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嵌合体（mosaic）(参见5年制教材P81或8年制教材P63)罗伯逊易位(Robertsonian translocation) (参见5年制教材P85或8年制教材P68)Lyon假设(Lyon hypothesis) (参见5年制教材P66或8年制教材P48)先证者（proband）(参见5年制教材P120或8年制教材P82)外显率(penetrance) (参见5年制教材P138或8年制教材P94)拟表型（phenocopy）(参见5年制教材P146或8年制教材P94)偏性遗传(sex-influenced inheritance) (参见5年制教材P141或8年制教材P95又称从性遗传) 表现度(expressivity) (参见5年制教材P138或8年制教材P94)限性遗传(sex-limited inheritance) (参见P5年制教材140-141或8年制教材P96)显示杂合子(manifesting heterozygote) (参见5年制教材P141或8年制教材P97)顿挫型(forme fruste) (参见5年制教材P138)遗传早现(genetic anticipation) (参见5年制教材P145或8年制教材P95)亲代印迹(parental imprinting) (参见5年制教材P142或8年制教材P96)易患性（liability）(参见5年制教材P153或8年制教材P104)易感性(susceptibility) (参见5年制教材P153或8年制教材P104)遗传度(heritability) (参见5年制教材P157或8年制教材P105)多基因病阈值(threshold of multifactorial disease) (参见5年制教材P153或8年制教材P104) Hardy-Weinberg平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) (参见5年制教材P172或8年制教材P122)近婚系数(inbreeding coefficient) (参见5年制教材P181或8年制教材P139)融合基因(fusion gene) (参见5年制教材P193或8年制教材P151)复合杂合子(compound heterozygote) (参见5年制教材P215)移码突变(frame-shift mutation) (参见5年制教材P193或8年制教材P151)杂质(heteroplasmy) (参见5年制教材P232或8年制教材P180)纯质(homoplasmy) (参见5年制教材P232或8年制教材P180)遗传瓶颈(genetic bottle neck) (参见5年制教材P231-232或8年制教材P180)HLA单倍型（HLA haplotype）(参见5年制教材P269或8年制教材P214)癌基因(oncogene) (参见5年制教材P278或8年制教材P228)标记染色体(marker chromosome) (参见5年制教材P276-277或8年制教材P227)癌家族(cancer family) (参见5年制教材P275)基因治疗(gene therapy) (参见5年制教材P356或8年制教材P308)遗传携带者(genetic carrier) (参见5年制教材P363或8年制教材P312)。
O* Obligate aerobe 专性需氧菌* Obligate anaerobe 专性厌氧菌Old tuberculin,OT 旧结核菌素* Opportunistic pathogenesis 机会致病性Ordinary pilus 普通菌⽑Orientia 东⽅体属* Orthomyxoviridae 正粘病毒科Outer membrane 外膜* Outer membrane protein,OMP 外膜蛋⽩PP.aeruginasa 铜绿假单胞菌Papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科属Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Paramyxoviridae 副粘病毒科Parasite 寄⽣菌* Parvovirus 细⼩病毒* Pasteurization 巴⽒消毒法* Pathogenic bacterium,pathogen 病原菌* Pathogenicity 致病性Penetration 穿⼊Penton 五邻体* Peptostreptococcus 消化链球菌属* Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Permissive cells 容许性细胞* Persistent viral infection 持续性病毒感染* Phagocytosis 吞噬作⽤Phagolysome 吞噬溶酶体Phagosome 吞噬体* Picornaviridae ⼩RNA病毒科Pilin 菌⽑蛋⽩* Pilus 菌⽑* Pinocytosis 吞饮作⽤Pinosome 吞饮体Plaque 噬斑Plaque forming units, pfu 噬斑形成单位* Plasmid 质粒* Pneumocystis carinii 卡⽒肺孢菌* Pneumococcus 肺炎球菌* Poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒Primary atypical pneumonia 原发性⾮典型性肺炎* Prion ( prion protine,PrP ) 朊粒* Prokaryotae 原核⽣物界* Prophage 前噬菌体Proteus 变形杆菌Protopast fusion 原⽣质体融合Pseudomonas 假单胞菌属Pure culture 纯培养Purified protein derivative,PPD 纯蛋⽩衍⽣物* Pyemia 脓毒⾎症* Pyogenic coccus 化脓性球菌Pyogenic streptococcus 化脓性链球菌*Pyrogen 热原质Pyrogenic exotoxin 致热外毒素R* Rabies virus 狂⽝病病毒Reassortment 重配Recombination 重组Reovirus 呼肠病毒Resistance transfer factor, RTF 耐药性传递因⼦* Respiratory syscytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Restricted transduction 局限性转导Reticulate body 状体* Retroviridae 逆转录病毒科Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Rhabdoviridae 弹状病毒科Rhinovirus ⿐病毒Ribonucleoprotein,RNP 核糖核蛋⽩Ribosome 核糖体* Rickettsia ⽴克次体* Rotavirus 轮状病毒Rough colony 粗糙型菌落R.prowazekii 普⽒⽴克次体R.tsutsugamushi 恙⾍病东⽅体R.typhi 斑疹伤寒⽴克次体* Rubella virus 风疹病毒S* Salmonella 沙门菌属Samonellosis 沙门菌病* S.boydii 鲍⽒志贺菌* S.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌* Septicemia 败⾎症* Serological diagnosis ⾎清学诊断Sex pilus 性菌⽑* S.flexneri 福⽒志贺菌* Shigella 志贺菌属Shiga-like toxin,SLT 志贺样毒素S.hirschfeldii 希⽒沙门菌* Slow virus infection 慢发病毒感染Small round structured virus,SRSV ⼩园形结构化病毒Smooth colony 光滑型菌落* S.paratyphi A 甲型副伤寒沙门菌Specific immunity 特异性免疫* Specific polysaccharide 特异多糖* Spike 刺突* Spiral bacterium 螺形菌* Spirochete 螺旋体* S.pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌* Spore 芽胞S.schottmuelleri 肖⽒沙门菌*S.sonnei 宋内⽒志贺菌* Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌属Staphylococcal protein A ,SPA 葡萄球菌A蛋⽩Staphylolysin 葡萄球菌溶素* Sterilization 灭菌* Stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵* Strain 菌株Streptococcal fibrinolysin 链球菌溶纤维蛋⽩酶* Streptococcus 链球菌属* γ-streptococcus 丙型（γ）链球菌Streptodornase,SD 链道酶Streptokinase,SK 链激酶* StreptolysinO, SLO 链球菌溶素OStreptolysinS, SLS 链球菌溶素S* S.typhi 伤寒沙门菌Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SSPE 亚急性硬化性全脑炎* Subclinical infection 亚临床感染* Subvirus 亚病毒* Sulfur granule 硫磺样颗粒Superinfection 重迭感染TTCID50 (50%tissue culture infective dose) 半数组织感染剂量* Teichoic acid 磷壁酸* Temperate phage 温和噬菌体Temperature sensitive mutant 温度敏感突变株Tetani 破伤风* Tetanospasmin 破伤风痉挛毒素* Tetanus antitoxin,TAT 破伤风抗毒素* Titer 效价或滴度Togaviridae 披膜病毒科* Toxemia 毒⾎症Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1,TSST-1 毒性休克毒素综合征毒素-I * Toxin 毒素* Toxoid 类毒素* Treponema pallidium 苍⽩密螺旋体* Transduction 转导* Transformation 转化Transposon, Tn 转座⼦Trichophyton ⽑癣菌Tubercle bacilli 结核杆菌* Type 型* Typhoid fever,or enteric fever 肠热症U* Uncoating 脱壳* Ureaplasma.Urealyticum 溶脲脲原体V* Vaccine 疫苗* Varicella-zoster virus VZV ⽔痘-带状疱疹病毒Verotoxin vero毒素* Vertical transmission 垂直传播Vibrio 弧菌属* Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌* Virion 病毒体Viroid 类病毒* Virology 病毒学* Virulence 毒⼒* Virulent phage 毒性噬菌体* Virus 病毒* V.parahemolyticus 副溶⾎性弧菌WWall teichoic acid 壁磷壁酸* Weil-Felix reaction 外斐反应* Widal reaction 肥达反应YYeast 酵母菌Yeast-Like fungus 类酵母菌Yersinia pestis ⿏疫耶尔森菌ZZones of inhibition 抑菌圈* Zoonosis 动物源性疾病。
