翻译理论与实践作业2

Clinton is the first black president .克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统Clinton is the first woman president.克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统1. We want to buy quality steel.我们要买高质量的钢材。

2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术，高薪金的劳动队伍。

3. The president now is on a poverty tour.总统目前正在访问贫困地区。

4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施5. She is on her listening tour of New York.她正在纽约巡回访问，听取群众的意见。

6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss.史密斯教授要离开学校了。

这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。

7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征，代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。

Criminal law 刑法；Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师；Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击；criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同，但却很能给人启发。

翻译理论与实践2第五次作业：翻译症针对性翻译练习学号：姓名：班级：成绩：1.The report noted proposals that eating less fat and more food with whole grains and otherfibers can protect against cancer.这份报告特别提到了“少食脂肪,多吃含全粮食物和其他纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。

不难看出,原译完全按原文定语从句的结构去译,语序不变,显得定语太长,不符合汉语的表达习惯,使读者读起来非常困难。

这个报告特别提到,有人建议少吃脂肪,多吃全粮食品和其它含纤维素的食物能预防癌症。

2.It noted that being overweight has been linked to sickness and death from such diseases ashigh blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and gallbladder disease.报告指出，肥胖会导致高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊等方面的疾病，甚至造成死亡。

3.The fierce light of the burning house lighted Kino’s face strongly.燃烧中的房子的熊熊火光强烈地照亮了他的脸。

4.Twenty thousand plants are listed by the World Health Organization as being used fortherapeutic purposes.原译：20000种植物被世界卫生组织列为可以被用作治疗目的。

改译：世界卫生组织列出了20000种药用植物。

三：克服翻译腔的方法正确使用工具书。

只满足于英汉词典的汉语释义5.When I told him what I had just done and why, his weathered face slowly changed..我把刚才做的事告诉他并解释原因,他那饱经风霜的脸上,脸色慢慢变了。

2. Has Democracy a Future?Back to the question: Has democracy a future? Yes, Virginia①, it does, but not the glorious future predicted in the triumphalist moment. Democracy has survived the twentieth century by the skin of its teeth②. It will not enjoy a free ride③through the century to come.In America, democracy must run a gauntlet of challenges. The most crucial is still Du Bois’ color line. Much depends on the availability of jobs, especially in the inner city④. If employment remains high, political action will mitigate racial tensions, particularly when minorities understand that in the longer run ethnic gerrymandering⑤will reduce, not increase, their influence. Tension will be mitigated even more by intermarriage. Sex—and love—between people of different creeds and colors can probably be counted on to arrest the disuniting of America.The national capacity to absorb and assimilate newcomers will remain powerful. The call of the mainstream will appeal far more than linguistic or ethnic ghettos, above all to the young⑥. English will continue as the dominant language. Indeed, in essentials the national character will be recognizably much as it has been for a couple of centuries. People seeking clues to the American mystery will still read, and quote, Toequeville.Technology will rush on according to Adams’ law of acceleration. But for all⑦the temptations of interactivity⑧and all the unpopularity of elected officials, I doubt that Americans will sanction the degradation⑨of representative democracy into a system of plebiscites. Capitalism too will careen on, through downs as well as ups, but laissez-faire ideology will probably wane as capitalists discover the range of troubles the unfettered market cannot solve, or makes worse. Unbridled capitalism, with low wages, long hours, and exploited workers, excites social resentment, revives class warfare, and infuses Marxism with new life. To move along constructive lines, capitalism must subordinate short-term plans and profits to such long-term social necessities⑩as investment in education, research and development, environmental protection, the extension of health care, the rehabilitation of infrastructure, the redemption of the city. Capitalists are not likely to do this by themselves. Long- term perspectives demand public leadership⑪ and affirmative government.From Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997 【参考译文】回到我们原来的问题：民主有前途吗？有！①民主是有前途，但并不像人们在必胜信念、乐观心态盛行时期所预测的那种光辉灿烂的前途。

李长栓《非文学翻译理论与实践》第2版翻译示例汇总第2章文学翻译与非文学翻译2.3.2文学翻译和非文学翻译比较Als der sechzehnjahrige Karl Rossmann,der von seinen armen Eltern nach Amerika geschickt worden war,weil ihn ein Dienstmadchen verfuhrt und ein Kind von ihm bekommen hatte,in dem schon langsam gewordenen Schiff in den Hafen von New York einfuhr,erblickte er die schon langst beobachtete Statue der Freiheitsgottin wie in einem plotzlich starker gewordenen Sonnenlicht.Ihr Armmit dem Schwert ragte wie neuerdings empor,und um ihre Gestalt wehten die freien Liifte.【小说译文】As the sixteen year old Karl Rossmann,who had been sent to America by his poor parents,because a maid had seduced him and had got a child by him, landed after the boat had slowed down,in New York harbour,he saw the goddess of liberty which he had observed for a long time standing in the sunlight,which had suddenly become stronger.As though just recently her arm with the sword towered above him,and around her figure blew the fresh breezes.【解析】纽马克认为，如果译者认为读者可能会忽视或误解自由女神手中的“剑”，译者应该加一个脚注，首先说明剑的象征意义(侵略性)，然后说明，自由女神手中拿的其实不是一把剑，而是火炬，象征对难民的欢迎。

