平狄克 答案2

平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）习题详解（第14章-投⼊要素市场）平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第14章投⼊要素市场课后复习题详解跨考⽹独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这⾥查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少⾛弯路，躲开⼀些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考⽹独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学⼀对⼀在线咨询进⾏咨询。

1．为什么当⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩？答：⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩，其原因在于：（1）⼚商对劳动的需求曲线是由劳动的边际收⼊产出L MRP 决定的。

L MRP 指在其他⽣产要素的投⼊量固定不变时追加⼀单位的劳动⼒要素投⼊所带来的收益。

它等于边际物质产品（L MP ）与边际收益（MR ）的乘积，即·L L MRP MP MR =。

（2）在完全竞争市场上，边际收益曲线具有完全弹性并且等于价格P ，故·L L MRP MP P =。

在垄断市场上，边际收益曲线是向下倾斜的，弹性较⼩。

通过边际收⼊产出L MRP 的表达式可以看出，当⼚商在产出品市场具有垄断势⼒时，对劳动的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩。

2．为什么劳动供给曲线可能是向后弯曲的？答：劳动供给曲线是⼈们提供的劳动和对劳动所⽀付的报酬之间关系的表现形式。

假设劳动的供给只取决于⼯资，则劳动供给曲线可⽤图14-4表⽰。

此图是向后弯曲的劳动供给曲线。

这是因为，当⼯资较低时，随着⼯资的上升，消费者为较⾼的⼯资所吸引，将减少闲暇，增加劳动供给量。

在这个阶段，劳动供给曲线向右上⽅倾斜。

但是，⼯资上涨对劳动供给的吸引是有限的。

当⼯资涨到⾜够⾼（例如0W ）时，消费者的劳动供给量达到最⼤，此时，如果继续增加⼯资，劳动供给量不会继续增加，反⽽会减少，如当⼯资从0W 提⾼到1W 时，劳动供给则从0L 减少到1L 。

平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第12章垄断竞争和寡头垄断课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1．垄断竞争市场的特征是什么？在这样的一个市场中，如果一厂商推出一种新型的、改进的产品，对均衡价格和产量会产生什么影响？答：（1）垄断竞争市场的特征垄断竞争市场指那种许多厂商出售相近但非同质，而是具有差别的商品的市场组织。

一个垄断竞争的市场具有两个关键特征：①集团中有大量的企业生产有差别的同种产品，这些产品彼此之间是非常接近的替代品。

这些有差别的产品虽然是同一类产品，但在产品的商标、包装、设计、质量、性能、声誉、服务、销售渠道等方面具有差别。

一方面，由于产品具有不同特色，因此不具有完全替代性；另一方面，又因为它们具有相似之处，从而具有高度的可替代性。

②自由进出，即新厂商带着这种产品的新品牌进入市场和已有厂商在它们的产品已无利可图时退出都比较容易。

（2）对均衡价格和产量的影响在一个市场中，如果一厂商推出一种新型的、改进的产品，会使得所有其它厂商的需求曲线向内移动，因此导致均衡价格和产量降低。

2．为什么在垄断竞争中厂商的需求曲线比总的市场需求曲线要平坦？假设一家垄断竞争厂商短期中有一个利润，长期中它的需求曲线会发生什么变化？答：（1）垄断竞争中厂商的需求曲线比总的市场需求曲线要平坦的原因在垄断市场中，产品之间是非常接近的替代品，因而对某个品牌商品的需求弹性很大，所以厂商的向右下倾斜的需求曲线是比较平坦的，相对地比较接近完全竞争厂商的需求曲线的形状。

而市场需求曲线表示的是消费者对某个生产集团所生产的一类产品的总的需求状况，这类产品对于消费者来说是必须的，替代品很少甚至没有，其需求弹性显然小于消费者对此类产品中不同品牌产品的需求弹性，因此市场需求曲线较单个厂商的需求曲线陡峭。

