(完整版)地理专业英语词汇

地理相关英语词汇（1）一、基础词汇1. 地球（Earth）：我们生活的星球，位于太阳系中的第三颗行星。

2. 大陆（Continent）：地球上面积较大的陆地，如亚洲、非洲、北美洲等。

3. 海洋（Ocean）：地球上广阔的盐水区域，如太平洋、大西洋、印度洋等。

4. 国家（Country）：具有独立政治实体和固定领土的区域。

5. 地图（Map）：展示地球表面或某一区域的图形表示。

6. 河流（River）：地表自然水流，通常由源头流向海洋或湖泊。

7. 山脉（Mountain Range）：一系列相连的山峰，如喜马拉雅山脉、阿尔卑斯山脉等。

8. 气候（Climate）：一个地区长期的天气状况和大气现象。

9. 生态系统（Ecosystem）：生物与非生物环境相互作用的一个自然系统。

10. 自然资源（Natural Resources）：自然界中人类可以利用的物质和能量，如水、土地、矿产等。

二、地形地貌词汇1. 高原（Plateau）：相对平坦且海拔较高的地区，如青藏高原。

2. 平原（Plain）：地势低平，起伏较小的地区，如华北平原。

3. 山峰（Mountain）：地形高耸，尖锐或圆形的陆地部分。

4. 峡谷（Canyon）：河流长期侵蚀形成的深而狭窄的地形。

5. 沙漠（Desert）：降水量极少的地区，地表覆盖沙子或石块。

6. 湖泊（Lake）：位于陆地上的淡水或咸水水域，如青海湖、洞庭湖等。

7. 沼泽（Marsh）：土壤水分饱和，生长有特殊植被的地区。

三、地理现象词汇1. 地震（Earthquake）：地球表层快速释放能量，导致地面震动的一种自然现象。

2. 火山爆发（Volcanic Eruption）：地球内部岩浆喷发到地表的现象。

4. 洪水（Flood）：河流、湖泊水位急剧上涨，淹没周边地区的一种自然现象。

5. 干旱（Drought）：长时间无降水或降水量明显减少，导致土壤水分不足的现象。

四、地理学术词汇1. 地理信息系统（GIS）：一种用于捕捉、存储、分析和管理地理空间数据的系统。

地理学英语词汇大全掌握地理学理论与地理现象的专业术语地理学英语词汇大全——掌握地理学理论与地理现象的专业术语引言：地理学作为一门综合性学科，涉及地球表面的各种现象、过程及其相互关系。

掌握地理学的基本概念和专业术语对于学习和理解地理学理论具有重要意义。

本文将为大家提供一份地理学英语词汇大全，帮助读者更好地理解和运用地理学的英语术语。

一、地球的构成与结构1. Earth's composition and structure- Crust: the outer solid layer of the Earth- Mantle: the layer between the Earth's crust and core- Core: the innermost part of the Earth, consisting of the outer liquid core and the inner solid core- Lithosphere: the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and uppermost mantle- Asthenosphere: the semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere- Tectonic plates: large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that fit together and move on the semi-fluid asthenosphere二、地理学分支及其研究2. Branches of geography and their studies- Physical geography: the study of natural features and processes on the Earth's surface, such as landforms, climates, and ecosystems- Biogeography: the study of the distribution of plants and animals on the Earth's surface- Geomorphology: the study of landforms and the processes that shape them- Climatology: the study of climates and climate change- Human geography: the study of human activities, cultures, and societies and their impact on the Earth's surface- Economic geography: the study of the spatial distribution of economic activities and their impact on the development of regions- Urban geography: the study of cities and urban areas, including their growth, organization, and social issues- Political geography: the study of political systems and their spatial distribution三、地球表面的地貌与地质过程3. Landforms and geological processes on Earth's surface- Mountains: natural elevations of the Earth's surface with steep slopes and comparatively high peaks- Plateaus: flat, elevated areas with steep sides- Plains: broad, flat or gently rolling areas with no significant changes in elevation- Valleys: low areas between mountains or hills, often containing rivers- Erosion: the process of wearing away rocks and soils by water, wind, or ice- Weathering: the breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments by physical or chemical means四、气候与气象4. Climate and weather- Climate: the long-term average weather conditions of a region, including temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, etc.- Weather: the short-term atmospheric conditions of a specific place and time- Precipitation: any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail- Temperature: the degree of hotness or coldness of the air or other substances- Humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air- Pressure: the force exerted by the atmosphere on a given area- Wind: the horizontal movement of air caused by differences in air pressure五、人类活动与环境问题5. Human activities and environmental issues- Deforestation: the clearing of forests for agriculture, logging, orurban development- Pollution: the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, such as air pollution, water pollution, or soil pollution- Global warming: the gradual increase in the Earth's temperature dueto human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels- Urbanization: the process of population concentration in urban areas, often accompanied by the expansion of cities and the transformation of rural areas- Sustainable development: the use of resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs结语：通过掌握地理学的专业术语，我们能更好地理解和运用地理学理论，提升我们对地理现象的认识。

地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线,经线parallel 平行圈,纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形,地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的,陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物,沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1、core; mantle; crust 地核;地幔;地壳4、continental crust 大陆地壳5、granite; basalt 花岗岩;玄武岩6、sial; sima 硅铝层;硅镁层7、surface waves; body 、、面波;体波8、epicentre; focus 震中;震源9、lithosphere 岩石圈10、tectonic plate 构造板块11、continetal drift 大陆漂移12、asthenosphere 软流层13、ocean ridge 洋脊14、ocean trench 海沟15、subduction 俯冲作用16、volcanism 火山作用17、fold mountain 褶皱山脉18、fold; fault 褶皱;断层19、sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20、vent 火山口21、lava 熔岩22、volcanic cones 火山锥23、parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24、plug 岩颈25、volcanic ash 火山灰26、mechanical weathering 机械风化27、chemical weathering 化学风化28、freeze-thaw 冻融29、pressure release 卸荷释重30、limestone 石灰岩31、hydrolysis 水解作用32、quartz 石英33、hydration 水合作用34、oxidation 氧化作用35、alluvium 冲击层36、gravel 砂砾37、denudation 剥蚀作用38、precipitation 降水39、climatic zone 气候带40、mid-latitude 中纬度41、semi-arid 半干旱42、tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43、watershed 分水岭44、drainage basin 流域45、regolith 风化层46、soil creep 土壤蠕动47、mass movement 块体运动48、strata 地层49、overland runoff 地表径流50、sheet wash 片状冲刷51、pediment 山前侵蚀平原(山足面)52、rockfall 山崩53、landslide 滑坡54、interception 截流55、evapotranspiration 蒸发与蒸腾总量56、capillary rise 毛管上升57、aeration zone 包气带58、overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流;壤中流;地下径流59、water table 潜水面(水位)60、basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61、tributary 支流;62、trunk stream 干流63、drainage density 河网密度64、flood plain 泛滥平原65、coniferous tree 松树67、inselberg 岛状山68、equator 赤道69、monsoon 季风70、storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71、discharge 流量72、peak flow 洪峰流量73、rainfall peak 降水峰值74、precipitation intensity 降水强度75、land use 土地利用76、water-born waste 水成废弃物77、heavy metal 重金属78、climatology 气候学79、urban heat island 城市热岛80、deciduous trees 落叶树81、upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82、vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83、headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84、lateral erosion 侧蚀85、pot-hole 壶穴86、meander 曲流87、ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88、delta 三角洲89、lake basin 湖盆90、levee 天然提91、rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92、clay;silt;sand;粘土;粉砂;砂93、suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94、atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95、laminar flow 层流96、turbulent flow 紊流97、riffle; pool 浅滩;深槽98、channel roughness 河道粗糙度99、sandbar 沙坝100、thalweg 中泓线101、estuary 河口102、lagoon 泻湖103、salinity 盐度104、coastline 海岸线105、dune 沙丘106、suspension; saltation; creep 悬移;跃移;蠕移107、dust storm 尘暴108、windward; leeward 迎风;背风109、prevailing wind 盛行风110、deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111、aridity 干燥度112、tropic of cancer 北回归线113、tropic of capricorn 南回归线114、gobi 戈壁115、continentality 大陆度116、cold ocean current 寒流117、plateau 高原118、alluvial fan 冲积扇119、pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120、deflation 风蚀121、moraine 冰碛122、glacial;interglacial 冰期;间冰期123、Recent 全新世124、Quaternary Era 第四纪125、periglacial period 冰缘期126、nivation 冰蚀127、earth’ orbit 地球轨道128、plucking 挖蚀129、abrasion 磨蚀130、pyramidal peak 角峰131、arete 刃脊132、cirque 冰斗133、horn 角峰134、U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135、fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136、drumlin 鼓丘137、terminal moraine 终碛138、outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139、kettle hole 锅穴140、wavelength 波长141、crest;trough 波峰;波谷142、wave period 周期143、wave frequency 波频144、wave height 波高145、wave refraction 波浪折射146、tidal range 潮差147、stack 海蚀柱148、arch 海蚀拱桥149、headland 海岬150、troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层(顶)、平流、中间、热成151、pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152、isobar 等压线153、sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154、cirrus 卷云155、cumulus 积云156、stratus 层云157、cumulonimbus 积雨云158、convection rain 对流雨159、thunderstorm 雷雨160、depression 低气压161、frontal rain 锋面雨162、orographic rain 地形雨163、equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164、front 锋165、temperature inversion 逆温166、soil texture 土壤质地167、loam 壤土168、soil structure 土壤结构169、soil moisture 土壤水分170、field capacity 田间持水量171、cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172、podzol 灰化土173、brown earth 褐土174、sandstone 砂岩175、gley 潜育土176、azonal soil 非地带性土壤177、soil horizon 土层178、humification 腐殖化作用179、mineralisation 矿化作用180、eluviation 淋溶作用181、calcification 钙化作用182、salinisation 盐化作用183、gleying 潜育化作用184、illuviation 淀积作用185、savanna 热带稀树草原(萨王纳) 186、saline soil 盐土187、biogeography 生物地理学188、biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189、autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物;异养生物190、producer; consumer 生产者;消费者191、photosynthesis 光合作用192、herbivore 食草动物193、carnivore 食肉动物194、decomposer 分解者195、trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196、food web 食物网197、primary productivity 初级生产力198、gross productivity 总生产力199、net productivity 净生产力200、continental shelf 大陆架201、succession(prisere) 演替202、climax community 顶级群落203、primary (secondary) succession 初级与次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1、 Longitude and latitude ...........................经度与纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2、 Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转与公转P6 (2)Lesson 4、 The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞与喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因与影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1、 LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度与纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels;测定地球表面上点的位置就是按照沿着子午线(经线)与纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long、 115。