《翻译理论与实践》参考答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.B2.B3.D4.B5.A6.B7.D8.C9.A 10.B二、问答题(每题15分，共30分)1. 因为严复所处时代背景是19世纪末年，他的译作的读者主要是对改良主义表示同情、但又大都厚古薄今的“文人学士”。

因此，严复认为惟有文字“典雅”才能吸引这些读者，让他们有机会了解西方的先进思想。

同时，严复本人也反对新文化运动，反对白话文。

现在的理解：不能片面追求文字“典雅”。

“雅”可以理解为“文体风格的对应”。

1.四种“语域标志”：语音层，词汇层，句子层，语段层。

举例……三、段落翻译：（50分）说习惯习惯无论好坏，总是逐渐形成的。

当一个人一而再、再而三地做同一件事时，自然就会有一种看不见的力量驱使他重复地再做这一件事，这就形成了一种习惯。

习惯一旦形成，想要动摇它就很困难，有时甚至是不可能的。

因此，对于习惯的形成，我们应该大加注意，这是很要紧的。

孩子们常常养成一些坏习惯，其中有些可能就终生保留下来。

年长者也会养成一些坏习惯，而坏习惯有时会毁了他们。

另外也有一些好习惯，如果能在年轻时加以培养，是很有好处的。

许多成功者说，他们能获得成功主要还得归功于年轻时养成的好习惯，比如守时、早起、诚实、以及做事有始有终等。

在孩子们应该避免的坏习惯中主要有草率、卤莽、懒惰、说谎、偷盗和诽谤等。

这些习惯都是人们极易沾染上的。

不幸的是，年长者也常常养成一些本该可以避免的坏习惯，例如随便发誓、纵酒、赌博以及其他一些更可怕的习惯。

我们应该远离所有这些坏习惯，同时努力培养那些于人于己都有益处的好习惯。

翻译理论与实践知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新湖南师范大学第一章测试1.下列不属于翻译的是（）。

参考答案:甲用同一种语言转述乙的话2.将“翻译”比作“仆人”意在强调（）。

参考答案:翻译的难度之大3.下列不属于非文学翻译的类型是（）。

参考答案:科幻作品的翻译4.易之本在于（）。

参考答案:变化5.人类智慧是人工智慧的（）。

参考答案:创造者1.从语言运用考察传播，传播分为同语传播与异语传播。

（）参考答案:对2.翻译传播过程的系统模式用以解释整个过程中子系统、各要素及相关因素的互动关系，又可分为：（）。

参考答案:复合系统模式;单一系统模式3.根据传播的媒介方式，翻译传播现象划分不正确的选项包括：（）参考答案:个体翻译传播4.媒介作为翻译传播过程要素之一，不包括（）。

参考答案:出版社5.国际上四大主流通讯社包括：美联社、合众国际社、路透社和（）。

参考答案:法新社1.The rate of increase in China's car sales slowed dramatically in June, sendingthe market into potentially more perilous territory for the local andmultinational manufacturers that have recently committed more than $10 billion to new capacity in the country. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:null2.Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months ofdecline, challenging hopes that the government is successfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing” and fuelling speculation that Beijing willsoon order an interest rate rise. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months of decline, // challenging hopes that the government is successfullyengineering a smooth economic “soft landing” //and fuellingspeculation that Beijing will soon order an interest rate rise.3.Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because ofit-China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologies that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhapsbecause of it-//China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era //bybypassing many of the costly transitional technologies //that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems.4.China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export of nuclearmaterials and technology in an important step to bring its policies onproliferation in line with those of Western powers. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export ofnuclear materials and technology // in an important step to bring itspolicies on proliferation in line with those of Western powers.5.Beijing, China's capital, has become the latest of several industrial centres tofall victim to electricity shortages, with authorities preparing to imposerolling blackouts on some 6,400 factories from yesterday until the end ofAugust. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:null第四章测试1.在许多情况下，“引申词意”和“化解词意”实际上是相似的。

