美国Spectoralas和佐鸟电机试制出高效绿色激光器

2024届陕西省咸阳市高三下学期三模理综试题-高中高效提分物理（基础必刷）一、单项选择题（本题包含8小题，每小题4分，共32分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）(共8题)第(1)题如图所示，A、B、C是位于匀强电场中某直角三角形的三个顶点，AB=0.2m，∠C=30°。

现将电荷量的电荷P从A移动到B，电场力做功W 1=0.2J；将P从C移动到A，电场力做功，已知B点的电势，则（ ）A．将电荷P从B移动到C，电场力做的功为B．C点的电势为C．电场强度大小为20N/C，方向由C指向AD．电荷P在A点的电势能为第(2)题高楼玻璃日渐成为鸟类飞行的杀手，一只质量约为50g的麻雀以10m/s的速度水平飞行，撞到竖直的透明窗户玻璃上后水平速度减为0，麻雀与玻璃的碰撞时间约为0.01s，则窗户玻璃受到的平均冲击力的大小约为（ ）A．10N B．50NC．100N D．500N第(3)题2020年12月4日，我国新一代可控核聚变研究装置“中国环流器二号M”（HL—2M）在成都正式建成放电，标志着我国正式跨入全球可控核聚变研究前列。

HL—2M将进一步加快人类探索未来能源的步伐，其主要核反应方程为。

下列说法正确的是（ ）A．X是正电子B．X是质子C．该核反应过程中电荷数守恒、质量守恒D．中核子的比结合能比小第(4)题下列四组物理量中均为标量的是（ ）A．动量变化量、磁通量B．磁感应强度、电场强度C．感应电流、电势差D．电功率、冲量第(5)题如图所示，是边长为L的等边三棱镜，一束单色光照射在边上的D点，入射角为45°，折射光线在面的反射光照射到面的E点（图中未标出）。

不考虑光在面的反射，已知三棱镜对该光的折射率为，光在真空中的传播速度为c，则下列说法正确的是（ ）A．光有可能在面上发生全反射B．光从D点传播到E点所用时间为C．保持入射方向不变，入射点从D点向下移，光从D点传播到面所用时间一定不变D．保持入射点不变，将入射角略增大一些，光从D点传播到面所用时间可能变短第(6)题已知电荷分布均匀的绝缘球壳，对壳内任意位置的电荷的电场力均为零。

美军绿色激光器实战大显身手美国“战略之页”网站刊文详细地介绍了美军正在使用与开发的非致命性武器。

过去十年中，美国部署非致命武器（non-lethal weapon, NLW）的努力进展得相当不错，但也相当艰难。

美军最成功的一种非致命武器是绿光激光器，这种武器基本上是选作军用的民用装置。

从设计上来说，绿色激光器是对人眼相对安全的定向型设备,不会造成人眼永久失明。

但是，绿色激光会使它所指向的人员“目眩”并且暂时失明。

事实证明，这种功能在检查站相当有用，伊拉克和阿富汗的平民有时会试图开车闯过检查站，尽管守卫人员要求他们停车检查。

最重要的是，绿色激光器的射程可达2000米。

限制非致命武器使用的最大问题看似最冠冕堂皇。

从微波主动拒止系统（Active Denial System, ADS）上就可以看出这一点，该系统可以发出探照灯束大小的能量束，会使处于其传播方向上的人员感觉自己的皮肤像火烧一样。

这种系统在关键时刻从来没有做好使用准备。

这并不是因为没有进行足够数量的试验。

两年前，一套主动拒止系统被送往阿富汗，但最终它在没有用过的情况下又被送了回来。

所推荐的主动拒止系统的交战规则（Rules of Engagement, ROE）是，如果被微波击中后的人员仍然继续往前冲，当他被认为怀有邪恶意图时，就可以被杀死。