地理专业名词中英文对照1、大气ATMOSPHERE大气组成Atmospheric composition空气质量Air quality大气化学Atmospheric chemistry大气成分Atmospheric components大气颗粒物Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳Carbon dioxide温室气体Greenhouse gases氧气Oxygen臭氧层Ozone layer大气过程Atmospheric processes空气,水相互作用Air-water interaction大气环流Atmospheric circulation大气降水Atmospheric precipitation碳循环Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitation enhancement降雨Rainfall太阳辐射Solar radiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Air pollution酸雨Acid rain空气污染物Air pollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Deposited particulate matter飞灰Fly ash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoor air pollution 烟雾Smog气候问题Climatic issues农业气象学Agrometeorology气候Climate气候变化Climatic change气候带Climatic zones干旱Drought全球变暖Global warming温室效应Greenhouse effect湿度Humidity微气候影响Microclimate effects海平面上升Sea level rise人工影响天气Weather modification2、岩石圈LITHOSPHERE固态地球Solid Earth洞穴Caves地震活动Seismic activity地震监测Seismic monitoring火山Volcanoes风蚀Wind erosion3、陆地生态系统TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS土壤Soils农用土地Agricultural land碱地Alkali lands污染的土地Contaminated land污染的土壤Contaminated soil沙坑Gravel pits荒地Heath lands土地承载能力Land carrying capacity土地污染Land pollution土地开垦Land reclamation土地恢复Land restoration土地使用分类Land use classification边缘土地Marginal lands沙石开采Sand extraction沉积Sedimentation土壤潜力Soil capabilities土壤保持Soil conservation土壤污染Soil contamination土壤退化Soil degradation土壤侵蚀Soil erosion土壤改良Soil improvement土壤盐碱化Soil salination水蚀Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid land ecosystems干旱土地Arid lands沙漠化Desertification抗旱Drought control旱作Dry farming沙丘固定Sand dune fixation沙丘Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统Semi-arid land ecosystems 森林生态系统Forest ecosystems植树造林Afforestation针叶林Coniferous forests森林砍伐Deforestation森林保护Forest conservation森林火灾Forest fires草地火灾Grass fires绿化带Greenbelts本地森林Indigenous forests再造林Reforestation植被恢复Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林Temperate forests温带林地Temperate woodlands树木Trees热带生态系统Tropical ecosystems热带森林Tropical forests热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统Woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems 南极生态系统Antarctic ecosystems南极地区Antarctic region北极生态系统Arctic ecosystems北极地区Arctic region寒带生态系统Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统Permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统Polar ecosystems温带生态系统Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统Highland ecosystems登山运动Mountaineering湿地生态系统Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽Mangrove swamps水禽Waterfowl水涝地Waterlogged lands流域管理Watershed management水边开发Waterside development生物多样性和保护区Biological diversity and protected areas适应性强的物种Adaptable species藻类Algae两栖动物Amphibians动物习性Animal behaviour动物资源Animal resources节肢动物Arthropods生物多样性Biological diversity生物资源Biological resources生物圈保护区Biosphere reserves群落生境Biotopes鸟类Birds植物园Botanical gardens基因资源保护Conservation of genetic resources 生态平衡Ecological balance濒危动物物种Endangered animal species濒危植物物种Endangered plant species河口保护区Estuarine conservation areas动物区系Fauna植物区系Flora食物链Food chain捕猎Hunting无脊椎动物Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物Land mammals哺乳动物Mammals海洋保护区Marine conservation areas微生物Microorganisms移栖种Migratory species国家公园National parks国家保护区National reserves寄生生物Parasites偷猎Poaching灵长目Primates保护区Protected areas受保护的物种Protected species爬行动物Reptiles陆地生物资源Terrestrial biological resources植被Vegetation杂草Weeds野生生物Wildlife野生生物保护Wildlife conservation野生生物生境Wildlife habitats动物园Zoological gardens细菌Bacteria酶Enzymes真菌Fungi基因库Gene banks种质Germ plasm微生物资源Microbial resources原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts生物技术问题Biotechnological issues农业生物技术Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学Bioethics生物安全Biosafety生物技术Biotechnologies无性繁殖Cloning与健康有关的生物技术Health-related biotechnologies诱变剂Mutagens突变微生物释放Mutated microorganisms release突变体Mutants繁殖控制Reproductive manipulationDNA重组技术Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会,经济影响Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies 致畸剂Teratogens4、淡水FRESHWATER淡水资源Freshwater resources淡水保护Conservation of freshwater水坝Dams冰Ice湖泊Lakes自然排水系统Natural drainage systems河流流域开发River basin development河流Rivers雪Snow地下水Subterranean water地表水Surface waters水资源保护Water resources conservation水资源开发Water resources development淡水生态系统Freshwater ecosystems集水区Catchment areas国际河流流域International river basins湖泊流域Lake basins池塘尾渣Ponds tailings河流流域River basins淡水恶化Freshwater degradation河流污染River pollution径流Run-off沉积物移动Sediment mobilization沉积物运移Sediment transport沉积盆地Sedimentary basins渗漏Seepage凤眼蓝Water hyacinth水葫芦;凤眼兰;凤眼莲;凤眼蓝;风信花水污染Water pollution水的盐化Water salination饮用水供应Drinking water supply脱盐Desalination饮用水Drinking water饮用水处理Drinking water treatment城市配水系统Municipal water distribution systems 农村供水Rural water supply污水处理厂Sewage treatment plants水泵Water pumps水处理Water treatment水井Water wells5、海洋环境MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统Marine ecosystems藻花Algal bloom海底生态系统Benthic ecosystems海洋污染Marine pollution污染沉积物Marine sediments海洋环境Ocean circulation洋流Ocean currents海洋Oceans海洋温度Ocean temperature赤潮Red tide海平面Sea level潮,潮汐Tides沿海生态系统Coastal ecosystems群岛Archipelagoes沿海地区Coastal areas沿海开发Coastal development沿海环境Coastal environments海岸侵蚀Coastal erosion疏浚Dredging河口生态系统Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统Island ecosystems小岛屿Small islands海洋生物资源Living marine resources水生哺乳动物Aquatic mammals水生微生物Aquatic microorganisms水生植物Aquatic plants珊瑚礁Coral reefs甲壳纲动物Crustaceans鱼类Fish海洋资源保护Marine resources conservation软体动物Molluscs水生贝壳类动物Shellfish6、环境管理ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT资源管理Resources management深海矿藏Deep sea deposits森林管理Forest management森林政策Forest policy资源的地埋分布Geographic distribution of resources土地价值Land values矿产资源Mineral resources国家保护计划National conservation programs自然资源Natural resources自然保护Nature conservation不可再生资源Non-renewable resources资源净损耗Net resource depletion矿床Ore deposits石油资源保护Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源Renewable resources资源估价Resource appraisal资源保护Resource conservation海底开发Sea bed exploitation海底采矿Sea bed mining本地资源的利用Utilization of local resources环境规划Environmental planning发展合作Development cooperation发展计划Development planning生态发展Ecodevelopment经济发展Economic development经济计划Economic planning环境核算Environmental accounting环境审计Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价Environmental health impact assessment 环境影响Environmental impact环境影响评价Environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书Environmental impact statement环境指标Environmental indicators环境政策Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment财政资助Financial assistance土地利用规划Land use planning环境管理指标Environmental management indicators环境质量指标Environmental quality indicators试验项目Pilot projects政策规划Policy planning施压集团Pressure groups区域规划Regional planning自助计划Self-help programmes工农业选址Siting of industry社会调查Social surveys发展状况Status of development可持续发展Sustainable development可持续发展指标Sustainable development indicators技术评价Technology assessment运输计划Transport planning环境经济问题Environmental economic issues环境定价Environmental valuation环境成本Environmental costs外部Externalities重置成本Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响Trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分valued ecosystem components 经济管理手段Economic management instruments成本-效益分析Cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务Developing countries debt环境股票交易Environmental stock exchange政府环境开支Government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化Internalisation of environmental costs以绿色标志促销Marketing with green labelling资源的定价政策Pricing policies of resources结构调整计划Structural adjustment programs税收差别Tax differentiation可交易的许可证Tradeable permits7、人类住区HUMAN SETTLEMENTS人类住区管理Human settlements management建成区Built-up areas经济规划Economic zoning用火安全要求Fire safety requirements历史遗址Historical sites住房改善Housing improvements住房需求Housing needs住房规划Housing programmes住房质量标准Housing quality standards工业区Industrial areas非高峰时间工作Off-peak working办公室Offices城区发展模式Patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展Planned urban development 再建房屋Rehousing租赁房屋Rental housing居民区Residential areas建筑安全标准Safety standards for buildings 商店Shops建筑业标准Standards for building industry 城区设计Urban design建成结构Built structures桥梁Bridges建筑材料Building materials建筑物Buildings建筑技术Building technology施工技术Construction technology建筑工程Construction works农业建筑Farm buildings政府建筑Government buildings高层建筑High-rise buildings工业建筑Industrial buildings本地建筑材料Local materials for building拖车住房Mobile homes核研究中心Nuclear research centres装配式房屋Prefabricated buildings结构Structures隔热Thermal insulation基础设施Infrastructure通道Access roads水上娱乐活动Aquatic recreational amenities 汽车停放Automobile parking建成的排水系统Built drainage systems电力分配Electric power distribution公共花园Public gardens公路Highways空地Open spaces管道Pipelines运动场Playgrounds公园Public parks公用事业Public utilities道路建设Road construction道路养护Road maintenance体育设施Sports facilities电信Telecommunications运输系统Transport systems隧道Tunnels城市供水Urban water supply公共服务Public services人类住区的社会,经济方面Socio-economic aspects of human settlements 生育控制Birth control社区服务Community services社区参与Community participation通勤Commuting消费方式Consumption patterns文化指标Cultural indicators发展模式Development patterns残疾人Disabled persons毒品滥用Drug abuse生态旅游Ecotourism计划生育Family planning性别问题Gender issues无家可归Homelessness住房集资Housing finance人类迁居Human migration人口Human population人权Human rights土地分配Land allotment生活方式Lifestyles低价住房Low-cost housing流动工人Migrant workers少数民族Minorities社区改善计划Neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区New communities流浪者Nomads非高峰时间通勤Off-peak commuting公共卫生Public health种族关系Race relations娱乐Recreation农村地区Rural areas环境卫生Sanitation社会指数Social indicators社会-经济因素Socio-economic factors旅游Tourism旅行Travel贫困阶层Under-privileged people 城市地区Urban areas城区改造Urban renewal城区压力Urban stress妇女地位Women status8、人类住区的环境方面Environmental aspects of human settlements空调Air conditioning尸体处置Disposal of the dead区城供热District heating住房密度Housing density过度拥挤Overcrowding难民Refugees旅游设施Tourist facilities城市衰败Urban decay9、农业AGRICULTURE农业方式Agricultural practices农业设备Agricultural equipment农业管理Agricultural management农业方法Agricultural methods农业害虫Agricultural pests农业生产Agricultural production农业储藏Agricultural storage动物疾病Animal diseases动物营养Animal nutrition养蜂业Apiculture水产养殖Aquaculture害虫的生物控制Biological control of pests 生物固氮Biological nitrogen fixation堆肥Composts等高耕作Contour farming受控燃烧Controlled burning作物保护Crop protection挽畜Draught animals鱼类养殖Fish culture渔业管理Fisheries management谷物Grains作物虫害传染Infestation of crops粮食虫害传染Infestation of food灌溉Irrigation灌溉渠Irrigation canals灌溉农业Irrigation farming天然肥料Natural fertilizers有机农业Organic farming病虫害控制Pest management杀虫剂标准控制Pesticide control standards 植物病害Plant diseases家禽饲养Poultry farming林农轮作Shifting cultivation树木苗圃Tree nurseries滴灌Trickle irrigation农工业Agro-industry畜产品Animal products饮料工业Beverage industry酿造业Brewing industry蒸馏业Distilling industry食品辐照Food irradiation食品保存Food preservation食品贮藏Food storage食品运输Food transport林产品Forest products烟草Tobacco农用化学品Agrochemicals化学肥料Chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂Fungicides除草剂Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢Metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐Nitrates亚硝酸盐Nitrites亚硝胺Nitrosamines营养物Nutrients有机磷化物Organophosphorus compounds 杀虫剂的持久性Persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径Pesticide pathways杀虫剂Pesticides磷酸盐Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性Toxicity of pesticides杀虫剂的使用Utilization of pesticides10、工业INDUSTRY工业生产过程Industrial processes制铝工业Aluminium industry适用技术Appropriate technology高炉Blast furnaces纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry洗烫衣服Laundering皮革工业Leather industry金属加工Metal finishing金属电镀Metal plating金属冶炼Metal smelting矿产业Mineral industry采矿Mining天然气开采Natural gas extraction原油开采Oil extraction石油提炼Petroleum refining印刷工业Printing industry纸浆工业Pulp industry采石Quarrying橡胶加工Rubber processing炼钢工业Steel industry露天剥采Strip mining焦油生产Tar production焦油使用Tar use木材保存Wood preservation工业产品Industrial products消费品Consumer goods危险品Dangerous goods工业材料Industrial materials天然纤维Natural fibres包装Packaging涂料Paints产品标签Product labelling可再用容器Reusable containers合成洗涤剂Synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维Synthetic textile fibres漆Varnishes木产品Wood products11、运输TRANSPORTATION空运Air transportation空中交通规则Air traffic regulations飞机Aircraft飞机发动机排放物Aircraft engine emissions飞机噪音Aircraft noise机场Airports航天运输Space transportation陆上运输Land transportation自行车Bicycles内燃机Combustion engines铁路运输Railway transport道路安全Road safety道路交通工程Road traffic engineering 道路运输Road transport道路Roads城市交通Urban traffic车辆检验Vehicle inspection水上运输Water transportation渔轮Fishing vessels内河运输Inland water transport内陆水道Inland waterways国际水道International watercourses 海运Maritime transport航运的危害Navigational hazards油轮Oil tankers港口Ports潜水艇Submarines12、能ENERGY能源Energy sources动物粪便作燃料Animal dung as fuel 沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomass energy木炭Charcoal煤Coal原油Crude oil能源资源Energy resources浓缩铀Enriched uranium矿物燃料Fossil fuels燃料酒精Fuel alcohol薪柴Fuel wood地热能Geothermal energy碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon compounds 烃Hydrocarbons水电Hydroelectric power液化气Liquefied gas甲烷Methane天然气Natural gas可再生能源Renewable energy sources不可再生能源Non-renewable energy resources 无污染能源Non-polluting energy sources核能Nuclear energy核燃料Nuclear fuels油类Oils油页岩Oil shales泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refuse derived fuels太阳能Solar energy焦油砂Tar sands海洋热能Thermal sea power潮汐能Tidal energy铀Uranium波浪能Wave energy风能Wind energy能源过程Energy processes煤气化Coal gasification煤液化Coal liquefaction电力Electric power发电厂Electric power plants蓄电装置Electrical storage devices能源保护Energy conservation能源转换Energy conversion能源效率Energy efficiency能源政策Energy policy能源生产Energy production能源利用Energy use能源利用方式Energy utilization patterns气体液化Gas liquefaction照明Lighting天然气勘探Natural gas exploration核能利用Nuclear energy uses核电站Nuclear power plants近海石油钻探Offshore oil drilling石油勘探Oil exploration日照加热Solar heating13、环境化学ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 无机物质Inorganic substances酸Acids氧化铝Alumina氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloric acid硫化氢Hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐Sulphates硫酸Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents光化学效应Photochemical effects有机物质Organic substances有机硅化合物Organosilicon compounds酚Phenols外激素，信息素Pheromones植物油Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemical processes 酸化Acidification 需氧过程Aerobic processes厌氧过程Anaerobic processes生物降解Biodegradation脱氮作用Denitrification富营氧化Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用Interaction of pesticides电离辐射Ionizing radiation代谢(作用)，新陈代谢(作用) Metabolism固氮Nitrogen fixation非电离辐射Non-ionizing radiation光合作用Photosynthesis物理,化学过程Physico-chemical processes放射性Radioactivity毒性Toxicity污染POLLUTION污染物Pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂Aerosols农业废物Agricultural wastes石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercial noise混合污染Composite pollution作物废物Crop waste二恶英Dioxins农家场院废物Farmyard waste火、火灾Fire危险物质Hazardous substances危险废物Hazardous wastes重金属Heavy metals医院废物Hospital wastes工业废水Industrial effluents工业排放物Industrial emissions工业烟尘Industrial fumes工业噪声Industrial noise无机污染物Inorganic pollutants铅污染Lead contamination液体废物Liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercury contamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes机动车辆排放物Motor vehicle emissions城市废物Municipal waste氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides噪声污染Noise pollution恶臭公害Odour nuisance有机物污染Organic pollutants难降解有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants 有机溶剂Organic solvents有机卤化物Organohalogen compounds医药废物Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物Plastic wastes多氯联苯Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物Polymer wastes放射性物质Radioactive substances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubber waste锯屑Sawdust污水Sewage屠宰场废物Slaughterhouse waste固体废物Solid wastes热污染Thermal pollution有毒物质Toxic substances有毒废物Toxic waste毒素Toxins痕量元素Trace elements痕量物质Trace materials交通噪音Traffic noise废物，垃圾Trash废热Waste heat木材废料Wood waste对流层臭氧Tropospheric ozone污染源Pollution sources生物武器Biological weapons水泥工业Cement industry化学武器Chemical weapons烟囱Chimneys冷却水Cooling waters机动车辆Motor vehicles摩托车Motorcycles核武器Nuclear weapons海洋倾倒Ocean dumping石油泄漏Oil spills废金属Scrap metals挖掘堆积Excavation heaps污染治理Pollution abatement隔音Acoustic insulation化学污染清除Chemical decontamination燃料脱硫Desulphurization of fuels过滤器Filters噪音治理Noise abatement污染治理设备Pollution abatement equipment 污染控制技术Pollution control technology辐射防护Radiation protection洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators防烟Smoke prevention废物最少化Waste minimization废物Wastes电池处理Battery disposal废物的化学处理Chemical treatment of waste处置场所Disposal sites废物焚烧Incineration of waste矿山回填Mine filling残油回收Oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理Radioactive waste management 回收的材料Recycled materials回收Recycling材料再利用Reuse of materials卫生填埋Sanitary landfills海洋排泄口Sea outfall化粪池Septic tanks污水处置Sewage disposal污水处理系统Sewage treatment systems固体废物处置Solid waste disposal废物同化处置Waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术Waste conversion techniques废物处置Waste disposal废物土地处置Waste disposal in the ground废物处置税Waste disposal taxes废物回收Waste recovery废物利用Waste use水的再利用Water reuse14、人体健康HUMAN HEALTH污染物的危害Hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累Accumulation in body tissues镉污染Cadmium contamination环境健康危害Environmental health hazards人体接触污染物Human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应Long-term effects of pollutants核安全Nuclear safety污染物的影响Pollutant effects污染风险Pollution risk辐射效应Radiation effects药物的副作用Side effects of pharmaceutical drugs有毒物质的协同效应Synergistic effects of toxic substances 与环境有关的疾病Environmentally related diseases致癌物Carcinogens南美锥虫病Chagas'' disease人类的疾病Human diseases免疫疾病Immunological diseases婴儿死亡率Infant mortality疟疾Malaria盘尾丝虫病Onchocerciasis病原生物体Pathogenic organisms辐射病Radiation sickness血吸虫病Schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介Vectors of human diseases工作环境Working environment人机工程学Ergonomics职业健康Occupational health职业安全Occupational safety振动Vibration营养与保健Nutrition and health care过敏素Allergens基本食物要求Basic food requirements食品Food食品添加剂Food additives食用色素Food colourants食品污染Food contamination保健Health care卫生设施Health facilities高蛋白食品High protein foods医院Hospitals营养不良Malnutrition医疗Medical treatment药用植物Medicinal plants营养Nutrition食品的营养价值Nutritive value of food毒物Poisons吸烟Smoking主食Staple foods传统保健Traditional health care15、灾难DISASTERS灾难现象Catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放Accidental release of organisms 雪崩Avalanches旋风Cyclones沙漠蝗虫Desert locusts地震Earthquakes环境事故Environmental accidents流行病Epidemics洪水Floods飓风Hurricanes山崩Landslides人为灾难Human-made disasters核事故Nuclear accidents放射性污染Radioactive contamination释放Release地震海浪Seismic sea waves泄漏Spillage暴风雨Storms台风Typhoons应急减灾措施Emergency relief measures灾难清理作业Disaster clean-up operations防灾准备Disaster preparedness防灾Disaster prevention灾难救援Disaster relief流离失所人员Displaced persons紧急救援Emergency relief应急避难所Emergency shelter环境应急计划Environmental contingency planning 防洪Flood control放射性污染清除Radioactive decontamination临时住房Temporary housing临时避难所Temporary shelter生境破坏Habitat destruction陆地活动Land-based activities自然改变Physical alterations16、监测MONITORING环境监测Environmental monitoring生物指标Biological indicators生态标志Ecolabelling污染物鉴别Identification of pollutants噪声监制Noise monitoring污染物分析Pollutant analysis污染物分布Pollutant distribution污染物浓度Pollutant levels污染物监测Pollutant monitoring污染物路径Pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别Pollutant source identification 污染监测Pollution monitoring辐射监测Radiation monitoring交通监测Traffic monitoring监测数据Monitoring data空气质量管理Air quality management大气监测Atmospheric monitoring本底监测Baseline monitoring环境标准Environmental criteria环境评价Environmental assessment部门评价Sectoral assessment环境统计Environmental statistics森林资源评估Forest resource assessment洪水监测Freshwater monitoring工业生产统计Industrial production statistics长期预报Long-term forecasting长期趋势Long-term trends海洋监测Marine monitoring监测基准Monitoring criteria污染基准Pollution criteria污染标准Pollution norms质量控制Quality control水盾Water quality天气监测Weather monitoring天气预报Weather prediction野生生物种群统计Wildlife population statistics 监测技术Monitoring techniques分析设备Analytical equipment大气模型Atmospheric models自动检测Automatic detection测量仪器的标定Calibration of measuring equipment 色谱分析Chromatographic analysis气象色谱法Gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计Modelling监测仪器Monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术Radioactive tracer techniques采样技术Sampling techniques模拟Simulation河道观测Stream measurement毒理测定Toxicological testing报警系统Warning systems监测系统Monitoring systems17、环境法ENVIRONMENTAL LAW国内立法National legislation农业立法Agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施Antipollution incentives环境犯罪Environmental crimes环境激励措施Environmental incentives环境责任Environmental liability环境过失Environmental misconduct环境质量标准Environmental quality standards环境补贴Environmental subsidies林业立法Forestry legislation健康立法Health legislation住房立法Housing legislation工业立法Industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚Penalties for environmental damage 污染者付费原则Polluter-pays principle污染控制法规Pollution control regulations污染责任Pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取Public access to land法规控制Regulatory control国际环境关系International environmental relations入海通道Access to the sea双边协定Bilateral conventions环境安全Environmental security环境破坏行为Environmental vandalism环境冲突Environmental warfare危险废物的出口Export of hazardous wastes全球性公约Global conventions国际标准化International standardization国际贸易International trade国际性重要的失态系统Internationally important ecosystems海洋事故的责任Liability for marine accidents核破坏的责任Liability for nuclear damages军事活动Military activity事先知情同意Prior informed consent危险废物运输的事先通告Prior notification for hazardous waste transport 区域性公约Regional conventions技术转让Technology transfer贸易避垒Trade barriers越境污染Trans-frontier pollution危险物质的运输Transport of hazardous materials18、环境信息ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION信息基础设施Information infrastructure图书馆Library信息中心Information centre数据中心Data centre培训中心Training centre因特网服务提供商Internet service provider信息网络Information networks环境术语Environmental terminology电子信息网络Electronic information network广域网Wide area network因特网Internet万维网World Wide Web主页Homepage超文本Hypertext公告牌系统Bulletin board system新闻组Newsgroup邮寄清单Mailing list电子函件Electronic mail信息技术Information technology多媒体技术Multimedia technology遥感中心Remote sensing centre地理信息系统实验室GIS laboratory环境意识Environmental awareness公共信息Public information新闻发布Press release视听演示Audio-visual presentation信息工具包Information kit录象Video展示Exhibit照片Photograph新闻通讯Newsletter广播节目Radio programme电视节目Television programme环境教育Environmental education环境培训Environmental training公共关系Public relations联络渠道Communication channels信息系统Information systems文献目录信息系统Bibliographic information system文献目录信息Bibliographic information技术信息Technical information本地知识Indigenous knowledge信息查询系统Referral information system供查询的信息Referral information统计信息系统Statistical information system统计信息Statistical information术语Terminology同义词Thesaurus分类Classification图书馆服务Library services查阅服务Reference service文件编索引Indexing of document文件出错document lending图书馆之间的借贷Inter-library loan信息的选择性传播Selective dissemination of information 光盘只读存储查询服务CD-ROM search service因特网查询服务Internet search service信息服务Information services在线服务On-line services信息交流中心Information clearing-house数据处理Data processing数据收集Data collection数据记录技术Data recording techniques信息处理Information processing专家系统Expert system决策支持系统Decision-support system软件开发Software development数据库Database相关数据库Relational database信息交换Information exchange与地学有关的信息Geo-referenced information遥感Remote sensing多谱线扫描器Multispectral scanner分辨率Resolution像素Pixel谱带Spectral bands红外线Infrared紫外线Ultraviolet雷达Radar轨迹Path景物确认Scene identification图象处理数字系统Image processing digital systems数字图象处理技术Digital image processing techniques 图象识别Pattern recognition镶嵌图案Mosaics图象滤光Image filtering图象增强Image enhancement几何修正Geometric corrections影像配准Image registration图象分类Image classification受监视的图象分类Supervised image classification未被监视的图象分类Unsupervised image classification 彩色组成Colour composition大气修正Atmospheric corrections地理信息系统Geographic information systems地理信息系统的数字系统GIS digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式GIS digital formats矢量Vector点Point线Lines多边形Polygons光栅Raster属性Attributes地理信息系统的数字技术GIS digital techniques内插Interpolation布网格Gridding光栅到矢量Raster to vector矢量到光栅Vector to raster边界Boundaries国家边界National boundaries次国家边界Sub-national boundaries行政边界Administrative boundaries与地理相关的数据Geo-referenced data地理投影Geographical projections坐标系统Coordinate system纬度Latitude经度Longitude19、联合国United Nations政府间的Intergovernmental政府的Governmental工业的或商业的Industrial or commercial非政府组织Non-governmental organization专业团体Professional society学术的Academic进入术语Terms of access协商费用Charges negotiable按回收成本为基础Cost recovery basis固定的收费时间表Fixed schedule of charges一般情况下免费Normally without charge在交换的基础上On exchange basis20、学科SUBJECT DISCIPLINES科目Subjects 声学Acoustics农业生态学Agricultural ecology 农业经济学Agricultural economics农业工程Agricultural engineering 农业林学Agroforestry分析化学Analytical chemistry 动物生态学Animal ecology动物遗传学Animal genetics 畜牧学Animal husbandry动物生理学Animal physiology 建筑学Architecture大气物理学Atmospheric physics 细菌学Bacteriology生物化学Biochemistry 生物气候学Bioclimatology生物地球化学Biogeochemistry 生物学Biology植物学Botany 心脏病学Cardiology制图学Cartography 化学工程Chemical engineering化学海洋学Chemical oceanography 土木工程Civil engineering气候学Climatology 细胞学Cytology电气工程Electrical engineering 内分泌学Endocrinology流行病学Epidemiology 河口生物学Estuarine biology河口海洋学Estuarine oceanography 食品科学Food science林学Forestry 淡水生物学Freshwater biology遗传工程学Genetic engineering 遗传学Genetics地质学Geology 地貌学Geomorphology地球物理学Geophysics 工艺地质学Geotechnology冰川学Glaciology 血液学Haematology园艺学Horticulture 人体生物学Human biology人体生理学Human physiology 水文地理学Hydrography水文学Hydrology 溶液培养学Hydroponics免疫学Immunology 无机化学Inorganic chemistry湖沼学，淡水生物学Limnology 海洋生物学Marine biology船舶工程Marine engineering 海洋地质学Marine geology材料科学Materials science 机械工程学Mechanical engineering 气象学Meteorology 微生物学Microbiology微气候学Microclimatology 采矿工程Mining engineering。