A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体（不同于B染色体）] A site[核糖体]A部位ABA脱落酸abasic site脱碱基位点，无碱基位点abaxial远轴的abequose阿比可糖，beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing异样剪接aberration象差；畸变；失常abiogenesis自然发生论，无生源论ablastin抑殖素（抑制微生物细胞割裂或生殖的一种抗体）abnormal distrbution非正态散布abnormality异样，失常；畸形，畸变ABO blood group systemABO血型系统aboriginal mouse原生鼠abortin流产素abortion流产，败育abortive egg败育卵abortive infection流产（性）感染abortive transduction流产（性）转导ABP肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid脱落酸abscission脱落absolute绝对的absolute configuration绝对构型absolute counting绝对测量absolute deviation绝对误差absolute error绝对误差absorbance吸收，吸光度absorbed dose吸收剂量absorbent吸收剂absorptiometer吸光计absorptiometry吸光测定法absorption吸收absorption band吸收谱带absorption cell吸收池absorption coefficient吸收系数absorption spectroscopy吸收光谱法absorption spectrum吸收光谱；吸收谱absorptive endocytosis吸收（型）胞吞（作用）absorptive pinocytosis吸收（型）胞饮（作用）absorptivity吸光系数；吸收性abundance丰度abundant丰硕的，高丰度的abundant mRNAs高丰度mRNAabzyme抗体酶acaricidin杀螨剂accedent variation偶然变异accelerated flow method加速流动法accepting arm[tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor接纳体，（接）受体acceptor site接纳位点，同意位点acceptor splicing site剪同意体acceptor stem[tRNA的]接纳茎accessible可及的accessible promoter可及启动子accessible surface可及表面accessory零件，附件；辅助的accessory cell佐细胞accessory chromosome副染色体accessory factor辅助因子accessory nucleus副核accessory pigment辅助色素accessory protein辅助蛋白（质）accommodation顺应accumulation积存，积存accuracy准确度acenaphthene二氢苊acene并苯acentric无着丝粒的acentric fragment无着丝粒断片acentric ring无着丝粒环acetal缩醛acetaldehyde乙醛acetalresin缩醛树脂acetamidase乙酰胺酶acetamide乙酰胺acetate乙酸盐acetic acid乙酸，醋酸acetic acid bacteria乙酸菌，醋酸菌acetic anhydride乙酸酐acetification乙酸化作用，醋化作用acetin乙酸甘油酯，三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid乙酰乙酸Acetobacter醋杆菌属acetogen产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria产乙酸菌acetome body酮体acetomepowder丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物]acetomitrile乙腈acetone丙酮acetyl乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene乙炔acetylene reductiontest乙炔还原实验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetyl glutamate synthesize乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate乙酰水杨酸；乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素Ache乙酰胆碱酯酶choral非手性的acholeplasma无胆甾原体AchR乙酰胆碱受体achromatic消色的；消色差的achromatic color无色achromatic lens消色差透镜achromatin非染色质acid catalysis酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin酸性品红acid glycoprotein酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein酸水解酪蛋白acid medium酸性培育基acid mucopolysaccharide酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase酸性磷酸酶acid protease酸性蛋白酶acid solvent酸性溶剂acidic酸性的acidic amino acid酸性氨基酸acidic protein酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白] acidic transactivator酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator酸性转录激活蛋白acidification酸化（作用）acidifying酸化（作用）acidolysis酸解acidophilia嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilous milk酸奶aclacinomycin阿克拉霉素acoelomata无体腔动物acomitic acid乌头酸aconitase顺乌头酸酶aconitate乌头酸；乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine乌头碱aconitum alkaloid乌头属生物碱ACP酰基载体蛋白acquired character取得性状acquired immunity取得性免疫acridine吖啶acridine alkaloid吖啶（类）生物碱acridine dye吖啶燃料acridine orange吖啶橙acridine yellow吖啶黄acriflavine吖啶黄素acroblast原顶体acrocentric chromosome近端着丝染色体acrolein丙烯醛acrolein polymer丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation向顶运输acrosin顶体蛋白acrosomal protease顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction顶体反映acrosome顶体acrosome reaction顶体反映acrosomic granule原顶体acrosyndesis端部联会acrylamide丙烯酰胺acrylate丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid丙烯酸acrylic polymer丙烯酸（酯）类聚合物acrylic resin丙烯酸（酯）类树脂acrylketone丙烯酮acrylonitrile丙烯腈actidione放线（菌）酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin肌动蛋白actin filament肌动蛋白丝actinin辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种，beta蛋白即加帽蛋白] actinmicrofilament肌动蛋白微丝actinometer化学光度计actinomorphy辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes放线菌actinomycin D放线菌素Dactinospectacin放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素action作用action current动作电流action potential动作电位action spectrum动作光谱activated sludge活性污泥activated support活化支持体activating group活化基团activating transcription factor转录激活因子activation激活；活化activation analysis活化分析activation energy活化能activator激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白activator protein激活蛋白active absorption主动吸收active biomass活生物质active carbon活性碳active center活性中心active chromatin活性染色质active dry yeast活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen活性氢active immunity主动免疫active oxygen活性氧active site活性部位，活性中心active transport主动转运active uptake主动吸收activin活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素] activity活性，活度，（放射性）活度actomyosin肌动球蛋白actophorin载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute急性的acute infection急性感染acute phase急性期acute phase protein急性期蛋白，急相蛋白acute phasereaction急性期反映，急相反映[炎症反映急性期机体的防御反映] acute phase reactiveprotein急性期反映蛋白，急相反映蛋白acute phase response急性期反映，急相反映acute toxicity急性毒性ACV无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide无环核苷酸acycloguanosine无环鸟苷，9-（2-羟乙氧甲基）鸟嘌呤acyclovir无环鸟苷acyl酰基acyl carrier protein酰基载体蛋白acyl cation酰（基）正离子acyl chloride酰氯acyl CoA脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride酰氟acyl halide酰卤acylamino acid酰基氨基酸acylase酰基转移酶acylating