对于打击那些躲藏在成群的妇女与儿童中，利用“人体盾牌”靠得足够近后再发起袭击的恐怖分子来说，微波武器被认为特别有用。

这种情况在索马里和伊拉克经常被遇到。

但是，在阿富汗，即使实际使用（而不是测试）一次主动拒止系统的可能性也没有。

然而，主动拒止系统没被使用真正的原因是指挥官不想媒体大幅地报道他们对“无辜平民”使用“死亡射线”。

去年，美国国防部做出从根本上重新设计主动拒止系统的决定，想要使这种系统变得更小、更可靠并且可以在移动中使用。

美国国防部已经在主动拒止系统上投入了将近6千万美元，看起来在差一点就能发挥作用的系统上再投入大约1千万美元是合理的。

第一章测试1.下列属于轻稀土的是（）。

A:镥钪钇B:铈镨钕C:钪钇钕D:镝钬铒答案:B2.用于工业提取稀土元素的矿物主要有（）、磷钇矿、氟碳铈矿和风化壳淋积(离子吸附)型矿。

A:独居石矿B:高岭石矿C:火成岩矿D:花岗岩矿答案:A3.1794年芬兰人加多林(J.Gadolin)首次分离出稀土元素（）。

A:钕B:镨C:铈D:钇答案:D4.2012年6月20日，国务院新闻办发布《中国的稀土状况与政策》白皮书。

该文件指出，中国以（）%的稀土资源承担了世界90%以上的市场供应。

A:30B:21C:23D:18答案:C5.现在用于工业提取稀土元素的矿物不包括（）：A:磷钇矿B:氟碳铈矿C:莫来石D:独居石答案:C6.稀土是非常宝贵的资源，是化学元素周期表中镧系元素再加上性质相近的钪、钇等（）种元素的总称。

每种稀土元素都有着极丰富的光、电、热、磁特性。

A:16B:1 7C:18D:15答案:B7.最后一个被发现的稀土元素是1 947年美国人马林斯基(J.A.Marinsky)等分离出稀土元素（）。

A:镨B:钷C:铈D:钇答案:B8.钇组稀土或者是（）稀土，它包括的有钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、钪和钇。

A:小B:重C:大D:轻答案:B9.稀土铕Eu和镱Yb，它们的外层电子是和，所以说Eu跟Yb也能够有正（）价氧化态。

A:1B:4C:2D:6答案:C10.在中国包头的白云鄂博稀土占了83%，山东8% 其他四川南方七省区和其他呢？各占3%，以包头为主，我们的稀土矿物特点是（）。

A:东轻西重B:北轻南重C:东轻南重D:北重南轻答案:B第二章测试1.稀土无机发光材料通常由无机物基质、激活剂和（）组成。

具体的说，我们是将激活剂、以及其共掺杂离子敏化剂一起掺杂到无机基质晶格中，其中刚性的基质晶格会为激活剂和敏化剂提供一个稳定的微环境。

掺入基质中的激活剂，既可以被激发能量直接激发，或者通过敏化剂的能量传递被间接激发，这样激活剂便会发光。

《神奇的激光》讲义激光，这个在现代科技中熠熠生辉的词汇，想必大家都不陌生。

但你是否真正了解它的神奇之处呢？接下来，就让我们一起走进激光的奇妙世界。

激光，英文全称为“Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”，缩写为“LASER”，意思是“通过受激辐射光扩大”。

