英汉句子比较与翻译

“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one language to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1 “Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, which is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；52
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义 Nhomakorabea就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题，傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性，就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神，那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑，而且结果是削足就履，两败俱伤。” 1
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怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:2
关于英汉语言的比喻
陈安定：英语句子好比“一串珍珠”，而汉语句子则像“一盘大小各异的珍珠，散落玉盘，闪闪发光，灿烂夺目。”1

第五章英汉句子对比与翻译第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合”连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系，恰当地连为一体的语篇特征，但在重意合的汉语中，这种特征往往隐含在上下文中，呈“隐性”状态，但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解，因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足，而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征，既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式，既词法和句法结构来体现的，因此，在翻译过程中，译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。

翻译练习：1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to myluggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-goingfreight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests.4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern partof Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution.第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合”进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构，将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。

of the total population of the earth, China plays in world
affairs a role that can only grow more important in the
years ahead.
-- Jimmy Carter
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
• 这样的英语句子，结构显得过于松散了，变成汉式英语而非典型地道的英语句子了。
为什么会这样呢？
• 英汉句子的差异：形合与意合 • 这种差异在翻译中给译者带来一定的障碍。将一个重形合的
语篇译成重意合的语篇，最常见的错误就是将形合的特点迁 移（transfer）到重意合的语言中。 • 翻译中译者面临的困难很多，但句型结构的迁移是最大的障 碍。现在不少译者的译文充斥着英语的句法结构，甚至还美 其名曰“忠实于原文”，这种观念实在有害。
• 英语的结构性就很明显，如：
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory
explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of
• Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.

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傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。
汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
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5
这个问题必须予以处理。
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This matter must be dealt with.
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无被动助词
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看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。
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例句：
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那里讲什么语言？
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What language is spoken there?
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这个任务必须按时完成。
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This task must be fulfilled in time.
There is nothing wrong with this computer.
这台电脑没有什么毛病。
2 –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。
I worked very hard on this book.