地理英语词汇大全地理英语是学习地理学的一门重要内容，其中包含了大量的地理词汇。

本文将为您提供一份地理英语词汇大全，包括自然地理、人文地理以及地理工具和技术的词汇。

希望这个地理英语词汇大全对您学习和理解地理学有所帮助。

一、自然地理词汇1. 地球（Earth）2. 大陆（continent）3. 海洋（ocean）4. 山脉（mountain range）5. 河流（river）6. 湖泊（lake）7. 湿地（wetland）8. 沙漠（desert）9. 森林（forest）10. 草原（grassland）11. 冰川（glacier）12. 岛屿（island）13. 半岛（peninsula）14. 海峡（strait）15. 瀑布（waterfall）16. 火山（volcano）17. 地震（earthquake）18. 气候（climate）19. 天气（weather）20. 水循环（water cycle）二、人文地理词汇1. 国家（country）2. 首都（capital）3. 城市（city）4. 人口（population）5. 民族（ethnicity）6. 文化（culture）7. 经济（economy）8. 政府（government）9. 历史（history）10. 旅游（tourism）11. 建筑（architecture）12. 交通（transportation）13. 教育（education）14. 语言（language）15. 风俗（custom）16. 宗教（religion）17. 市场（market）18. 商业（business）19. 社会（society）20. 城市化（urbanization）三、地理工具和技术词汇1. 地图（map）2. 高程图（topographic map）3. 气象图（weather map）4. 卫星图像（satellite image）5. 三维模型（3D model）6. 地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，GIS）7. 遥感（remote sensing）8. 地层（geological stratum）9. 地质勘探（geological exploration）10. 测量（surveying）11. 定位（positioning）12. GPS导航（GPS navigation）13. 地理坐标（geographic coordinates）14. 地理统计（geographic statistics）15. 水文测量（hydrological measurement）16. 地质灾害（geological hazard）17. 地形分析（terrain analysis）18. 空间数据（spatial data）19. 环境监测（environmental monitoring）20. 城市规划（urban planning）以上是地理英语词汇的大致分类及部分常用词汇，通过掌握这些词汇，您将能更好地理解和应用地理学的知识。

1地理学总论地理学一致地理学一般地理学系统地理学地区地理学理论地理学应用地理学元地理学地文学地质学古地理学地理学系统地理环境geographyunified geography general geography systematic geography regional geography theoretical geography applied geography metageography physiography chorography paleogeogpraphy geographical system geographical environment地理因子地理过程地理散布地理界限地理综合地理观察综合观察地区剖析地区分异生计空间生计承载能力环境决定论灾变论地球地球表面geographical factors geographical process geographical distribution geographical boundary geographical synthesis geographical survey integrated survey regional analysis regional differentiation living spacelife-carrying capacity environmental determinism catastrophe theoryearthearth surface地球表层地理系统地理圈景观圈岩石圈水圈大气圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技术圈北半球南半球地球体epigeosphere geosystem geographical sphere landscape sphere lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere pedosphere biosphere geosphere noonsphere technosphere northern hemisphere southern hemisphere geoid地理纬度地理经度北极南极极圈北回归线南回归线赤道时区日界限极昼极夜洲大陆洋latitudelongitudeNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn equatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar night continentoceansea内地inland地理单元geographical unit 区划regionalization 带belt地带zone地区region地区area小区district2自然地理学自然地理学综合自然地理学一般自然地理学自然综合体地区自然综合体自然地理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平川带垂直地带地带性physical geography integrated physical geography general physical geography natural complexterritorial natural complex physical geographic process natural potential productivity progressive factorrelic factorthree dimension zonality horizontal zonevertical zonezonality非地带性水平川带性垂直地带性地方性坡向阳坡阴坡azonality horizontal zonality vertical zonality localityexposureadret, sunny slope ubac, shady slope山体效应Massenerhebungseffekt(德）,综合自然区划integrated physicogeographicalregionalization雪带nival belt亚雪带subnival belt高峰alpine亚高峰subalpine山地mountains荒漠荒漠化荒漠岩漠砾漠泥漠盐漠沙漠绿洲景观学景观相自然景观土地desert desertification sandy desert rocky desert gravel desert argillaceous desert salt desertgobioasislandscape science landscapefaciesnatural landscape land土地系统land system土地分类land classification土地种类land type土地单元land unit土地因素land element土地刻面land facet刻面结合体facet combination土地属性terrain characteristics 生态地理学ecogeography地生态学geoecology景观生态学landscape ecology 生态系统ecosystem生态均衡ecological balance生态地区ecoregion生态小区ecodistict生态地段生态区生态点自然资源可重生资源非可重生资源灾祸地理学自然灾祸ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resources renewable resources nonrenewable resources hazard geography natural hazard3地貌学地貌学地貌地貌年月学地貌成因地貌形成作用天气地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵山山脉岭峰山麓半岛岛屿群岛海峡地峡海拔（高度）相对高度山嘴盆地山间盆地geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronology geomorphogenesis, landform genesis landform forming processclimatic geomorphologydynamic geomorphology geomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhillmountainmountain range, mountain chain range, ridgepeak, mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude, height above sea level relative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin山间盆地山岳崖山麓平原高原峡谷谷沟谷冲沟山形山志阶地台地凹地坡地坡度基岩地貌过程侵害 [作用 ]雨滴侵害剥蚀 [作用 ]刻蚀溶蚀冲洗片蚀溯源侵害下切侵害侧[向侵 ]intermountain basinmountain peakcliff, scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge, canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorographyterracetableland, platformdepressionslopeslope, gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash, erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting, incision, vertical erosion lateral erosion掏蚀undercutting侵害基 [准 ] 面base level of erosion总侵害基 [准 ] 面general base level局部侵害基 [准 ] 面local base level裂点knick point堆积作用sedimentation, deposition 聚积作用deposition, accumulation 聚积物deposit加积作用aggradation堆积相sedimentary facies地貌世代generation of landforms 地貌序列landforms series地形基面base level地貌组合landform assemblage正地貌positive landform负地貌negative landform正常地貌normal landform倒置地貌inverted landform地貌倒置inversion of landform刻蚀地貌erosional landform夷平作用planation surface夷平面peneplain准平面denudation suface剥蚀面erosion surface山麓 [侵害 ] 面pediment山麓侵害平面pediplain山顶面summit plane侵害循环erosion cycle回春作用rejuvenation有关堆积地壳均衡新结构运动结构地貌学丹霞地貌结构高原结构阶地单面山方山猪背脊线形现象断层崖断层线崖断层三角面断层谷断块山火山火山作用风化 [作用 ]物理风化 [作用 ]化学风化 [作用 ]生物风化 [作用 ]机械风化 [作用 ]差别风化 [作用 ]风化层残积土残积物残积层风化壳correlated sedimentsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology,tectonic geomorphology“ Danxia ” landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta(西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facettriangular facetfault valleyblock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical weatheringbiological weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumeluviumweathered crust正残积风化壳碎屑型风化壳硅铝黏土型风化壳硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳硅铝－氧化物－硫酸盐风化壳硅铝－铁质和富铝型风化壳剥落页状剥落块状崩落结壳作用块状崩落结壳作用盐屑堆盐屑锥orthoeluvial weathered crustclastic weathered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate weathered crustsiallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crust siallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crust exfoliation, desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone山麓聚积坡积物坡水聚积物土体蠕动滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流岩崩流水地貌学流水地貌冲积物冲积层冲积锥冲积扇talusslope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide, landslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphology fluvial landformalluvium ， alluvial deposit alluviumalluvial conealluvial fan洪积物洪积层洪积扇河床河漫滩汇水区流域分水岭辫状河曲流天然堤滨河床沙坝凸岸坝牛轭湖离堆山proluvium ， proluvial deposit proluviumproluvial fanriver bedfloodplaincatchment areadrainage area， basin waterdivide ， divide ， watershed braided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar， sand barpoint barox-bow lakemeander core， meander spur河流阶地河流袭夺河流错位河流偏移风口纵谷横谷风蚀吹蚀沙丘新月形沙丘流动沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘纵向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver deflectionwind gaplongitudinal valleytransverse valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile dune ， wandering dune fixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal dune横向沙丘抛物线沙丘蜂窝状沙丘沙垅风棱石风蚀脊沙暴风蚀坑风蚀凹地干盐湖基岩扇岛山漠漆岩漆漠盖层黄土黄土地貌黄土塬黄土梁黄土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯专门貌学咯斯专门貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蚀谷溶蚀盆落水洞溶沟transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones， ventifact yardangsandstormblowout pitdeflation hollowplayarock faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavementloessloess landform“ yuan，”loess tableland“ liang，”loess ridge“ mao，”loess hillbadlandkarstkarstgeomorphologykarst landformkarstification dolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren干谷竖井潜蚀作用洞窟聚积咯斯特平原峰林石林洞窟学假咯斯特类咯斯特泉华堆积石灰华海岸滨海岸地貌学dry valleyshaftunderground erosion cave depositkarst plainpeak foreststone pinacles speleology pseudokarst parakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology海蚀作用海蚀龛海蚀洞海蚀台海蚀崖海蚀柱岬角岩滩潮滩潮汐通道潮沟舄湖三角洲河口湾海滩marine erosionwave-cut notchsea caveabrasion platformsea cliffsea stackcapebenchtidal flattidal channel ， tidal inlet tidal creeklagoondeltaestuarycoastal beach滩脊beach ridge滩脊 [型 ]潮滩chenier滩脊 [型 ]潮滩平原chenier plain沙嘴sand spit障壁坝barrier滨外坝off-shore bar尖[ 形] 滩cuspate foreland尖[ 形] 坝tuspate bar连岛坝tombolo陆连岛tombolo island沿滨泥沙流longshore drift海岸阶地coastal terrace， marine terrace 全世界性海面起落eustatic movement珊瑚礁coral reef岸礁fringing reef堡礁环礁大陆架大陆坡洋盆海隆海岭平顶海山海沟海渊barrier reefatoll continental shelf continental slope oceanic basin riseoceanic ridge guyottrenchabyssal deep4气候学天气学天气天气资源太阳辐射反照耀积温无霜期降水蒸发干燥度热水均衡风向风速天气灾祸旱灾水灾风灾雹灾湿害热害冻害冷害天气分类天气区划天气带天气区天气型赤道带热带climatologyclimateclimate resourcessolar radiationalbedoaccumulated temperaturefrost-free periodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewind directionwind speedclimate damage， climatic hazarddrought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezing damagecold damageclimatic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zoneclimatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zone亚热带温带寒带润湿天气干燥天气热带雨林天气萨瓦纳天气丛林天气草原天气荒漠天气苔原天气极地天气高原天气山地天气大陆度subtropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climate savanna climateforest climatesteppe climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau climate mountain climate continentality大陆性天气大海性天气地中海天气地形天气学地区天气地方天气小天气天气系统行星风系信风季风continental climate maritime climate Mediterranean climate topoclimatology regional climatelocal climate microclimate climatic system planetary wind system trade wind ，trades monsoon梅雨Meiyu, ， plum rain 台风typhoon寒潮cold wave海陆风sea-land breeze山谷风干热风焚风雨影天气变迁古天气历史天气年轮天气学物候学自然历城市天气城市热岛天气志mountain-valley breeze dry-hot windfoehnrain shadowclimatic change palaeoclimate historical climate dendroclimatology phenologynatural calendar urban climateurban heat island climatography5水文地理学水文地理学水文学水体水团河流学水利学水利经济学水化学丛林水文学都市水文学水文物理学古水文学土壤水文学hydrogeography hydrology water body water mass potamology hydraulics hydroeconomics hydrochemistry forest hydrology urban hydrology hydrophysics palaeohydrology pedohydrology水文形势水文过程水文测试流域形态流域分水线河流坡降河流等级闭合盆地河网密度总蒸发hydrological regime hydrological process hydrometry watershed morphology basin dividechannel gradient channel orderclosed basin drainage density evapotranspiration水均衡water budget，water balance 陆面蒸发land evaporation水面蒸发water surface evaporation分岔系数fork factor河源headwaters水道网支流过程线流量过程线切割瀑布水平降水水循环水量互换径流径流系数年正常径流量基流河床变形河流补给暴发洪水hydrographic net tributaryhydrographseparation of hydrograph waterfallhorizontal precipitation water cyclewater exchangerunoffrunoff coefficientannual normal runoff base flowriver bed deformation river feedingflash flood洪水流水过程层间流壤中流河流数量定律叠加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量产流汇流产沙率退水曲线径流模数产水量floodfluvial processes interaquifer flowinterflowlaw of stream numberslaw of superposition dischargeoverland flowpeak dischargerunoff generationflow concentrationrate of sediment production recession curverunoff moduluswater yield悬移质泥沙运动产沙量水位洪水位戒备水位水土流失水土保持涝暴雨径流输沙能力径流变率地下水文学承压地下水水力传导度suspended loadsediment movement sediment yieldwater stageflood levelwarning stagewater and soil losswater and soil conservation waterloggingstorm flowtransportability of sediments variability of runoff groundwater hydrology confined groundwater hydraulic conductivity入渗土壤水含水层自流水盆地深层地下水裂隙水地下水位矿泉地下河饱和带湖沼学湖泊水文学湖流水质湖泊富营养化infiltrationsoil wateraquiferartesian basin deep phreatic water fissured water water table mineral spring underground river saturation zone limnologylake hydrologylake currentwater qualitylake eutrophication人工湖盐湖咸水湖淡水湖结构湖层结湖季节性湖泊火山湖高峰湖游移湖热湖微咸湖干枯湖完整混和湖湖盆man-made lakesalt lakesalt-water lakefresh water laketectonic lake ， structural lake stratified lakeseasonal lakevolcanic lakealpine lakewandering lakewarm lakebrackish-water lakeextinct lakeholomixed lakelake circulation湖水环流湖泊蓄水量冰川补给积雪水文学融雪水文学融雪径流有潮河口无潮海波涛侵害地下水库水资源供水水能lake circulationlake storage alimentation of glacier alimentation of glacier snow hydrology snow runofftidal estuarytideless seawave erosion groundwater reservoir water resources Water supply hydropower6生物地理学生物地理学生物散布学生物散布散布区散布区中心散布区中断散布区型扩散中心残遗种区种群生物群生物地理群落生境biogeography chorology biochores arealareak center areal disjunction areal type dispersal center refugium population biota biogeocoenosis habitat小生境群落生境植物地理学植物区系生活型生活型谱水生植物湿生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群丛niche， microhabitat biotope phytogeography floralife formlife form spectrum hydrophyte hygrophyte mesophyte xerophyte indicator plant indicator community vegetationplant community association群系formation植被型vegetation type顶级群落climax演替succession针叶林coniferous forest泰加林taiga落叶林deciduous forest常绿阔叶林evergreen broad-leaved forest 硬叶林sclerophyllous forest照叶林laurel forest季[ 风] 雨林monsoon forest雨林rainforest红树林mangrove苔原tundra丛林草原forest steppe草原高草草原萨瓦纳普那高原草甸高峰矮曲林丛林上限树线动物地理学动物区系地理阻障动物传播华莱士线动物群落泛北极steppeprairiesavannapunameadowalpine krummholz upper forest limit timberline zoogeography fauna geographical barriers synzoochory wallace’ s line animal community Holarctic古北界新北界旧热带界新热带界东洋界澳洲界Palaearctic Neoarctic Palaeotropic Neotropic Oriental Australasian7土壤地理学土壤地理学土被土链土壤组合土壤复区土壤天气土壤资源土壤退化土壤侵害古土壤丛林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤pedogeography soil mantlesoil catenasoil association soil complex soil climatesoil resources soil degradation soil erosion paleosoilforest soil desert soil desert soil高峰土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤顶级土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黄壤红壤砖红壤黑钙土栗钙土棕钙土灰漠土棕漠土high mountain soil young soil mature soil climax soil podzolic soil brown earth cinnamon soil yellow earthred earthlaterite chernozem chestnut soil brown soilgray desert soil brown desert soil盐土碱土solonchak solonertz8化学地理学化学地理学景观地球化学地球化学景观自成景观附属景观残积景观水上景观水下景观水成景观单元景观生源景观非生源景观大气迁徙水迁徙生物迁徙机械迁徙化学迁徙标型元素标型化合物标型离子化学剥蚀chemical geographylandscape geochemistrygeochemical landscapeautonomic landscapeauxiliary landscapeeluvial landscapesuperaqual landscapesubaqual landscapeaqueous landscape， aqual landscape elementary landscapebiogenic landscapeabiogenic landscapeaerial migrationaqueous migrationbiological migrationmechanical migrationchemical migration，physico-chemical migrationtypomorphic elementtypomorphic compoundtypomorphic ionchemical denudation10环境地理学环境地理学环境地球化学自然环境社会环境地区环境大海环境环境系统环境结构环境因素环境演化环境背景值环境异样环境自净environmental geography environmental geochemistry natural environmentsocial environmentregional environmentmarine environment environmental system environmental structure environmental element environmental evolution environmental background value environmental abnormality environmental self-purification环境容量景观伤害环境退化环境效应环境污染大气污染水污染土壤污染大海污染环境经济环境管理环境标准environmental capacity landscape damage environmental degradation environmental effect environmental pollution atmospheric pollution water pollutionsoil pollutionmarine pollution environmental economy environmental management environmental standard环境质量环境质量参数环境质量指数环境质量评论环境影响评论环境质量综合评论环境保护环境规划环境区划环境设计自然保护自然保护区自然资源保护生物质源保护水资源保护国家公园地面沉降公害公害病水悮病痛痛病environmental qualityenvironmental quality parameter environmental quality indexenvironmental quality evaluation environmental impact assessment environmental quality comprehensive evaluation environmental protectionenvironmental planningenvironmental regionalizationenvironmental designconservation of naturenature reserveconservation of natural resourcesliving resources conservationprotection of water resourcesnational parkland subsidencepublic nuisancepublic nuisance diseaseminamata diseaseitai-itai disease11 冰川学冰川学积雪粒雪粒雪化作用粒雪盆雪线吹雪雪崩雪蚀陆冰冰山冰川冰盖glaciology snow cover firn firnification firn basin snow line snow drift avalanche nivation land ice iceberg glacierice sheet冰原冰川化冰川作用冰川物质均衡融化区累积区冰川隙冰川地质学角峰冰斗U 形谷鼓丘羊背石冰擦痕冰川河流ice field glacierization glaciationglacier mass-balance ablation area accumulation area crevasseglacial geologyhorncirqueU-shape valley drumlinroche moutonnee glacial striaglacial stream冰下河流漂砾纹泥大海性冰川大陆性冰川极地冰川山岳冰川冰斗冰川悬冰川冰川变化冰川退却冰期小冰期新冰期冰期后subglacial channel bouldervarvemaritime glacier continental glacier polar glacier mountain glacier cirque glacier hanging glacier glacial fluctuation deglaciationice agelittle ice age neoglaciation post-glacial间冰期冷圈冷圈学interglacial period cryosphere cryology12 冻土学冻土学冻土融土季节冻土多年冻土高峰冻土冻土动力学冻土退化冻土进化geocryology,cryopedology frozen groundmelted soilseasonal frozen ground permafrostalpine permafrost permafrost dynamics permafrost degradation permafrost aggradation富冰冻土冻结层中水冻土相剖析冻融循环冻结指数融化指数零点幕成冰作用冰胶结冰分凝地下水冰透镜体冰含量冻胀冻胀力ice permafrost interpermafrost water permafrost phase-analyses freeze-thaw cycles freezing indexthawing indexzero curtainice formationcement icesegregated iceground iceice lensice contentfrost heavingfrost heaving force冰缘寒冻风化热喀斯特热喀斯特湖冰锲翻浆periglacialcryogenic weathering, frost weathering thermokarstthermokarst lakeice wedgefrost boil13沼泽学沼泽学沼泽盐沼草甸沼泽苔藓沼泽芦苇沼泽mire sciencemire, swampsalt marshmeadow marshsedge marsh,reed marsh, phragmites marsh藓类沼泽颤沼林地沼泽红树林沼泽海滨沼泽滩地沼泽阶地沼泽平原沼泽高峰沼泽山地沼泽沼泽形成过程沼泽水文沼泽植物低位沼泽中位沼泽mass bogquaking mire, floating mireforest marshmangrove swampcoastal marshfluvial marshterrace marshplain marshplateau marshmountain mire, upland miremire formation processmire hydrology, peatland hydrology mire plantfentransitional mire高位沼泽富营养沼泽中营养化沼泽贫营养化沼泽沼泽化沼泽生态系统沼泽率泥炭湿地raised bog eutrophic mire mesotrophic mire oligotrophic bog paludification mire ecosystem mire areapeatwetland。

