionally
adv.有时候，偶而
as the name imply
顾名思义
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Secondary storage Main memory is expensive, and the supply on most machined is limited. Another problem is its volatility; main memory loses its contents when its power is cut when the computer is turned off. Therefore we need a fast, accurate, inexpensive, high-capacity, non-volatile extension of main memory, and secondary storage fills this need.

Review:
system 体系、系统 software 软件 instruction 指令 process 过程、步骤 execution 执行 capability 性能
consists of 包含；由....组成 be made up 由...组成；被构成 a series of 一连串的 be divided into 被分成 refer to 谈及、提到、涉及
Hardware is the physical_______of the _____. It is made up of four parts:Central Processing Unit ,____, input devices and output devices.
_____refers to the programs that control the operation of the hardware. It is a series of _____that guide a computer through some process.
8.He can speak English. He can’t speak English.
9. Lingling has got some melons. Lingling hasn’t got any melons.
10. There is some milk in the glass. There isn’t any milk in the glass.
2. I can ride a car.（变为否定句） I can’t ride a car.
3. Tom has got some candy. （变为否定句） Tom hasn’t got any candy.

Language Notes
Proper names
Finland
Henrik
Juliana
Lynn
Ollie
Pam
New words and expressions
affordable a. 买的起的
dogbot n.
机器狗
punch v.
敲击（按键）
rechargeable a. 可充电的
2 Unit
A Listen to some people talking about different situations with their computers. Match each situation and its problem.
II ■
Situation 1 Situation 2 Situation 3
a. a problem with a keyboard b. an e-mail problem c. a hardware problem
2 Unit
Technology Today
Lesson A Computers are everywhere. Lesson B Modern technology
Vocabulary Link
Computer words
B Use the correct forms of the words in A to complete the sentences. Use each word twice.
Computer usage
9. My computer c_r_a_s_h_e_d . Can you fix it? 10. Plug the _m__o_u_se_ into the keyboard. 11. He is always _s_u_rf_in_g__ the net for the latest news. 12. Open the other web page in a new w__in_d_o_w_ . 13. An _ic_o_n_ is a small picture on a computer screen. 14. The _h_a_rd_w__a_re_ is the machinery inside a computer. 15. First, click on an item in the _m_e_n_u_. 16. Do you know her e-mail_a_d_d_r_e_ss_ ?

பைடு நூலகம்NIT 2
If a program or file is too large to fit in RAM, the overflow is stored in virtual memory. In Windows, virtual memory is called the paging file or swap. The less RAM that your computer has the more paging is used, which ultimately causes a system slow down. More RAM will give you better performance and faster speed.
UNIT 2
CPU—Central Processing Unit Think of the CPU as the “Brain” of a computer and of all
your hardware. It is indeed responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer’s hardware and software. Its job is deceptively simple—to execute programs. Keep in mind that a program is simply a sequence of stored instructions. However, the process of retrieving data, decoding it, executing it, and storing the results, is far from simple. It involves many different parts of the CPU; each specialized to handle a specific job. On top of that, these simple steps are broken into many smaller operations and have been extensively modified and added to in order to improve performance.

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Unit 2 Computer Hardware
Section 2 Passage A： A Guide on the Main Components in a PC
1、计算机是由哪些组件构成的 2、选择一个你最熟悉的硬件向同学们介绍
Unit 2 Section 2 Passage A
• component • binary • interact • motherboard • RAM • ROM • BIOS • BUS • O/I • Harddisk • sector
• FAT • CD-ROM • DVD-ROM • burning • expansion card • modem • analogue • translator • graphics card • AC • DC
Unit 2 Section 2 Passage A
• Historically, a computer is any device that can
Unit 2 Computer Hardware
《计算机专业英语》
郭敏 徐莹 杨阳
Unit 2 Computer Hardware
•
• •
Section1 Situational Dialog

Shopping for a Computer Passage A. A Guide on The Main Components In a PC Passage B. Introducing Common Peripherals Reading Skills Part 2—Characteristics of Computer English Vocabulary Characteristics of Computer English Text Part III of Commencement Speech at Stanford Given by Steve Jobs Intel Settles Antitrust AMD Case for $1.2bn A Brief Rundown of What You Need In A Laptop Tips: Upgrade Your PC with a New Graphics Card

Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU is the heart of the entire computer system. It is a chip that controls and deals with the major operations of the computer and the main memory. There are two main sections found in the CPU of a typical computer system: the Arithmetic Logic Unit（ALU）, and the Control Unit（CU）. Memory The memory is the part of the computer where programs and data are stored. Without the memory from which the CPU can read and write information, there would be no storedprogram digital computers. The typical storage medium of a computer is the hard disks. Hard disks, or fixed disks, are used for backing up large amounts of data or for additional storage capacity.
menu essentially peripheral
monitor 显示器 resemble monochrome permanent paper copy generate program vi.安排节目, 编程序 list graphic image

Computer English
Chapter 2 Organization of Computers
Chapter 2 Organization of Computers
Key points: useful terms and organization of computers
Difficult points: describing the organization of computers
计算机专业英语
2-8
Chapter 2 Organization of Computers 2.1.1 System Buses Data is transferred via the data bus. When the CPU fetches data from memory, it first outputs the memory address on its address bus. Then memory outputs the data onto the data bus; the CPU can then read the data from the data bus. When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the address onto the address bus, then outputs the data onto the data bus. Memory then reads and stores the data at the proper location. The processes for reading data from and writing data to the I/O devices are similar.

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Exercise:
1.A complete computer system consists of two basic parts: hardware and software. 由两大基本部分组成：硬件部分和软件部分 一个完整的计算机系统______________________________ 。 2. Software refers to the programs that control the operation of the hardware. 控制计算机硬件执行 软件指的是_________________________________ 的程序 3. It is a series of instructions that guides a computer through some process. 引导计算机完成一些步骤 它是一连串的____________________________ 的指令. 4. It can be divided into systems software and applications 系统软件和应用软件 . software. 它可以被分为 ________________
consists of 包含；由....组成 be made up 由...组成；被构成 a series of 一连串的 be divided into 被分成 refer to 谈及、提到、涉及
passage:
A computer is an electronic machine. A complete computer system consists of two basic parts:hardware and software. 一个计算机就是一个电子机器。一个完整的计算机系统包括 两个基本部分：硬件部分和软件部分。