agent酰化剂acylation酰化acylazide酰叠氮acylbromide酰溴acyloin偶姻acyltransferase酰基转移酶adamantanamine金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane金刚烷adaptability适应性adaptation适应adapter衔接头；衔接子adapter protein衔接蛋白质adaptin衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior适应性行为adaptive enzyme适应酶adaptive molecule衔接分子adaptive response适应反映[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor衔接头；衔接子adaxial近轴的addition加成addition compound加成化合物addition haploid附加单倍体addition line附加系additive添加物，添加剂additive effect加性效应additive genetic variance加性遗传方差additiverecombination插入重组，加插重组[因DNA插入而引发的基因重组] addressin地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体，与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白，可与钙调蛋白结合] adduct加合物，加成化合物adduct ion加合离子adenine腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma腺瘤adenosine腺嘌呤核苷，腺苷adenosine deaminase腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate腺苷（一磷）酸adenosine phosphosulfate腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate腺苷三磷酸adenovirus腺病毒adenylate腺苷酸；腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation腺苷酰化adherence粘着，粘附，粘连；贴壁adherent cell贴壁细胞；粘着（性）细胞，粘附（性）细胞adherent culture贴壁培育adhering junction粘着连接adhesin粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion吸附，结合，粘合；粘着，粘附，粘连adhesion factor粘着因子，粘附因子adhesion molecule粘着分子，粘附分子adhesion plaque粘着斑adhesion protein粘着蛋白，吸附蛋白adhesion receptor粘着受体adhesion zone粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive粘合剂，胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein粘着糖蛋白adipic acid己二酸，肥酸adipocyte脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone脂动激素[见于昆虫] adipose tissue脂肪组织adjust[动]调剂，调整；修正adjustable可调的adjustable miropipettor可调微量移液管adjustable spanner活动扳手adjusted retention time调整保留时刻adjusted retention volume调整保留体积adjuvant佐剂adjuvant cytokine佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide佐剂肽adjuvanticity佐剂（活）性adoptive immunity过继免疫adoptive transfer过继转移ADP ribosylationADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factorADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferaseADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline肾上腺素adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin阿霉素，亚德里亚霉素adsorbent吸附剂adsorption吸附adsorption catalysis吸附催化adsorption center吸附中心adsorption chromatography吸附层析adsorption film吸附膜adsorption isobar吸附等压线adsorption isotherm吸附等温线adsorption layer吸附层adsorption potential吸附电势adsorption precipitation吸附沉淀adsorption quantity吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product高级糖基化终产物adventitious不定的，无定形的adverse effect反成效，副作用aecidiospore锈孢子，春孢子aeciospore锈孢子，春孢子aequorin水母蛋白，水母素aeration通气aerator加气仪，加气装置aerial mycelium气生菌丝体aerobe需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁衍的细菌] aerobic需氧的aerobic bacteria需氧（细）菌aerobic cultivation需氧培育aerobic glycolysis有氧酵解aerobic metabolism有氧代谢aerobic respiration需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment需氧废物处置aerobiosis需氧生活aerogel气凝胶aerogen产气菌aerolysin气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas气单胞菌属aerosol气溶胶aerosol gene delivery气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis趋氧性[（细胞）随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动] aerotolerant bacteria耐氧菌[不受氧迫害的厌氧菌] aerotropism向氧性aesculin七叶苷，七叶灵aetiology病原学afferent nerve传入神经affinity亲和，亲和性affinity adsorbent亲和吸附剂affinity chromatography亲和层析affinitycoelectrophoresis亲和共电泳[用于研究DNA结合蛋白] affinity column亲和柱affinity coupling亲和偶联affinity electronmicroscopy亲和电镜（术）[用亲和配体包被铜网]affinity extraction亲和提取，亲和萃取affinity filtration亲和过滤affinity labeling亲和标记affinity ligand亲和配体affinity maturation亲和力成熟[见于体液免疫系统的发育] affinity partitioning亲和分派affinity precipitation亲和沉淀affinity purification亲和纯化（法）affinity tag（附加）亲和标记物aflatoxin黄曲酶毒素agar琼脂agar diffusion test琼脂扩散实验agar gel琼脂胶agar plate琼脂平板agarslant琼脂斜面[固化时斜放的，装有固体培育基的一种试管培育基；也指斜面培育基上生长出的菌苔]agarase琼脂糖酶agarfitine伞菌氨酸agaricin蘑菇素agaricinic acid蘑菇酸agaropectin琼脂胶agarose琼脂糖agarose gel琼脂糖凝胶agarose gel electrophoresis琼脂糖凝胶电泳agarose plate琼脂糖平板age pigment老年色素agent剂；介质agglutination凝集（作用）agglutinin凝集素agglutinogen凝集原aggrecan聚集蛋白聚糖[来自软骨]aggregate聚集体；凝聚体aggregation聚集（作用）aggressin解决素[细菌分泌的一种有助于侵染宿主细胞的化学物质]aggressivity解决力aging衰老，老化，陈化agitation振荡，振摇，搅拌agitator振荡器，搅拌器aglycone苷元，糖苷配基agonist兴奋剂，兴奋剂，刺激物；竞争剂；拮抗剂agranulocyte无粒细胞agravitropism无向重力性agretope[抗原]限制位[抗原上识别并结合二类要紧组织相容性复合体的部位]agricultural alcohol农产品（制）酒精agricultural waste农业废物，农业垃圾agrin集聚蛋白，集聚素[由运动神经分泌并可诱导肌纤维的乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱受体发生聚集]agrobacteriocin农杆菌素，土壤杆菌素Agrobacterium农杆菌属，土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium rhizogenes毛根农杆菌，毛根土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciems根癌农杆菌，根瘤土壤杆菌agrochemical农用化学品[如除草剂，杀虫剂等]agrocin农杆素[由某些农杆菌所产生并作用于另一些农杆菌的抗生素（不是蛋白质）] agrocinopine农杆糖酯[一种糖磷酸二酯]agroinfection农杆菌感染（法）agropine农杆氨酸，农杆碱[见于毛根]agropinic acid农杆鸟氨酸，鸟氨农杆碱[见于毛根]air bubble气泡air drying风干air filter空气滤器air monitering空气监测air peak空气峰，气泡峰air sterilization空气除菌airflow气流airflow meter气流计airflow moniter气流显示器，气流监控仪airlift bioreactor气升式生物反映器airlift fermentation气升式发酵airlift fermentor气升式发酵罐airlock气锁akaryote无核细胞akinetic chromosome无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment无着丝粒断片akinetic inversion无着丝粒倒位alamethicin丙甲甘肽[来自绿色木酶的一种小肽，富含beta氨基异丁酸] alanine丙氨酸alanine aminotransferase丙氨酸转氨酶alarm警报器，按时钟albinism白化病albizziin合欢氨酸，脲基丙氨酸albumin白蛋白，清蛋白alcohol醇；乙醇alcohol dehydrogenase醇脱氢酶；乙醇脱氢酶alcoholic fermentation生醇发酵aldehyde醛；乙醛aldehyde dehydrogenase醛脱氢酶aldehyde