附录：常用专业词汇表Aabiotic adj.非生物的ablation n.消融abundant adj.丰富的;充足的abyssal adj.深不可测的abyssal plain n.深海平原accompany vt.陪伴;伴随accumulation n.堆积作用acid rain n.酸雨acres lost each year n.每年失去英亩数administer vt.管理;实施;执行Adriatic adj.亚得里亚海Aegean n.爱琴海aerospaceplane n.航天飞机aerosphere n.大气层afforestation n.造林Agenda 21 n.21世纪议程aggregate n.聚集agricultural modernization n.农业现代化agricultural system n.农业系统agriculture n.农业air mass n.气团air transport n.水路运输air flows and air masses n.气流和气团air pollution n.空气污染airport n.航空港Allah n.（回教语）安拉,真主alluvial fan n.冲积扇alluvial plain n.冲积平原Alps n.阿尔卑斯山脉alternation n.改变;变更altitude n.高度Amazon n.亚马孙河Amazon Basin n.亚马孙平原anabatic winds n.上升气流风Andes Mountains n.安第斯山脉angular speed n.角速度Antarctic Area n.南极地区anticyclone n.反气旋aphelion n.远日点Appalachian Mountains n.阿巴拉契亚山脉aquatic n.水生的Aral Sea n.咸海(中亚西亚地区)arctic adj.北极的Arctic Area n.北极地区arctic maritime adj.北极海洋的（ma）arid n.干旱arid environment n.干旱环境arid zones n.干旱地带artificial island n.人工岛asthenosphere n.软流圈atmosphere n.大气圈，大气atmospheric pressure n.气压atmospheric motion n.大气运动atoll n.环状珊瑚岛；环礁atoms n.原子Australia n.澳大利亚Austria n.奥地利autumnal equinox n.秋分axis n.轴;地轴Azores high n.亚速尔高压BBaikal n.贝加尔湖balance n.平衡Balkan Peninsula adj.巴尔干半岛Baltic Sea n.波罗的海Bangladesh n.孟加拉国barchan n.新月形沙丘basaltic adj.玄武岩的basin n.盆地bayou/estuary n.河口bed width n.河床宽度Berlin n.柏林Biosphere n.生物圈biotic adj.生物的birth rate n.出生率births n.出生Black Sea n.黑海bluffs n.悬崖Bombay n.孟买Brazil n.巴西Brazilian Highlands n.巴西高原breast feeding n.哺乳喂养Brisilia n.巴西利亚Bruno n.布鲁诺buckling and faulting n.弯曲和断层Buddha n.佛Buddhism n.佛教Bulgaria n.保加利亚Burma n.缅甸CCalcutta n.加尔各答Cambodia n.柬埔寨Canberra n.堪培拉canyon n.峡谷Cape of Good Hope n.好望角carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳carbon monoxide n.一氧化碳Caribbean Sea n.加勒比海carnivores n.食肉动物cash farming n.商品农业Caspian Sea n.里海cattle n.牲畜cattle ranching n.牧牛Caucasus Range n.大高加索山脉celestial body n.天体changes in daylight and darkness n.晨昏交替Chicago n.芝加哥Christianity n.基督教chromosphere n.色球circle of illumination n.晨昏线cirques, aretes, horns andU-shaped valleys n.冰斗、刃岭、角峰和U形山谷clearing showers n.晴朗阵雨climate n.气候clockwise n.顺时针coast n.海岸coastal plain n.滨海平原coastal zone n.海岸带coastline n.海岸线cold current n.寒流cold front n.冷锋cold wave n.寒潮combustion n.燃烧comet n.彗星commerce n.商业中心commercial center n.国际贸易commercial route n.商业通道communication andtransportation n.交通运输commuters n.通勤者competition n.竞争components of populationchange n.人口组成的变化comprise v.包含；构成concentration n.集中condensation n.凝结condensation and lapse rates n . 凝结作用和递减率conduction n.传导conflict vi.冲突;争执congested adj.拥挤的coniferous adj.松柏科的；针叶科的continental adj.大陆性的continental crust n.大陆地壳continental drift n.大陆飘移continental shelf n.大陆架continuous adj.连续的controls on weathering n.控制风化作用convection n.对流convergence n.辐合cooperation n.合作Copernicus n.哥白尼core n.地核Coriolis force n.科氏力counterclockwise n.逆时针counter-urbanization n.逆城市化Croatia n.克罗地亚crude birth rate n.自然出生率crude death rate n.自然死亡率crust n.地壳crystal shape n.晶体crystals n.水晶cultivated land n.耕地cumulonimbus n.积雨云current n.水流;气流cut-off n.截断cyclone n.气旋cyclonic adj.气旋的cyclonic disturbances n.气旋的扰动Czech n.捷克人Ddairy farming n. 乳畜业dam n.大坝Danube n.多瑙河daytime sea breeze n.日间海风De revolutionibus orbium coelestium n.天体运行论Dead Sea n.死海Deccan plateau n.德干高原decomposer n.分解者deforestation n.森林砍伐degrading n.降低deindustrialization n.后工业化deity n.神,神性delta n.三角洲delta plain n.三角洲平原density n.密度deposition n.沉积depression n.低气压depression n.凹陷;凹陷处depression belt n.低压带descending plate n.下降板块destruction of the tropical rainforest n.热带雨林的破坏detritivores n.食腐动物, 食碎屑者developing world city n.发展中的世界城市dew-point n.露点diameter n.直径differentiate vt.区分direct solar radiation n.太阳直射disastrous n.灾难性的discharge n.流量discontinuous adj.不连续的distribution of arid and semi-arid environment n.干旱和半干旱环境的分布divergence n.辐散.diverse adj.不同的diversified adj.多样化的diversity n.多样性dolomite n.白云石downpour n.倾盆大雨downwind adj.顺风的drift n.漂流droplet n.小滴dry-hot wind n.干热风dune n.沙丘dwellings n.居住Eearth n.地球earth revolution n.地球公转earth rotation n.地球自转earthquake n.地震earth's axis n.地轴East Asia n.东亚ebb n.退潮ecliptic plane / earth's orbit plane n.黄道ecological service n.生态服务economic increase n.经济增长economy n.经济ecosystem n.生态系统effect of friction n.摩檫力作用Egypt n.埃与electromagnetic wave n.电磁波element n.要素elevation n.海拔ellipse n.椭圆England n.英国environment n. 环境environmental issue n.环境污染environmental logo n.环境标志environmental pollution n.生态破坏environmental protection n.环境保护equator n.赤道equatorial low n.赤道低压equatorial though n.赤道低压槽equinox n.春分;秋分erosion n.侵蚀establish vt.建立Ethiopia n.埃塞俄比亚Ethiopian adj.埃塞俄比亚的Euphrates n.幼发拉底河Eurasian adj.欧亚(大陆)的European Union(EU) n.欧洲联盟evaporation n.蒸发evergreen adj.长绿的Everest n.珠穆朗玛峰exchange of energy between earth and atmosphere n.地球和大气层之间的能量的交换exclusive economic zone n.专属经济区exploit vt.开采开发extensive farming n.粗放农业extinct adj.以熄灭的extragalactic system n.河外星系Ffactors of agricultural location n.农业区位因素factors of industrial location n.工业区位因素factors of urban location n.城市区位因素farming outputs n.农业产出farming inputs n.农业投入fault n.断层fertile adj.肥沃的fertility n.肥力；出生率financial center n.金融中心first quarter moon n.上弦月fish farming n.渔业fishing ground n.渔场flatten v.变平float vi.漂浮floodplain n.泛滥平原fog n.雾fohn effect n.焚风作用fohn winds n.焚风fold n.褶皱fold mountains n.褶皱山地formation of precipitation n.降水的形成formulate vt. 规划;设计fossil n.化石France n.法国freeze-thaw n.冻融；冻土－解冻frigid zone n.寒带front n.锋frontal surface n.锋面frontal rain n.锋面雨frost n.霜冻frozen soil n.冻土Fuji-san n.富士山full moon n.满月；望月fumes n.烟雾fungi n.真菌GGalaxy n.银河系gale n.狂风Galileo n.伽利略Ganges n.恒河gaseous adj.气体的general atmospheric circulation n.大气环流geological processes n.地质作用geological disaster n.地质灾害geological time n.地质时期geomorphy n.地貌geostrophic wind n.地转风Germany n.德国glacial age n.冰期glacial deposition n.冰川沉积glacial erosion n.冰川侵蚀glaciate vt. 使结冰;以冰覆盖glaciation n.冰川作用glacier n.冰川global circulation models n.全球环流模式global warming n. 全球变暖gobi n.戈壁gorge n.峡谷gradient n.坡度gradient wind n.梯度风granular n.粒状Great Rift Valley n.大裂谷Greece n.希腊Green revolution n.绿色革命greenhouse effect n.大气保温效应greenhouse effect n.温室效应Greenland n.格陵兰岛Greenwich Observatory n.格林尼治天文台Gross National Product （GNP）n.国民生产总值gulf n.海湾Gulf of Genoa n.热那亚湾Gulf of Mexico n.墨西哥湾gutters n.排水沟Hhandicraft industry n.手工业harmonize v.使协调一致heliocentric theory n.日心说helmet n.头盔hemisphere n.半球herbivores n.食草动物hierarchy n.等级high pressure n.高压highway transportation n.公路运输Himalayas n.喜马拉雅山脉Hokkaido n.北海道岛hollow adj.空的horizontal n.地平线housing problem n.住房问题how winds are steered in the upper atmosphere n.在大气上层风是怎样进行human and economic factors n.人文与经济因素humidity n.湿度humification n.腐殖化hurricane n.飓风hydroelectric adj.水力电气的hydroelectric power plant n.水力发电站hydrosphere n.（地）水圈IIce sheet n.（地）大冰原；冰盾；冰盖immigration n.迁进；外来居民impact n.影响increase v.增加Indian n.印度Indochina Peninsula n.中南半岛Indonesia n. 印度尼西亚Indus River n.印度河industrial concentration n.工业集聚industrial dispersion n.工业分散industrial location n.工业区位industrialization n.工业化industry n.工业infant n.婴儿infertile adj.不肥沃的innovation n.革新input-output system n.投入－产出系统intensive farming n.集约农业intermittent showers n.阵international adj.国际的international trade n.金融中心internet n.商业intervene vi.介乎于…其间ionosphere n.电离层Iran n.伊朗Iraq n.伊拉克irrigation n.灌溉；冲洗Islam n.伊斯兰教island arcs n.岛弧Island Shikoku n.四国岛isobar n.等压线isotherms n.等温线Israel n.以色列Italy n.意大利JJapan n.日本Java n.爪哇岛Jerusalem n.耶路撒冷Jordan n.约旦Judaism n. 犹太教Jupiter n.木星Jurassic adj.侏罗纪的，侏罗系的KKarst n.喀斯特地貌katabatic wind n.下降气流风Kenya n.肯尼亚Kepler n.开普勒Kilimanjaro n.乞力马扎罗山Kobe n.神户Kuwait n.科威特Kyushu n.九州岛Llabour n.劳动力lag time n.延迟时间lagoon n.泻湖Lake Erie n.伊利湖Lake Huron n.休伦湖Lake Michigan n.密歇根湖Lake Ontario n.安大略湖Lake Superior n.苏比利尔湖land n.土地land and ocean changes n.海陆变迁land and sea breezes n.陆地和海洋的微风land and water distribution n.海陆分布land degradation and desertification n.土地退化和沙漠化landform n.地形landforms produced by glacial erosion n.冰川侵蚀形成的地形landmark n.陆标;地界标landslide n.滑坡Laos n.老挝Latin America n.拉丁美洲latitude n.纬度layer n.层；圈层leeward n.下风Liechtenstein adj.列支敦士登的light-year n.光年limestone n.石灰石linear speed n.线速度lithosphere n.（地）岩石圈，地壳local wind n.区域风；局地风location n.区位logging n.伐木London n.伦敦Longitude n.经度Los Angeles n.洛杉矶low pressure n.低压low-latitude(tropical)weather systems n.低纬度（热带）天气系统low-lying adj.低的lunar year n.农历Mmacula n.太阳黑子Madagascar n.马达加斯加岛magma rock n.岩浆岩magnetic field n.磁场magnetic storm n.磁暴main factors and processes affecting population size and distribution n.影响人口大小和分布的主要因素和过程mainland n.大陆maintain v.维持;建立；majority n.大多数;过半数Makkah n.麦加Malay Archipelago n.马来群岛Malaysia n.马来西亚man-earth relationship n.人地关系manned spaceship n.载人飞船mantle n.地幔Mariana Trench n.马里亚纳海沟marine adj.海的；海中的maritime n.海洋maritime climate n.海洋性气候market n.市场Mars n.火星marsh n.沼泽massive adj.巨大的;大块的mean density n.平均密度meanders n.曲流mediterranean adj.地中海的Mediterranean Sea n.地中海Mediterranean zone n.地中海带Mekong River n.湄公河meltwater n.融雪水Mercury n.水星meridian n.经线mesa n.台地mesosphere n.散逸层、中间层metagalaxy n.总星系；宇宙metamorphic rock n.变质岩metamorphism n.变质作用meteoroid n.流星体midday n.正午middle and high latitudes n.中、高纬度Middle Asia n.中亚Middle East n.中东mid-latitude cyclonic belt n.中纬度气旋带mid-latitude weather systems n.中纬度的天气系统midnight n.午夜migration n.迁移military adj.军事的;军用的mineral n.矿物Mississippi n.密西西比河mixed farming n.混合农业mode of transport n.运输方式modern agriculture n.现代农业Moho n.莫霍面molecules n.分子monogamy n.一夫一妻制monsoon n.季风;雨季moraines n.冰碛morphology of the urban heat island n.城市热岛地形mortality n.死亡率Moscow n.莫斯科moss n.苔,藓mountain and valley winds n.山地和山谷风mountaineering n.登山mud-rock flow n.泥石流Nnationality n.民族natural resource n.自然资源natural zone n.自然带navigate v.航行;航海nebula n.星云needle leaves n.针叶Neptune n.海王星Netherlands n.荷兰New Delhi n.新德里new moon n.朔月new towns and green belts n.新城镇和绿带New York n.纽约newly rising industry n.新兴工业Nigeria n.尼日利亚Nile n.尼罗河nitrogen n.氮Noah's Ark n.诺亚方舟nocturnal land breeze n.夜间陆地风noise pollution n.噪声污染nomadism n.游牧non-commercial adj.非商业的North Asia n.北亚North Pole n.北极north-east monsoon n.东北季风Norway n.挪威noxious adj.有害的nuclear adj. (核)核子的;原子能的nuclear fusion reaction n.核聚变Ooasis n.绿洲Ob n. 鄂毕河oblate adj.（数）椭圆的；扁圆的；oblique adj.斜的occluded front n.锢囚锋occupy v.占据;占有ocean current n.洋流ocean ridges n.洋脊omnivores n.杂食动物optimum population n.最佳人口orbit n.(天体等)运行轨道organic substance n.有机物organism n.生物organization n.组织origin n.起源Osaka n.大阪outer core n.外地核out-migration n.迁出outwash n.冲刷overpopulation n.人口过剩overtaking v.超越ownership n.所有权;物主身份ox-bow lake n.牛轭湖oxygen n.氧ozone n.臭氧ozonosphere n.臭氧层Ppaddy field n.水田Pakistan n.巴基斯坦Pamirs n.帕米尔高原Pampas n.南美大草原，潘帕斯草原Panama Canal n.巴拿马运河parallel n.纬线Paris n.巴黎pastoral farming n.畜牧业pasture n.牧场penguin n.企鹅peninsula n.半岛perihelion n.对流层顶periods of growth n.增长的周期perpendicular adj.垂直的Persian adj.波斯的,波斯人Persian Gulf n.波斯湾Persist n.持续Pesticide n.杀虫剂phases of the moon n.月相photochemical adj.光化学的Photosphere n.日冕photosynthesis n.光合作用phreatic water n. 潜水；地下水physical factors n.自然因素pigment n.色素pipeline transport n.航空运输plain n.平原Planalto do Brasil n.巴西高原planet n.行星plantations n.种植plants n.植物plate n.板块plate tectonic theory n.板块构造学说plate tectonics n.板块构造plateau n.高原Pluto n.冥王星polar circle n.极圈polar continental adj.极地大陆的polar high n.极地高压polar maritime adj.极地海洋的（mp）polar night n.极昼Polar Plat n.南极高原polar region n.极区；极地pollutant n.污染物pollution n.污染pond as an ecosystem n.作为一个生态系统的水塘pools and riffles n.池沼和浅滩population density n.人口密度population distribution and change n.人口分布和变化population explosion n.人口爆炸population growth n.人口增长population policy n.人口政策population pressure n.人口压力population size and distribution factors n.人口大小和分布populous adj.人口密集的port n.港口precipitation n.降水量;雨量precipitation patterns n.降水类型pressure gradient n.气压梯度pressure low n.低（气）压pressure high n.高（气）压pressure-gradient force n.压力梯度力prevailing wind n.盛行风prime meridian n.本初子午线primitive farming n.原始农业prisere n.演替productivity n.生产力promote v.提升protection n.保护Pyramid n.金字塔Qquality n.质量Rrace n.种族radiation and sunshine n.辐射和日照railway transportation n.铁路运输rainforest n.热带雨林rainstorm n.暴风雨raw materials n.原料ray n.射线;光线reclamation n.开垦Red Sea n.红海relationship n.关系religion n.宗教residential area n.居住区resource n.资源revolution n.绕转;旋转;旋转一周revolution cycle n.公转周期Rhine n.莱茵河rice farming n.水稻种植业ridge v.使成脊；使降起riffle n.浅滩rill n.小溪Rio de Janerio n.里约热内卢river channel n.河道river's load n.河流搬运rock n.岩石Rocky Mountains n.落基山脉Roma n.罗马Romania n.罗马尼亚rotation n.旋转;旋转一周rotation cycle n.自周期Rotterdam n.鹿特丹runoff n.径流rural area n.乡村Rural Settlement n.乡村聚落Russia n.俄罗斯SSahara n.撒哈拉Sahara Desert n.撒哈拉沙漠Saint Petersburg n.圣彼得堡salinity n.盐分;盐度San Francisco n.圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）sand dunes in hot deserts n.热沙漠的沙丘sandstorm n.沙尘暴satellite n.卫星satellite town n.卫星城saturated vapour pressure n.饱和蒸汽压Saturn n.土星Saudi Arabia n.沙特阿拉伯Savannas n.热带稀树草原Scandinavia n.斯堪的纳维亚scary n.断崖scattered adj.分散的scrub n.灌木林seal n.海豹sea-level n.海平面seaport n.海港;港口都市seasonal variation in river flow :the regime n.河流季节变化：变律sediment rock n.沉积岩sedimentary deposit n.沉积物sedimentation n.沉积作用seismic adj.地震的semitropical adj.副热带的;亚热带的settlement n.聚落shallow beach n.浅滩shell n.壳side beach n.边滩sidereal day n.恒星日sidereal year n.恒星年signatory n.签约国silted up n.淤积sima n.硅镁层Singapore n.新加坡site n.地点situation n.位置sleet shower n.降雨雪Slovakia n.斯洛伐克slums n.贫民区socio-economic determinants n.社会－经济的决定因素soil n.土壤soil erosion n.水土流失soil profile n.土壤剖面solar activity n.太阳活动solar altitude n.太阳高度Solar Constant n.太阳常数solar day n.太阳日solar energy n.太阳能solar flare n.耀斑solar radiation n.太阳辐射solar system n.太阳系solid shape n.固态solid inner core n.固体内核solstice n.至日；至点South Asia n.南亚South Pole n.（地）南极Southeast Asia n.东南亚south-west monsoon n.西南季风space explorer n.空间探测器space shuttle n.航天飞机space station n.航天站sparse adj.稀少的sparsely adv.稀疏的,稀少的species n.种;类spin v.快速旋转;回旋split v.分开,分离spring equinox n.春分star n.恒星stature n.身材steppe n.干草原strait n.地峡;海峡Strait of Gibraltar n.直布罗陀海峡Strait of Malacca n.马六甲海峡stratosphere n.平流层；同温层structure of the air above the urban area n.城市地区上空空气的结构subduction n.俯冲作用subpolar low n.副极地低压sub-Saharan Africa n.撒哈拉以南的非洲subsiding n.下沉subsistence agriculture n.自给农业subsolar point n.太阳直射点subtropical high n.副热带高压sub-tropical highs n.亚热带高气压succession n.演替Suez Canal n.苏伊士运河Sumatra n.苏门答腊岛summer solstice n.夏至summit n.顶点sun n.太阳sunlight hours n.日照小时sunlit adj.太阳照射的superenergy electronicparticles n.高能带电粒子sustainable development n.可持续发展Sweden n.瑞典Switzerland n.瑞士Sydney n.悉尼Ttall grasses n.高草Tasmania n.塔斯马尼亚岛tectonic plate n.地壳构造板块Tectonic plate dirft n.板块漂移telescope n.天文望远镜temperate coniferous forest n.温带针叶林temperate deciduous broadleaf forest n.温带落叶阔叶林temperate deciduous woodland n.温带落叶林地temperate grasslands (steppe) n.温带草原（干草原)temperate zone n.温带temperature n.温度Tethys n.古地中海,特提斯海Thailand n.泰国the effect of city morphologyon radiation received at the surface n.城市地貌对地表接受辐射的影响theories of plate motions and oceans ridges n.板块运动和大洋中脊理论thermal n.热的thermosphere n.热成层；电离层third quarter moon n.下弦月Three Gorges Dam n.三峡大坝thunder n.雷thunderstorms n.雷暴雨Tibet Plateau n.青藏高原tidal size n.潮汐大小tide and the tidal cycle n.潮汐和潮周期Tigris n.底格里斯河till n.冰碛物time zone n.时区Tokyo n.东京torrents n.山洪total fertility rate n.总的出生率trade-wind n.信风traditional farming n.传统农业traffic problems n.交通问题transitional adj.过渡的transport n.交通运输transport line n.管道运输transport junction /transport network n.交通运输网transportation n.运输transportation artery n.运输要道treatment n.处置,处理;治疗treaty n.条约;谈判trench n.海沟tributary n.支流trophic pyramid n. 营养（食物）金字塔tropic n.回归线Tropic of Cancer n.北回归线Tropic of Capricorn n.南回归线tropic zone n.热带tropical continental adj.热带大陆的tropical cyclone n.旋风;飓风;气旋；热带气旋tropical disturbances n.热带扰动tropical maritime adj.热带海洋的tropical rainforest n.热带雨林tropical semi-arid n.热带的半干旱tropical year n.回归年tropicalplant n.热带植物troposphere n.对流层tundra n.(北极地区的)冻原;苔原tundra belt n.苔原带turbulence n.湍流Turkey Strait n.土耳其海峡typhoon n.(气)台风UUkraine n.乌克兰ultraviolet ray n.紫外线underlying surface n.下垫面underneath n.在…下面undernourished adj.营养不良的underpopulation n.人口不足United Nations n.联合国United States n.美国uplift n.上升upper mantle n.上地幔upstream n.上游Ural Mountains n.乌拉尔山Uranus n.天王星urban heat island n.城市热岛urban microclimates n.城市小气候urban planning n.城市规划urban problems n.城市问题urban road network n.城市道路网urban settlement n.城市聚落urbanization n.城市化urban-rural shift n.城市－乡村迁移utilization n.利用Vvaried adj.多变的vegetation n.植物vegetation cover n.植被覆盖Venus n.金星vernal adj.春天的vertical stratification n.垂直的分层vessel n.血管;脉管Vienna n.维也纳Vietnam n.越南views of population growth n.人口增长观点vigorous adj.有力的Vladivostok n.夫拉迪乌克托克volcano n.火山Volga n.伏尔加河volume n.体积Wwarm current n.暖流warm front n.暖锋warm front approaches n.暖锋临近warm sector n.暖区Washington n.华盛顿wash-load n.冲积物water circulation n.水循环water level n.水位water source n.水资源water vapor n.水蒸汽waterfall n.瀑布waterway n.排水道waves and tides n.波浪和潮汐weapon n.武器weather n.天气weather associated with a depression n.与低压有关的天气weather forecast n.天气预报weather system n.天气系统weathering n.风化作用West Asia n.西亚West Siberian Plain n.西西伯利亚高原westerlies n.西风带wet and dry tropics n.湿润的和干燥的热带whale n.鲸;捕鲸wind v.弯曲windward adj.上风的，迎风的winter n.冬天winter solstice n.冬至world distribution n.世界分布World Trade Organization n.世界贸易组织XX ray n. X射线xerophytes n.旱生植物Yγ ray n. γ射线Ztimezone n.区时。

