句法对比与翻译
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- 230-校园英语 / 翻译探究主语突出与主题显著——汉语句子与英语sentence的对比及英汉翻译中北大学/高媛【摘要】英语是主语凸显的语言,sentence的基本结构形式是“主语——谓语”,汉语是主题凸显的语言,句子的基本结构形式是“话题——说明”。
本文对英汉句子进行了对比分析并总结了英汉互译时的注意事项和翻译策略。
【关键词】句子 sentence 话题——说明 主语——谓语一、主语凸显与主题凸显作为表义结构中一个较大的停顿单位,人们往往把汉语句子与英语sentence等同,其实从本质上是有很大差异的。
柯林斯词典对于sentence的定义是很明确的,“A sentence is a group of words which , when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.”可见,英语是形合的语言,英语句子好像一棵大树,结构紧凑严密,注重形式的严谨性;以动词为中心,以“主语——谓语”结构为框架,其核心规则就是主谓之间的一致关系。
相比之下,对汉语句子的定语则众说纷纭。
马建忠曾尝试用对英语sentence的定义来解释汉语句子,但有汉语中很多情况都没法解释。
Hockett于1958年提出“话题——说明”学说。
而赵元任最早提出汉语是“话题——说明”结构。
Charles N. Li和Sandra A. Thompson在其著作Subject and Topic一书中将语言分为四种基本类型:注重主语的语言;注重话题的语言;主语和话题都注重的语言;主语和话题都不注重的语言。
注重主语的语言是指句子结构主要是以主语——谓语这一结构为框架;而注重话题的语言,句子的基本结构形式是“话题——说明”。
汉英句式结构对比文学院对外汉语0711 何晓楠07102089摘要:语言研究通常是从共性和差异性两个方面着手。
英语和汉语都是属于分析语,他们有共通之处。
但同时,它们也有差异。
汉语从词法上分属于孤立语;而英语则是曲折语。
这说明汉语虚词与词序很重要,而英语则是靠词形的变化来表示词与词之间的关系。
这使得汉语和英语在句式结构上夜表现出了明显的差异。
突出表现在汉语的竹式结构和英语的树式结构的差异。
正确的掌握这些差异对第二语言的学习有着非常重要的意义。
关键词:树式结构;竹式结构;汉英语对比Abstract:The research of the Language usually starts from two aspects,commonness and otherness.English and Chinese belong to Analytic Language,and theyhave something in common.Meanwhile,they also have something indifferent.From the morphology,Chinese belongs to analytic language,butEnglish is fusional language.So we can find that function word and wordorder are very important in Chinese ,however,the relationship between wordand word in English depends on the change of morphology.It also shows anobvious difference in sentence structures between Chinese andEnglish,especially on the tree-structure of Chinese and the bamboo-structureof English.So it is important to understand these differences when you arelearning the second language.Keywords:tree-structure ;bamboo-structure;contrast Chinese with English英汉两种语言在句子结构上既有共同点,也有不同点。
英汉语言对比与翻译练习英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项:1.英汉语言句法/句式差别;2.体会英汉互译句式转换规律;Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上,众老婆们放下车帘,方命小厮们抬起,拉至宽处,加上训骡,出了西脚门往东,过荣府正门,如一黑油漆大门内,至仪门前,方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag fo r transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been agarden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( T ess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraord inary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖,忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗,瞪着眼,准对伊冲过来,便十分害怕,不敢说完话,回身走了。
通过汉英句法差异对比看主语翻译技巧——以《匆匆》中英文本为例发表时间:2013-10-11T09:28:50.670Z 来源:作者:王方[导读] 很多情况下,如果按照汉语的句式生搬硬套,译文的可读性就会大大降低。
王方陕西师范大学外国语学院710062摘要:本文从汉英句法的具体特征出发,主要以著名散文家朱自清的名篇《匆匆》中文文本和朱纯生的英译本为例,从主语、谓语、句与句之间的关系三个角度,考察汉英句法的不同之处,并着重分析了汉英翻译时句子主语的处理细节。
同时提出,我们在翻译时要充分考虑到汉英句法的差别,处理主语时要认真考虑、灵活对待。
关键词:汉英句法对比《匆匆》汉英翻译不同的思维方式导致汉语和英语两种语言在句子的概念、类型划分和组合机制等方面都具有很大差别。
两种语言的句法都有着各自的特征,即使是传达相同的信息,表达大多时候也不尽相同。
我们在翻译时要了解这些区别,全盘考虑。
著名散文家朱自清的名篇《匆匆》行文优美,具有典型的汉语句式特点,而朱纯生的译文用地道的英语表现出了原文的韵味。
本文主要以这两个文本为例,分析了汉英句法的不同特征,并讨论了汉语句子在翻译成英语时如何处理主语。
一、汉英句法对比“汉语为语义型语言,着力考究‘字’与语义及其相关关系,注重内容的意会性;而英语为语法型语言,重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类,句子结构受形式逻辑制约,注重形式的严谨。
”具体可以从以下三个方面进行分析:1.汉英句子主语的区别。
汉语句子“主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当,主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见”;而英语句子“主语突出、易于识别,且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任”。