oxidase醛氧化酶aldimine醛亚胺alditol糖醛aldol羟醛aldol condensation羟醛缩合aldolase醛缩酶aldonic acid醛糖酸aldose醛糖aldosterome醛固醇alduronic acid糖醛酸aleurome糊粉aleurome grain糊粉粒aleurome layer糊粉层alfalfa mosaic virus苜蓿花叶病毒alga藻类（单）algae藻类algicide杀藻剂algin藻胶alginate藻酸盐alginic acid藻酸algocyan藻蓝素algorithm算法，公式alicyclic amine脂肪胺alicyclic compound脂环化合物alicyclic hydrocarbon脂环烃alignment顺序；排列；[序列]对照alimentary canal消化管aliphatic脂肪族的aliphatic amine alkaloid脂（肪）族胺（类）生物碱aliphatic compound脂肪族化合物aliquot小份，等份，等分部份alizarin茜素alkali碱，强碱alkali metal碱金属alkaline碱的，强碱的alkaline amino acid碱性氨基酸alkaline denaturation碱变性法alkaline earth metal碱土金属alkaline gel electrophoresis碱性凝胶电泳alkaline hydrolysis碱水解（作用）alkaline lysis碱裂解（法）alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶alkaline protein碱性蛋白质alkaline reserve碱储蓄[如血液中的碳酸氢钠]alkalization碱化alkaloid生物碱alkane烷alkene烯alkyl烷基alkylating agent烷化剂alkylation烷（基）化alkyne炔all or none全或无all or nothing全或无all transconfiguration全反构型allantoic acid尿囊酸allantoin尿囊素allatostatin咽侧体抑制素[抑制保幼激素的分泌]allatotropin促咽侧体素[增进保幼激素的分泌]allele等位基因allele linkage analysis等位基因连锁反映allelic complement等位（基因）互补allelic diversity等位（基因）多样化allelicexclusion等位（基因）排斥[一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象，有时特指成熟的B细胞只产生一种抗体而其等位结构不表达]allelic inactivation等位（基因）失活allelic inclusion等位（基因）相容allelic replacement等位（基因）置换allelic variation等位（基因）变异allelism等位性allelomorph等位基因allelomorphism等位性allelopathic substance异柱克生物质，异种克生物质allelopathy异柱克生（现象），异种克生（现象）allergen变应原allergic变应性的allergic disease变应性疾病allergy变态反映alloantibody同种抗体alloantigen同种抗原allodiploid异源二倍体allodiploidy异源二倍性allodiplomonosome异源二倍单体allogenic antigen同种异型抗原，同种异体抗原allograft同种异体移植allograft rejection同种异体移植排斥allogroup同种异型组allohaploid异源单倍体alloheteroploid异源异倍体allophycocyanin别藻蓝蛋白，别藻蓝素alloploid异源倍体alloploidy异源倍性allopolyhaploid异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid异源多倍体allopurinol别嘌呤醇allopurinol nucleotide别嘌呤醇核苷酸alloreactivity同种异体反映性allorecognition同种（异体）识别allose阿洛糖allosome异染色体allosteric activation别构激活，别构活化allosteric activator别构激活剂，别构活化剂allosteric control别构调剂allosteric effect别构效应allosteric effector别构剂allosteric enzyme别构酶allosteric inbibition别构抑制allosteric inbibitor别构抑制剂allosteric interaction别构作用allosteric ligand别构配体allosteric protein别构蛋白allosteric regulation别构调剂allosteric site别构部位allosterictransition别构转换[由别构剂所引发的蛋白质构象转变] allosterism别构，变构allostery别构性allosynapsis异源联会allotope同种异型位allotrope同素异形体allotrtraploid异源四倍体allotype同种异型allotypic antigen同种异型抗原allotypic determinant同种异型决定簇allotypic marker同种异型标记allotypy同种异型性alloxan四氧嘧啶allozyme同种异型酶allyl烯丙基allyl resin烯丙基树脂allysine醛（基）赖氨酸alphavirus甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation相间分离alternating copolymer交替共聚物alternating copolymerization交替共聚合alternation of generations世代交替alternative另一种的，交替的，备择的alternative complement pathway补体旁路alternative pathway of complement补体旁路（途径）alternative polyadenylation可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing可变RNA加工alternative RNA splicing可变RNA剪接，旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing可变剪接，旁路剪接alternative splicing factor可变剪接因子alternative transcription可变转录alternative transcription initiation可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA可变剪接的mRNAaltrose阿卓糖Alu familyAlu家族alum矾，明矾aluminia氧化铝，矾土alveolar gas exchange肺泡气体互换alveolar surfactant肺泡表面活性物质alytensin产婆蟾（紧张）肽Alzheimer disease阿尔茨海默病，老年性痴呆amaerobic厌氧的amalgam汞齐amalgam electrode汞齐电极amanin鹅膏素amanitine鹅膏毒环肽amantadine金刚胺amanullin鹅膏无毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid石蒜科生物碱amastatin氨肽酶抑制剂，抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin鹅膏毒素amber codon琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]amber mutant琥珀突变体，琥珀突变型amber mutation琥珀突变amber suppression琥珀抑制ambersuppressor琥珀（突变）抑制基因，琥珀（突变）抑制因子Amberliteresin[商]Amberlite树脂，琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子互换树脂的商品名] ambident两可的ambident ion两可离子ambient周围的ambient temperature环境温度，室温ambiguous codon多义密码子ambisense双义ambisense genome双义基因组ambisenseRNA双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体] ambutyrosin氨丁苷菌素amensalism偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection美国模式培育物保藏所amerol杀草强，氨基三唑Ames test埃姆斯实验amethopterin氨甲蝶呤amicetin友菌素amicillin resistance氨苄青霉素抗性amidase酰胺酶amidated peptide酰胺（化）肽amide酰胺amidine脒amidoblack酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]amido bond酰胺键amido link酰胺键amido linkage酰胺键amidomycin胺霉素amidotrizoate3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination氨基化amine胺amine bormones胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylationsystem胺前体摄取（和）脱羧系统，APUD系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]amine transporter胺转运蛋白Aminexresin[商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子互换树脂的商品名，一类HPLC级球形介质，是带功能基的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物]amino氨基amino acid arm氨基酸臂[位于tRNA上]amino acid frequency氨基酸（利用）频率amino acid preference氨基酸偏爱性amino acid residue氨基酸残基amino acid residue contact氨基酸残基接触（面）amino acid transport氨基酸转运amino acid transporter氨基酸转运蛋白amino acid usage氨基酸利用amino alkyl indole氨烷基吲哚amino alkyl phosphoramidite氨烷基亚磷酰胺amino nigrogen氨基氮aminoacyl氨酰基aminoacyl esterase氨酰酯酶aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerol氨酰磷脂酰甘油aminoacyl site氨酰基位aminoacyl tRNA氨酰tRNAaminoacylation氨酰化aminobenzoic acid氨基苯甲酸aminocephalosporinic acid氨基头孢菌酸aminoethyl氨乙基aminoethyl mercaptan氨乙基硫醇，巯基乙胺aminoglucose氨基葡糖aminoglycoside antibiotics氨基糖苷（类）抗生素aminoglycoside