简单来说，激光是一种具有高度单色性、相干性、方向性和高强度的光。

激光的单色性令人惊叹。

普通的光源，比如白炽灯泡，发出的光包含了各种波长，颜色杂乱无章。

而激光则几乎只包含一种波长的光，这使得它的颜色非常纯净。

例如，常见的红色激光笔发出的光就是单一波长的红色光。

这种单色性在许多领域都有重要应用，比如在光谱分析中，能够更精确地检测物质的成分。

激光的相干性也是其独特之处。

相干性意味着光波的振动在时间和空间上具有高度的一致性。

这使得激光能够形成稳定、清晰的干涉条纹。

在全息摄影中，正是利用了激光的相干性，记录下物体的三维信息，从而能够再现出逼真的立体图像。

方向性是激光的另一个显著特征。

普通光源的光是向四面八方发散的，而激光则可以几乎沿着一条直线传播，发散角极小。

这使得激光能够在很远的距离上保持较高的能量密度。

例如，激光测距仪就是利用激光的方向性来精确测量距离的。

在军事领域，激光制导武器能够准确命中目标，也是得益于激光的良好方向性。

激光的高强度更是其神奇所在。

它能够在极小的面积上聚集巨大的能量。

这种高强度的光可以用于切割、焊接金属。

在医疗领域，激光可以用来治疗各种疾病，如近视矫正、去除肿瘤等。

激光的产生离不开特殊的装置——激光器。

常见的激光器有气体激光器、固体激光器、液体激光器和半导体激光器等。

以氦氖激光器为例，它由放电管、光学谐振腔和激励电源等部分组成。

在放电管中，氦气和氖气被激发，产生受激辐射，经过光学谐振腔的反馈和放大，最终形成激光输出。

在工业生产中，激光的应用广泛而深入。

激光切割技术能够精确地切割各种材料，包括金属、塑料、木材等，切口光滑整齐，精度极高。

2024届四川省绵阳市高三上学期11月第一次诊断性考试理综物理试题一、单选题：本题共7小题，每小题4分，共28分 (共7题)第(1)题在某次救援行动中甲、乙两名队员保持如图所示位置不动通过定滑轮相互配合将一箱子缓慢拉至所在的平台上，乙队员手中的细绳始终保持水平状态且高度不变，忽略绳的重力及滑轮的摩擦，不计空气阻力，当箱子向左移动过程中下列说法正确的是（ ）A．甲队员手中绳子上的拉力先增大后减小B．乙队员手中绳子上的拉力不断减小C．地面对甲队员的支持力不变D．地面对甲队员的摩擦力大于对乙队员的摩擦力第(2)题在抗击新冠病毒的过程中，广泛使用了红外体温计测量体温，如图所示。

下列说法正确的是（ ）A．当体温超过37.3℃时人体才辐射红外线B．当体温超过周围空气温度时人体才辐射红外线C．红外体温计是依据体温计发射红外线来测体温的D．红外体温计是依据人体温度越高，辐射的红外线强度越大来测体温的第(3)题电荷耦合原件（CCD）被普遍使用在数码相机中，CCD通过光电效应使光信号转化为电信号。

CCD发明者被授予2009年的诺贝尔物理学奖。

现有一个蓝色光源以的功率均匀地向各个方向发射波长为的蓝光，某数码相机使用圆形CCD拍摄蓝色光源，该CCD直径为，该相机距离光源为，拍摄时间为，则CCD拍摄到的该光源的光子数约为多少？（ ）已知光速为，普朗克常量为，不计空气对光的吸收。

A．4B．400C．D．第(4)题2022年9月2日，印度科钦造船厂建造的首艘航母“维克兰特”号正式服役。

“滑跃式”起飞甲板比“电磁弹射式”起飞甲板建造技术更为简单，印度该艘航母选择装配“滑跃式”起飞甲板。

如图所示，舰载飞机起飞时，先在水平甲板上加速后冲上圆弧形的甲板，运动过程中受到垂直于运动方向的升力，升力的大小与速度成正比，在离开圆弧甲板时，舰载飞机与甲板之间没有相互作用力则可以正常起飞，此时舰载飞机的动能为E0，已知圆弧轨道的水平长度为L，圆弧半径为R，舰载飞机的重力为G，舰载飞机可视为质点，则下列说法正确的是（ ）A．舰载飞机在圆弧形甲板上运动时处于失重状态B．舰载飞机在圆弧轨道的底端对甲板的压力一定大于舰载飞机的重力C．起飞时，舰载飞机受到的升力为D．若舰载飞机在离开甲板时的动能E<E0，则仍然可以正常起飞第(5)题一列简谐横波沿x轴传播，时刻的波形如图1所示，K、L是介质中的两个质点。

2024届百师联盟全国高三冲刺考（一）全国I卷物理试题（基础必刷）一、单项选择题（本题包含8小题，每小题4分，共32分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）(共8题)第(1)题如图所示，两列简谐横波在同一介质中沿相反方向传播，某时刻两列波相遇，图示时刻处的质点正在向上振动，若两列波的波速均为15m/s，则下列说法正确的是（）A．虚线波的传播方向为x轴正方向B．实线波与虚线波的频率相同C．两列波在相遇区域能发生干涉现象D．从图示时刻起再过0.6s，平衡位置处的质点位于平衡位置第(2)题下列说法中正确的是（ ）A．结合能越大的原子核越稳定B．卢瑟福发现中子的核反应方程是：C．U衰变成Pb要经过6次β衰变和8次α衰变D．一个氢原子从n＝4的能级向低能级跃迁时，最多可以辐射6种不同频率的光第(3)题光刻机是制造芯片的核心装备，利用光源发出的紫外线，将精细图投影在硅片上，再经技术处理制成芯片。