第十八章外部性和公共产品1．在居民住宅占据了城镇的东部之后，几家工厂设立在西部。

每家厂商生产相同的产品，并且在生产中排放有害气体，对社区的居民产生不利的影响。

（1）为什么厂商生产会产生外部性？工厂产生的有害气体会影响居民的效用函数，而且居民不能控制气体的量。

我们可以认为有害气体会减少居民的效用（即负的外部性），降低房地产的价值。

（2）你认为私下讨价还价会解决这一外部性问题吗？请解释。

如果居民预计到工厂的设立，那么房屋价格会反映出有害气体造成的效用低下；通过房屋市场的价格调节使外部性内部化。

如果预计到有害气体，只有当存在数量较少的团体（企业或家庭）且产权界定清晰时，私下的讨价还价才能解决外部性的问题。

私下的讨价还价取决于每个家庭为空气质量支付的意愿，但是真实的信息披露几乎不可能。

工厂已有的生产技术的转化以及工厂和家庭之间的雇佣关系都会使这个问题更加复杂。

私下的讨价还价不大可能解决这个问题。

（3）社区可能会怎样决定空气质量的有效水平?社区可以通过把家庭的支付意愿相加并使其等于减少污染的边际成本来求出空气质量的经济效率水平。

这两步都要求获得真实的信息。

2．一个电脑编程人员游说反对对软件进行版权保护。

他的论点是，每个人都应当从为个人电脑编写的创新程序中获益，，与各种各样电脑程序的接触甚至会鼓舞年轻的编程人员编出更多的创新程序。

考虑到由于它的建议而可能得到的边际社会收益，你同意该编程人员的主张吗？信息中给出的计算机软件是一个经典的公共产品的例子。

因为它可以无成本的复制，所以向一个额外的消费者提供软件的边际成本几乎为零。

所以软件是非竞争性的。

（编写软件的固定成本很高，但可变成本却很低。

）另外，防止消费者复制和使用软件的代价很高，因为只有付出很高的成本或给消费者带来很大不便才能保护版权。

所以，软件也是非排他性的。

由于具有非竞争性和非排他性，计算机软件面临着公共产品：免费搭车者的存在使得市场很难或不可能提供有效率的软件水平。

第七章复习题1.显性成本2.她自己做其他事时会得到的最高收入3.多用资本,少用工人4.完全竞争价格给定,即斜率不变5.不意味6.意味着递增7.AVC<AC MC递增 MC=AVC最低点 MC=AC最低点8.L形9.长期扩展线为把等产量线簇上斜率相同点连起来,此时它改变了斜率10.规模经济基础是内在经济,针对一种产品范围经济基础是同时生产高度相关的产品.练习题1.AVC=1000 AC=1000+1000/Q非常大,最后为10002.不对,除非工人只可以在这里找到工作3.见书后4.见书后5.见书后6.每个均衡点斜率更小7不同意,应按不同时段定价,如不可,则同意8.见书后9.TC=120000+3000(q/40)+2000AC=75+122000/QMC=75AC随Q减小2个劳动组,1600元1/4, 更大的生产能力11.190万元 53元 53元 19元第七章附录练习题1、我们考查规模报酬时可由F（aK，aL）与aF（K，L）之间的关系判断当F（aK，aL）>aF（K，L）,表明是规模报酬递增；当F（aK，aL）=aF（K，L）,表明是规模报酬不变；当F（aK，aL）<aF（K，L）,表明是规模报酬递减；（a）规模报酬递增；（b）规模报酬不变；（C）规模报酬递增。

2、根据已知条件，资本价格r=30，设劳动价格为w，则成本函数C=30K+ wL由拉格朗日函数可知，F(K,L,λ)=30K+wL-λ(100KL -1000)要使成本最小化则有:∂F(K,L, λ)/ ∂K=30-100λL =0 (1)∂F(K,L, λ)/ ∂L=w -100λK=0 (2)∂F(K,L, λ)/ ∂λ=100KL -1000 =0 (3)联立(1) ，(2)， (3)可得K=(w/3) 1/2 ,L=(300/w) 1/2 ,此时成本最小，代入成本函数C=30K+ wL，得C=2（300w）1/23、根据已知条件，资本价格为r=10，劳动价格为w=15，则成本函数C=10K+ 15L由拉格朗日函数可知，F(K,L,λ)=10K+15L-λ(KL2–Q)要使成本最小化则有:∂F(K,L, λ)/ ∂K=10-λL2 =0 (1)∂F(K,L, λ)/ ∂L=15-2λKL=0 (2)∂F(K,L, λ)/ ∂λ= KL2–Q=0 (3)联立(1) ，(2)， (3)可得K/L=3/4,此时成本最小，即生产既定产出的成本最小化的资本和劳动的组合为资本/劳动=3/4。

第10章市场势力：垄断和买方垄断10.1 复习笔记1．垄断（1）垄断市场中的平均收益和边际收益平均收益（AR）：即平均每单位产品所得到的收益，其大小由企业的需求曲线决定。

在垄断情况下，市场需求曲线就是垄断企业的需求曲线。

边际收益（MR）：即增加一单位产出变化所引起的总收益的变化。

（2）垄断者的产量决策垄断者必然会将产量确定在边际收益等于边际成本的产量水平，如图10.1所示。

由于π（Q）＝R（Q）－C（Q），因此，当dπ/dQ＝0时，π达到极大，dR/dQ－dC/dQ ＝0，即MR＝MC时，垄断厂商的利润达到最大。

图10.1 垄断者的产量决策（3）垄断者的定价法则理论上，企业应该根据边际收益等于边际成本的原则来确定产量和价格。

但在实践中，企业可能对它的平均收益和边际收益并不了解多少，他们可能只知道在十分有限的产量范围内的边际成本的信息。

因此，企业试图将边际收益等于边际成本的定价原则转换成实践中容易运用的简单法则。

厂商的边际收益可表示为：MR＝ΔR/ΔQ＝Δ（PQ）/ΔQ＝P＋Q（ΔP/ΔQ）＝P＋P（Q/P）（ΔP/ΔQ）需求弹性的定义为E d＝（P/Q）（ΔQ/ΔP），因此，（P/Q）（ΔQ/ΔP）恰好是利润最大化产量时的需求弹性的倒数，即1/E d，因而有：MR＝P＋P（1/E d）厂商利润最大化时有MR＝MC，则有：P＋P（1/E d）＝MC它可表达成：（P－MC）/P＝－1/E d等式左边的（P－MC）/P为在边际成本上的加成占价格的百分比，说明它应等于需求弹性倒数的相反数。