phosphotransferase氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶aminoguanidine氨基胍aminolink氨基连接臂[例如附于合成寡核苷酸的5'端，便于与其他配体偶联] aminolysis氨解aminomycin氨基霉素，缬氨霉素aminooimidazole氨基咪唑aminopenicillanic acid氨基青酶烷酸aminopeptidase氨肽酶aminophylline氨茶碱aminopterin氨基蝶呤aminopurine氨基嘌呤aminotransferase氨基转移酶，转氨酶aminotriazole氨基三唑，杀草强amiodarone乙胺碘呋酮amitosis无丝割裂amixis无融合ammonia氨ammonification氨化（作用）ammonio铵基ammonium铵ammonium acetate乙酸铵ammonium hydroxide氢氧化铵，氨水ammonium persulfate过硫酸氨ammonium sulfate硫酸铵ammonium sulfate fractionation硫酸铵分级分离ammonium sulfate precipitation硫酸铵沉淀ammonotelism排氨型代谢amniocentesis羊膜穿刺（术）amnion羊膜amniota羊膜动物amoeba变形虫，阿米巴amoeboid movement变形运动amorphous material无定形物，非晶态amphi position远位amphiastral mitosis双星有丝割裂amphibia两栖纲amphibivalent双二价体amphibolicpathway两用代谢途径[即可用于代谢物分解又可用于合成] amphidiploid双二倍体amphidiploidy双二倍性amphigenesis两性生殖amphiglycan双栖蛋白聚糖[同时见于上皮及成纤维细胞] amphihaploidy双倍体amphimixix两性融合amphion两性离子amphipathic两亲的amphipathicity两亲性amphipathy两亲性amphiphilic两亲的amphiphilicity两亲性[一个分子中一部份亲水，另一部份疏水]amphipolyploid双多倍体amphipolyploidy双多倍性amphiprotic两性的amphiregulin双调蛋白[与EGF家族同源的一种双功能生长调剂蛋白]amphitrophy兼性营养amphivalency异配现象[用于配位化学]ampholine[商]两性电解质Ampholine[Pharmacia公司商品，可用于等电聚焦]ampholyte两性物，两性电解质ampholytoid两性胶体amphoteric character兼性性质amphotericcharacteristics兼性性质[兼有酸碱性或正负电贺]amphoteric colloid兼性胶体amphoteric emulsifier兼性乳化剂，两性乳化剂amphoteric ion兼性离子amphotericin两性霉素amphoterics兼性表面活性剂amphotropicretrovirus兼嗜性逆转录病毒，双嗜性逆转录病毒[既能在宿主细胞又能在异种细胞上引发产毒性感染]ampicillin氨苄青霉素amplicon扩增子amplification扩增amplimer扩增引物ampoule安瓿瓶amycin阿霉素amygdalin扁桃苷，苦杏仁苷amylase淀粉酶[包括糖化酶和麦芽糖化酶]amylin糊精amyloprocess阿明露法，淀粉发酵法，霉菌糖化法[由根酶及酵母菌同时生长糖化，发酵生产酒精] amylodextrin极限糊精amyloglucosidase淀粉葡糖苷酶amyloid protein precursor淀粉样蛋白前体amyloid ring淀粉质环amylolytic activity淀粉分解活性amylopectin支链淀粉amyloplast造粉（质）体amyloplastid造粉粒amylose直链淀粉anabolism合成代谢anaerobe厌氧菌[缺乏超氧化物岐化酶，须在无氧或低氧化还原电势的条件下才能正常生长繁衍的微生物]anaerobic bacteria厌氧细菌anaerobic chamber厌氧培育室anaerobic contact digestor厌氧接触（型）消化器anaerobic cultivation厌氧培育anaerobic digestion厌氧消化anaerobic fermentation厌氧发酵anaerobic filter system厌氧过滤系统anaerobic membrane bioreactor厌氧膜生物反映器anaerobiosis厌氧生活，无氧生活anaerogen不产气菌anaeroic digestor厌氧消化器analgesic止痛药analgesis镇痛analog类似物analogous类似的，模拟的analogous organ同功器官analogousprotein类似蛋白质[有时特指由趋同进化而产生的相似蛋白] analogue类似物analogy模拟，类似analogy model模拟模型analyte分析物analytical分析的analytical chromatography分析型层析analytical column分析柱analytical reagent分析纯试剂anaphase[细胞割裂]后期anaphylactic过敏性的anaphylactic reaction过敏反映anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anaphylaxis过敏性，过敏（反映）anaplerotic reaction添补反映anastral mitosis无星有丝割裂ancestor先人，始祖ancestry先人，始祖anchimeric assistance邻助作用anchor锚anchor catalyst锚定催化剂anchor primer锚定引物anchorage固着，锚定anchored PCR锚式聚合酶链（式）反映，锚式PCR anchorin锚定蛋白anchoring锚着，锚定ancovenin血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽androcyte雄（母）细胞androecium雄蕊群androgamete雄配子androgen雄激素androgen binding protein雄激素结合蛋白androgenesis孤雄发育，单雄生殖，雄核发育androgenetic parthenogenesis产雄孤雌生殖androgonium雄原细胞androgynism雌雄同柱，雌雄同体andromedotoxin梫木毒素andrometoxin雄核卵块发育androplasm雄质androsome限雄染色体androspore产雄孢子；小孢子androsterone雄酮anemia贫血anemoentomophily风虫媒anemophilous flower风媒花anemophilous plant风媒植物anemophilous pollination风媒传粉anemophily风媒anergy无反映性[用于细胞免疫学]anesthesia麻醉aneucentric chromosome非单着丝粒染色体aneuhaploid非整倍单倍体aneuhaploidy非整倍单倍性aneuploid非整倍性aneuploid cell line非整倍体细胞系aneuploidy非整倍性angiogenesis factor血管生成因子angiogenin血管生成素angioplasty血管成形术[可用于基因转移] angiosperm被子植物angiotensin血管紧张肽angiotensinase血管紧张肽酶angiotensinogen血管紧张肽原angle rotor角转头angstrom埃anguidin蛇形毒素angular methyl角甲基anhydrase脱水酶anhydride酸酐anhydrous无水的anhydrous acetonitrile无水乙腈aniline苯胺aniline blue苯胺蓝animal cell line动物细胞系anion阴离子anion base阴离子碱anion channel阴离子通道anion respiration阴离子呼吸anionic acid阴离子酸anionic detergent阴离子（型）去污剂anisodamine山莨菪anisodine樟柳碱anisogamete异型配子anisogamy异配生殖anisol苯甲醚anisomorphic DNA异形DNAanisomycin茴香霉素anisopolyploid奇（数）多倍体anisospore异形孢子anisotropic各向异性的anisotropic membrane各向异性膜anisotropy各向异性[物理参数随方向的转变而转变]anitbacterial immunization抗（细）菌免疫ankyrin锚蛋白ankyrin repeat锚蛋白重复序列anlage原基annealing退火Annelita环节动物门annexin膜联蛋白[一类被钙离子活化后可与膜磷脂结合的蛋白，参与膜转运及膜表面其他一系列依托于钙调蛋白的活动，分为IIIIII等多种。
感染相关英文词汇小结G+（1肺炎球菌感染）1.Gram-Positive Bacteria革兰阳性菌2.micrococci微球菌3.LouisPasteur路易斯，巴斯德4.etiology of pneumonia肺炎的病因学5.Etiologic agent病因学微生物6.Streptococcus链球菌7.cell division occurs along asingle axis细胞分裂沿单一轴进行8.grow in chains or pairs成链或成对生长9.hemolyticproperties溶血特性10. S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）肺炎链球菌11.α-hemolytic groupα溶血组12.blood agar血培养皿13.characteristically produces a greenish color 特征绿色14.reduction of iron in hemoglobin还原血红蛋白中的铁15.fastidious苛养（菌）16.mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）17.Pneumococci without a capsule无夹膜的肺炎球菌18.colonies with a rough surface克隆表面粗糙19.optochin(ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride)奥普托欣试验（）20.bile soluble在胆汁中溶解21.a polysaccharide capsule多糖夹膜22. serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型23.rabbit polyclonal antisera兔多克隆抗血清24.theQuellung reactionQuellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀25.phagocytosis吞噬作用26.determinant of pneumococcal virulence毒力的决定因素27.Unencapsulated variants无夹膜的变种28.invasive disease.侵袭性疾病29.host defense mechanisms宿主防御系统30.Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素31.cytolysisof cells and tissues细胞和组织的溶解32.cell wall proteins细胞壁蛋白plement pathway补体系统plement deposition补体沉积35.preventing lysis an/oropsonophagocytosis 防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用36. The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic)肺炎球菌H抑制体37.impedesthe formation of C3 convertase抑制C3转话体的形成38.pneumococcal surface proteinC (PspC) 肺炎球菌表面蛋白C39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA)胆碱结合蛋白A40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase)NanA表面锚定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）41.sialic acid唾液酸42.pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子43.potential vaccinecandidates潜在的疫苗靶点44. Molecular typing分子型45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis脉冲凝胶电泳46.genetic relatedness基因相关性46.superseded bysequencing of housekeeping genes管家基因测序已取代（电泳）47.multilocussequence typing,MLST多位点序列分型48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( /)肺球菌多位点分型查询49.whole-genomesequencing will soon supersede MLST全基因组测序不久将替代MLST50.routine childhood administration of pneumococcalpolysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (PCV)幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗51.secular trends长期趋势52.epidemiologic features流行病学特征53.serotype distribution血清学分布54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normallysterile site)侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体内无菌出现感染）55.disease burden疾病负担itary barracks军营57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy humannasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌58.respiratory droplets呼吸道飞沫59.socioeconomic status社会经济状况60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission主要的肺链球菌传播者61.Cross-sectional prevalence data横断面发病率数据62.high rates of colonization高定植率munitytransmission dynamics社区传播动力学64.cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)脑脊液65.aspiration ofpneumococci 吸入肺球菌66.a positive blood culture血培养阳性67.routine pediatricvaccination schedule 常规幼儿疫苗接种计划68.pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎69.bacteremia菌血症70.a definitive etiologicdiagnosis病原学诊断明确71.radiographically confirmed pneumonia 影像学确诊的肺炎72.clinically diagnosedpneumonia临床确诊的肺炎73.The case-fatality ratios (CFRs)病死率74.underlying medical condition基础疾病75.access to care治疗情况76.severity of disease at presentation起病时病情的严重程度77.hospitalized patients住院患者78.appropriateand timely management is available适当及时的治疗79.the first 24 h of hospitalization住院后24h80.rapidly progressive cascade of events快速进展81. irrespective of antibiotic administration与抗菌药物应用无关82.temperate climate温带气候83.ethnic group民族84.crowded settings拥挤的环境85.susceptible individuals易感人群86.preceding viral respiratorydisease (especially but not exclusively influenza)曾患呼吸系统疾病（尤其但不限于流感）87.secondarypneumococcal infections继发的肺炎球菌感染88.seasonaland pandemic influenza季节性、流行性感冒89.Reduced pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降90.prevalence of pneumococcalisolates resistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药物耐药的趋势明显91.minimal inhibitoryconcentrations (MICs) 最小抑菌浓度92.rising absolute magnitude绝对值提高93.penicillin G青霉素G94.cefotaxime头孢噻肟（3nd）95.ceftriaxone头孢曲松96.macrolides大环内酯类97.difficult-to-treat infections 难治性感染98.pneumococcal antimicrobialnonsusceptibility 肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题99.mucosal surfaces膜状表面100.otitis media中耳炎101.pneumonia肺炎102.distant sites:brain远处播散103.joint关节104.bones骨骼105.peritoneal cavity腹腔106.pneumococcal meningitis 肺炎球菌性脑膜炎107.secondary to hematogenousspread继发于血流感染108.flow ofmucus粘液的流动109.avoid localimmune factors逃避免疫因子110.leukocytes白细胞plement补体112.cilia纤毛（cilium的名词复数）113.mucociliaryescalator纤毛的活动114.mechanical clearance of pneumococci 机械清除肺炎球菌115.colonization episodes定植的时间116.persistent colonization长期定植117.development of capsule-specific serum IgG（导致）夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体118.Intercurrent viral infections并发的病毒感染119.Localcytokine production局部细胞因子的产生120.upregulateadhesion factors上调粘附因子121.peptidoglycans 肽葡聚糖122.teichoic acids磷壁酸123.interleukin I and IL-6白介素-1和白介素-6124.tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 肿瘤坏死因子125.Polymorphonuclearleukocytes 多形核白细胞126.innate immune factors固有防御因子127.splenic function肾功能128.coughreflex咳嗽反射129.C-reactiveprotein (CRP)C反应蛋白130.phosphorylcholine磷脂胆碱131.Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) Toll样受体2132.lipoteichoic acid脂膜酸133.cell wall peptidoglycan细胞壁肽聚糖134.cystic fibrosis囊肿性纤维化135.bronchiectasis支气管扩张136.sickle cell disease镰状细胞（贫血）病137.cross-reactive antigens交叉反应抗原138.T cell–independentantigens不依赖T细胞的抗原136.delayed ontogeny（儿童）个体（B细胞防御系统）发育慢137.agammaglobulinemia丙种球蛋白缺乏138.chemically distinct（夹膜）化学结构不同139.serotypespecific血清型特异性抗体140.pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现141.self-limited自限性疾病142.life-threatening危及生命的143.differential diagnosis鉴别诊断144.convulsions抽搐145.tachypnea(>30 breaths/min)呼吸急促146.defined according to specific age strata 根据特殊的年龄分层确定147.lower chest wall indrawing 下胸壁凹陷148.noninvasive or invasive infection侵袭性或非侵袭性感染149.contiguous spread临近组织器官传播150.infection of a normallysterile body fluid 无菌体液区感染151. Pneumonia（invasive with a positiveblood culture）肺炎（血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性）152.a mild community-acquired infection 轻度社区获得性感染153.intubation插管治疗154. at the outset起病时155.a viral upper respiratory infection上呼吸道病毒感染156.abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难157.fever发热159.shakingchills寒战158.myalgias肌肉疼痛160.nonpurulent无脓性161.purulent有脓的162.tinged