为提高光刻机清晰投影最小图像的能力，在透镜组和硅片之间充有液体。

紫外线进入液体后与其在真空中相比（ ）A．波长变短B．光子能量增加C．频率降低D．传播速度增大第(4)题一般烟雾报警器工作原理如图所示，半衰期为432年的放射性元素镅衰变所释放的射线可使空气分子电离成正、负离子，正、负离子分别向两极板运动，从而产生电流。

当烟雾进入探测腔内时，烟雾会吸收部分射线，导致电流减少，外电路探测到两个电极之间电压电流的变化，从而触发警报。

根据以上信息，下列说法正确的是（ ）A．若图中电流表中电流方向从左向右，则正离子向右极板运动B．镅放出的射线只有γ射线C．1 kg的镅经1296年将有125 g发生衰变D．根据欧姆定律，理想电流表中的电流与两极板间电压成正比、与两极板之间的电阻成反比第(5)题核电荷数Z不能表示（ ）A．相应元素在周期表上的顺序编号B．中性原子内电子的个数C．原子核内质子的个数D．原子核内中子的个数第(6)题如图所示，吸附在竖直玻璃上质量为m的擦窗工具，在竖直平面内受重力、拉力和摩擦力（图中未画出摩擦力）的共同作用做匀速直线运动。

2024届河北省保定市部分高中高三下学期二模物理核心考点试题一、单项选择题：本题共8小题，每小题3分，共24分，在每小题给出的答案中，只有一个符合题目要求。

(共8题)第(1)题如图所示，为列车经过某一转弯处的照片，有两名乘客分别坐在列车上a、b位置，下列说法正确的是（ ）A．线速度相同B．向心力大小相等C．列车转弯的向心力可能只由了重力、支持力提供D．转弯时，列车速度超过设计速度时会受到离心力的作用第(2)题一列简谐横波在t=0时刻波的图象如图所示，其中a、b、c、d为介质中的四个质点，在该时刻（ ）A．质点a的速度最大B．质点b的加速度最大C．若质点c向下运动，则波沿x轴负方向传播D．若质点d向上运动，则波沿x轴负方向传播第(3)题图示为高速摄影机拍摄到的子弹穿过苹果瞬间的照片．该照片经过放大后分析出，在曝光时间内，子弹影像前后错开的距离约为子弹长度的1%~2%．已知子弹飞行速度约为500m/s，因此可估算出这幅照片的曝光时间最接近A．10-3s B．10-6sC．10-9s D．10-12s第(4)题2024年4月19日起，日本开始排放第五批福岛核污染水，预计排放19天。

核污染水中含有一定量的放射性核素“氚”，该核素可在生物体内富集，导致内照射，从而损害生物体的健康。

已知氚的衰变方程为，半衰期约为12年，下列说法正确的是（ ）A．氚核发生的是α衰变B．衰变产物X来自氚的核外电子C．衰变产生的射线能穿透几厘米厚的铅板D．若立即停止排放，12年后因排污导致的核辐射量会减少50%第(5)题如图所示，理想变压器输入电压保持不变。

将滑动变阻器的滑动触头向下移动，下列判断正确的是（ ）A．电表V1、V2的示数都不变B．电表V1、V2的示数都增大C．原线圈输入功率减小D．电阻R0消耗的电功率增大第(6)题2023年杭州亚运会上，宝鸡金台籍链球运动员王铮勇夺金牌为国争光。

假设链球抛出后在空中的运动过程中可近似看做质点，不计空气阻力，若运动员先后三次以相同速率沿不同方向将链球抛出后的运动轨迹如图所示，则由图可知（）A．链球三次落回地面的速度相同B．沿B轨迹运动的链球在空中运动时间最长C．沿C径迹运动的链球通过轨迹最高点时的速度最大D．沿A轨迹运动的链球在相同时间内速度变化量最大第(7)题如图1所示的理想变压器原线圈输入如图2所示的交变电流，图1中原线圈所示的电流方向为正方向，则下列判断错误的是（ ）A．灯泡中的电流变化周期为4sB．原线圈输入电流的有效值小于C．0~1s和2~3s流过灯泡的电流方向相同D．前2s内铁芯中磁通量的变化率恒定第(8)题如图所示为一定质量理想气体状态变化的图像。

2023届江西省南昌市高三下学期3月第一次模拟考试理综全真演练物理试题一、单项选择题（本题包含8小题，每小题4分，共32分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）(共8题)第(1)题目前，我们学习过的核反应有4种类型：核衰变、核裂变、核聚变和人工核转变。