同样地，也可以重新安排该方程以将价格直接表达为在边际成本上的一个加成，即：P＝MC/[1＋（1/E d）]（4）需求变动对垄断产生的影响在竞争性市场中，供给数量与价格之间存在一种函数关系，但在垄断的市场中，供给曲线不存在，即供给数量与价格之间不存在函数关系。

原因在于垄断者的产量不仅取决于边际成本还取决于需求曲线。

因此，需求的变动不会像竞争的供给曲线那样给出一系列价格和产量，相反，需求的变动可以导致价格改变但产量并不变，也可以导致产量改变而价格并不变，也可以使两者都改变。

第3章消费者行为3.1 复习笔记1．消费者偏好（1）偏好的基本假定①完备性。

偏好是完备的，消费者可以对所有可能的篮子进行比较和排序。

所以，对于任何两个市场篮子A和B，消费者要么偏好其中的A，要么偏好其中的B，要么觉得两者无差异。

②可传递性。

偏好的可传递性意味着如果消费者在市场篮子A和B中更偏好A，在B 和C中更偏好B，那么消费者在A和C中就更偏好A。

③越多越好。

商品被假定为是合意的，也就是好的。

这样，消费者总是偏好任何一种商品多一点，而不是少一点。

另外，消费者是永不满足的，多总是好的，哪怕只多一点点也好。

（2）无差异曲线无差异曲线用来表示使消费者偏好相同的两种商品不同数量组合的一簇曲线。

或者说，它表示能给消费者带来同等效用水平和满足程度的两种商品的不同数量的各种组合。

无差异曲线向右下方倾斜，并且彼此不能相交。

（3）序数排列和基数排列序数排列是将市场篮子按照消费者偏好程度由高及低进行排序的，但它并没有表明一个市场篮子在多大程度上比另一个篮子更受到偏好。

与序数排列不同，当经济学家起初研究效用以及效用函数的时候，他们希望个人的偏好能够量化或者以基本单位加以度量，这样就能提供一个可以在人与人之间进行比较的排序，此即基数排列的核心思想。

基数排列可以描述一个市场篮子在多大程度上比另一个市场篮子更受偏好。

（4）边际替代率边际替代率指在保持效用不变的条件下，消费者每得到额外一单位商品甲之后而必须放弃的商品乙的最大数量。

当沿着一条无差异曲线下移时，边际替代率递减。

当存在着一个递减的边际替代率的时候，无差异曲线是凸的。

（5）完全替代品和完全互补品当一种商品对另一种商品的边际替代率是一个常数时，这两种商品是完全替代品，即描绘这两种商品消费的权衡抉择的无差异曲线为斜率为负的直线。

当两种商品的边际替代率为零或无穷大且无差异曲线为直角形状时，它们就是完全互补品。

2．预算约束（1）预算线预算线代表了消费者用尽其所有收入购买的商品的所有组合。

平狄克《微观经济学》第9版笔记和课后习题详解第19章行为经济学19.1复习笔记【知识框架】【考点难点归纳】考点一：参照点★★★1．含义及原因（1）含义参照点是指人们进行决策时参考的某一点，是决策的出发点，它强烈地影响着消费决策。

使用不同的参照点，消费者会做出不同的消费决策，即使消费者的其他特征均相同。

（2）原因参照点出现的原因：过去的消费、市场经历和对价格的预期等。

2．参照点表现（见表19-1）表19-1参照点表现凸显性可以帮助人们更好地进行消费决策，因为“凸显性”向消费者传达了商品的某种特异性信号，对于消费决策有正向影响。

“凸显性”可以增加人们对于某种商品或服务可选择的信念的准确性，也可以增加人们对于这种商品或服务的成本与收益的知识。

框架效应与凸显性是密切相关的，两者都强调商品或服务的某种特征，框架效应强调商品或服务的背景特征，而凸显性更倾向于质量、性价比等特征。

考点二：经验法则★★★1．经验法则的含义经验法则是指依据过去的经验进行决策的方式。

这种经验可以是自己的，也可以是他人的，如自己或他人的消费经历。

使用经验法则能够节省时间和精力，可以更加快速地做出决策，是一种普遍的节省努力的决策方式。

但是，这种决策方式会存在偏差，尽管多数时候偏差很小，但是有时也会存在强烈的偏差。

2．经验法则的表现（见表19-2）表19-2经验法则的表现过度乐观与过度精确都是过度自信的表现，过度自信是指人们对于自己的信念坚信不疑，因此在决策时会高估前景或自己的能力。

