TPO29听力文本Lecture4-Structural Engineering

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本： Scatter Hoarding Many animals live in environments where food is plentiful during certain times of the year and scarce during other times of the year. In such environments, some animals collect and prepare food when it is plentiful, then hoard it – store it – for future use. Some types of hoarders engage in scatter hoarding. Unlike other types of hoarders, scatter hoarders do not store the food all in once place; instead, they scatter it – divide it up and hide it in many different places. Later, at a time when food is scarce, the hoarders return to these hiding places and recover the food. 托福TPO29口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a biology class. (male professor) OK, so we sometimes see this with animals that live in parts of the world where it gets very cold in the winter. For example, in the northeaster United States, there's a species of squirrels that does this. This squirrel, like many species of squirrel, loves to eat nuts. Nuts are one its primary sources of food. Now, nuts are very difficult to find in the winter. But in the autumn, they are lying all over the place because that's when they fall from the trees.So, what this squirrel does is in the autumn it spends a lot of time finding nuts. After it finds a nut, it prepares it. It takes off the outer shell and cleans it. This preparation may in some way help preserve the nut and or may make it easier to eat later on. The squirrel then digs a little hole in the ground and buries the nut. In one autumn, this squirrel may bury hundreds of nuts.But it doesn't just dig a big hole and put all the nuts in it and cover them up. No, it digs hundreds of holes all over the place. And it puts just one nut in each hole. Now, why would it do that? Well, probably primarily because even if other animals happen to find some of the holes, some of the nuts, the squirrel will still have a lot of other holes with nuts in them so it’ll still have enough food to survive the winter. 托福TPO29口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the professor’s lecture illustrate the practice of scatter hoarding. 托福TPO29口语Task4满分范文： Animals usually hoard some food for the time when there's no food. And some animalsdivide their storage of food into different places and when the food is scarce, they return to the places and recover the food. For example, there's a kind of squirrels feeding on nuts that are plentiful in autumn while scarce in winter. So they spend a lot of time in autumn finding nuts. Then they prepare nuts by taking off the shells and cleansing them, which helps preserve and makes the nuts easier to eat later on. After that the squirrels dig thousands of holes at different places to hoard the prepared nuts so that even if some of the nuts are found by other animals, they still have enough food for the winter. (132 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO29口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO29×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO29×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold,arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable,especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis. First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis.Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food. Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration.The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis. Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO29×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡ProfessorThe hypothesis that the Edmontosaur migrated every winter is not convincing.First, the Edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. Once hundred million years ago, the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember, in arctic regions like the North Slope, the Sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer. The warm temperatures and extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditions for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The Edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during the winter.Second, just because Edmontosaurs lived in herds doesn't mean they migrated. Animals live in herds for many other reasons. Living in herds, for example, provides animals with extra protection from predators. Having extra protection is useful even for the animals that live in the same area the whole year around. A modern example of this is the Roosevelt elk¡ªa large plant-eater. Roosevelt elks live in the forests of the western United States. They live in herds but they do not migrate.Third, although adult Edmontosaurs were capable of migrating long distances, what about Edmontosaurs that were not yet adults? Juvenile Edmontosaurs were not physically capable of travelling the great distances required to reach warmer territories and would have slowed the herd so much that the herd never would have made it to its destination. The herd could not have left the juveniles behind because the juveniles would not have survived on their own. So the whole herd had to stay where they were and survive on the cold North Slope.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO29×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡In the reading passage, the writer claim that edmontosaurus had to migrate to hospitable places in the south, if they want to survive in the cold weather. The speaker, however, contradicts this view for the following three reasons. First of all, the reading materials points out that it is difficult that edmontosaurus to find food in cold winter because of they were fed on plants exclusively. But the speaker reputes that warm weather in summer supplied perfect condition for plants to grow. So edmontosaurus might found lots of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter, which made migration unnecessary. Second, unearthed skeletons from the same site indicated that edmontosaurus lived in herds. Living in herds made migration much easy. But the lecture gave an example of Roosevelt elks to prove that group living might have various types of reasons. So edmontosaurus may live in herds in order to seek for extra protection. So living in herds could not provide evidence for migration claim. Lastly, edmontosaurus, in view of the writer, had the ability of long-distance movement. Although the lecturer admitted the locomotive capability of edmontosaurus, he points out that juvenile edmontosaurus were lack of such ability. So the herd would not leave juveniles behind in the North Slope, which strongly reputes the author¡¯s claim.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO29×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡In the reading passage, the writer proposes several arguments to support the hypothesis that in order to survive the winter, edmontosaur would migrate south to more hospitable regions. The speaker, however, contradicts this view for the following three reasons. First of all, the reading materials points out that since edmontosaurus fed exclusively on plants, it was difficult for edmontosaurus to find food in cold winter because no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter. But the speaker reputes that the temperature in North Sloper were much warmer than they are today. So warm weather in summer supplied perfect condition for plants to grow, and edmontosaurus might found lots of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter, which made migration unnecessary. Second, unearthed skeletons from the same site indicated that edmontosaurus lived in herds. Living in herds made migration much easier, which is a strong support for migration. But the lecture gives an example of Roosevelt elks to show that animals live in groups for various reasons,。