下列方程属于衰变类型的是（ ）A．B．C．D．第(2)题如图所示是一位艺术体操带运动员的竞技场景，丝带的运动可以近似为一列简谐横波沿x轴正方向传播，时刻的波形如图所示，A、B、P和Q是介质中的四个质点，时刻该波刚好传播到B点，此后质点B的振动方程为，则以下说法正确的是（）A．波源的起振方向沿y轴负方向B．该机械波的波长为25mC．该机械波的波速为D．经过2.4s，B质点传到Q点第(3)题如图，某同学用激光器作为光源，在不透光的挡板上开一条窄缝，进行光的衍射实验。

在光屏上观察到的图样可能是图中的（ ）A．B．C．D．第(4)题2023年4月，我国有“人造太阳”之称的托卡马克核聚变实验装置创造了新的世界纪录。

其中磁约束的简化原理如图：在半径为和的真空同轴圆柱面之间，加有与轴线平行的匀强磁场，磁场方向垂直纸面向里，。

假设氘核沿内环切线向左进入磁场，氚核沿内环切线向右进入磁场，二者均恰好不从外环射出。

不计重力及二者之间的相互作用，则和的速度之比为（ ）A．B．C．D．第(5)题新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，国产大型运输机运-20“胖妞”成为众多驰援武汉运输队伍中最亮眼的明星。

设想运-20在平直跑道上起飞的过程：飞机从O点由静止出发，依次经过跑道上的A、B两点，OA=x0、OB=2x0，其速度v随位移x的变化规律如图。

飞机从O点到B点的运动过程中质量视为不变，则下列说法正确的是（ ）A．运-20飞机在直跑道上起飞的过程是匀加速直线运动B．运-20飞机在A点的加速度小于在B点的加速度C．运-20飞机在OA之间和AB之间的动能增加量相等D．运-20飞机在A点所受合外力等于在B点所受合外力第(6)题下列说法不正确的是（ ）A．无线电波的接收，需要先调谐再解调B．照相机镜头玻璃的颜色是光的干涉造成的C．汤姆孙求出了阴极射线的比荷，并粗略测到了该种粒子的电荷量，发现了电子D．核子结合成原子核释放的能量叫作结合能，结合能越大，原子核越稳定第(7)题为顺利完成月球背面的“嫦娥六号”探测器与地球间的通信，我国新研制的“鹊桥二号”中继通信卫星计划2024年上半年发射，假设定位在地月拉格朗日点，位于拉格朗日点上的卫星可以在几乎不消耗燃料的情况下与月球同步绕地球做匀速圆周运动。