过度自信是人们在决策中最常见的一种偏见。

考点三：行为经济学的应用★★1．公平公平也是影响人们决策的因素之一，尽管公平并不能给人们带来物质利益。

人们对于公平的考虑会影响其决策，比如餐厅小费、志愿工作和慈善捐助等。

“公平”可以纳入到消费者行为的基本模型中，即成为效用函数的解释变量之一。

2．泡沫泡沫是指商品或服务的价格在没有需求的基础上持续上涨的现象。

泡沫经常是非理性行为的结果，人们不再依靠理性，购买商品仅是因为这种商品价格一直上涨。

平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第18章外部性与公共品课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1．下列哪个描述了外部性，哪个没有？解释它们的区别。

（1）巴西限制咖啡出口的政策导致美国咖啡的价格上升，它反过来又导致茶叶的价格上升。

（2）一则广告传单使一个驾驶汽车的人分心，结果使他撞上一根电线杆。

答：（1）巴西限制咖啡出口的政策没有外部性。

巴西限制咖啡出口的政策导致美国咖啡的价格上升，是因为美国所面临的咖啡的供给减少了。

因为咖啡的价格提高，所以消费者转向咖啡的替代品茶，从而使得茶的需求增加，因此导致茶叶价格的上升。

这是市场的作用，而不是外部性。

（2）广告传单有外部性。

广告传单通过宣传某些产品或服务而传达信息。

但是，它传达这些信息的方式可能会使驾驶汽车的人分心，对那些在电线杆附近的驾驶者就可能会造成事故。

因为广告公司索取的广告费中并不包含使驾驶者分心的外部性的成本，传单对驾驶者产生了危害他们安全的负的外部性。

两者的区别在于：巴西的这项政策对美国产生的影响并没有造成其私人成本和社会成本之间，或其私人收益和社会收益之间的不一致，所以没有外部性；而广告传单对它所处的经济环境产生负面影响，所以具有外部性。

2．在减污的成本和收益不确定时，比较和对照下列三种对付污染外部性的机制：（a）排污费；（b）排污标准；（c）可转让排污许可证制度。

答：（1）三种机制的含义排污费是对厂商每单位污染物的收费。

征收一定的排污费将产生有效率的行为。

排污标准是对厂商可以排放多少污染物的法定限制。

如果厂商超过限制，它就会面临经济惩罚甚至刑事惩罚。

平狄克《微观经济学》第9版笔记和课后习题详解第11章有市场势力的定价11.1复习笔记【知识框架】【考点难点归纳】考点一：攫取消费者剩余★★垄断厂商具有通过控制产量而控制价格的能力。

假设厂商根据MR＝MC定价，他将失去完全竞争价格之上愿意付更低价格的顾客，以及愿意付更高价格的顾客的一部分消费者剩余。

因此，垄断厂商针对不同的顾客索取不同的价格，可以攫取更多消费者剩余。

考点二：价格歧视★★★★★价格歧视就是对相同商品向不同的消费者索取不同价格的行为，有时是对完全相同的产品，有时是对有微小差异的产品。

价格歧视有三种广义的形式，称为一级、二级和三级价格歧视。

1．一级价格歧视完全的一级价格歧视是指厂商向各个顾客索取其保留价格，即向每个顾客索要其愿意为所买的每单位产品支付的最高价格，如图11-1所示。

图11-1完全一级价格歧视完全的一级价格歧视在现实中难以找到，主要原因为：①向每一个顾客都索取不同的价格通常是不现实的（除非只有很少几个顾客）；②厂商通常不知道各个顾客的保留价格，即使厂商能够询问各个顾客愿意支付的价格，也不会得到诚实的回答。

