翻译理论与实践(21)
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2018年14期总第402期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS翻译理论与翻译实践文/黄梦菲【摘要】在当今全球化背景下,经济、政治、文化的迅猛发展在下,语言已需要走出国门,走向世界,为现代化社会的发展所服务。
翻译对于传播人类文化知识,促进世界文化的交流与发展,有着重要作用。
因此,对翻译工作的要求亦与日俱增,翻译工作难度也大大提升。
而在实际的翻译过程中,翻译工作由翻译理论与实践两部分构成。
翻译理论来源于翻译实践,对翻译工作的开展与进行发挥着十分重要的指导作用,而翻译实践又时刻检验着翻译理论的现实可行性,两者是一种“互助互补互彰”的关系。
本文就翻译理论、翻译理论与翻译实践关系和两者的结合方式展开论述,来探讨如何出色的完成翻译工作。
【关键词】翻译理论;翻译理论与实践关系;结合【作者简介】黄梦菲(1992- ),女,汉族,河南许昌人,西北政法大学外国语学院,研究生在读,研究方向:英语笔译。
一、翻译理论翻译活动历史悠久、形式丰富,因此,人们对于翻译的界定也千差万别、困难重重。
现代汉语词典对于翻译的解释,也大致说翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上,把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为;是将一种相对陌生表达方式,转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程,其中包括语言、文字、符合和视频等等。
翻译既可以指翻译活动的主体,即译者;也可以指翻译的行为与过程,即翻译行为;还可以指翻译活动的结果,即译文。
“翻译”一词集三种含义与一身,主体、行为与结果交叉在一起,更增加了对翻译的含义以及对其所要进行的研究的难度。
1.翻译理论相关内容。
翻译理论主要来源于,译者从以往自身的翻译经验,以及对进行过的翻译工作所出现的相关问题,而进行的深入思考,从而总结出的一些翻译的规律和技巧。
翻译工作主要针对对象是受政经模式、文化思想、风俗习惯差异而影响的不同语言,所以这就要求译者,语言语法构成、词汇、句法分析烂熟于心,此外,还要有丰富的百科知识,熟知历史、经济、政治、文化、风俗,并对当下正在发生的国际国内大事有了解,以此来丰富和拓展译者的知识储备,只有这样才能避免在翻译过程中,出现迷茫而无从下手,从而译出原作的风格与语言,而在这过程中翻译理论也起到巨大的支撑作用。
《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲课程类型:专业课课程代码:06401405课程学时:56 学分: 3 适用专业:英语专业(师范、商务方向)开课时间:三、四年级(2)、(1)学期开课单位:外国语学院大纲执笔人:金惠康大纲审定人:翻译理论与实践(Theory and Practice for Translation)课程是英语专业的必修课之一。
它包括翻译理论与实践,有英语翻译成汉语与汉语翻译成汉语,现代翻译理论与技巧,翻译的跨文化交际与障碍。
一、教学目的与要求(从知识、能力、素质三个侧面及其相互的联系和在综合技能培养中的作用,说明本课程的教学目的和要求;说明本课程在对学生知识、能力、技能和素质等方面的教育培养的具体要求。
) 1.教学目的:翻译理论是翻译实践的指南。
开设这门课的目的是系统地传授翻译基本理论,结合翻译实践训练、翻译方法和技巧,从而大大提高研究生的翻译能力。
2.教学要求:学生通过72学时的学习,能够了解国内外翻译研究动态,掌握翻译学的理论系统,并能熟练地运用各种翻译方法和技巧,为他们走向成功打下坚实的基础。
二、教学重点与难点1. 教学重点:翻译理论;英译与汉译语基本实践2. 教学难点:翻译的基本技能技巧;翻译实践能力的培养三、教学方法与手段以讲授为主,课堂讨论,读辅导材料,写学习心得,参与翻译实践,注重理论联系实际。
四、教学内容、目标与学时分配(教学内容/教学目标/课时分配)本课程两学期,36课时/36课时,专题讨论1-3次,计9课时,考试2课时。
第一学期:第一章汉字英词(Chinese Characters & English Words)第二章汉英表达的不同(Different Ways of Expressing Ideas)第三章汉文明礼貌语言(Chinese Language of Respect & Humanity)第四章中国文化(Chinese Culture)第五章有中国文化特色的社会架构(Chinese Social System with Chinese Cultural Characteristics)第六章现代说法反映现代社会(Modern Sayings Reflect Modern Life)第七章语言,文化与社会(Language,Culture & Society)第八章跨文化交际(Cross-Cultural Communication)第九章语言与翻译(Language & Translation)第十章翻译技巧杂谈(一)(On Skills of Translation)(1)第十一章翻译技巧杂谈(二)(On Skills of Translation)(2)专题讨论一:翻译理论与翻译实践的关系专题讨论二:岭南文化翻译讨论第二学期:第一章跨文化传播与交际(Intercultural Communications)第二章跨文化差异与融合(Intercultural Difference and Integration)第三章跨文化理解与翻译(Intercultural Understanding and Translation)第四章中国传统文化介绍(Introduction to Traditional Chinese Culture)第五章文化旅游翻译(Translation of Culture and Tourism)第六章汉英修辞表达(Metaphorical Expressions in Both Languages)第七章汉英谚语与典故(Proverbs and Allusions in Both Languages)专题讨论三:中华文明翻译与介绍专题讨论四:中华文化旅游翻译五、考试范围与题型1.考试范围与分数:(1)现代翻译理论(10%)(2)现代翻译技巧(20%)(3)翻译实践(50%)(4)跨文化交际(10%)2.考试题型与分数比例:(1)理论问答题(10%)(2)英译汉(20%)(3)汉译英(50%)(4)段落翻译(20%)六、教材与参考资料1.教材:金惠康著,2003,《跨文化交际翻译》,2004《跨文化交际翻译续集》,中国对外翻译出版公司2.参考资料:《中国翻译》1993—2002年各期《中国科技翻译》1996—2002年各期《上海科技翻译》1996—2002年各期《文化研究》(人大复印报刊资)1997—2002年各期邓炎昌刘润青.