with blood痰中带血163.stabbing pleuritic chest pain 胸肋膜刺痛164.parietal pleura胸膜壁层165.tachycardia心动过速166.dullness沉闷167.percussion触诊法168.consolidation实性病变169.crackles噼啪声170.auscultation听诊171.Pleural rub胸膜摩擦音172.cyanosis苍白173.nasal flaring鼻翼煽动174.diaphragmatic pleura胸膈膜175.upper abdominalpain上腹疼痛176.myocardial infarction 心肌梗死177.heart failurewith atypical pulmonary edema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿178.cardiac conditions心脏疾病179.pulmonary conditions肺部疾病180.atelectasis肺不张181.mycoplasmas支原体182.etiologicdiagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断183.pathologic examinationof lung tissue 肺组织的病理学检查184.In lieu of代替185.an infiltrate onchest radiography胸部影像学表现渗出186.lobar or segmental consolidation大叶性或节段性实变187.patchy分散不均的188.pleural effusion胸腔积液189.empyema脓胸190.round pneumonia圆形肺炎（/link?url=wuFa5c Mxt56xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95Sch nzWjqCqu1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXK QmidweX3yeRVMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0 JxTffQ7）191. Urinary pneumococcal antigen assays 泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验192.culture of sputum痰培养193.Parapneumonic effusions并发于肺炎的胸腔积液194.aggressive and complete drainage充分引流195.pyogeniccondition化脓性疾病196.skull fracture头颅骨折197.gradual-onsetheadache逐渐出现的头痛198.stiff neck颈僵200.photophobia畏光201.altered consciousness意识状态变化202.seizures癫痫203.bradycardia心动过缓204.increased intracranial pressure 颅内压升高206.Kernig’s or Brudzinski’s signKernig征、Brudzinski征207.cranialnerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves)颅神经麻痹（3、6脑神经）208.examination of CSF脑脊液检查209.evidence of turbidity (visual inspection)浊度（肉眼检查）210.elevated protein level, elevated whiteblood cell count, and reducedglucoseconcentration (quantitative measurement)蛋白、白细胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量检查）211.specificidentification of the etiologic agent (culture, Gram’s staining, antigen testing, or PCR)病原鉴定（培养，革兰染色，抗原鉴定，PCR）212.in conjunctionwith同时伴随213.deafness耳聋214.hydrocephalus脑水肿215 mental retardation.智力迟钝216.diffuse brain swelling弥漫性脑水肿217.subarachnoid bleeding蛛网膜下腔出血218.cerebrovascular complications脑血管并发症219.bacteremia菌血症220.osteomyelitis骨髓炎221.septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎222.endocarditis心内膜炎223.pericarditis心包炎224.peritonitis腹膜炎225.sinusitis鼻窦炎226.otitis media中耳炎227.tinnitus耳鸣228.upper respiratory tract infection上呼吸道感染229.bulging tympanic membrane鼓膜突出230.reduced movementon insufflation or tympanography注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少231.facial pain面部疼痛232.congestion充血233.persistent nighttime cough持续夜间咳嗽234.aspiration and culture of sinus material鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养235.parenteral penicillin G静脉给予青霉素G236.the drug of choice for disease首选药物237.50,000 U/kgfor minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis轻度感染：50,000U/kg脑膜炎：300,000U/kg238.parenteral β-lactam drugs静脉给予β内酰胺类药物239.ampicillin阿莫西林240.cefuroxime头孢呋辛241.penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株242.offer little advantage over penicillin与青霉素相比，没有特殊优势243.Macrolides andcephalosporins大环内酯类和头孢菌素类244.alternatives for penicillin-allergic patients 青霉素过敏患者的替代药物245.clindamycin克林霉素246.tetracycline四环素247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌249.tetracycline-,fluoroquinolone-and macrolide-resistantstrains四环素耐药，氟喹诺酮类耐药，大环内酯类耐药的菌株250. Multidrug-resistant strains多重耐药菌251.alteration of penicillin-bindingprotein(PBP) genes青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变252.transformation and horizontal transfer ofDNA from relatedstreptococcal species基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA253.loweraffinity for penicillins与青霉素的亲和力下降254.specific PBP(s) andthe number of PBPs altered根据PBPs改变的类型和数量255.level of resistance ranges fromintermediate to high耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药256.penicillin susceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折点257.susceptible≤0.06 μg/mL; intermediate, 0.12–1.0 μg/mL;resistant≥2.0 μg/mL敏感≤0.06 μg/mL，中介0.12–1.0 μg/mL；耐药≥2.0 μg/mL 258.were not predictiveof the response of可以预测用药反应259.revised penicillin G breakpoints修正的青霉素G折点260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute临床与实验室标准学会260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现261. MICs of ≥0.12 μg/mL indicate resistance（meningitis）MIC大于0.12µg/mL意味着耐药（脑膜炎）262.the breakpoints are ≤2 μg/mL for susceptible organisms, 4 μg/mL forintermediate organisms,and ≥8 μg/mL for resistant organisms（nonmeningitis）敏感菌≤2 μg/mL中介4 μg/mL耐药≥8 μg/mL（非脑膜炎感染）263.the Infectious DiseasesSociety ofAmerica 美国传染病协会264.American Thoracic Society美国胸科学会265.the BritishThoracic Society英国胸科学会266.the European Respiratory Society欧洲呼吸协会267.vancomycin万古霉素医学英文词汇小结-INFECTION4.111268.rifampin 利福平269.lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺270.dexamethasone 地塞米松promisingclinical evaluation 影响临床判断272.isolate 分离菌273.advocate the use ofglucocorticoids 建议加入糖皮质激素274.not universally consideredthe standard of care并未公认为标准治疗方案275.neurologic sequelae 神经系统后遗症276.doses 8 h apart Q8h277.severe β-lactam hypersensitivity 对β内酰胺类药物严重过敏278.outpatient management 门诊治疗279. high-dose amoxicillin 高剂量阿莫西林280.afebrile 不发热的281. Acute Otitis Media 急性中耳炎282.nonsevere illness非紧急疾病283.an uncertain diagnosis 诊断不明确284.a 10-day course 疗程10天285.should be commenced 应开始使用药物286.myringotomy 鼓膜切开术287.tympanocentesis 鼓膜穿刺术288.obtain samples for culture 取材培养289.vaccinationagainst S. pneumoniae and influenza viruses肺炎链球菌和流感病毒疫苗290.preventionof antibiotic overuse 预防抗生素滥用291.fuels pneumococcal resistance 加剧肺炎球菌耐药292. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines 夹膜多糖疫苗293. Polysaccharide –protein conjugatevaccines 多糖蛋白结合物疫苗参考资料：1.AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics REDBOOK.The report ofthe Committee on Infectious Diseases: 2.Pneumococcal Regional Serotype Distribution for PneumococcalAMCTPP:/library/documents/amc/tpp-c odebook/。