2021届上海市浦东新区高三英语一模试卷（完卷时间：120分钟满分：140分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A.$20. B.$32.2.A.Tailor and customer.C.Husband and wife.3.A.At a hospital.C.At a handicraft shop. C.$40.D.$60. B.Hairdresser and customer.D.Housekeeper and host. B.At a restaurant.D.At a grocery store.4.A. The woman mistook someone else for Smith.B.The man promised to meet Smith in Shanghai.C.The lecture was given by Mr. Smith just now.D.Smith would come to attend the lecture next Friday.5.A. She will go to see the play with the man.B.She has no interest in this play.C.She will attend a wedding ceremony with her sister.6.A. The man misunderstood what the sign said.B.The man bought the cigarette for free.C.The sign allows people to smoke in the room.D.The tan annoyed the woman purposely.7.A. The slow delivery. B. The poor customer service.C. The broken parcel.D. The possible discount.8.A. He worked last night.B.He was recovering from his jet lag.C.He had some difficulty in falling asleep.D.He was knocked down by the car.9.A. The man doesn't agree with the woman's idea.B.The woman never takes the responsibility of supporting the home.C.The man suggests that the woman is lazy in house keeping.D.The woman is busy with her work so that she neglects the family.10.A. They are talking about football.B.The school soccer team has been set up.C.The man doesn't want to be a substitute.D.The woman is persuading the man to join a club.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passage and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passage and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following pass.a ge11.A. Because Jobs suffered from the cancer.B.Because Jobs himself kept quiet about that.C.Because he was not rich enough to donate money.D.Because his wife prevented the public from knowing that.12.A. The update of smartphones.B.The development of medicine.C.The building of Apple's headquarters.D.Some Tech companies in California.13.A. Mean. B. Creative. C. Charitable. D. Rich.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14.A.It can identify different flowers through its built-in sensors.B.It can record various smells digitally and reproduce them.C.It can make sweet smells by mixing flowers with vapour.D.It can create smells and give them off to any scene.15.A.It helps shoppers locate the right brand of perfume.B.It helps shoppers check out the perfumes before they buy.C.It helps make sure that perfumes are truly genuine.D.It can recommend right perfumes to shoppers.16.A.The device is made small enough to be easily carried.B.The device is sensitive to any smell the human nose can detectC.Smells are programmed to accompany movie scenes.D.The device has recreated the smells of fish and gasoline.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17.A. Because he didn't have her number.B.Because he thought it was unnecessary.C.Because he wished his luggage would be found soon.D.Because he had to attend a business meeting.B.The cause of the flight's late arrival.C.The number of his luggage check.D.The description of his luggage.19.A. On the plane ticket.B.At the information desk.C.At the check-in counter.D.From the record of his flight.20.A.Missing luggage is unlikely o be found.B.There are important documents in his luggage.C.It is possible for the man to get his luggage today.D.The man thinks it is difficult to find his baggage.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Since astronomers confirmed the presence of planets beyond our solar system, called exoplanets, humans (21)(wonder) how many could harbor life.Now, we're one step closer to (22)(find) an answer. Acco rding to the Kepler space telescope,about half the stars similar in temperature (23)our Sun could have a rocky planet capable of supporting liquid water on its surface.Our galaxy holds at least an (24)(estimate) 300 million of these potentially habitable worlds, based on even the most conservative interpretation of the results in anew study to be published in The Astronomical Journal.This research helps us understand the potential for these planets (25) (support) life. T his is an essential part of astrobiology, the study of life's origins andfuture in our universe.The study is authored by NASA scientists (26)worked on the Kepler mission alongside collaborators from around the world. NASA retired the space te lescope in 2018after it ran out of fuel. Nine years of the telescope's observations revealed that there are billions of planets in our galaxy--more planets than stars.(27)this result is far from a final value, it,s extremely exciting that we calculated that theseworlds are this common with such high confidence.That,s a wide range of different stars, each with (28)own particular properties impacting whether the rocky planets in its orbit are capable of supporting liquid water.These complexities are partly why it is so difficult to calculate how many potentially habitable planets are out there, especially when even our (29) (powerful) telescopes can just barely detect these small planets. That,s (30) the research team took a new approach.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.bonus! But what can make it more worthwhile are the extra perks (工资夕卜的补贝占)that your employer offers you as a reward for your loyalty and commitment.Employee (32)are commonplace these days. Traditionally, these have included a good pension and extra days off work. But when a job used to be for life, there wasn,t much incentive to try and keep staff. Now when millennials are (33) a position, they want to know the benefits they,ll get on top of their pay.But these perks come at a cost to an employer, and now technology is being used to discover if and when they offer value for money. The idea aims to enable a company to tailor what it can offer to (34)and retain the right staff.It seems that if used in the right way, technology can provide greater (39) between an employee and the company. That can lead to a happier, healthier and (40)work force. But human resources experts warn against relying solely on tech for deciding on employee benefits provision, they say.