单词音标类别architecture['ɑ:kitektʃə]地理建筑Asian ['eiʃən地理国土barrier['bæriə] 地理建筑basement['beismənt] 地理建筑basin['beisən] 地理自然地理环境beach[bi:tʃ] 地理自然地理环境bedroom['bedruːm地理建筑border['bɔ:də]地理国土boundary['baundəri] 地理国土bridge[bridʒ] 地理建筑brook[bruk] 地理自然地理环境capital['kæpitəl] 地理区划cemetery['semitəri] 地理建筑channel['tʃænlz]地理自然地理环境chart[tʃɑ:t] 科技地理concrete[kən'kri:t,地理建筑construct[kən'strʌkt] 地理建筑corner['kɔ:nə]地理自然地理环境corridor['kɔridɔ:] 地理建筑cottage['kɔtidʒ] 地理建筑country['kʌntri] 地理国土creek[kriːk]地理自然地理环境delta['deltə地理自然地理环境desert1['dezət] 地理自然地理环境direction[di'rekʃən地理方位distance['distəns]地理方位distant['distənt] 地理方位dormitory['dɔrmətɔri地理建筑drain[drein] 地理建筑entrance['entrəns地理建筑envelope['envələup] 地理方位excavate['ekskəveɪt]地理建筑extensive[ik'stensiv地理方位extent[ik'stent地理方位exterior[ik'stiəriə地理区划fence['fens] 地理建筑fountain['fauntin]地理自然地理环境frontier[fridʒ] 地理方位garage['ɡærɑ:dʒ, ɡə'r地理建筑globe[ɡləub]科技地理Greece[ɡri:s]地理国土Greek[griːk地理国土ground[ɡraund] 科技地理gypsy['dʒɪpsi地理国土人称谓hinder['hində]地理方位homeland ['həʊmlænd]地理国土horizon[hə'raizən]科技地理地理建筑政治单位house[haus, hauz]inland['inlənd地理区划inner['inə]地理方位interior[in'tiəriə]地理方位intermediate[,intə'mi:djət地理方位jungle['dʒʌŋɡl地理自然地理环境lobby['lɔbi]地理建筑local['ləukəl]地理区划location[ləu'keiʃən地理方位longitude['lɔndʒitju:d,科技地理mainland['meinlənd]地理区划mansion['mænʃ(ə)n地理建筑marble['mɑ:bl] 科技地理marsh [mɑːʃ地理自然地理环境meadow['medəu]地理自然地理环境Mexican['meksɪkən]地理国土Mexico['meksikəu地理国土mountain[mauntin地理自然地理环境Norway['nɔ:wei地理国土oasis[əʊ'eɪsɪs地理自然地理环境ocean['əuʃən]地理自然地理环境Oceania [,oʃɪ'ænɪə地理国土orient['ɔ:riənt, 地理区划outskirts['autskə:ts]地理区划passage[ˈpæsɪdʒ]地理建筑地理自然地理环境peninsula[pi'ninsjulə]place[pleis]地理建筑经济活动plain[plein]人评价地理自然地理环境portugal['pɔ:tjuɡəl]地理国土province['prɔvins] 地理区划pyramid['pirəmid地理建筑rebuild[riː'bɪld地理建筑regional['ri:dʒənəl]地理区划ridge[ridʒ]人身体地理建筑river['rivə地理自然地理环境Romania[rəu'meinjə地理国土rural['ruərəl地理自然地理环境Scottish['skɔtiʃ地理国土shore[ʃɔ:] 地理自然地理环境地理方位situate['sɪtʃʊeɪt; -tjʊsituated['sitjueitid地理方位skirt[skə:t] 人衣饰地理区划southern['sʌðən] 地理方位Soviet['sovɪ'ɛt地理国土space[speis]地理方位square[skwεə] 地理建筑stable['steibl]地理建筑政治工作活动stream[stri:m]地理自然地理环境suburb['sʌbə:b] 地理区划Swiss[swɪs地理国土temple['templ地理建筑人身体territory['teritəri] 地理区划tower['tauə] 地理建筑tropical['trɔpikəl] 地理区划tunnel['tʌnl地理国土动词动手turning['tɜːnɪŋ] 地理自然地理环境underlie[,ʌndə'lai] 地理方位urban['ə:bən]地理区划Vietnam[,vjet'næm]地理国土villa'vɪlə] 地理建筑volcano[vɔl'keinəu地理自然地理环境warehouse['wεəhaus, 地理建筑westerner['westənə]地理国土westwards['westwədz]地理方位。

地理专业英语词汇地理专业英语词汇大全我们学习英语,能学会所有的因素和发音规则,也有可能掌握所有的语法和规则,但要学会所有的单词是无法做到的。

且不说外语学习者。

即便把英语作为母语使用的人也难以达到这一目标。

以下是小编整理的地理专业英语词汇大全，一起来看看吧。

地理专业英语词汇1earthsaxis（地轴）latitude（纬度）longitude（经度）subtropical（亚热带的）subfrigid（亚寒带的）archipelago（群岛）humidity（温度）aircurrent（气流）front（锋面）earthquake（地震）epicenter（震央）erosion（侵蚀）reef（矿脉）glacier（冰河）iceberg（冰山）meander（曲折）tributary（支流）delta（三角洲）heavenlybody（天体）astronomy（天文学）constellation（星座）Galaxy（银河）galacticnebula（银河星云）satellite（卫星）planet（行星）asteroid（小行星）meteor（流星）meteorite（陨石）地理专业英语词汇2anthropologist 人类学家paleoanthropologist 古人类学家ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人(科)homogeneous 同一种族(种类)的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物，文物antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age (青)铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的' Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的托福栏目推荐访问：2014年托福考试真题及答案汇总2014托福报名流程原文每日托福词汇：考古+地理GEOGRAPHY 地理geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石地理专业英语词汇31、geography地理2、geographer地理学家3、hemisphere半球4、meridian子午线，经线5、parallel平行圈，纬线6、latitude经度7、longitude精度8、elevation海拔9、altitude高度10、temperate latitudes温带地区11、horizon地平线12、equator赤道13、tropics热带地区14、Arctic北极15、Antarctic(Antarctica)南极16、expedition探险17、time zone时区18、topography地形，地形学19、plain平原20、plateau (highland)高地21、lowland低地22、basin盆地23、cavern (cave)洞穴24、terrain地域25、subterranean ( underground) 地底下26、coastland沿海地区27、island岛屿28、continental island大陆岛29、volcanic island火山岛30、coral island珊瑚岛31、islet小岛32、peninsular半岛33、continent大陆34、continental shelf大陆架35、ranges山脉36、valley峡谷37、canyon峡谷38、channel (strait)海峡39、remote-sensing遥感的40、terrestrial地球的，陆地的41、terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热42、terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁43、continental drift大陆漂移学说44、sea-floor spreading海床扩展45、evaporation蒸发46、salinity含盐度47、ocean bottom海床48、sediment沉淀物，沉积物49、tropical热带的50、temperate温带的51、frigid寒带的52、formation形成53、frost heaving冻胀现象54、fieldstone卵石。

