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第四章翻译方法与技巧(句法)第一节分句法与合句法翻译英语句子时，有时我们可将原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变；但是不少情况则必须将原来的句子的结构作较大的改变。
分句法是指将原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子；合句法则是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。
一．分句法1、将原文中的一个单词译成句子1）They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
(将一个副词译为一个句子)2）That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出的。
(将一个形容词译为一句子)2、将原文中一个短语译成句子1）Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness, and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它能透过的几乎所有地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了阴影。
(将一个分词短语译为句子)能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭。
这是一条普遍公认的规律。
(将一个名词语译为一个句子)3、将一个句子拆开译成两个或两个以上句子His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。
(将一个句子译为一个主句和一个从句)二、合句法1、将原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north and near the sea.他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。
(将两个单句译为一个单句)2、将原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.我在谈判时总是有些紧张。
句法翻译法第一节名词性从句的翻译一、主语从句1、以what, whatever, whether, when, where, how, why等引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。
(举例)What he told me was only liesWhen we can begin the journey is still a question.2、用it作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子的最前面翻译。
为了强调，it一般可以译出来, 翻译成“这”；如果不需要强调，it也可以不译出来, （但一定要采取颠倒语序倒着翻译！！！）(举例)It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.It seemed unbelievable that the pilot could have survived the crash.题二、宾语从句1.用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if等引导的宾语从句，在翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。
(举例)I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.Can you hear what I say?I don’t know that he swam across the river.I don’t know how he swam across the river.He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.2.用it作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可以按英语原文的顺序来翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。
第四单元句法翻译1. Nixon was greatly impressed by Stassen’s firm handshake.2. After an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thickly with beads. (Alex Haley: Roots)3. He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases.4. I tried vainly to put the pieces together. (Helen Keller: The Story of My Life)5. “It’s very bad, madam, obviously.” (Herman Wouk: The Winds of War)1. Darkness fell. // An explosion shook the earth. // It did not shake his will to go to the front.2. She is very busy at home. // She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.3. 袭人之母也早迎了出来。
// 袭人拉了宝玉进去。
（曹雪芹：《红楼梦》，第十九回）4. 笛声止了。
//远远地起了拍掌声和欢笑声。
（巴金：《家》）5. 讲动武，祥子不能打个老人，也不能打个姑娘。
//他的力量没地方用。
（老舍：《骆驼祥子》）1. It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end.2. She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.3. Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War.4.黛玉又忙倒茶，一面又使眼色与宝玉。
汉译英方法二——句法翻译一．无主句的译法无主句。
(一)英语用被动语态1.表示事物存在或出现的无主句。
1)这儿将修建更多的居民楼。
More apartments will be built here.2)去年发现了一种稀有元素。
A rare element was found last year.2.表示要求、规定的无主句。
3)发现了错误，一定要改正。
Wrongs must be corrected when they are discovered.4)本剧场内禁止吸烟。
Smoking is prohibited in this theater.(二)用there be句型，或是it 做形式主语+be +to, it is + past participle +that….等结构1.你忘了一句古话了吗：学到老，活到老。
更何况你并不老。
（周而复《上海的早晨》）You’re forgetting the old saying: one is never too old to learn. In any case, you are not old at all.2.总之，有两点需要考虑。
In short, there are two aspects have to be considered.(三)用倒装语序1.在游廊的最左端，靠近一道门，却坐着一位将近三十岁的男子。
（矛盾《子夜》）Close by a door at the extreme left of the corridor sat a man of about thirty.(四)用祈使句。
汉语中表示请求、命令、号召、标语、口号等无主句，可以用祈使句。
1.中国共产党万岁！Long live the Chinese Communist Party.2.此处禁止停车No Parking(五)用适当的名词或代词补出主语1.没有受过恋爱洗礼的人生，不能算是真正的人生。