小贩中的讨价还价和对商品实行逐一拍卖类似于一级价格歧视，竞争者的加入会削弱厂商控制价格的能力。

由于完全的一级价格歧视在现实中难以找到，厂商可以实施不完全价格歧视，对顾客保留价格的估计以索取几个不同价格。

2．二级价格歧视二级价格歧视指厂商对同一产品或服务的不同购买数量索取不同价格的行为。

使用最普遍的是分段定价，即厂商针对不同消费量区段的消费者定不同价位的价格，通过对相同产品或服务的不同消费量或“区段”索取不同价格来实施。

消费者随着消费量的增加，商品的边际效用下降，愿意支付的价格下降；生产者受规模经济的影响，产量高时成本低，愿意接受较低的价格。

如图11-2所示，由于存在规模经济，平均成本和边际成本都是下降的。

若索取一个单一价格P0，产量为Q0。

但现在根据购买量定了三个价格，销量的第一段定价P1，第二段定价P2，第三段定价P3。

平狄克微观经济学第六版第十四章课后答案平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案***** 14***** FOR FACTOR INPUTSThe following two chapters examine the markets for labor and capital. Although the discussion in this chapter is general, most of the examples refer to labor as the only variable input to production, with the exception of Example 14.1, which discusses “The Demand for Jet Fuel” by airlines. Labor demand and supply are discussed in the first section, and the competitive factor market equilibrium and economic rent are discussed in the second section. Section 14.3 explores the factor market structure for the case where the buyer has monopsony power, and section 14.4 explores the case of monopoly power on the part of the seller of the factor.An understanding of this chapter relies on concepts from Chapters 4 through 8 and 10. If you have just covered Chapters 11-13, you might begin by reviewing marginal product, marginalrevenue, and cost minimization. You should then discuss marginal revenue product and the profit-maximizing condition MRPL = w. Explain why we are only interested in the portion of the MP curve below the average product curve (the downward-sloping portion). The derivation of the firm’s demand curve for labor is straightforward when labor is the only factor, but becomes more complicated when there are several variable inputs. In particular, you might explain why the MRPL curve shifts as the firm substitutes one input for another in production in response to a price change by noting that the MRPL curve is drawn for a fixed level of the other variable input.When presenting the market labor demand curve, explain that since the input prices change as more inputs are demanded, the market demand curve is not simply the summation of individual demand curves. You can extend the presentation of price elasticity of input demand (see Example 14.1) by discussing the conditions leading to price sensitivity. Elasticity is greater (1) when the elasticity of demand for the product is higher, (2) when it is easy to substitute one input for another, and (3) when the elasticity of supply is higher for other inputs. Elasticity of supply, which was discussed in Chapter 2, is reintroduced in Example 14.2.You should also distinguish between short-run and long-run elasticity (see Figure 14.6).If you have already covered substitution and income effects, the students will be ready for the derivation of the backward-bending supply curve for labor. Although Figure 14.9 is a straightforward application of these tools, students are often confused by the plotting of income against leisure. Point out that this is just another type of utility maximization problem where the two goods are leisure and income. Income can be thought of as the consumption of goods other than leisure, in that more income buys more goods. You can also implicitly assume that the price of other goods is $1 and the price of leisure is the wage. The supply of labor curve is derived by changing the wage and finding the new level of hours worked. An individual’s supply curve of labor is backward bending only when the income effect dominates the substitution effect and leisure is a normal good. Show typical supply curves for each group in Table 14.2. For an experimental study of the labor-leisure trade-off see Battalio, Green, and Kagel, “Income-Leisure Tradeoff of Animal Workers,” American Economic Review (September 1981).Section 14.2 brings together labor demand and supply forboth competitive and monopolistic Although economic rent was presented in Chapter 8, it is reintroduced with more detail here. In Section 14.3, carefully explain why the marginal expenditure curve is above the average expenditure curve for a monopsonist (see Figure 14.14). You can discuss how a monopsonist would price discriminate, e.g., pay a different wage rate to each employee. With perfect price discrimination, the marginal revenue expenditure curve would coincide with the average expenditure curve. Although monopsony exists in some markets, the exercise of monopsony power is rare because of factor mobility. However, the employment of athletes by the owners of professional teams provides a good example (see Example 14.4 “Monopsony Power in the Market for Baseball Players”). On this same topic, see Sommers and Quinton, “Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball: The Case of the First Family of Free Agents,” Journal of Hu man Resources (Summer 1982). Section 14.4 discusses the case of unions to explore monopoly power on the part of the seller of the input.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案1. Why is a firm’s demand for labor curve more inelastic when the firm has monopoly power in the output market than when thefirm is producing competitively?The firm’s demand curve for labor is determined by the incremental revenue fromhiring an additional unit of labor known as the marginal revenue product of labor:MRPL = (MPL)(MR), the additional output (“product”) that the last worker produced,times the additional revenue earned by selling that output. In a competitive industry,the marginal revenue curve is perfectly elastic and equal to price. For a monopolist,marginal revenue is downward sloping. As more labor is hired and more output isproduced, the monopolist will charge a lower price and marginal revenue will diminish.All else the same, marginal revenue product will be smaller for the monopolist. Thisimplies that the marginal revenue product for the monopolist is more inelastic than forthe competitive firm.2. Why might a labor supply curve be backward bending?A backward-bending supply curve for labor may occur when the income effect of anincrease in the wage rate dominates the substitution effect. Labor supply decisions aremade by individuals choosing the most satisfying combination of work and other(leisure) activities. With a larger income, the individual can afford to work fewerhours: the income effect. As the wage rate increases, the value of leisure time (theopportunity cost of leisure) increases, thus inducing the individual to work longer hours:the substitution effect. Because the two effects work in opposite