李长栓《非文学翻译理论与实践》第2版汉英翻译练习及详解练习l多种经济成分并存1978年以前，中国只有单一的公有制经济，国有企业占77.6%，集体企业占22.4%。

改革开放为多种经济成分的共同发展开辟了广阔空间，外商和港澳台商投资工业、个体和私营工业等其他经济成分如雨后春笋般迅猛发展。

//【译文】Before1978,China had a singular public sector,primarily run by state-owned enterprises,which contributed77.6%of the national industrial output, and collectively-owned enterprises,which accounted for the remaining22.4%.The introduction of the policies of reform and opening-up has offered the many economic players extensive opportunities for development.Against this backdrop was a rapid growth in industrial investments by foreign businesses as well as by Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan companies;home-grown self-employment businesses and private industrial ventures also swiftly multiplied.【解析】国有企业占77.6%primarily run by state-owned enterprises,which contributed77.6%of the national industrial output，如雨后春笋般迅猛发展swiftly multiplied，此处采用了意译的翻译方法，使译文更加简洁明了。

第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。

2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。

3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。

五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。

4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。

5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。

我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。

五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。

1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。

1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。

莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。

他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。

1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。

虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。

当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。

翻译理论与实践2（汉译英）Translation Theories and Practice (Chinese-English Translation )Teaching Notes for Senior College Students（2005年9月）（2008年9月第3次修订）授课人：刘国忠Tel: 2578706E-mail: gzliu@前言（一）课程简介《翻译理论与实践3》为英语专业四年级学生必选课，旨在培养外向型人才，为改革开放，建设有中国特色的社会主义服务。

该课程在注重基础语言知识、基础翻译知识和基础理论学习和掌握的同时，强调基础与提高的关系，力图将本科生课程与研究生考试衔接起来，便于本科生毕业后从事翻译的相关工作或为继续深造打好基础。

（二）本课程教学在专业人才培养中的地位和作用根据我系英语专业（本科）的培养目标“培养具有坚实的英语语言基础、系统的语言理论知识和一定科研能力，能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的英语高级专门人才。

”本课程主要承担着培养学生的基本的翻译能力，在实现我系英语专业人才培养目标的进程中，起着不可替代的重要作用。

（三）本课程所要达到的基本目标使学生初步了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同，并掌握常用的翻译技巧，培养基本的翻译技能，能将中等难度的汉语篇章或段落译成英语。

译文忠实原文，语言通顺，速度约为每小时200—250个汉语词语。

（四）学生学习本课程应掌握的方法与技能学生翻译技能的培养应包括以下五个方面：语言分析和运用能力；文化辨析和表现能力；审美判断和表现能力；双向转换和表达能力以及逻辑分析和校正能力。

素质教育的一个显著特点就是要使教育者能主动地学习、主动地发展，在课堂教学中就是要充分体现学生的主体地位，让学生积极地参与知识的获得过程。

要让学生明白翻译课是一门实践性很强的课程，强调自身的翻译实践在培养翻译能力过程中的重要性，没有足够量的翻译实践，翻译能力的培养将是一句空话。

Translation,as a discipline,has always been a fascinating and complex field that intertwines linguistics,cultural studies,and communication theory.The practice of translation involves the transfer of meaning from one language to another,and the theory behind it seeks to understand and explain the processes,challenges,and strategies involved in this transfer.Theoretical Frameworks in Translation1.Equivalence Theory:This theory,proposed by Eugene Nida,emphasizes the importance of conveying the same effect on the target audience as the original text had on its source audience.It distinguishes between formal equivalence and dynamic or functional equivalence.2.Skopos Theory:Developed by Katharina Reiss and Hans J.Vermeer,this theory focuses on the purpose skopos of the translation.It argues that the translator should consider the intended use and audience of the translated text,which can influence the translation strategy.3.Cultural Translation:This approach,often associated with AndréLefevere and Susan Bassnett,considers the cultural context and the impact of cultural elements on the translation process.It highlights the need for cultural adaptation to make the translated text accessible and meaningful to the target culture.4.Deconstructionist Approach:Influenced by the philosophy of Jacques Derrida,this approach challenges the idea of a single,fixed meaning in a text.It suggests that translation is an interpretative act that can never fully capture the original texts meaning. Practical Aspects of Translation1.Linguistic Competence:A translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages,including their grammar,syntax,and vocabulary.2.Cultural Sensitivity:The translator should be aware of cultural nuances and idioms to avoid misinterpretations and to ensure that the translation is culturally appropriate.3.Technical Proficiency:Depending on the field,a translator may need to understand technical terms and concepts to accurately translate specialized texts.4.Ethical Considerations:Translators must maintain a balance between fidelity to the original text and the need to adapt the text to suit the target audience and culture.e of Technology:Modern translation tools and software can assist in the translation process,but they cannot replace the nuanced understanding and judgment that a human translator provides.Challenges in Translation1.Ambiguity:Languages often contain ambiguous expressions that can have multiple meanings,making it difficult to determine the intended meaning in the source text.2.Idiomatic Expressions:Idioms and proverbs are particularly challenging to translate because they often do not have direct equivalents in other languages.3.Cultural References:References to specific cultural practices,historical events,or figures can be difficult to convey in a way that is meaningful to the target audience.nguage Variation:Even within a single language,there can be significant regional or dialectical variations that must be considered in the translation process.5.Subjectivity:The translators own background,experiences,and interpretations can influence the translation,leading to potential subjectivity in the final product.ConclusionTranslation is an art that requires not only linguistic skills but also an understanding of cultural contexts and the ability to navigate the complexities of meaning.Theoretical frameworks provide a foundation for understanding the translation process,while practical skills and strategies are essential for executing effective translations.As the field continues to evolve with technological advancements and increasing globalization, the role of the translator remains crucial in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps.。