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Racial Discrimination in ScienceYou might expect that science,particularly American science, would be colour-blind. Once someone from the country’s ethnic minorities has got bench space in a laboratory, he might reasonably (41)to be treated on merit功绩)and nothing else.(42) _________ , a study just published in Science by Donna Ginther of the University of Kansas suggests that is not true. Dr Ginther, who was working (43) ____________ America’s National Institutes of Health (NIH), found that (44) _____________ matters a lot.Moreover, it isnot just a question of white supremacy. Asian and Hispanic scientists do just as well as white ones. Black scientists, (45) ___________________ , do badly.One possible explanation is that review panels are inferring applicants’ ethnic (46) from their names, or the institutions they attended as students. Consciously or not,the reviewers may then be awarding less merit to those from people with“black-sounding” names, or who were educated at universities whose students are predominantly black. Indeed, a(n) (47) bias has been found in those recruiting for jobs in the commercial world.One well-known study, published in 2003 by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, found that fictitious CVs (简历) with stereo typically white names elicited 50% more (48) ______________________________ of interviews than did CVs with black names, even when the applicants’ sta ted (49) ________ were identical.Another possible explanation is social (50) ____________ : It is in the nature of groups of experts(which is precisely what peer-review panels are) to know both each other and each other’s most promising acolytes. Applicants outside this charmed circle might have less chance of (51) consideration. If the charmed circle itself were raciallyunrepresentative, those (52) ___________ from the network because their racial group wasunder-represented in the first place would find it harder to break in.Thou gh Dr Ginther’s results are (53) __________ , it is to the NIH’s credit that it has published her findings. The agency is also starting a programme intended to alter the (54) of the review panels to see whether excising potential racial cues fromapplications changes outcomes. Other agencies, and not just in America, should pay strict attention toall this, and ask themselves if they, too, are (55) _______________________ people of particular races. Such discrimination is not only disgraceful, but also a stupid waste of talent!41. A. expect B.cooperate C. decide D.challenge42.A. Similarly B.Evidently C.Unfortunately D. Undoubtedly43.A. in favour of B. on behalf of C. in honor of D. in the name of44.A. health B.nationality C. gender D.race45.A. however B. otherwise C. therefore D. meanwhile46.A. divisions B.customs C.origins D. designs47.A. unknown B. similar C. Obvious D. strong48.A. feedback B.types C. elements D.offers49.A. qualifications B. interviews C. names D. researches50.A. security B.status working D. order51.A. moral B. favourable C. casual D.minor52.A. excluded B. installed C. downloaded D. restored53.A. positive B.conclusive C.troubling D. encouraging54.A. position B.subject C. prospect position55. A. reminding B.employing C. informing D.failingSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)At the 4th Street Photo Gallery on the comer of the Bowery, many photos are strung together like clothes on a laundry line. There are portraits of Muhammad Ali and Jean-Michel Basquiat, plus a series of cityscapes detailedly captured over 60 years by Alex Harsley, a neglected but talented New York photographer.The city has been Mr Harsley's home since 1948, when, aged ten, he moved there from South Carolina. He took his first photograph ten years later, and became the first black photographer to work for the city's district attorney's office. His vivid pictures freeze moments in New York's evolution from the 1950s to the present, “It could start with the smell of something burning/' he says of his method."And then you see a family sitting on the steps of a funeral home sadly looking at the firemen going through their routine.”Some of the scenes in the collection were captured from the window of his old apartment in Harlem; they include images of black activists, streets submerged in snow and shots of the Crown Heights riots of 1991. A.D. Coleman, a photography critic, says Mr. Harsley has been able to capture the lives of minority groups by making himself “invisible”. His aim has been to assemble these fragments片段)into an extended history of the city.56.How does the author describe Alex Harsley in the first paragraph?A.undervalued but expertB.gifted but exclusiveC.unknown but devotedD.gifted but awkward57.What does the underlined sentence mean?A.His pictures show freezing weather in New York from the 1950s to the present.B.His pictures capture the cheerful moments in New York since the 1950s.C.His pictures record some historic occasions of New York over the past decades.D.His pictures illustrate the vivid lives of minority groups in New York over the past decades.58.Why does Mr. Harsley make himself "invisible"?A.To assemble the minority groups of the city.B.To highlight the lives of minority groups.C.To help promising artists attract more public attention.D.To build connections between the minority groups and himself.59.How did Mr. Harsley help the other artists?A.He excluded those who looked down upon the unknown artists.B.He set an organization displaying their works.C.He established the connections between up-and-coming artists and famous ones.D.He reduced the rents of the gallery where their photography works were shown.(B)TROUBLESHOOTINGFor possible malfunctions as described below, please contact Customer Services at 1-800-2020-12360.If the appliance doesn't work, which of the following may be the cause?A.It has been used for many years.B.It is not plugged into the socket.C.Its temperature is too high.D.Its spouts are blocked.61.According to the table, which of the following is true?A If coffee taste bitter, you may add some milk and sugar.B If coffee is delivered too slowly, you may wait and activate the function again.C.coffee doesn't come out of spouts, you may check them with a toothpick.D.If milk is not frothed, you may use semi-skimmed milk.62.Where is the passage probably taken from?A. A coffee bean package.B. A cappuccino coffee machine booklet.C.A cappuccino coffee machine advertisement.D. A coffee machine quality report.