语言与文化——英汉语言文化比较[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1992吴冰等编.大学英语口译(汉英)教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社出版,1994乐黛云主编.中西比较文学教程[N].高等教育出版社出版,1988柯平主编.英汉与汉英翻译教程[M].北京大学出版社出版,1993张培基等编.英汉翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社出版,1983英喻云根编.汉对比语言学[M].北京工业大学出版社出版,1994陈定安编着.英汉比较与翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1991范仲英编着.实用翻译教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1994吕瑞昌等编.汉英翻译教程[M].陕西人民出版社,1983胡文仲主编.英美文化辞典[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1995辛华.世界姓名译名手册[M].化学工业出版社,1987胡曙中.英汉修辞比较与研究[M].上海外语教学出版社,1992王德春等编.修辞学词典[M].浙江教育出版社,1987谭永祥.修辞新格[M].暨南大学出版社出版,1996陈望道.修辞学发凡[M].上海教育出版社,1976冯翠华编.修辞格[M].商务印书馆出版,1983钱冠连.汉语文化语用学[M].清华大学出版社,1997王秉钦.文化翻译学[M].南开大学出版社,1995连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].高等教育出版社,1993关世杰.跨文化交际学[M].北京大学出版社,1996林大津.跨文化交际研究[M].福建人民出版社,1996贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海外语教育出版社,1997王宏印.跨文化传通——如何与外国人交往[M].北京语言学院出版社,1996胡文仲主编.文化与交际[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1994胡文仲/高一虹.外语教学与文化[M].湖南教育出版社,1997钟述孔.实用口译手册[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1991靳梅琳编着.英汉翻译概要[M].南开大学出版社,1995陈宏薇主编.汉英翻译基础[M].上海外语教育出版社,1998刘重德.文学翻译十讲[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998金堤.等效翻译探索(增定版)[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998金圣华.桥畔译谈:翻译散论八十篇[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998林佩汀.中英对译技巧[M].世界图书出版公司,1997谭宝全.现代英语翻译诀窍[M].上海交通大学出版社,1996马祖毅.中国翻译简史(增定版)[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998陈生保编着.英汉翻译津指[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998金圣华/黄国彬.因难见巧:名家翻译经验谈[M],中国对外翻译出版公司,1998辜正坤.中西诗鉴赏与翻译[M].湖南人民出版社,1998陈小慰,《语言.功能.翻译:汉英翻译理论与实践》,福建教育出版社,1998刘宓庆.当代翻译理论[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1999谭载喜编着.新编奈达论翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1999金惠康.贵州旅游(英汉双语版)[M].贵阳:贵州民族出版社,1994金惠康.编译《贵州旅游》(英汉双语版)体会[J].中国科技翻译,1998(2):54金惠康.跨文化交际翻译:汉英语言文化比较[M].贵阳:贵州教育出版社,1997金惠康.汉英跨文化交际翻译[M].贵阳:贵州教育出版社,1998金惠康.中国英语[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003金惠康.跨文化交际翻译续集[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2004金惠康.汉英文化旅游实用手册[M].广州:广东省旅游出版社,2003Baker,Mona.In Other Words:A Course book on Translation [M].外语教学与研究出版社and 劳特利奇出版社,2000Burton Raffel.The Art of Translating Poetry [M].The Pennsylvania State University Press,1988 Cao Xueqin.The Story of the Stone[Z].trans.Hawkes,D.London:Penguin Books Ltd,1973 Cao,Xueqin.A Dream of Red Mansions [Z].trans.Yang Hsienyi and Gladys Yang.Beijing:Foreign Language Press,1994.Dan Sheng.Literary Stylistics and Fictional Translation[M].北京大学出版社,1998Derald Wing Sue and David Sue.Counseling the Culturally Different:theory and practice[M],Publishing Company,Belmont California,1990 John Wiley and Sons,Inc USAGrosjean,Francois.Life with Two Languages:an introduction to bilingualism[M].Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1982Hymes,nguage in Culture and Society[M].NY:Harper and Row,1964Larry A.Samovar,Richard munication between Cultures[M].Wadsworth,1991Jin,Huikang and Wang,Weigang(金惠康/王维纲).JEFC and SEFC EnglishMethodology[M].Guiyang:Guizhou Minorities Publishing House,1996Jin,Huikang.Guizhou Tourism[M].Guizhou Educational Publishing House,Guiyang,PRC,1999 Jin,Huikang.Aspects of Guangdong Province [M].Guangzhou:Cartographic Publishing House of Guangdong Province,2002.Larry E.Smith.Discourse Across Cultures — Strategies in World Englishes[M].Prentice Hall International(UK)Ltd,1987Newmark,Peter.Approaches to Translation[M].Herfodshire:Prentice Hall,1986.Nida,Eugene nguage,Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Press,1993.Pinkham,Joan.TRANSLATOR’S GUIDE TO CHINGLISH[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2000 Raymond Gozzi,Jr.New Words — and A Changing American Culture [M].University of South Carolina Press,1990Saville/Troike,Murie.The Ethnography of Communication[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1983 Wallerstein,nguage and Culture in Conflict[M].Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,Inc USA,1983Samovar,Larry A and Porter,Richard E and Stefani,Lisa munication Between Cultures [M].外语教学与研究出版社and汤姆森学习出版社,2000Scollon,Ron and Scollon,Suzanne Wong.Intercultural Communication:A Discourse Approach [M].外语教学与研究出版社and布莱克韦尔出版社,2000Venuti,Lawrence:The Translator’s Invisibility [M].London & New York:Routledge,1995.。
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闽江学院《翻译理论与实践》课程(学生课外阅读参考书目)1、 Bell, Roger. T。
1991, 2001. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice [M]. London:Longman Group UK Ltd.;Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2、 Benjamin, W。
1993。
The Task of the Translator[A]。
In: L。
Venuti ed. 2000. The TranslationStudies Reader[C]. London & New York: Routledge。
3、 Davis, K. 2004。
Deconstruction and Translation [M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeignLanguage Education Press。
4、 Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1990, 2001。
Discourse and the Translator[M]。
London:Longman Group UK Ltd.; Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press。
1.2词性转换法⊙名词转换1.a good sailor【译文】不晕船2.a slow walker【译文】走得慢3.a heavy smoker【译文】烟抽得很多/烟鬼4.a big eater【译文】吃得很多/能吃/饭量大5.a great believer in...【译文】笃信……6.the greatest sufferer【译文】受苦(害)最深7.the best singer【译文】唱得最好/最好的歌唱家8.a good swimmer【译文】很会游泳9.a good loser【译文】输得起10.the worst dancer【译文】最不会跳舞11.an early riser【译文】早起(床)的人12.a hard worker【译文】勤奋工作13.a fast runner【译文】跑得很快14.a slick talker【译文】能说会道/耍嘴皮子/耍花腔15.a willing worker【译文】乐意干活16.a duelist【译文】好决斗17.a good observer【译文】善于观察18.a great joker【译文】很会开玩笑19.a light sleeper【译文】睡眠时易醒/睡不熟/易警醒20.a good thief【译文】很会偷/善偷21.a bad liar【译文】不会说谎/很不善于撒谎22.a rapid writer【译文】笔头快/下笔快/写得快23.a good whistler【译文】口哨吹得好24.a bit of a fancier【译文】有点喜欢胡思乱想25.a good looker【译文】很好看/很漂亮/美人26.a master complicator【译文】真会捣乱27.a loner【译文】喜欢孤独的人/独立自主的人/不合群28.a clock-watcher【译文】老是看钟等下班(或下课等)的工人(或学生等)29.the best hater【译文】最会记仇30.a worrier【译文】放心不下/担心/发愁31.an idler or a loafer【译文】游手好闲/懒汉/闲荡32.a good worker【译文】干得好33.The speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of China and the world.(G.Hatem:A Tribute)【译文】讲演者号召人们打倒帝国主义,消灭人剥削人的制度,解放中国和世界受压迫者。