地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地壳4. continental crust 大陆地壳5. granite; basalt 花岗岩；玄武岩6. sial; sima 硅铝层；硅镁层7. surface waves; body .. 面波；体波8. epicentre; focus 震中；震源9. lithosphere 岩石圈10. tectonic plate 构造板块11. continetal drift 大陆漂移12. asthenosphere 软流层13. ocean ridge 洋脊14. ocean trench 海沟15. subduction 俯冲作用16. volcanism 火山作用17. fold mountain 褶皱山脉18. fold; fault 褶皱；断层19. sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20. vent 火山口21. lava 熔岩22.volcanic cones 火山锥23. parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24. plug 岩颈25. volcanic ash 火山灰26. mechanical weathering 机械风化27. chemical weathering 化学风化28. freeze-thaw 冻融29. pressure release 卸荷释重30.limestone 石灰岩31. hydrolysis 水解作用32. quartz 石英33. hydration 水合作用34. oxidation 氧化作用35. alluvium 冲击层36. gravel 砂砾37. denudation 剥蚀作用38. precipitation 降水39. climatic zone 气候带40. mid-latitude 中纬度41. semi-arid 半干旱42. tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43. watershed 分水岭44. drainage basin 流域45. regolith 风化层46. soil creep 土壤蠕动47. mass movement 块体运动48. strata 地层49. overland runoff 地表径流50. sheet wash 片状冲刷51. pediment 山前侵蚀平原（山足面）52. rockfall 山崩53. landslide 滑坡54. interception 截流55. evapotranspiration 蒸发和蒸腾总量56. capillary rise 毛管上升57. aeration zone 包气带58. overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流；壤中流；地下径流59. water table 潜水面（水位）60. basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61. tributary 支流；62. trunk stream 干流63. drainage density 河网密度64. flood plain 泛滥平原65. coniferous tree 松树67. inselberg 岛状山68. equator 赤道69. monsoon 季风70. storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71. discharge 流量72. peak flow 洪峰流量73. rainfall peak 降水峰值74. precipitation intensity 降水强度75. land use 土地利用76. water-born waste 水成废弃物77. heavy metal 重金属78. climatology 气候学79. urban heat island 城市热岛80. deciduous trees 落叶树81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82. vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83. headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84. lateral erosion 侧蚀85. pot-hole 壶穴86. meander 曲流87. ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88. delta 三角洲89. lake basin 湖盆90. levee 天然提91. rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92.clay;silt;sand;粘土；粉砂；砂93. suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94. atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95. laminar flow 层流96. turbulent flow 紊流97. riffle; pool 浅滩；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙坝100. thalweg 中泓线101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 泻湖103. salinity 盐度104. coastline 海岸线105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 悬移；跃移；蠕移107. dust storm 尘暴108. windward; leeward 迎风；背风109. prevailing wind 盛行风110. deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111. aridity 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回归线113. tropic of capricorn 南回归线114. gobi 戈壁115. continentality 大陆度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原118. alluvial fan 冲积扇119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 风蚀121. moraine 冰碛122. glacial；interglacial 冰期；间冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quaternary Era 第四纪125. periglacial period 冰缘期126. nivation 冰蚀127. earth’ orbit 地球轨道128. plucking 挖蚀129. abrasion 磨蚀130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 终碛138. outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139. kettle hole 锅穴140. wavelength 波长141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period 周期143. wave frequency 波频144. wave height 波高145. wave refraction 波浪折射146. tidal range 潮差147. stack 海蚀柱148. arch 海蚀拱桥149. headland 海岬150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层（顶）、平流、中间、热成151. pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152. isobar 等压线153. sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154. cirrus 卷云155. cumulus 积云156. stratus 层云157. cumulonimbus 积雨云158. convection rain 对流雨159. thunderstorm 雷雨160. depression 低气压161. frontal rain 锋面雨162. orographic rain 地形雨163. equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164. front 锋165. temperature inversion 逆温166. soil texture 土壤质地167. loam 壤土168. soil structure 土壤结构169. soil moisture 土壤水分170. field capacity 田间持水量171. cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172. podzol 灰化土173. brown earth 褐土174. sandstone 砂岩175. gley 潜育土176. azonal soil 非地带性土壤177. soil horizon 土层178. humification 腐殖化作用179. mineralisation 矿化作用180. eluviation 淋溶作用181. calcification 钙化作用182. salinisation 盐化作用183. gleying 潜育化作用184. illuviation 淀积作用185. savanna 热带稀树草原（萨王纳）186. saline soil 盐土187. biogeography 生物地理学188. biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189. autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物；异养生物190. producer; consumer 生产者；消费者191. photosynthesis 光合作用192. herbivore 食草动物193. carnivore 食肉动物194. decomposer 分解者195. trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196. food web 食物网197. primary productivity 初级生产力198. gross productivity 总生产力199. net productivity 净生产力200. continental shelf 大陆架201. succession（prisere）演替202. climax community 顶级群落203. primary (secondary) succession 初级和次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude ...........................经度和纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转和公转P6 (2)Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因和影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels；测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long. 115。

地理学英语词汇大全地理学专业英语词汇Geography is a fascinating field that involves the study of the Earth's physical features, climate patterns, and the interaction between humans and the environment. As with any subject, learning the vocabulary specific to geography is essential for effective communication and understanding. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of English vocabulary words commonly used in geography studies. This compilation aims to assist geography students, researchers, and enthusiasts in expanding their knowledge and fluency in the subject.1. Physical Geography Terms:1.1 Landforms: mountains, plains, plateaus, hills, valleys, canyons, ridges, etc.1.2 Water Bodies: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, waterfalls, etc.1.3 Climate: tropical, arid, temperate, polar, humid, continental, monsoon, etc.1.4 Weather: precipitation, humidity, temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, etc.1.5 Ecosystems: forests, deserts, grasslands, wetlands, tundra, coral reefs, etc.1.6 Natural Disasters: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, etc.2. Human Geography Terms:2.1 Population: demographics, birth rate, death rate, population density, population growth, migration, etc.2.2 Urbanization: cities, urban areas, urban planning, urban expansion, slums, skyscrapers, etc.2.3 Transportation: roads, highways, railways, airports, ports, bridges, tunnels, public transportation, etc.2.4 Agriculture: farming, crop cultivation, livestock rearing, irrigation, agribusiness, sustainable agriculture, etc.2.5 Economic Systems: capitalism, socialism, market economy, planned economy, globalization, trade, etc.2.6 Cultural Geography: language, religion, traditions, customs, folklore, national identity, ethnicity, etc.3. Geographical Tools and Techniques:3.1 Maps: topographic maps, thematic maps, political maps, physical maps, cartography, map scale, symbols, etc.3.2 Remote Sensing: satellite imagery, aerial photography, GIS (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System), etc.3.3 Fieldwork: surveys, observations, sampling, data collection, experiments, analysis, etc.3.4 Geographic Information: coordinates, latitude, longitude, elevation, GIS data layers, geospatial analysis, etc.3.5 Land Surveying: land measurement, boundary determination, survey instruments, geodetic surveying, etc.3.6 Computer Applications: geospatial software, data visualization, modeling, remote sensing software, etc.4. Environmental Geography Terms:4.1 Pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution, waste management, recycling, etc.4.2 Climate Change: greenhouse effect, global warming, carbon footprint, renewable energy, climate adaptation, mitigation, etc.4.3 Conservation: biodiversity, endangered species, habitat preservation, national parks, sustainable development, etc.4.4 Natural Resources: minerals, fossil fuels, renewable resources, water resources, forestry, sustainable use, etc.4.5 Environmental Impact: deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, land degradation, pollution control, conservation strategies, etc.4.6 Sustainability: environmental stewardship, eco-friendly practices, sustainable lifestyles, green technologies, circular economy, etc.5. Geopolitical and International Relations Terms:5.1 Borders: international borders, geopolitical boundaries, border disputes, border control, immigration, etc.5.2 Global Organizations: United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), etc.5.3 Geopolitical Concepts: geopolitics, superpowers, regional integration, imperialism, colonialism, nation-state, etc.5.4 Global Issues: globalization, inequality, poverty, human rights, peacekeeping, conflict, diplomacy, international cooperation, etc.5.5 Development: developed countries, developing countries, sustainable development goals (SDGs), economic indicators, etc.5.6 Migration: immigration, emigration, refugees, asylum seekers, push factors, pull factors, brain drain, etc.Please note that this list of geography vocabulary words is not exhaustive but provides a broad overview of the most commonly used terms in the field. Remember to continuously expand your understanding of geographical concepts and their associated vocabulary through readings, research, and practical applications.。

地理英语名词汇总地理是研究地球的各种现象、规律和特征的学科。

在地理学中，有许多重要的英语名词术语。

下面将详细介绍一些常用的地理英语名词，以帮助读者更好地了解地理学术语。

1. Earth（地球）The third planet from the Sun, also known as the Blue Planet.2. Geology（地质学）The study of the solid Earth, including rocks, minerals, and the processesthat shape its surface.3. Geography（地理学）The study of the Earth's physical features, climate, vegetation, and human populations.4. Topography（地形学）The physical features of a region or area, including its elevation, slope, and relief.5. Continent（大陆）One of the seven major land masses on Earth, including Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.6. Ocean（海洋）A large body of saltwater that covers 71% of the Earth's surface, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic oceans.7. Sea（海）A large body of saltwater that is partially enclosed by land, smaller than an ocean.8. River（河流）A large natural stream of water that flows into another body of water, such as a lake, sea, or ocean.9. Lake（湖泊）A large body of water that is surrounded by land.10. Mountain（山）A large landform that rises steeply above the surrounding land, typically with a peak or summit.11. Hill（小山）A rounded, elevated landform that is lower than a mountain.12. Valley（山谷）A low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it.13. Plain（平原）A large, flat area of land with few or no trees.14. Plateau（高原）A flat, elevated area of land that is higher than the surrounding land.15. Desert（沙漠）A barren and dry region with little or no vegetation, often characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall.16. Tundra（冻土带）A cold and treeless biome found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, characterized by low temperatures and permanently frozen ground.17. Rainforest（热带雨林）A dense forest with high levels of rainfall, typically found in tropical regions.18. Climate（气候）The long-term average weather conditions of a region, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.19. Weather（天气）The current state of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind.20. Erosion（侵蚀）The process by which rocks and soil are moved from one place to another by natural forces, such as water, wind, or glaciation.21. Volcano（火山）A mountain or hill with a vent or crater through which lava, rock fragments, hot gases, and ash are expelled during an eruption.22. Earthquake（地震）A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, often caused by the movement of tectonic plates.23. Tsunami（海啸）A series of ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.24. Glacier（冰川）A large mass of ice that moves slowly over land, usually formed in high mountainous regions.25. Wetland（湿地）An area of land that is saturated with water, such as a swamp, marsh, or bog.26. Biodiversity（生物多样性）The variety of plant and animal species within a given ecosystem or region.27. Ecosystem（生态系统）A community of living organisms that interact with each other and their environment.28. Deforestation（森林砍伐）The clearing or removal of trees from a forested area.29. Pollution（污染）The introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment, causing damage to ecosystems and human health.30. Sustainability（可持续性）The ability to maintain or use resources in a way that does not deplete or harm the environment for future generations.以上是一些常用的地理英语名词，涵盖了地球的各个方面，包括地形、气候、动植物等。