罗马陶器特征陶器的祖先罗马人在很多方面都有非凡的成就。

当你真正触摸到那时的餐具，厨房用具或是两耳细颈酒罐（在地中海区域用于运输和储存液体的大罐子，像是酒和油）的时候，就很容易能够欣赏到它的高质量了。

但是，看起来罗马器具几乎是不可能再现在纸上的，即使照片和绘画能带回那些语言。

大部分罗马的陶器是很轻的，并且摸起来非常光滑，坚硬，即使像所有的陶器一样，如果掉在硬面上就会摔碎。

一般这种陶器是由精心挑选和纯化泥土制成，在快速转轮上形成有薄壁和标准化的形状并且在窑（陶器烤炉）中烧制到能够保持永久不变的形状。

手工制作的陶器，不可避免同样设计的容器间有一些个体差异，偶尔会出现小缺陷。

但是，最吸引人眼球，立即能让人感受到的，罗马陶器最有力量的，就是持续的高质量。

这不光是作为审美考虑，也与实用性有关。

这些容器都是实心的（易碎，但不脆弱），它们舒适并且易于拿握（轻并且光滑），除此之外，由于它们坚硬有时光亮透明的表面，他们的很好的承载了液体，并且容易清洗。

此外，他们有规律和标准化的形状使得他们易于堆放。

当现在的人向人展示一个常见的罗马瓶的时候，尤其是，可以又把手拿起的，他们经常评论说这个瓶子看起来感觉起来是多么现代，他们需要去被告知说服它的真实年龄。

罗马陶器与质量一样出众的另一特点就是其巨大的数量。

当提到数量时，我们习惯于理想化的去估计一个特定生产点的生产总数，和某一个居住地区的总消费数量。

不幸的是，考古学证据的自然特性决定了每一个样本都是不同的，因此这样的数据图形是难以捉摸的。

但是，没有在这个领域工作的人会质疑罗马陶器的繁盛，特别是在地中海地区。

这种繁盛在罗马居住区是显著的，尤其是在城市地区，在这些地方，考古人员必须将陶瓷碎片进行清洗和分类，这些工作在挖掘初期的工作中占据了很大的比重。

我们只能从少量的陶器废墟中去推算“真实的”数量。

但是，有一个废墟是个例外，它代表了大部分遗址的历史消耗量，通过消耗量就可以建立起生产数据。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO29口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO29口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a business class. (female professor) OK, so, of course, businesses want to sell as many of their products as possible. Often a business sells mostly one type of product. But sales of this product may stop increasing because most potential customers have already bought it. In this situation, many companies will try to diversify, um, to develop or diverse product in order to increase sales. There are a couple of efficient ways that a company can diversify using some of their existing resources.One way a company can diversify is to use an existing technology, uh, technology that they already have to develop a new product. If a company already has some machines and technology to make a certain product, sometimes it can efficiently use that same technology to make a different product. For example, a company that makes televisions might start making computer monitors because the technology used to make these two products is very similar. So the company can use its existing technological resources to make the monitors. But with the monitors, it can reach new customers, people that wouldn’t buy television screens, like businesses that need to buy monitors for their employees’computers. Another way a company can diversify is to try to appeal to its existing customers, its customer base with a new product. One of a company’s most important resources is its existing customers and these customers might have other needs that the company could fulfill with a different product. For example, a company that sells skis might have a large customer base that enjoys winter sports like skiing down snowy mountains. So they might start making ski jackets. The same customers that buy skis would also need warm ski jackets to wear while they are skiing. And since they like the company’s skis, they might be more likely to buy the jackets with the company’s name on them. 托福TPO29口语Task6题目： Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two ways a company can diversify. 托福TPO29口语Task6满分范文： The first way for a company to diversify is to use existing technology to produce a new kind of products that need the similar technology and sell them to the customers who only need the new products. For example, a company that sells TV may use the technology of screen manufacturing to produce monitor for computers, and in this way it can expand its market by reaching the customers who don't need TV, but computers, like a company that needs to buy monitors for its employees. Another way is to createa new product and sell it to its existing customers who may have other needs. For example, a company selling skis may also produce ski-jackets and sell them to the consumers that have already bought their skis. Now that these customers must enjoy winter sports like skiing on snowy mountain, they will also need snow jackets to keep warm. And their preference of the ski brand will lead to their purchase of snow-jackets of the same brand. (168 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO29口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