华中师范大学网络学院《翻译理论与实践》练习测试题(答案及参考译文)一.在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。
每空1分。
共10分。
1.翻译是跨(语言)、跨(文化)、跨(社会)的交际活动。
2.篇章的粘连分(语义)粘连和(结构)粘连两大类,粘连的目的是实现篇章的(连贯)。
3.社会符号学的翻译标准是(语意)相符、(功能)相似。
4.格赖斯的(合作)原则和利奇的(礼貌)原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。
5.社会符号学翻译法以韩礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据,以符号学的意义观为核心。
语言符号具备三种意义,它们是(言内)意义、(指称)意义和(语用)意义。
6.语言对比是研究语言在(使用)中产生的意义。
7.泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则:A.译文应完整地再现原文的(思想内容)。
B.译文的(风格)、(笔调)应与原文的性质相同。
C.译文应像原文一样(流畅自然)。
8.汉语语法呈(隐含)性,英语语法呈(外显)性。
9.信、达、雅10.忠实通顺11.理解、表达校核12.译出语(或原文)译入语(或译文)13.口译笔译机器翻译14.意美音美形美15.直译16.合句法17.全译摘译编译18.切近自然信息19.口译笔译机器翻译20.易解丰姿21.归化22.神似23. 钱钟书先生提出:“文学翻译的最高标准是‘(化)’。
把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入‘(化境)’”。
24.从涉及到的语言符号来看,翻译可分为(语内)翻译、(语际)翻译、和(符际)翻译。
(答题顺序可以颠倒)25.所谓功能指语言所具有的种种社会功能。
英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克将其分为6种:(信息)功能、(表情)功能、(祈使)功能、美感功能、酬应功能和元语言功能。
26.将He is armed to the teeth译成“他全副武装”,采用的是(意译)的方法;将其译成“他武装到了牙齿”,采用的是(直译)的方法。
一、分句法1. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.(中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪,这是合乎情理的。
)2. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.(顺便提一下,我希望在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。
)3. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.(他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇的。
)4. Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”.(毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。
)5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.(那地区是个麻烦地方,这是大家最容易得出来的。
)6. He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial.(长期以来,他的同僚虽然看不起他,却还是对他有些亲切感;现在,除看不起之外,亲切感也没有了。
)7. A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.(我离开那个单人掩体速度之快,要是拍成电影的话,会象出膛的子弹一样。
)8. As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.(作为居住的地方,这里有许多不足之处。
浙江广播电视大学英语专业(开放本科)《翻译理论与实践》期末复习题型:一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分)二、翻译句子。
(每小题3分,共30分)三、篇章翻译(每小题40分,共40分)四、案例分析题(每小题10分,共10分)一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分)1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。
A. 语内翻译B. 语际翻译C. 符际翻译D. 以上选项都正确2. 下面哪个选项是错误的_________。
A. dry goods:纺织品B.white goods:白色的货物C.white wine:白葡萄酒D.toilet water:花露水3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适________。
A. 这是特殊报盘,不以我方通常折扣为条件。
B. 这是特惠报盘,我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。
C. 此系特惠报盘,不另加我方通常折扣。
D. 这是特殊报盘,不局限于我们通常折扣。
4.下面哪句话的描述是错误的________。
A.美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。
B.“动态对等”原则是指,运用交际理论和信息论的原理,将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较,使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。
C.奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。
D.翻译求的是“形式对等”,而非”动态对等”。