例1.去的尽管去了,来的尽管来着,来去的中间,又怎样的匆匆呢?Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming; yet in between, how swift is the shift, in such a rush?此例中,汉语句子就没有明显的名词或名词性的主语,“去的”、“来的”两个形容词做了主语,后面的问句干脆就没了主语。
英汉语法与修辞对比Contrastive Study of Chinese and English Grammar and Rhetoric To clarify…:Grammar ,Rhetoric,Contrastive studyGrammar is the field of linguistics that covers the conventions governing the use of any given natural language. It includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics.theory, the language rule, the lawThe kernel of a languageRhetoric广义(消极修辞):既包括修辞格,又包括选择修饰语言、使语言适合语境需要,表达得体,以便更好地实现交际目的的语言艺术。
简明,连贯,得体,属于消极修辞的范畴,目的是要达到规范,明确。
狭义(积极修辞):只包括各种修辞格(figure of speech)的运用,并通过这种运用修辞格的手法使语言发生变异,以实现较为强烈的交际效果。
要求达到形象生动。
语法与修辞的关系狭义修辞:对语法的偏离↓使用频繁、普遍↓语法语法、修辞与语言学习的关系语法:语言的可接受性修辞:广义修辞:充分实现具体的交际目的狭义修辞:语言的个性和美学语法:广义修辞→狭义修辞→美学修辞对比主要讲解内容:主要修辞格对比与翻译练习Simile, metaphor , personification, Metonymy(转喻,借代), Synecdoche(提喻),Euphemism两种语言的异同外语学习:语言经验、语言评价意识、选择意识因为缺钱,又想干点有意义的事,我申请了那份工作,但是我一没有学位,二没教学经验,恐怕得到这份工作的希望渺茫。
英汉语言句法差异概述英汉句子的基本结构都是“主语+谓语+宾语”,但是在形式结构上有较多的差异。
这种差异主要表现在句序和句子结构等方面。
1. 句序的差异A. 修饰语位置差异英语的修饰语,如定语等,既可置于被修饰成分之前,又可置于其后。
但修饰语若为短语或分句,如定语从句等,则一般置于被修饰成分之后,成为后置。
而汉语的修饰语,无论是词、短语或是句子,一般都放在所修饰的词之前,成为前置。
例如:1) The son whom he had turned out had gone to a distant land, and his daughter was dead; so that there was no one left to help the old people.被他赶走的儿子已远走他乡,女儿也去世了,所以没人能帮助这两位老人了。
2) Then the guest called to the old woman who was seated behind the curtain: “Tell me, old woman, what you think concerni ng your former happiness and your present misery.”于是这位客人就大声询问坐在帘子后面的老妇:“告诉我,你对以前的幸福生活和现在的悲惨境况有什么想法?”B. 复合从句的语序差异英语复合句中主句和从句的顺序与汉语有较大的差异。
以状语从句为例,时间状语从句可以在主句之前,也可以在主句之后,叙述顺序灵活,而汉语则通常先发生的事先叙述,后发生的事后叙述;英语的因果状语从句中,表示原因的从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,汉语一般是“因”在前,“果”在后;英语的条件从句位置也较为灵活,可以放在表示结果的主句之前或之后,汉语中常常为条件在前,结果在后。
例如:1) It suited their master to have them in his service, since the old people had been in authority themselves, and so knew how to do things.因为老夫妇曾经是主人,知道怎么干活,所以穆罕默德有他们服侍自己,感到称心如意。
汉英翻译的理论基础—汉英语言对比3.汉英句法对比3.1.汉英思维方式比较:傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧,我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写唯恐不周。
汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。
……所以中国语法以达意为主。
英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
⏹西方人重形式论证,崇尚个体思维,重分析。
表现在语言中,重形合,不求全面、周到,但求结构上的严谨。
⏹汉民族重悟性,重整体、重综合。
在语言表达上重意合。
语言简约、模糊,语义较笼统、朦胧,形散而神聚。
汉语注重注重形象思维,惯于将事物具体话:四字格词语(成语):形象鲜明,形式对称,音韵和谐。
讲究结构的对仗和文采的华丽。
其词义往往虚实杂糅,甚至有繁复重叠之处。
(混水摸鱼,五光十色,画饼充饥,开门见山)3.2 英汉句法差异(语言结构)英语重形合(hypotaxis) ,形合是指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段连接起来,表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。
具体说来,英语的句子通常以主谓结构为主干,以谓语动词为中心,借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词之类的明示的连接手段,使句子呈现出由中心向外扩展的结构。
注重结构的完整,以形显义。
There are various categories of bag ladies: those who live on the streets, claiming they enjoy the freedom from constraints of society; those who became homeless because a relative died or because they c ouldn’t keep up rent payments, and they didn’t know where to go or how to apply for relief; and quasi bag ladies who have an anchor point --- a sister or brother whom they can visit once in a while to take a bath.汉语重意合(parataxis) ,意合是指词语或句子之间不用语言形式手段进行连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达,是隐形的连贯,注重逻辑事理顺序,以神统形。