(C)That easterners and westerners think in different ways is not mere prejudice. Many psychological studies conducted over the past two decades suggest Westerners have a more individualistic, analytic and abstract mental life than do East Asians. Several hypotheses (假设) have been put forward to explain this.One, that modernization promotes individualism, falls at the first hurdle: Japan, an ultra-modem country whose people have retained a collective outlook. A second, that a higher rate of infectious disease in a place makes contact with strangers more dangerous, and causes groups to turn inward, is hardly better. Europe has had its share of plagues; probably more than either Japan or Korea.Mr. Talheim realized that this idea is testable. Large areas of Asia, particularly in the north, depend not on rice, but on wheat. That, as he explains in a paper in Science, let him and his team put some flesh on this theory's bones. The team gathered almost 1,200 volunteers from all over Asia and asked them questions to assess their individualism or collectivism. The answers bore little relation to the wealth of a volunteer's place of origin. There was a striking correlation, though, with whether it was a rice-growing or a wheat-growing area. This difference was marked even between people from neighbouring counties with different agricultural traditions.63.According to the second paragraph, which statement does die author most probably agree with?A. The first hypothesis fails to justify Japan's ever-keeping collectivism as well as the second.B. The exposure to plague outbreaks increases the probability of the Europeans to turn back to individualism.D. Neither modernization, as with Europe, nor the once prevailing plague, as with Japan, gives any evidence that promotes individualism.64.What does the underlined word “stagger” probably mean?B.help something to develop more strongly because it's about to collapseC.plan or organize something in advance to make it neat or attractiveD.offer something to somebody and receive something in return65.Mr. Talheim studied the Asian volunteers growing wheat in order to find out ___________ .A.whether growing wheat results in more sharing behavior.B.whether growing wheat leads to more prosperous communityC.whether the local crop affects the local economy positively.D.whether the local crop is related to local people's mental life.66.Which of the following can serve as the best title for this passage?A. A good beginning makes a good ending.B.The grass is greener on the other side.C.As you sow, so you will reap.D.You are what you eat.Section CDirections: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.coronavirus-stricken city of Wuhan by offering counselling over the phone or by text. Before long she was running an online support group for people being treated in one of Wuhan's makeshift hospitals tor covid-19 patients. Now Ms. Shen wonders how she should assist those losing their beloved ones becauseof the disease. (67) ________________________________________________________ .Ms Shen is among a small army of mental-health professionals who have provided support during the coronavirus outbreak. Hundreds of universities and charities have set up “psychological hotlines” for people suffering from depression. (68) ___________________________________ .Such attention reflects a profound change in official and public attitudes. In recent years, the government has begun to stress the importance of mental health in the country's long-term development goals. (69) ________________________ . The government's “Healthy China 2030” plan，issued in 2016, called for a stronger A mental-dalth service system”(70) _____________ . Zhiying Ma of the University of Chicago says that young Chinese,in particular, have grown comfortable using terms such as depression and anxiety when talking about their difficulties. A Chinese government-funded survey published in 2019 found that such disorders were becoming more common in China. The study's authors suggested that “rapid social change” was intensifying "psychological pressure and stress".70.1V. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Solving the Problem of E-WasteOne of the problems damaging our planet is the number of things we throw away. A more recent addition to the list of things we chuck away is e-waste - electronic items that are broken and not recycled.Tonnes of televisions, phones, and other electronic equipment are discarded chiefly because we lack the skills to repair them. Fortunately, now solutions are being found to give e-waste a new life.There's a growing trend for repair events and clubs which could be part of a solution to the growing amount of electrical and electronic junk. A Restart Project in London, is one that many found around the world. One of its volunteers, Francesco Calo, said that "this project allows you to reduce waste, extend the life of objects, and it helps people who cannot afford to get rid of items that have developed a fault.As many electrical items contain valuable metals, another idea is e-waste mining. An experimentat the University of New South Wales involves extracting these materials from electronic appliances. It's thought that doing this could be more profitable than traditional mining.These projects make total sense --- collections of e-waste for recycling are depressing or even decreasing" according to Ruediger Kuehr, of the United Nations University. And in countries where there is no laws, much of it just gets dumped. However, the European Union, for example, is trying to tackle the problem by insisting manufacturers have to make appliances longer-lasting and will have to supply spare parts for machines for up to 10 years.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.他处理这个问题的方法是有效的。