5._________提出了“美化之艺术,创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。
A.尤金.奈达B.泰特勒C.许渊冲D.鲁迅6. 下面哪个配对是错误的_____。
A.赤脚医生:barefoot doctor B.纸老虎:paper tigerC.to show one’s cards:摊牌D.大海捞针:look for a needle in seaD B C D C D7.哪句话的描述是正确的______。
《翻译理论与实践》参考答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1.B2.B3.D4.B5.A6.B7.D8.C9.A 10.B二、问答题(每题15分,共30分)1. 因为严复所处时代背景是19世纪末年,他的译作的读者主要是对改良主义表示同情、但又大都厚古薄今的“文人学士”。
因此,严复认为惟有文字“典雅”才能吸引这些读者,让他们有机会了解西方的先进思想。
同时,严复本人也反对新文化运动,反对白话文。
现在的理解:不能片面追求文字“典雅”。
“雅”可以理解为“文体风格的对应”。
1.四种“语域标志”:语音层,词汇层,句子层,语段层。
举例……三、段落翻译:(50分)说习惯习惯无论好坏,总是逐渐形成的。
当一个人一而再、再而三地做同一件事时,自然就会有一种看不见的力量驱使他重复地再做这一件事,这就形成了一种习惯。
习惯一旦形成,想要动摇它就很困难,有时甚至是不可能的。
因此,对于习惯的形成,我们应该大加注意,这是很要紧的。
孩子们常常养成一些坏习惯,其中有些可能就终生保留下来。
年长者也会养成一些坏习惯,而坏习惯有时会毁了他们。
另外也有一些好习惯,如果能在年轻时加以培养,是很有好处的。
许多成功者说,他们能获得成功主要还得归功于年轻时养成的好习惯,比如守时、早起、诚实、以及做事有始有终等。
在孩子们应该避免的坏习惯中主要有草率、卤莽、懒惰、说谎、偷盗和诽谤等。
这些习惯都是人们极易沾染上的。
不幸的是,年长者也常常养成一些本该可以避免的坏习惯,例如随便发誓、纵酒、赌博以及其他一些更可怕的习惯。
我们应该远离所有这些坏习惯,同时努力培养那些于人于己都有益处的好习惯。
翻译理论与实践(汉译英)Translation Theories and Practice (Chinese-English Translation )Teaching Notes for Senior College Students(2005年9月)刘国忠2578706*************.cnTopics at first:1. 解读汉译英《教学大纲》2. 解读汉译英《考试大纲》3. 汉译英学习指导①重要性②特性③实践性汉译英精典教材:1. 《英汉翻译教程》张培基喻天根《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌喻天根上海外语教育出版社 1980.92.《汉英翻译基础》陈宏薇上海外语教育出版社 1998/23.《英汉互译实用教程》宋天锡等国防工业出版社2000/14.《实用翻译教程》(英汉互译)增订本冯庆华上海外语教育出版社2002/55.《实用汉英翻译教程》曾诚外语教学与研究出版社2002/46.《翻译教学:实务与理论》刘宓庆中国对外翻译出版公司2003/1•汉译英主要内容:•一、汉译英实务教学•二、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析•三、汉译英练习与评析•—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英实务教学主要内容一、汉英词语对比二、汉英句法基本差异(一)汉英句子的主语比较三、汉英句法基本差异(二)汉语谓语动词的分析和翻译四、被动语态的翻译五、汉译英中的主谓定位六、汉译英中的句子整合问题增补内容:七、如何避免翻译中的Chinglish八、汉英翻译中的文化传递九、公示语的翻译十、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析十一、汉译英练习与评析—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英学习指导(一)如何保证翻译课的教学效果1.以―正当程序‖保证翻译质量无论英译汉,还是汉译英,译文都需要准确、通顺,这是翻译的基本要求。
表达准确的基础是对原文的准确理解:译者必须准确地理解原文的每个词、每句话和作者的意图。
表达通顺的基础是对译入语的熟练运用。
我们在做汉译英时,存在一个天然的劣势:由于英语不是我们的母语,做到表达的准确和通顺相当困难。
作业讲评:“It was like playing no-limit poker and three-dimensional chess at the same time.”Richardson, who served as both Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare during the Nixon Administration, was talking about the negotiations for a Law of the Sea treaty, which came to a virtual conclusion last week after six years of deliberations. The climactic conference at the Palais des Nations(万国宫)in Geneva, approved a draft of the treaty that is expected to go to the member states for ratification next year.“这就象是打一场不限赌注的扑克的同时还要下一盘三维象棋。
”理查森曾在尼克松政府中兼任国防部长和卫生、教育和福利部长,他在谈到关于海洋法公约的谈判时说了上述这番话。
该项谈判经过六年的审议,终于在上周基本结束。
标志着谈判成功的大会在日内瓦的万国宫举行,会上通过了公约草案,该草案将于明年送交各成员国批准。