●Disease triangle 病害三角●内部症状：Inclusion 内涵体Tylose侵填体Callose胼胝质●Sign病症：菌丝体菌核孢子器黑粉白粉锈状物霉状物菌脓线虫体寄生植物体●Symptom 症状●Discolouration 变色Yellowing 褪绿黄化Mosaic 花叶变色不均匀不规则杂色相间Mottle 斑驳变色部分轮廓不清楚Vein cleaning 脉明叶脉成半透明状reddening 红叶●NecrosisSpot 叶斑叶片坏死angular spot角斑Ringspot 轮斑或环斑，叶斑上有轮纹叶枯坏死面积大Leaf scad 叶烧，叶尖叶缘坏死Canker 枝干大面积坏死溃疡Dieback/blight 枝干稍枯stripe 条纹streak 条斑shothole 穿孔blight全株枯死scab 疮痂●Rot 干腐dry 湿腐wet 软腐soft（寄主中胶层遭破坏，病部表皮不破裂，触摸有软感）Damping off 猝倒，根部坏死soreshin 立枯●Wilt 青枯枯萎黄萎●Malformation 畸形Hyperplasia 增生Hypertrophy增大Hypoplasia 减生crinkle皱缩Dwarf 矮缩Stunt 矮化Phyllody 花变叶Fern leaf 蕨叶gall 癌肿overgrowth 徒长enation 耳突rosette丛枝hairy root发根●Syndrome综合征Complex disease 并发症Antagonism 拮抗Synergism 协生symbiosis 共生commensalism 共栖Masking of symptom 隐症●Parasitism 寄生性Parasite寄生物Parasitifer 宿主Biotrophe 活体营养Necrotroph 死体营养Saprogen 腐生物●Pathogenicity 致病性Virulence 毒力锈菌不同小种的致病力植物对病原不同小种成专化抗性（垂直）Aggressiveness 侵袭力寄主植物●Infection process侵染过程●contact period●penetration period●incubation period●symptom appearance●病害循环Transmission 病害传播Reinfection 再侵染●抗病性类型Avoidance 避病Resistance 抗病Tolerance耐病●真菌营养体：吸收储藏运输养分为无性有性生殖做准备●基本营养体：Hypha 菌丝Mycelium 菌丝体●非典型营养体：原质团（Plasmodium）黏菌吞食其它微生物非丝状单细胞酵母菌壶菌假根rhizoid 根状菌丝壶菌芽孢子（芽殖产生）连接成链状假菌丝体●菌丝变态：Haustorium 吸器Appressorium 附着胞（芽管或菌丝顶端膨大部分）Hyphopodium or hyphopode 附着枝，菌丝旁着生1-2细胞耳状分支小煤炱目Rhizoid假根菌丝体有分支黑根霉壶菌Constricting ring and networks loops 菌环/菌网捕食性真菌hyphal strand 菌丝索penetration peg 侵入钉●菌丝组织Prosenchyma 疏丝组织Pseudo-parenchyma 拟薄壁组织Sclerotium菌核外层拟薄壁组织，内层疏丝组织形成Pseudo-sclerotium假菌核Stroma子座也由拟薄壁组织和疏丝组织形成形状不规则多为垫状Pseudostroma 假子座菌组织和寄主组织形成Rhizomorph 根状菌索●Asextual reproduction 无性繁殖Fragmentation断裂节孢子（anthrospore）厚垣孢子（chlamydospore）Fission 裂殖菌体一分为二黏菌酵母菌Budding 芽殖酵母菌黑粉菌担孢子产生芽孢子（blastospore）Cleavage of protoplasm 原生质割裂鞭毛菌产生游动孢子接合菌产生孢囊孢子●真菌无性生殖Fruit body 子实体真菌产孢结构Sporangium孢子囊Zoosporangium游动孢子囊Zoospore游动孢子cystospore 休止孢鞭毛菌的无性孢子Conidium 分生孢子子囊菌半知菌担子菌无性孢子芽殖和断裂产生、Chlamydospore 厚垣孢子厚壁浓缩原生质各类真菌均可形成休眠孢子Tinsel 茸鞭whiplash 尾鞭●真菌有性生殖Sexual repordutionGametangium 配子囊真菌性器官Gamete配子性细胞⏹子囊菌有性生殖antheridium雄器+ascogonium 产囊体Sexual spore 有性生殖产生的孢子，大多侵染后期或经过休眠后形成Oospore卵孢子Zygospore 接合孢子Ascospore 子囊孢子Basidiospore 担孢子●有性生殖三阶段⏹Plasmogamy 质配♦游动配子配合低等鞭毛菌游动孢子与不动藏卵器配合两个具鞭毛配子配合♦配子囊接触交配一方的细胞核通过受精丝管输入对方霜霉♦配子囊配合配子囊壁消解融合接合菌♦受精作用单核精子（性孢子）与受精丝或营养菌丝的配合不产雄器的子囊菌禾柄锈菌高等担子菌♦体细胞结合营养体相互融合酵母菌某些子囊菌性亲和菌丝融合⏹Karyogamy 核配质配后细胞核配合锈菌黑粉菌双核阶段较长双核细胞分裂形成发达双核菌丝体⏹Meiosis 减数分裂⏹五种有性孢子：resting sporangium休眠孢子囊oospore卵孢子接合孢子子囊孢子担孢子●oospore卵孢子由antheridium雄器oogonium藏卵器交配而成●homothallism 同宗配合同株真菌单株有性生殖heterothallism异宗配合同株真菌不能有性生殖，需要性亲和的两个菌株共同生长●parasexuality准性生殖⏹形成异核体vegetative compatibility 营养体亲和性anastomosis 菌丝融合⏹形成杂合二倍体⏹有丝分裂交换与单倍体化⏹Anamorph/ imperfect stage无性阶段Teleomorph/ perfect stage 有性阶段⏹Polymorphism多型现象锈菌Autoecism 单主寄生Heteroecism 转主寄生∙Oomycetes 卵菌Oospores 卵孢子Sporangium 游动孢子囊Zoospore 游动孢子Gametangium 配子囊∙Zygmycetes 接合菌纲Sporangium 游动孢子囊Sporangiospores 孢囊孢子Zygospores 接合孢子∙Ascomycetes 子囊菌Sepate mycelium 纵隔菌丝o无性：Conidia分生孢子pycnidium分生孢子器acervulus分生孢子盘sporodochium分生孢子座o有性：Ascospores子囊孢子Cleistothecium闭囊壳（子囊球）perithecium子囊壳apothecium子囊盘naked ascus子囊∙Deuteromycetes 半知菌Sepate mycelium 纵隔菌丝o无性：conidia分生孢子chlamydospores厚垣孢子synnema or coremium 联丝体或孢梗束o有性：木有有性∙Basidiomycetes 担子菌o无性：Conidia in a sorus（uredinium夏孢子堆, aecium锈子器, or not in fruiting body）o无性：Aeciospores锈孢子in aecium, uredospores夏孢子in urediumo有性：Basidium担子体（担孢子器）with basidiospores 担孢子, telium, smut sorus黑粉菌孢子堆, mushroom, conk, not in fruiting body.o有性：Spermatia性孢子（精子）in spermagonium性孢子器, teliospores冬孢子in telium冬孢子器, mushroom, basiodiospores担孢子on basidium•菌核（sclerotium）产子座（stroma），子座产生子实体（fruit body，sporocarp，conk 马蹄形子实体），子实体包括子囊果（ascocarp）和担子果（basidiocarp），子囊果包括子囊盘（apothecium，葱类小菌核病菌sclerotinia allil）子囊壳（perithecium，麦角病菌Claviceps purpurea）闭囊壳（cleistothecium，cleistocarp，麦类白粉病菌Erysiphe graminis），容纳子囊的空腔是子囊腔locule，子实体上和子囊接触的一层组织是子实层（hymenium），假囊壳（pseudothecium）也是一种子囊生成的形式。
如文档对您有帮助，欢迎下载支持，谢谢！野百合碱处理大鼠肺动脉高压模型的塑造肺动脉高压尤其是特发性肺动脉高压(Idiopathic Pulmonary Artery Hypertension,IPAH) 是一种预后极差的疾病, 其发病机制不明, 治疗棘手。
野百合碱( Monocrotatine,MCT ) 属于豆科植物野百合属，它所引起的肺动脉高压(Pulmonary Artery Hypertension,PAH) 大鼠是一种较为理想的肺动脉高压动物模型［1, 2］,在MCT-PAI动物模型大鼠血清中已发现内皮素-1 (ET-1)、心钠素(ANP及血栓素2(TXB2明显升高，而环鸟苷酸(CGMP笔钙素基因相关肽(CGR及6-酮-前列腺素(6-keto-PGF1a)明显下降［3］。
但不清楚这些炎症介质的改变是PAH发病的起始原因，抑或是PAH的结果。
作者观察MCT所致PAH 大鼠血清对肺动脉压力、肺血管重塑的影响, 以了解炎症机制在PAH 发病过程中的作用。
1 材料与方法1.1实验动物与MCT容液配制雄性Wister SD 大鼠140只，体重150? 180g, 由中国医学科学院北京协和医院实验动物中心提供；MCT结晶(美国产)溶解在0.5N盐酸(HCL) 溶液，用0.5N碳酸氢钠(NaHC03调整pH为7.4的溶液。
1.2 MCT 肺动脉高压动物模型建立MCT注射大鼠(单剂腹腔注射60mg/kg-1) 20 只为MCT-PAH动物模型组(MCT组)，以相同剂量等张生理盐水以相同方法注射正常大鼠10只为对照组( IS 组) ；两组大鼠正常饲养, 每隔7d 取各组大鼠1 只处死，行大体病理观察，且取血标本及肺组织保存；对照组在天第28 （IS28）,试验组在第28天（MCT28第42天（MCT42各取大鼠5只行右心导管检查及肺动脉病理观察。
1.3对照组用大鼠血浆（DB和试验组用大鼠血清（SB制备。
DB制备：取成年雄性Wistar SD 级大鼠20只，体重150? 180g。
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