地理常用英语词汇location地点locate 查明；探明;把…设置在；使坐落于；设于North Pole北极South Pole南极Arctic 北极的Antarctic n南极的globe 地球，地球仪global 全球的the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋the Indian Ocean 印度洋the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋continent 大陆Oceanica 大洋洲height 高度hemisphere 半球equator 赤道horizon 地平线tropical 热带的subtropical 亚热带的altitude 海拔latitude 纬度longitude 经度day length 白昼长度environmental conservation 环境保护environmental issues环境问题ecological balance生态平衡global warming 全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应existence—exist 存在extinction—extinct灭绝soil erosion— erode水土流失、侵蚀acid rain酸雨climate change 气候变化air contamination空气污染air pollution 空气污染deforestation滥砍滥伐confluent 汇合的avalanche 雪崩mirage 海市蜃楼abandoned land 弃耕地abiltic factor 非生物因素；非生命因素abiotic environment 非生物环境；非生命环境ablation 消融〔作用〕Abney level 手水准仪aborigine 土著abrasion (corrasion) 磨蚀〔作用〕刻蚀〔作用〕abrasion (wave-cut) platform 海蚀平台absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定〔状态〕absolute stability 绝对稳定〔状态〕absolute temperature 绝对温度absorption 吸收〔作用〕abyssal region 深海区acacia 合欢树accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accessibility 可达度；能达度acclimatization 气候适应accordant drainage 协调水系；调和水系accretion 加积〔作用〕accumulated temperature 积温acid lava 酸性熔岩acid rain 酸雨acid soil 酸性土壤acidic rock 酸性岩acidity (1) 酸度，(2) 酸性activated sludge 活性污泥active layer 活动层；活土层active recreation 主动性康乐active volcano 活火山activity space 活动空间actual evapotranspiration 实际蒸散〔量〕adiabatic cooling 绝对冷却；绝热降温adiabatic heating 绝对增温adiabatic lapse rate 绝热递减率；绝热直减率adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic temperature change 绝热温度变化adit mining 棋坑开采法advection 平流advection fog 平流雾aeolian deposit (sediment) 风积物aeration (1)通气[性]，(2)曝气aeration tank 曝气池aerial photograph 航空照片；空中照片aerobic 需氧aerobic treatment 需氧处理aerosol 气溶胶；雾体；大气微粒aesthetic pollution 美感污染aesthetic quality 美感质素afforestation 造林；植林aftershock 余震age composition 年龄构成age group 年龄组别age structure 年龄结构aged-dependency ratio 老年人抚养〔比〕率agents of erosion 侵蚀作用力；侵蚀营力age-sex pyramid 年龄性别金字塔age-specific fertility rate 年龄别生育率age-specific marriage rate 年龄别结婚率age-specific mortality rate 年龄别死亡率agglomerate 集块岩agglomerated settlement 集居聚落agglomeration (1)结集；聚结，(2)聚居点agglomeration economies 集聚经济效益aggradated plain (aggradation plain) 加积平原；填积平原aggradation 右积作用；填积作用aggradation plain (aggradated plain) 加积平原；填积平原aggregate 团聚体；集合体aging of population 人口老化agrarian reform 土地改革agricultural location theory 农业区位理论agricultural waste 农业废料agriculture 农业agro-ecosystem 农业生态系统agrosystem 农业系统A-horizon A层；淋溶层air circulation 空气环流；空气循环air composition 空气成分；空气组成air control zone 空气管制区air mass 气团air mass modification 气团变性air parcel 气块air pollutant 空气污染物air pollution 空气污染；大气污染air pollution source 空气污染〔来〕源air pressure 气压air quality monitoring network 空气质素监察网albedo 反射率alfalfa 苜蓿alfisol 淋溶土algae 藻类algal bloom 藻类过量繁殖alkaline soil 碱性土alkalinity (1)碱度，(2)碱性alkalization 碱化〔作用〕allogenic river 外源河alluvial cone 冲积锥alluvial deposit 冲积物alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial plain 冲积平原alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地alluviation 冲积作用alluvium 冲积物；冲积层alpine 高山alpine meadow soil 高山草甸土Alpine mountain-building movement 阿尔卑斯造山运动alpine vegetation 高山植物Alpine-Himalayan Belt 阿尔卑斯－－喜马拉雅山带altimeter 高度计altiplano 高原（玻利维亚）altitude 高度altocumulus 高积云altostratus 高层云aluminium sesquioxide 三氧化二铝amenities 市容ammonia 氨ammophilous 喜砂amorphous 无定形amplitude (1)幅度，(2)振幅anabatic wind 上坡风anaerobic 厌氧anaerobic treatment 厌氧处理；缺氧处理ancillary service 辅助性服务〔行业〕anemometer 风速计aneroid barometer 空盒气压计angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of repose 休止角angular (compass, whole circle) bearing 方位角angulate drainage 角状水系animal husbandry 畜牧〔业〕anion 阴离子；负离子annotated map 注释图annual flood 年最大流量；年最大洪水annual mean temperature 年平均温annual rainfall 年雨量annual range of temperature 年温差annual runoff 年径流；年径流量annular drainage 环状水系Antarctic Circle 南极圈antecedent drainage 先成水系anthracite 无烟煤anthropogenic factor 人为因素anticline 背斜anticyclone 反气旋anticyclonic circulation 反气旋式环流anvil cloud 砧状云apartment building 住宅大厦apex (1)冲积扇顶，(2)顶点aquaculture 水产养殖aquatic plant 水生植物aqueduct 引水槽aquifer 畜水层arable farming 耕作农业arable land 〔可〕耕地arch (1)背斜，(2)拱顶，(3)穹窿Archimedes' screw 〔阿基米得式〕螺旋水斗archipelago 群岛Arctic air mass 北极气团Arctic Circle 北极圈Arctic climate 北极气候arctic front 北极锋arcuate delta 弓形三角洲；扇形三角洲area sampling 区域抽样；地区抽样areal association 地区联系；地域联系areal differentiation 地域分异areal distribution 地区分布；地域分布areal specialization 地区专门化；地域专门化areal variation 地区差异；地域差异arete 刃脊；冰脊arid 干旱arid {dry} climate 干旱气候arid land 旱地aridisol 旱成土aridity 干燥〔度〕干旱〔度〕arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中项；算术中项arithmetic progression 等差级数；算术级数arterial highway 干线公路artesian basin 自流水盆地artesian water 自流水artesian well 自流井artificial climate 人造气候asbestosis 石棉沉着病ash and cinder cone 凝灰火山渣锥ash cone 凝灰火山锥ash lagoon 煤灰湖asker 蛇〔形〕丘aspect 坡向assembly industry 装配工业assembly line 装配线assimilation 同化〔作用〕association 联系assumed mean 假定平均数asthenosphere 软流圈；岩流圈asymmetrical fold 不对称折曲atlas 地图集atmosphere 大气；大气圈atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric circulation 大气环流atmospheric disturbance 大气扰动atmospheric heat balance 大气热平衡atmospheric heat source 大气热源atmospheric motion 大气流动atmospheric pollutant 大气污染物atmospheric pollution 大气污染atmospheric pressure 大气压力；气压atmospheric radiation 大气辐射atmospheric refraction 大气折射atoll 环礁attrition 磨耗〔作用〕自磨〔作用〕aureole 〔接触〕变质带autotroph 自养生物autotrophic nutrition 自养营养autumnal equinox 秋分available relief (relative relief) 有效地势；相对地势avalanche 雪崩；山崩average cost 平均成本axial growth 轴向增长axial plane 轴面axial stream 山谷主要河流azimuth 方位角azonal soil 泛域土baby boom 生育高峰back bearing 倒后方位backshore 后滩；滨后〔滩〕backwall 后壁；后坡backwash 回流badland 劣地bajada (bahada) 山麓冲积扇带balanced community 均衡社区balanced ecosystem 平衡生态系统Baltic-Danish farming 波罗的－－丹麦农业bank deposit 河岸沉积〔物〕bank erosion 河岸侵蚀bank failure 塌岸bank full stage 满岸水位bank protection 护岸bankfull discharge 满岸流量bar 沙洲；沙坝bar chart (graph) 条形图；棒形图barbed drainage 倒状水系barchan 新月形沙丘barogram 自记气压曲线图barograph 自记气压计barometer 气压计barometric gradient 气压梯度barren land 荒地；瘠地barrier reef 堡礁；堤礁barrier to migration 迁徙障碍barysphere 重圈basal sapping 基部掏蚀basalt 玄武岩base flow 基本径流；底流base level 基准面base map 底图；基本图basic industry 基础工业basic lava 基性熔岩basic rock 基性岩basic sector 基础部门basin 盆地basin irrigation 淹灌basin perimeter 流域周长；流域周界basin planning 流域规划basin-and-range terrain 盆山相间地形batholith 岩基bauxite 铝土矿bayhead beach 湾头滩bazaar-type economy 摊贩经济beach 海滩beaded stream 串珠〔状〕河流Beaufort scale 蒲福风级bed load 推移质；底沙bed scour 河床冲刷bedding 层理bedding plane 层面bed-load discharge 推移质输送量；底沙输送量bed-load transport 推移质输送；推移质搬运bedrock 基岩；底岩beef cattle 肉用牛behavioral adjustment 行为适应beheaded river (stream) 断头河bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线belt transect 样带bench 阶地bench mark (BM) 水准点beneficiation 矿物增效处理；富集bergschrund 冰后隙；冰斗隙best fit line 最优拟合线B-horizon B层；淀积层bias 偏误；偏差bidder 投标人；出价人bid-rent 出价地租bid-rent curve 出价地租曲线bifurcation ratio 分叉比；分叉率bimodal 集峰binomial curve 二项曲线biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 生化需氧量biocycle 生物循环biodegradation 生物降解biogeochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环biogeography 生物地理学biological concentration 生物密集biological control 生物防治biological indicator 指示生物biological monitor 生物调节者biological productivity 生物生产力biological purification 生物净化biological weathering 生物风化biomass 生物量biome 生物群落biosphere 生物圈biota (biotic community) 生物群biotic balance (equilibrium) 生物平衡biotic barrier 生物阻限biotic climax 生物顶极〔群落〕biotic community (biota) 生物群biotic component 生物组元biotic condition 生物条件biotic environment 生物环境；生命环境biotic equilibrium (balance) 生物平衡biotic factor 生物因素；生命因素biotite 黑云母biotype 生物〔类〕型bird's foot delta 鸟足状三角洲birth control 节育；计划生育birth rate 出生率birth-death ratio 生死比率bituminous coal 烟煤black alkali soil 黑碱土black earth 黑土blast furnace 鼓风炉bleached horizon 漂白层blighted area (1)萎缩地区，(2)枯萎区blizzard 暴风雪；雪暴block diagram 立体图block disintegration 块状崩解；块状分裂block mountain 断块山blood rain 血雨blood worm 红虫；颤虫blow-hole 吹穴blowout (deflation hollow) 吹蚀穴；风蚀洼地bluff 陡坡；陡崖body wave 体波bog 藓沼；沼泽bog peat 沼泽泥炭bora 布拉风（地中海北岸）boreal climate 北部〔森林〕气候boreal forest 北部针叶林borehole 钻孔；探孔boulder 巨砾；石砾boulder clay 泥砾boulder fan 巨砾扇boulder-controlled slope 砾块控制坡boundary (1)界限，(2)边界boundary layer 边界层brackish water 微咸水brackish water habitat 微咸水生境braided stream 分汊河道branching channel 辫状河breaching of dyke 决堤break8ing point 市场分界点breaker zone 碎波区；破波区break-of-bulk-point 转运点breakwater 防波堤breccia 角砾岩breeder reactor 增殖反应堆breeze 微风bridging point 架桥点broad-leaved forest 阔叶林bromine 溴bronchial ailment 支气管失调brown desert steppe soil 棕色荒漠草原土；棕钙土brown earth 棕壤brown forest soil 棕色森林土brown podzolic soil 灰化棕色土；灰化棕壤browsing stock 放牧牲畜buckling (1)弯曲，(2)地壳弯曲buffer 缓冲built-up area 已建区bulk carrier 散装货轮bund 堤Burgess's Concentric Model 伯吉斯同心区模式burrowing animal 穴居动物；钻洞动bush fallowing 灌丛休耕法bush veld 灌丛草原（南非）bushfire 林火business turnover 营业额butte 小方丘；孤丘buttress root 板根by-census 中期人口普查；中期户口统计cactus 仙人掌cadmium 镉Cainozoic (Cenozoic) era 新生calcareous crust 代钙质地表层；石灰结皮；石灰结壳calcareous rock 钙质岩calcareous soil 钙质土；石灰性土壤calcic horizon 钙质层calcification 钙化作用calcimorphic soil 钙成土calciphilous plant 适钙植物；喜钙植物calcite 方解石calcium carbonate 碳酸钙caldera 破火山口Caledonian mountain-building movement 加里东造山运动caliche 钙质层calm (1)无风，(2)静calorie 卡路里；卡Cambrian period 寒武纪camouflage 保护色作用canopy 冠层canyon 峡谷cape 岬〔角〕capillary action 毛〔细〕管作用capital (1)资金；资本，(2)首都capital accumulation 资本累积capital city 首都capital goods 资本货物capital investment 资本投资capital-intensive industry 资本密集工业cap-rock 冠岩；覆盖石caravan 商队(北非)carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbon cycle 碳循环carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbonaceous rock 炭质岩carbonation 碳化作用carbonic acid 碳酸Carboniferous period 石炭纪carcinogen 致癌物cardinal points 方位基点caribou 驯鹿carnivore 食肉动物；食肉生物carrying capacity 负载能力cartographic technique 绘图技巧cartography 绘图学cascade 小瀑布case study 个案研究；学习事例cash crop 经济作物；现金作物cash tenancy 现金租用耕地制cassava 木薯cast iron 铸铁cataract 急流catastrophic effect 灾难性后果catch crop 填闲作物catchment area (1)集水区，(2)从属区catchwater 引水道category 类型；类别catena (soil catena) 土链cation 阳离子；正离子cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换能力；正离子交换能力cattle rearing 牧牛业cavern 岩洞cavitation 空化〔作用〕cellular circulation 环型环流Celsius scale 摄氏温度表cementation 胶结〔作用〕Cenozoic (Cainozoic) era 新生代census 代人口普查；户口统计central business district (CBD) 商业中心区central city 中心城central place 中地；中心地central tendency 集中趋势centrality 中心性centralization 集中centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济centre of gravity 重心centrifugal drainage 离心水系centrifugal force 离心力centripetal drainage 向心水系centripetal force 向心力cereal 谷类cesspool 污水池；粪池chain island 列岛chain shop 连锁店chalk 白垩chance factor 机遇因素channel (1)海峡，(2)水道，(3)河槽；河床channel capacity 河道容量channel cutting 河道割切channel density 河网密度channel equilibrium 河道平衡channel erosion 河道侵蚀channel filling 河道淤塞channel flow 河道径流；河槽径流channel frequency 河道频数channel gradient (slope) 河道坡度；河床坡度channel improvement 河道整治channel length 河道长度channel realignment 河道改道channel roughness 河床糙度channel slope (gradient) 河道坡度；河床坡度channel width 河道宽度channelled runoff 河道径流channelling 开渠；开新槽chaparral 浓密常绿阔叶灌丛(美国加利福尼亚和墨西哥) chart 图；图表chemical industry 化学工业chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量chemical waste 化学废物chemical weathering 化学风化chemically formed sedimentary rock 化学作用形成的沉积岩chemosynthesis 化合作用；化学合成chernozem 黑钙土chestnut brown soil 栗钙褐土chestnut soil 栗钙土child-bearing age group 生育年龄组chili 奇利风（突尼斯的干热风）chinook 钦诺克风（北美）chi-square 卡方chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) 氯氟碳chlorophyll 叶绿素C-horizon C层；母质层choropleth map 等值域图Christaller's Central Place Theory 克里斯泰勒中地学说chute (1)奔流；瀑流，(2)流槽cinder cone 火山渣锥circular causation 循环因果circum-Pacific belt 环太平洋带circumpolar westerlies 环极西风cirque (corrie, cwm) 冰斗cirrocumulus 卷积云cirrostratus 卷层云cirrus 卷云city 城市city (urban) planner 城市规划师city (urban) planning 城市规划city centre 市中心city plan 城市平面图city proper 城市市区部分class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark (class mid-point) 组中点；组中点class mid-point (class mark) 组中点；区中点clastic deposit 碎屑沉积clay 黏土clay loam 黏质壤土clay pan 黏盘clay particle 黏土颗粒clayey 黏质clay-humus complex 黏粒腐殖质复合体cliff 悬崖；峭壁climate 气候climate modification 〔人工〕改变气候climatic amelioration 气候改良climatic anomaly 气候异常climatic barrier 气候障壁climatic change 气候变化；气候变迁climatic classification 气候分类climatic climax 气候顶极〔群落〕climatic deterioration 气候恶化climatic element 气候要素climatic factor 气候因子climatic graph 气候图〔表〕climatic map 气候图climatic oscillation 气候变化；气候变动climatic prediction 气候预报climatic region 气候区climatic regulation 气候调节〔作用〕climatology 气候学climax 顶极〔群落〕climax community 顶极群落climax vegetation 顶极植物climber 攀绿植物climbing plant 攀绿植物climograph 气候图clinometer 倾角仪；测斜仪clint 石灰岩岩脊；石芽closed system 密闭系统clothing industry 制衣业cloud 云cloud cover (cloudiness) 云量cloud reflection 云盖反射cloud seeding 播云；云的催化cloud type 云型cloudiness (cloud cover) 云量cluster sampling 类集抽样coagulation 混凝coal seam 煤层coalfield 煤田coarse texture soil 粗质地土壤coarse tuff 粗粒凝灰岩coarse-grained rock 粗粒岩石coastal landform 海岸地貌；海岸地形coastal plain 海岸平原coastline 海岸线cobble 中砾coding 编码cohesion 内聚力；凝聚力cohort 同期组群coking coal 〔炼〕焦煤col 山口；山坳cold current 寒流cold desert 寒〔带荒〕漠cold front 冷锋cold resistance 耐寒性cold temperate climate 寒温带气候cold wave 寒潮collective farming 集体农业collectivization 集体化colloid 胶体colluvium 崩积物；崩积层；坡积物colonization (1)殖民；拓殖，(2)集群；定殖；占据colony 集群；群体columnar jointing 柱状节理columnar structure 柱状结构combine harvester 联合收割机；多用途收割机commercial centre 商业中心commercial farming 商业性农业commercial zone 商业区commercialization 商业化commune 公社communication (1)交通，(2)通讯community (1)社区，(2)群落community facility 社区设施community organization 社区组织community shopping centre 社区购物中心commuter 通勤者；往返市区工作地点及郊区住所的人commuter zone 通勤带compact texture 致密结构comparative advantage 相对优势comparison goods 需比较商品compass 罗盘；指南针compass (angular, whole circle) bearing 方位角compass points 罗盘指标；罗盘方位competence of stream 河流搬运最大颗粒能力competition for location 区位竞争competition for space 空间竞争component 组元composite cone 复合火山锥composting 堆肥comprehensive redevelopment area 综合性重建区compressional force 挤压力computation 计算concave bank 凹岸concave slope 凹坡concentration 集结concentric zone theory 同心圆地带论concordant (longitudinal) coast 顺向海岸；纵式海岸concretion 结核〔作用〕condensation 凝结condensation level 凝结高度condensation nuclei 凝结核心conduction of heat 热传导conelet 小型火山锥confluence 汇流点congelifraction 融冻〔崩解〕作用conglomerate 砾岩conical hill 锥形山conifer 针叶树coniferous forest 针叶林connectivity 连接程度consequent drainage 顺向水系conservation 养护；保养；保护；保存；节约conservation of resources 资源保养constant slope 直坡constructive plate boundary 建设性皮块边界constructive wave 建设性波浪；堆积浪consumer 消费者consumer behaviour 消费行为；消费者行为container 集装箱；货柜container terminal 集装箱码头；货柜码头containerization 集装箱化；货柜化continent 洲；大陆continental air mass 大陆气团continental apron (rise) 大陆隆continental climate 大陆〔性〕气候continental collision 大陆碰撞continental crust 大陆地壳；陆壳continental drift 大陆漂移continental edge (fringe, margin) 大陆边缘continental fringe (edge, margin) 大陆边缘continental glacier 大陆冰川continental island 大陆岛continental margin (edge, fringe) 大陆边缘continental nucleus 陆核continental plate 大陆板块continental plate boundary 大陆板块边界continental rise (apron) 大陆隆continental rupture 大陆破裂continental shelf 大陆〔棚〕架continental shield 地盾continental slope 〔大〕陆〔斜〕坡continental suturing 大陆缝合作用continentality 大陆性；大陆度contour farming (ploughing) 等高耕作〔法〕contour line 等高线contour map 等高线图contour mapping 等高线绘图contour method 等高线法contour ploughing (farming) 等高耕作〔法〕contraception 避孕contract farming 合约式农业controlled flooding 控制漫灌〔法〕controlled tip 废物堆填区controlled tipping 废物堆填法conurbation 联都；集合城市〔区〕convection (convectional) rain 对流雨convection (convective) current (1)对流，(2)对流气流convection of heat 热对流convective (convection) current (1)对流，(2)对流气流convenience goods 日用品；常用商品conventional sign 图例；沿用图例；惯用符号convergence (1)辐合，(2)聚合convex bank 凸岸convex slope 凸坡cool temperate climate 凉温带气候co-operative farming 合作社式农业coordinate 坐标coral reef 珊瑚礁cordillera 雁列山(美洲)core (1) 地核；地心，(2)核心core area 核心区corestone 核心石；岩心Coriolis effect 科里奥效应Coriolis force 科里奥利力；地球自转偏向力Corn Belt 玉米带（美）corrasion (abrasion) 磨蚀〔作用〕刻蚀〔作用〕corrective measure 改善措施correlation 相关corrie (cirque, cwm) 冰斗corrosion 溶蚀〔作用〕cosmic ray 宇宙射线cost minimization 生产成本最低化；成本的极少化cost of living 生活费cost-benefit analysis 损益分析；成本收益分析cottage industry 家庭式工业counter radiation 逆辐射counter-urbanization 逆城市化country park 郊野公园country rock 围岩crag and tail 鼻尾丘crater 火山口crest 山脊Cretaceous period 白垩纪crevasse 冰隙；裂隙critical discharge 临界流量critical isodapane 临界等总运费线crop and livestock farming 耕牧混合农业crop breeding 作物育种crop failure 作物失收；作物减产crop rotation 轮植；轮作；轮耕cropping pattern 作物生产型式cropping region 作物区cropping system 耕作制度；农作制度cross breeding 杂交育种；杂交繁育cross section 横剖面；横切面cross-bedding 交错层crown 树冠crude birth rate 粗出生率；毛出生率crude death rate 粗死亡率；毛死亡率crumb structure 屑粒结构crust (earth's crust) 地壳crystal 晶体crystalline rock 结晶岩crystallization 结晶〔作用〕cuesta 单斜脊；单面山cuesta scarp 单斜脊崖（前坡）；鬣崖cultural landscape 文化景观cumulative causation 累积因果cumulative frequency 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲线；穹形线cumulonimbus 积雨云cumulus 积云cup anemometer 转杯风速计curde oil 原油current meter 流速计current speed 流速cuspate delta 尖头三角洲cut off slope 削蚀坡cut-and-fill (1)边冲边淤(曲流) (2)先冲后淤(河床)cuticle 角质层cut-off (1)截流；断流，(2)裁湾〔作用〕cut-off lake (oxbow lake) 牛轭湖cutting 〔削〕切面cwm (cirque, corrie) 冰斗cycle of erosion 侵蚀循环cycle of poverty 贫穷循环cyclone 气旋cyclone track 气旋路线cyclonic circulation 气旋环流cyclonic flow 气旋流动cyclonic rain 气旋雨daily (diurnal) range of temperature 日温差dairy cattle 乳牛；乳用牛dairy farming 乳牛畜牧业Dalmatian coast 达尔马提亚型海岸；顺向海岸dam 水坝dam-failure 溃坝；垮坝data analysis 数据分析；资料分析data collection 数据搜集；资料搜集data interpretation 数据阐释；资料阐释data processing 数据处理；数据处理data representation 数据表达；资料表达de facto population 现住人口de jure population 常住人口death rate 死亡率debris avalanche 岩屑崩落debris flow 泥石流debris slope 岩屑坡decalcification 脱钙作用decay 腐烂；分解decentralization 分散；离心decibel (dB) 分贝deciduous forest 落叶林decision maker 决策者declining region 衰落区decomposer 分解者decomposing organism 分解生物decomposition 分解〔作用〕deep-focus earthquake 深源地震deferred junction 延长汇点deferred stream 延长河deflation 吹蚀〔作用〕deflation hollow (blowout) 吹蚀穴；风蚀洼地deflation varnish 吹蚀漆皮deflection 偏向deflection (deflective, deviating) force 偏向力；偏转力deflective (deflecting, deviating) force 偏向力；偏转力defoliation 去叶；落叶；脱叶deforestation 伐林deformation 变形；变态deglomeration 反聚集力degradable plastics 可降解塑料degradation 陵削〔作用〕减坡degrading stream 夷低河；削蚀河；下切河流dehydration 脱水〔作用〕deionized water 去离子水delta 三角洲demand potential 需求潜在力demographic data 人口数据；人口资料demographic structure 人口结构demographic transition 人口过渡；人口转变demographic transition theory 人口过渡论demography 人口统计学；人口学dendritic drainage 〔树〕枝状水系denitrification 反硝化作用densely populated 人口稠密density 密度density map 密度图denudation 剥蚀〔作用〕denudation chronology 剥蚀年代dependency population 依赖人口；受抚养人口dependency ratio 依赖比率；抚养比率dependent variable 应变量；应变数depopulation 人口减少；人口下降deposit 沉积物deposition 沉积〔作用〕depreciation (1)折旧，(2)贬值；货币贬值depressed region 葨落区域depression (1)低气压，(2)洼地deranged drainage 冰碛平原水系；扰乱水系desalinization 脱盐作用descriptive statistics 描述统计学desert 荒漠；沙漠desert climate 荒漠气候；沙漠气候desert encroachment 荒漠扩展；沙漠扩侵desert pavement 荒漠〔卵石〕覆盖层；沙漠〔卵石〕覆盖层desert plateau 荒漠高原；沙漠高原desert varnish 荒漠漆皮desertification 荒漠化；沙漠化desiccation 干燥作用；变旱desilication 脱硅作用destructive plate boundary 破坏性板块边界destructive wave 破坏性〔波〕浪detached building 独立式楼宇detritus (1)碎屑；岩屑，(2)腐屑developed country 已发展国家developing country 发展中国家development level 发展水平deviating (deflecting, deflective) force 偏向力；偏转力deviation 偏差Devonian period 泥盆纪dew 露dew point 露点D-horizon D层；基岩层diagenesis 成岩作用diagonal linkage 对角联系diastrophism 地壳运动differential erosion 差别侵蚀differential weathering 差别风化diffuse radiation 扩散辐射diffusion 漫射；扩散dike (dyke) (1)岩墙；岩脉，(2)堤dilution 稀释diminishing return 收益递减dip 倾斜dip angle 倾角dip direction 倾向dip slope 倾向坡direct proportion 正比例disaster relief 救灾discharge 流量disclimax 亚演替顶极discordant coast 横或海岸discordant drainage 不协调水系discrete data 不连续数据disease control 疾病控制diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disintegration 崩解；分解dismembered drainage 解体水系dispersed settlement 分散聚落dispersion (1)离〔中〕趋势；离〔中〕差，(2)离散displacement 位移disposal 处置；处理dissected plateau 切割高原dissection 切割〔作用〕分割〔作用〕dissipation 消散〔作用〕dissolved load 溶解〔搬运〕质dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧distance decay 随距递减；随距衰减distributary 分流distribution 分布distributional pattern 分布形态diurnal (daily) range of temperature 日温差divergence (1)辐散，(2)分向diversification 多元化divided circle (pie graph) 圆瓣图division of labour 分工doldrums 赤道无风带dolerite 粗玄岩doline 溶斗；〔漏斗形〕灰岩坑domain 领域dome 穹丘，圆丘domesti refuse 家庭废物domestic sewage 生活污水；家庭污水domesticated animal 驯养家畜domestication 驯化；驯养dominant animal 优势动物dominant plant 优势植物dominant species 优势种dormancy 休眠dormant volcano 睡火山dormitory suburb 郊外居住区；郊外住宅区dormitory town 居住城镇dot map 点示图double cropping 雨造耕作；双作downcutting 下蚀〔作用〕下切侵蚀downdraft (downdraught) 下沉气流downfold 向斜downstream 下游downthrow 下盘downtown 市中心；城市商业区（美）downward filtering process 下滤过程downwelling 沉降流downwind effect 下沉风效应drag velocity 摩阻流速drainage (1)水系，(2)排水drainage area (1)流域，(2)排水区drainage basin 河盆；河域drainage density 河网密度;排水密度drainage network (1)河网，(2)排水网drainage pattern 水系型〔式〕drainage system 水系draught animal 役畜dredging 清淤；疏浚dreikanter 三棱石；风棱石drift (adlt) mining 横坑开采法drift material 飘流物；漂流物drill rig 钻油台；钻塔drip-tip 滴水叶尖drizzle 微雨；毛毛雨drought 干旱drought-resistant plant 抗旱性植物drowned river valley (rai) 溺谷；溺河drumlin 脊背丘；鼓丘dry (arid) climate 干旱气候dry (wind) gap 旱峡；风口dry adiabatic lapse rate 干绝热〔温度〕递减率；干绝热〔温度〕直减率dry crop 旱田作物dry farming 旱耕〔法〕dry rice 旱稻dry valley 干谷；涸谷dry-bulb thermometer 干球温度计drying agent 干燥剂duckweed 浮萍；青萍dumping area 倾卸区dune 沙丘dune encroachment 沙丘扩侵duplex house 复式房屋durable goods 耐用品duricrust 铝铁硅钙壳duripan 硬盘Dust Bowl 尘暴区（美）dust storm 尘暴dwelling unit 居住单位dyke rock 脉岩dyke(dike) (1)岩墙；岩脉，(2)堤dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡earth movement 地壳运动earth pillar 土柱earth revolution 地球公转earth rotation 地球自转earth-flow 泥流earthquake 地震earthquake focus 震源earthquake intensity 地震强度earthquake origin 震源earthquake period 地震期earthquake prediction 地震预报earthquake scale 地震震级earthquake wave 地震波earthquake zone 地震带earthquake-prooff design 抗震设计earth's axis 地轴earth's crust (crust) 地壳earthy 土状easterlies (1)东风，(2)东风带easting 东行线ecocline 生态变异；生态差型ecological balance 生态平衡ecological community 生态群落ecological crisis 生态危机ecological damage 生态破坏ecological efficiency 生态效率ecological niche 生态位；小生境ecological pyramid 生态塔ecological succession 生态演替ecology 生态学economic base 经济基础economic bloc 经济集团economic depression 经济萧条economic development 经济发展economic growth 经济增长economic man 经济人economic recession 经济衰退economic recovery 经济复苏economic region 经济区economic rent 经济租值economic take-off 经济起飞economic utility 经济效用economically active population 经济活动人口economically inactive population 非经济活动人口economies of scale 规模经济效益ecosphere 生态圈ecosystem 生态系统ecotone 群落过渡带；群落交错区ecotype 生态型edaphic climax 土壤演替顶极〔群落〕edaphic factor 土壤因素eddy 旋涡effciency of energy transfer 能量变换效率；能量转换效率effective precipitation 有效降水〔量〕effluent (1)污水；废水，(2)湖源河eight point compass 八方位罗盘elasticity of demand 需求弹性elasticity of supply 供给弹性elbow of capture 袭夺〔河〕弯electrical conductivity 导电性；导电率electromagnetic wave 电磁波electronics industry 电子业elevated peneplain 上升准平原elevation (1)海拔；高度，(2)仰角eluvial deposit (1)残积物，(2)淋溶沉积物eluvial horizon 淋溶层eluviation 淋溶〔作用〕淋失〔作用〕embankment 堤基emergence 上升emergent (1)露生植物，(2)挺水植物emergent coast 上升海岸emigrant 移民emigration 移居国外empirical data 实验数据employment structure 就业结构end (terminal) moraine 终〔冰〕endangered species 濒临灭绝的生物品种；濒危物种endogenic process 内力作用；内成作用energy balance 能量平衡energy budget 能量收支energy conservation 能源节约energy crisis 能源危机energy deficit 能量亏损energy efficiency 能量效率；能源效率energy flow 能〔量〕流energy level 能量级energy ratio 能量比率energy reserve 能源蕴藏energy resources 能源〔资源〕energy source 能源energy subsidy 能源补助energy surplus 能量过剩energy transfer 能量转移engineering industry 机械工业englacial moraine 内〔冰〕碛entisol 新成土entrenched meander 嵌入曲流；深切曲流entrenched stream 嵌入河；深切河entrenched valley 嵌入〔河〕谷；深切〔河〕谷entrepot 转口港entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurial factor 企业管理因素environmental capacity 环境容量environmental conservation 环境保护environmental constraint 环境限制environmental degradation 环境退化environmental education 环境教育environmental gradient 环境梯度environmental hazard 环境灾害；环境危害environmental impact 环境影响environmental impact statment 环境影响报告environmental improvement 环境改善environmental lapse rate 环境〔温度〕递减率；环境〔温度〕直减率environmental perception 环境感观environmental planning 环境规则environmental pollution 环境污染environmental quality 环境质素environmental resources 环境资源environmental risk 环境风险Eocene epoch 始新世epeirogenic movement 造陆运动ephermeral (1)短生植物，(2)短生ephermeral stream 季节性河流；间歇〔性〕河〔流〕epicdermis 表皮epicentre 震央；震中epiphyte 附生植物Equator 赤道equatorial air mass 赤道气团equatorial climate 赤道气候equatorial low 赤道低〔气〕压equatorial rain forest 赤道雨林equatorial trough 赤道低压槽eradication of disease 消除疾病erg (sandy desert) 砂质荒漠；砂质沙漠erodibility 可侵蚀性erosion 侵蚀erosion cycle 侵蚀循环erratic 漂石eruption 爆发escarpment 单斜山；马头丘estancia 大牧场(南美)estate (1)大农场，(2)estuarine delta 河口三角洲estuary 河口湾ethnic area 种族区ethnic group 种族群ethnic minority 少数种族ethnic segregation 种族隔离Eurasia 欧亚大洲eustasy 海面升降；海面进退eustatic movement 海面升降运动eutrophic 富养分eutrophication 富养化〔作用〕evaporation 蒸发〔作用〕evapotranspiration 蒸发蒸腾作用even (regular) slope 均匀坡evergreen forest 常绿林evolution 演化；进化excavation (1)掘蚀，(2)挖掘excessive urbanization 过度城市化exchange capacity 交换量exchangeable cation 交换性阳离子；交换性正离子exfoliation 剥离〔作用〕；页状剥落〔作用〕exhaust gas 废气；排气exhumation 剥露〔作用〕exogenic process 外力作用；外成作用exotic river 外源河exponential curve 指数曲线export 出口export-oriented industry 出口导向工业exposed coast 裸露海岸；暴露海岸extended family 大家庭extensive farming 粗放式农业；广耕法external economies 外部经济效益external force 外〔营〕力external migration 国外迁移；境外迁移extinct species 已灭绝生物品种extinct volcano 死火山extinction of species 品种灭绝extrapolation 外推法；外插法extreme climate 极端气候extreme environment 极端环境extreme event 极端事件extreme value 极值extrusion 喷出；挤出extrusive rock 喷出岩extrusive vulcanicity 喷出火山作用eye of tropical cyclone 〔热带气旋〕风眼fabricating industry 装配工业factor of location 区位因素；布局因素factor of production 生产因素factor substitution 因素代替Fahrenheit scale 华氏温度表fall-line 瀑布线（美）fallow 休耕fallow time 休耕时间family planning 家庭计划；计划生育family-life cycle 家庭生活周期farm size 农场面积farm unit 农场单位farmer's calender 农民行事历farming 农业；耕作farming efficiency 农耕效率。