virtual adjective1[before noun]almost a particular thing or quality:Ten years of incompetent government had brought about the virtual collapse of the country's economy.War in the region now looks like a virtual certainty.2describes something that can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without going anywhere or talking to anyone:virtual shopping/bankingvirtually adverbalmost:Their twins are virtually identical.That wine stain on my shirt has virtually disappeared.NegationThe Chinese and the English-speaking people have lived so far apart for thousands of years that they often think in different ways and have different customs. These differences in ways of living and thinking often express themselves in speech. Negation in thought, in expression and even in the mode of speaking, is a great but often neglected difference. Sometimes the difference is so great that the eastern and western people think and speak just in the opposite way. What is affirmative in one language may be expressed negatively in another, or vice versa. Every language has its peculiarities in negation. Hence great caution must be taken in translating English sentences implying negation so as to avoid ridiculous errors. To make the translation fit for the Chinese way of thinking and mode of expression, the translator should carefully consider whether an English sentence should be converted into negative or affirmative, and how it is expressed in Chinese. In translation, negation means the formal conversion from the affirmative into the negative or vice versa, which is one of the translation techniques.Transfer of negation:1. transfer of negationWe don’t believe that our mother tonggue is inferior to any other language in the world.Oddly enouph, he didn’t seem to remember his own birthday.Rome was not built in a day.We do not live to eat, but eat to live.Just because she doesn’t complain you shouldn’t suppose that she is satisfied 你不可只因为她不发牢骚就以为她心满意足了。
2. conversion of the affirmative to negative:I hate to get personal. 我不喜欢过问私事。
The name slipped from my memory.This seems to have escaped the Prime Minister.Make yourself at home.Mind your own business!She saw him coming, but ignored him.Our work is still a long way from perfection.She was persistent when executed.All music is alike to him.Give Chinese equivalents in the negative form for the following;anxiety, predictably, failure, supreme authority, with dignity, a barren tract of land, be at a loss, absent-minded, prove worthy of our trust, safe and sound, exactly, be fatally ill, a force to be reckoned with, soon enough, wet paint, life sentence (imprisonment), feel worried, keep … within bounds3. conversion of the negative: into affirmative :My overcoat would not wear out.If that isn’t what I want!Whatever money doesn’t go for food is spent for visits to the health clinic. 除了伙食开支,剩下的钱都用来跑诊所了。
Nothing is more deceitful than the appearance of humility. 谦卑的外表最容易使人上当。