directions, the shapeof an individual’s labor supply curve depends on the individual’s preferences for income,consumption, and leisure.3. How is a computer company’s demand for computer programmers a derived demand?A computer c ompany’s demand for inputs, including programmers, depends on howmany computers it sells. The firm’s demand for programming labor depends on (isderived from) the demand it faces in its market for computers. As demand forcomputers shifts, the demand for programmers shifts.4. Compare the hiring choices of a monopsonistic and a competitive employer of workers. Which will hire more workers, and which will pay the higher wages? Explain.Since the decision to hire another worker means the monopsonist must pay a higherwage for all workers, and not just the last worker hired, its marginal expenditure curvelies above the input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). The monopsonist’sprofit-maximizing input demand, where the marginal expenditure curve intersects themarginal revenue product curve, will be less than the competitor’s profit-maximizinginput choice, where the average expenditure curve intersects the demand curve. Themonopsonist hires less labor, and the wage paid will be lessthan in a competitivemarket.5. Rock musicians sometimes earn over $1 million per year. Can you explain such large incomes in terms of economic rent?Economic rent is the difference between the actual payment to the factor of productionand the minimum amount that the factor is willing to accept. In this case, you mightassume that there are a limited number of top-quality rock musicians who will continueto play rock music no matter what they are paid. This results in a perfectly inelasticsupply curve, or something close to it. Given the high demand for rock music, thewage will be very high and there will be a lot of economic rent. If there was a largersupply of top-quality rock musicians, or a more elastic supply, then the economic rentwould be smaller.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案6. What happens to the demand for one input when the useof a complementary input increases?If the demand for the complementary input increases, the demand for the given inputwill increase as well. When demand for the complementary input increases, there isan increase in the quantity hired and possibly the price paid. Both of these changeswill increase the MRP of the given input, and hence will increase the quantity hiredand possibly the price paid. Whether the prices of the inputs increases depends on thedegree of monopsony power on the part of the firm.7. For a monopsonist, what is the relationship between the supply of an input and the marginal expenditure on it?The decision to increase employment means the monopsonist must pay all units thehigher price, and not just the last unit hired. Therefore, its marginal expenditurecurve lies above the input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). Hiring morelabor will increase the marginal expenditure, which willincrease the averageexpenditure. If the average expenditure is increasing, then the marginal expendituremust be greater than the average expenditure.8. Currently the National Football League has a system for drafting college players by which each player is picked by only one team. The player must sign with that team or not play in the league. What would happen to the wages of newly drafted and more experienced football players if the draft system were repealed, and all teams could compete for college players?The National Football League draft and reserve clause (a primary issue in the 1987-1988 season’s strike) creates a monopsoni st cartel among the owners of NFL teams. Ifthe draft system were repealed, competition among teams would increase wages offootball players to the point where the marginal revenue product of each player wouldbe equal to the player’s wage.9. The government wants to encourage individuals on welfare to become employed. It is considering two possibleincentive programs for firms.A. Give the firm $2 per hour for every individual on welfare who is hired.B. Give each firm that hires one or more welfare workers a payment of $1000 per year, irrespective of the number of hires.To what extent is each of these programs likely to be effective at increasing the employment opportunities for welfare workers?Firms will hire additional labor as long as the extra benefit is greater than the extracost of hiring the worker, or until MRPL = w. Option A would be effective because ifthe firm receives $2 per hour for every welfare worker hired then the effective wagepaid, w, will fall and the firm will find it optimal to hire more labor until the benefits(MRPL) again equal the costs (w) at the margin. Option B would be effective atincreasing employment opportunities also in that if the firm hires an individual whohas been on welfare they will then receive $1000. However,plan B is notnecessarily as effective as plan A given the firm only receives one lump sum paymentregardless of the number of welfare workers hired. In this case the firm only has anincentive to hire the one welfare worker, though they may of course choose to hiremore than one welfare worker.10. A small specialty cookie company, whose only variable input is labor, finds that the average worker can produce 50 cookies per day, the cost of the average worker is $64 per day, and the price of a cookie is $1. Is the cookie company maximizing its profit? Explain.The marginal product of labor is 50 (cookies per day) and the price per cookie is 1($ per cookie) so the marginal revenue product is $50/day. Since this is less than thewage of $64 per day the cookie company is not maximizing profit. They are平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案employing too much labor since the cost of labor is greaterthan the benefit of labor atthe margin, and are therefore producing too many cookies.11. A firm uses both labor and machines in production. Explain why an increase in the average wage rate causes both a movement along the labor demand curve and a shift of the curve.An increase in the wage rate causes an upward movement along the labor demandcurve. For any given marginal revenue product curve, the firm will find that theywant to hire fewer workers when the wage increases (an upward movement).However, when the wage increases the marginal cost will increase which will reducedesired output. When output falls, the firm will not need as many machines and themarginal product of labor curve will shift to the left, assuming machines and laborare complementary. This will also reduce the demand for labor.1. Suppose that the wage rate is $16 per hour, and the price of the product is $2. Values for output and labor are in units perhour.203547576570a. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Find the profit-maximizing quantity of labor.From the information given above, calculate the marginal product of labor, the extraoutput produced by hiring one more unit of labor, and then multiply by price to getthe marginal revenue product of labor. To find the profit-maximizing quantity oflabor, use the rule that the firm wants to hire labor only as long as the marginalrevenue product of labor is greater than the nominal wage, or up to the point wherethe marginal revenue product of labor is equal to the nominal wage. From thetable below, the firm will hire 5 units of labor.b. Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 but that the wage rateincreases to $21. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The above table does not change for this part of the problem. However, the firm nolonger wants to hire 5 units of labor because the benefit of the 5th unit ($16 per hour)is less than the cost of the 5th unit ($21 per hour). The firm would only hire 3 units平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案of labor per hour since in this case the benefit still exceeds the cost at the margin.The firm would stick with 3 units instead of 4 unless fractional units are possible.At L=4 the cost is greater than the benefit so you lose profit by hiring the 4th unit oflabor.c. Suppose the price of the product increases to $3 and the wage remains at $16 perhour. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.A change in the price of the product will not change the marginal product of labor,but it will change the marginal revenue product of labor. The new marginal revenueproduct of labor is given in the table below. The firm will still want to hire 5 units oflabor, as in part a above. It will not hire the 6th unit because the extra benefit is lessthan the extra cost. Profit will be greater than in part a.d. Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 and the wage remains at $16,but there is a technological breakthrough that increases output by 25% for any given level of labor. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The technological breakthrough changes the number of units of output produced by agiven number of units of labor, and hence changes the marginal product and themarginal revenue product of labor. The new output values are found by multiplyingthe old values by 1.25. This new information is given in thetable below. The firmwill still choose to hire 5 units of labor. Profit will be greater than in part a.2. Assume that workers whose incomes are less than $10,000 currently pay no federal income taxes. Suppose a new government program guarantees each worker $5,000, whether or not he or she earns any income. For all earned income up to $10,000, the worker must pay a 50-percent tax. Draw the budget line facing the workers under this new program. How is the program likely to affect the labor supply curve of workers?The budget line for workers under this program is a straight line at $5,000. This lineis shown in the figure and table below. Workers earn $5,000 whether they work or not.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案6,0007,0008,0009,00010,000 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,0003. Using your knowledge of marginal revenue product, explain the following:a. A famous tennis star is paid $100,000 for appearing in a 30-second televisioncommercial. The actor who plays his doubles partner is paid $500.Marginal revenue product of labor, MRPL, is equal to marginal revenue from anincremental unit of output multiplied by the marginal product from an incrementalunit of labor, or in other words, the extra revenue generated by having the tennis starappear in the ad. The famous tennis star is able to help increase revenues far morethan the actor, so he is paid much more than the actor. The wage of the actor isdetermined by the supply and demand of actors willing to play tennis with tennis stars.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案b. The president of an ailing savings and loan is paid not to stay in his job for the lasttwo years of his contract.The marginal revenue product of the president of the ailing savings and loan is likely tobe negative and therefore, the savings and loan is better off by paying the president notto show up. They have calculated that they will lose less (or gain more) by paying thepresident off and hiring someone else.c. A jumbo jet carrying 400 passengers is priced higher than a 250-passenger modeleven though both aircraft cost the same to manufacture.The ability of the larger jet to generate more revenue increases its value to the airline,and therefore the airline is willing to pay more for it.4. The demands for the factors of production listed below have increased. What can you conclude about changes in the demand for the related consumer goods? If demands for the consumer goods remain unchanged, what other explanation is there for an increase in derived demands for these items?a. Computer memory chipsIn general, an increase in the demand for a good increasesthe demand for its factorinputs. The converse is not necessarily true; i.e., an increase in the demand for factorinputs does not necessarily imply an increase in the demand for the final product. Thedemand for an input may increase due to a change in the use of other inputs in theproduction process. As the price of another input increases, its demand falls and thedemand of substitutable inputs rises. In this case, the increase in the demand forcomputer memory chips must have been caused by an increase in the demand forpersonal computers given that computer memory chips are used only in computers, andthere are no substitutes for computer memory chips.b. Jet fuel for passenger planesWith an increase in the demand for jet travel, the demand for jet fuel will increase.There are no substitutes for jet fuel.c. Paper used for newsprintGiven the paper is being used to print newspapers then there must have been anincrease in the circulation of newspapers.d. Aluminum used for beverage cansWith an increase in demand for cold drinks in the summer, the seasonal demand foraluminum increases, so this is one possible explanation. Alternatively, if glass orplastic have become more expensive then this may affect the