地理类词汇(一）七大洲(eight continents)：亚洲Asia 欧洲Europe 北美洲North America 南美洲Latin America South America 非洲Africa 大洋洲Oceania 南极洲Antarctica（一）四大洋(four oceans):太平洋Pacific Ocean 大西洋Atlantic ocean 印度洋Indian Ocean 北冰洋Arctic ocean(三)地理专业词汇geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitudetemperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的fieldstone 卵石Weathering 风化作用Hydrology 水文学The river channel 河道Deltas and estuaries 三角洲和河口湾Landforms of the hot desert 热沙漠地形Glaciation 冰川作用Glaciation deposition 冰川沉积Glacial erosion 冰蚀Lowland glaciation 低地的冰川作用Periglaciation 冰缘作用Waves and tides 波浪和潮汐Coastal erosion 海岸侵蚀Coastal classification 海岸分类Atmospheric motion 大气运动Precipitation patterns 降水类型Mid-latitude 中纬度Weather associated with a The passage of a depression 低压槽Airflows and air masses 气流和气团The monsoon 季风Tropical rainforests 热带雨林Temperate grasslands 温带草原Temperate deciduous woodland 温带落叶林地Fertility and mortality 出生率与死亡率The central business district (CBD) 中心商业区Farming systems 耕作系统Industrial location 工业区Deindustrialisation 后工业化The steel industry 钢铁工业Coal-mining 采煤业Renewable energy 可再生能源Regional disparities 区域差异Newly industrialising countries (NICs) 新型工业化国家Tourism 旅游业Resource exploitation 资源开发Land degradation and desertification 土地退化和荒漠化Acid rain 酸雨Periods of growth 增长周期Urban-rural shift 城市-乡村迁移Hierarchy 等级Coalfield 煤田Industrial linkage 工业连锁Urbanization 城市化Decentralization 分散化Fertility and mortality 出生率和死亡率Crude birth rate 自然出生率Total fertility rate 总出生率Age-specific mortality rates 特定年龄死亡率Allowances 津贴Infrastructure 基础设施Compulsory 强迫的Contraception 节育Underpopulation 人口不足Overpopuplation 人口过多Population density 人口密度Endowments 基金。

altitude / 5Altitju:d / 海拔高度 Antarctic / Ant5B:ktik / 南极的Antarctica / Ant5B:ktikE / 南极洲 Arctic / B:ktik /北极的arid / 5Arid / 干旱的 Basin / 5beisn /盆地canal / kE5nAl / 运河 Canyon / 5kAnjEn / 峡谷cavern (cave) / 5kAvEn / 巨洞，洞窑 channel / 5tFAnl / 海峡cleft / kleft / 缝隙，劈开的 cliff / klif /悬崖coastland / `kEJstlAnd / 沿海地区 collide / kE5laid / 碰撞continent / 5kCntinEnt / 大陆 continental drift / 7kCnti5nentl / 大陆漂移continental island / 7kCnti5nentl / 大陆岛 continental shelf / 7kCnti5nentl /大陆架contour / 5kCntuE / 轮廓，等高线 copper / 5kCpE /铜coral island / 5kCrEl / 珊瑚岛 core / kC: /地核cosmopolitan / 7kCzmE5pClitEn / 世界性的 crack / krAk /裂缝crest / krest / 山顶 crevice / 5krevis / (墙壁, 岩石等的)裂缝crust / krQst / 地壳 cycle / 5saikl /天体的轨道dam / dAm / 水坝 debris / 5debri: / 碎片delta / 5deltE / 三角洲 demolish / di5mCliF / 破坏,粉碎deposit / di5pCzit / 堆积物；沉淀物；沉积；矿床 desert / di5zE:t / 沙漠diffuse / di5fju:z / 传播,扩散 disintegration / dis7inti5^reiFEn / 分解dispose / dis5pEuz / 处理,处置 distribute / dis5tribju(:)t / 散布,分布diversity / dai5vE:siti / 多样性 dormant / 5dC:mEnt / 休眠的（火山）drill / dril / 钻孔 earthquake / 5E:Wkweik / 地震ebb / eb / 衰落 edge / edV /边缘,边界elevation / 7eli5veiFEn / 抬升；高地；海拔 eliminate / i5limineit / 排除endemic / en5demik / 风土的，地方的 epicenter / 5epIsentE(r) / 震中equator / i5kweitE / 赤道 erode / i5rEud /侵蚀erosion / i5rEuVEn / 腐蚀，侵蚀 evaporation / i7vApE5reiFEn / 蒸发Expedition / 7ekspi5diFEn / 探险 extinct volcano / iks5tiNkt / 死火山extract / iks5trAkt / 开采，提炼 fault plane / plein / 断层面fieldstone / `fi:ldstEJn / 卵石 flaw / flC: /裂缝formation / fC:5meiFEn / 形成 frontier / 5frQntjE / 边境frost heaving / frCst / 冻涨现象 gap / ^Ap /缝隙geographer / dVi5C^rEfE / 地理学家 geography / dVi5C^rEfi / 地理geothermal / 7dVi(:)Eu5WEmEl / 地热的 gorge / ^C:dV /峽谷Grand Canyon / ^rAnd / 大峡谷 gulf （arm ） / ^Qlf / 海湾hemisphere / 5hemisfiE / 半球 highland / 5hailEnd / 高地hillside / `hIlsaId / 山坡 horizon / hE5raizn / 地平线horizontal / 7hCri5zCntl / 水平的 igneous rock / 5i^niEs / 火成岩incandescent / 7inkAn5desnt / 白炽的 infertile / in5fE:tail / 贫瘠的insular / 5insjulE / 海岛的 insulate / 5insjuleit / 隔离island / 5ailEnd / 岛屿 islet / 5ailit /小岛latitude / 5lAtitju:d / 纬度 ledge / ledV /矿层，矿脉longitude / 5lCndVitju:d / 经度，经线 lowland / 5lEulEnd / 低地margin / 5mB:dVin / (湖,池等的)边缘 marine / mE5ri:n / 航海的maritime / 5mAritaim / 海上的 melt / melt /融化meridian / mE5ridiEn / 子午线 mountain chain / tFein / 山脉mountain range / reindV / 山脉 navigation / 7nAvi5^eiFEn / 航海oasis / Eu5eisis / 绿洲 offshore / 5C(:)fFC: / 海面上的,远离岸的outskirt / 5autskE:t / 外边，郊区 parallel / 5pArElel / 平行圈，纬线peninsula / pi5ninsjulE / 半岛 plain / plein /平原plateau (highland) / 5plAtEu / 高地 precipice / 5presipis / 悬崖range / reindV / 山脉，多山的地区 region / 5ri:dVEn / 区域，地方salinity / sE5liniti / 盐度 sea- floor spreading / 5sprediN /海床扩张sediment / 5sedimEnt / 沉淀物 smelt / smelt /冶炼straits / straits / 海峡 subsidiary / sEb5sidjEri / 辅助的，补充的subterrane / 5sQbtErein / 表层下基岩 subterranean / sQbtE5reInIEn / 地下的summit,top,crest,peak / 5sQmit / 顶峰tectonics / tek5tCniks / 构造学temperate / 5tempErit / 温带的 terrain / 5terein / 地形terrestrial / ti5restriEl / 地球的，陆地的 terrestrial magnetism / 9dVi:EJ`mA^nItIzEm /地磁tide / taid / 潮汐 topography / tE5pC^rEfi / 地形，地形学tropical / 5trCpikl / 热带的 tropic / 5trCpik /回归线volcanic island / vCl5kAnik / 火山岛 zone / zEun /地域。