I couldn’t feel better.We should lose no time in finishing this task.There is not a moment to lose.They didn’t half support my plan.I decided to go without him.No two minds think alike.It must not be neglected.It is an event without precedent in the world.at any length: in detail, at last1.He told us about the trip at great lenth.2.We discussed the matter at length.3.At length he came to understand it.4.At length they reached the destination.make allowances for: forgive, understand, take … into consideration1. We make allowances for her rudeness—she has never been taught good manner.2. The boy had certainly done wrong, but his father made allowances for his youth.3. If there is friction between them, each should make allowances for the other.4. She and Samual esteemed each other and made allowances for each other.buoyancy:buoy noun[C]a floating object on the top of the sea, which is used for directing ships and warning them of possible danger浮标buoy verb1[T]to prevent someone or something from sinking:使... 浮起The very salty water buoyed her (up) as she swam.2[T usually passive]to make someone feel happier or more confident about a situation:使振作She was buoyed (up) by the warm reception her audience gave her.3[T usually passive]to support something and make it more successful:支持;鼓励House prices have been buoyed (up) in the area by the possibility of a new factory opening.buoyancy noun[U]1the ability to float:We tested the boat for its buoyancy.2an ability to stay happy despite having difficulties:He was a man of remarkable buoyancy.buoyant adjectiveAfter reading the letter he was in a buoyant (= happy)mood.buoyantly Show phoneticsadverbsuffer:verbto experience physical or mental pain:I think he suffered quite a lot when his wife left him.She suffers terribly in the winter when it's cold and her joints get stiff.She's been suffering from(= been ill with) cancer for two years.Johnny suffers from(= is often ill with) asthma.If you're not happy with it, you should complain. Don't just suffer in silence(= without saying anything).to experience or show the effects of something bad:The Democrats suffered a crushing defeat in the last election.Twenty-five policemen suffered minor injuries during the protest.The city suffered another blow last month with the closure of the local car factory.If you will insist on eating three helpings of dessert, I'm afraid you'll have to suffer the consequences!Archaic, tolerate: France will no longer suffer the existing government.to allow someone to do something: My conscience would not suffer me to accept any more.Homework:What makes an original contributor in science is often not only ability, but also something else, something apparently intangible, and not easily detected. This extra something lies deep within the individual and needs to be nurtured and tested.Motivation is a personal trait that is primariry instilled by seniors such as teachers or parents. An important aspect in developing motivation is the setting of goals. A person probably has set long-range goals, or at this point more like dreams, such as winning the Nobel Prize. This is great as long as the individual is realistically working toward short-range goals also. These are the day-to-day accomplishments that really make working hard seem fun.。