理论与实践英语作文及翻译Theory and Practice。

Theory and practice are two important components in the process of learning. Theory provides us with a frameworkfor understanding and analyzing concepts, while practice allows us to apply these concepts in real-life situations. Both theory and practice are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of any subject.Theoretical knowledge is important because it helps us to understand the underlying principles of a subject. For example, in the field of physics, theoretical knowledge helps us to understand the laws of motion, the properties of matter, and the behavior of energy. Without this theoretical knowledge, it would be difficult to make sense of the world around us.However, theoretical knowledge alone is not enough. We also need to apply this knowledge in real-life situationsin order to fully understand its implications. This is where practice comes in. Through practice, we can test our theories and see how they work in real-life situations. For example, a doctor may have a theoretical understanding of how to treat a particular illness, but it is only through practice that they can develop the skills and experience necessary to successfully treat patients.Theory and practice are also interconnected. Theoretical knowledge can inform our practice, while practice can also lead to new theoretical insights. For example, a scientist may develop a new theory based on observations made during an experiment.In conclusion, theory and practice are both essential components of learning. Theoretical knowledge provides us with a framework for understanding concepts, while practice allows us to apply this knowledge in real-life situations. By combining theory and practice, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of any subject and develop the skills and experience necessary to succeed in our chosen field.理论与实践。

翻译理论与实践作业班级：2011英研：金美学号：英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、倒置法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

一、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。

总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。

如：1）You could be mad as a mad dog at the way things went.你可以像疯狗那样对周围的一切愤愤不平．（出处：电影《返老还童》2） A she sailed into it.在他航行中找到的。

（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）3）Spanzurati it! Place the neck and lathe!吊死她！用绳子勒死她！（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）4）I was told you came to London Thi to find a crew.我听说你到伦敦找一个船员。

2008-2009-1学期英语专业2005级（模块2）“翻译理论与实践”试卷A卷参考答案及评分标准I. Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese. (16pts)每小题2分，理解1分，表达1分。

每个错误扣0.5分，直至2分扣完，不倒扣分。

1.发泄中心2.北京猿人3.宝洁（公司）4.跑表5.虚假繁荣6.知道内情7.各付各的钱（打平伙）8.左右为难的尴尬境地II. Translate the following words or phrases into English. (16pts)每小题2分，理解1分，表达1分。

每个错误扣0.5分，直至2分扣完，不倒扣分。

1. a high insult2.strike while the iron is hot3.spring roll4.Forbidden City5.disposable (throwaway chopsticks)6.pyramid selling7.restricted publication8.family treeIII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (24pts)每小题3分，理解1分，表达2分。

每个错误扣0.5分，直至3分扣完，不倒扣分。

翻译无误，表达不很优美的酌情扣分。

1.司法部不愿意把没有把握打赢的官司拿到法庭上去。

2.他亲眼目睹了美国战后第六次后果严重的波及各领域的经济危机。

3.必须反对只顾自己不顾别人的本位主义倾向。

4.佩德拉刚到布拉格时满怀忧郁，当她一摆脱这种情绪后很快就成了女孩子们到领袖。

5.最美的娇娃，因为不堪时艰，很快便姿容消褪，就象无人护理的花朵一样。

6.他这个人，只要开的价钱合适，总能想办法绕过法律。

7.这场球打得非常粗野，我们今晚也是以其人之道还治其人之身。

8.没想到你（他）这么年轻。