demand for aluminum.Finally, changes in the market for recycled aluminum may affect the demand for newaluminum.5. Suppose there are two groups of workers, unionized and nonunionized. Congress passes a law that requires all workers to join the union. What do you expect to happen to the wage rates of formerly nonunionized workers? of those workers who were originally unionized? What have you assumed about the union’s behavior?In general, we expect that nonunionized workers are earning lower wages thanunionized workers. If all workers are forced to join the union, it would be reasonableto expect that the nonunionized workers will now receive higher wages and theunionized workers will receive a wage that could go either way. There are a couple ofitems to consider. First, the union now has more monopoly power in that there are nononunion workers to act as substitutes for union workers. This gives more power tothe union, which means higher wages can in general be negotiated. However, the unionnow has more members to satisfy. If wages are kept at a high level, there will be fewerjobs, and hence some previously nonunionized workers may end up with no job. Theunion may wish to trade off some of the wage for a guarantee of more jobs. The平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案average income of all workers will rise if labor demand is inelastic and will fall if labordemand is elastic.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案implications of the government’s monopsony power: fewer soldiers are hired, and theyare paid less than their marginal product. When a mandatory draft is implemented,even fewer professional soldiers are hired. Wages for volunteer soldiers fall, pusheddown by the fact that wages of the draftees can be very low.8. The demand for labor by an industry is given by the curve L = 1200 - 10w, where L is the labor demanded per day and w is the wage rate. The supply curve is given by L = 20w. What is the equilibrium wage rate and quantity of labor hired? What is the economic rent earned by workers?The equilibrium wage rate is determined where quantity of labor supplied is equal tothe quantity of labor demanded:20w = 1,200 - 10w, or w = $40.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案Substituting into either the labor supply or labor demand equations, we find theequilibrium quantity of labor is 800:LS = (20)(40) = 800,andLD = 1,200 - (10)(40) = 800.Economic rent is the summation of the difference between the equilibrium wage andthe wage given by the labor supply curve. Here, it is the area above the labor supplycurve up to L = 800 and below the equilibrium wage. This triangle’s area is(0.5)(800)($40) = $16,000.9. This exercise is a continuation of Exercise 8. Suppose now that the only labor available is controlled by a monopolistic labor union that wishes to maximize the rent earned by union members. What will be the quantity of labor employed and the wage rate? How does your answer compare with your answer to Exercise 8? Discuss. (Hint: The union’s marginal revenue curve is given by L = 1200 - 20w.)Recall that the monopolist chooses output by setting marginal revenue equal to themarginal cost of supplying one more unit of output, asopposed to the competitive firmwhich chooses output by setting price equal to marginal cost, or in other wordsproducing where supply intersects demand. The monopolistic labor union acts in thesame way. To maximize rent in this case, the union will choose the number of workershired so that the marginal revenue to the union (the additional wages earned) is equalto the extra cost of inducing the worker to work. This involves choosing the quantity oflabor at the point where the marginal revenue curve crosses the supply curve of labor.Note that the marginal revenue curve has twice the slope of the labor demand curve.Marginal revenue is less than the wage, because when more workers are hired, allworkers receive a lower wage.Setting the marginal revenue curve equal to the supply curve for labor, we find:1200 - 20w = 20w, or w* = 30.At w*, we may determine the number of workers who are willing to work bysubstituting w* into the labor supply equation:L* = (20)(30) = 600.Therefore, if the union wants to maximize the rent that the union members earn, theunion should limit employment to 600 members.To determine the wage the members will earn, substitute L* into the labor demandequation:600 = 1,200 - 10w, or w = 60.The total rent the employed union members will receive is equal to:Rent = (60 - 30)(600) + (0.5)(30)(600) = $27,000.Notice that the wage is higher and the number of workers employed is lower than in Exercise (8).*10. A firm uses a single input, labor, to produce output q according to the production function q . The commodity sells for $150 per unit and the wage rate is $75 per hour.a. Find the profit-maximizing quantity of L.There are two (equivalent) methods of solving this problem.Most generally, definethe profit function, where revenues and costs are expressed in terms of the input,calculate the first order necessary condition (the first derivative of the profit function),and solve for the optimal quantity of the input. Alternatively, use the rule that the平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案firm will hire labor up until the point where the marginal revenue product (p*MPL) equals the wage rate. Using the first method:TR TC pq wL150*8*L 75L1 600L2 75 0 LL 64.12b. Find the profit-maximizing quantity of q.From part a, the profit maximizing quantity of labor is 64 so substitute this quantity of labor into the production function to find q 8L 8* 64. 12c.d. What is the maximum profit? Profit is total revenue minustotal cost or 150*64 75*64 4800. Suppose now that the firm is taxed $30 per unit of output and the wage rate issubsidized at a rate of $15 per hour. Assume the firm is a price taker, so that the price of the product remains at $150. Find the new profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.After the $30 tax per unit of output is paid, the firm receives 150-30=$120 per unit of output sold. This is the relevant price for the profit maximizing decision. The input cost is now 75-15=$60 per unit labor after the subsidy is received. The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above:TR TC pq wL120*8*L 60L1 480L2 60 0 LL 64q 64123840.e. Now suppose that the firm is required to pay a 20% tax on its profits. Find thenew profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above, only here profit is 80% of total revenue minus total cost.。