公共英语四级听力-29(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Section Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are THREE parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the**prehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.If you have any questions, you may raise your hand NOW as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part AFor Questions 1—5, you will hear a report on a survey recently done in Britain. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Survey ResultsReader'sprofessionReading time per week Favored type of books1 5 hours and 15 minutes all types of fictionsecretaries almost 5 hours Jane Austin's workspoliticians under 5 hours2 history bookstaxi drivers 4 hours and ______minutes3 self-help books4 4 hours and 33 minutes crime fictionteachers 4 hours and 27 minutes ______ fiction 5SSS_FILL1.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:accountants[听力原文]Recently, a survey of the nation's reading habits was conducted in Britain. The survey asked members of different professions how much time they devoted to reading for pleasure every week. The researchers also asked what types of books they enjoyed. Accountants spend an average of five hours and fifteen minutes of their leisure time reading every week. They read all types of fiction, mainly in bed or **muting to work. Secretaries spend an average of almost five hours reading every week with Jane Austin on top of their list. Politicians who read for just under five hours a week favor biographies and history books. Most of their reading is done in bed. Taxi drivers manage an average of four hours and forty-six minutes a week much of it while waiting in their cabs. They read more self-help books than other workers. Lawyers read the highest percentage of crime fiction in their weekly average of four hours and thirty three minutes. They have no interest in poetry, gardening, self-help books, or romance. Teachers read for an average of four hours and twenty-seven minutes a week mainly in bed or on holiday. Teachers' strong preference is for contemporary fiction over the classics, but their favorite author is Jane Austin. A total of one thousand six hundred people were surveyed. The average time spent reading for pleasure was five hours and nine minutes a week.SSS_FILL2.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:biographiesSSS_FILL3.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:forty-sixSSS_FILL4.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:lawyersSSS_FILL5.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:contemporaryPart BFor Questions 6—10, you will hear an interview with Rosemary, aself-employed dog trainer in Hong Kong. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and the questions below.SSS_FILL6.What is the most important quality for a dog trainer?该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:understanding[听力原文]M: What qualifications do you need?R: I have a degree and worked for the SPCA for almost seven years. SPCA is a worldwide association that provides specialized care to pets. I graduated as a certified dog trainer and behavior councilor from the dog academy of San Francisco SPCA.M: What sort of person does the job suit?R: Of course, the person should not be afraid of dogs. But most importantly, he should be understanding.M: What is the best way into the industry?R: Try volunteering as a dog walker and a class assistant with dog academy certified trainers at Hong Kong SPCA. And you will learn a lot.M: What work hours do you keep?R: Evenings and weekends.M: Is there a clear career path?R: There is a clear path overseas, because there are training opportunities unlike in Hong Kong. It is a very specialized skill. Otherwise, if you like animals in general, there are many related careers like animal boarding, dog walking, pet-sitting, etc.M: What's the best part of your job?R: Being able to help people build relationships with their dogs, and training dogs using more gentle methods, preventing and resolving behavioral problems.M: What's the worst?R: Dealing with dogs that have been beaten so much that they lose all their trust in people.M: Who is your role model?R: I have two: renowned animal behaviorist, Doctor Ian Dunbar, and Jane Dennison, the director of the Academy at San Francisco SPCA. M: Salary?R: Mine is between twenty thousand and forty thousand HK dollars a month. But a paid job starts at about seven thousand HK dollars without a degree and about ten thousand HK dollars with a degree. M: Last word.R: Working with animals is an interesting and rewarding field to be in, but the pay may not be as good as one hopes.SSS_FILL7.When does Rosemary usually work?该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:evenings and weekendsSSS_FILL8.There is a clearer career path overseas because there are ______.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:training opportunitiesSSS_FILL9.Dogs may lose all their trust in people if they are ______.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:beaten so muchSSS_FILL10.What is the starting monthly salary for a dog trainer with a degree?该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:10,000 HK dollarsPart CYou will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece once only.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN11.What was John Stewart Mill?• A. A historian.• B. A composer.• C. A philosopher.• D. A mathematician.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:C[听力原文]For centuries, people have been amazed by children of unusual talent. Pianist **poser Felix Mendelssohn **posed a fair amount of music by the time he was eleven. His forth opera was produced in Berlin, when he was only eighteen. John Stewart Mill, the nineteenth century British philosopher, read Greek at three and had worked his way through elementary geometry and a large body of literature and history by the time he was twelve. Even though there has been a fascination with prodigies for centuries, there has been little serious study of them until recently. Some **mon characteristics have been identified. The vast majority are boys. They are usually first born children of middle-class families. Often their parents are past the usual child-bearing age. Many are born by operation rather than by natural child birth. They often have parents who seem to be trying to realize their own ambitions through their amazing children. And prodigies usually have a strange sense of humor. Although a child may be born with outstanding genetic potential, this potential will not necessarily develop. "Just having the gene is not enough." says Harvard University psychologist Howard Gardener. "Something in theenvironment must nourish the potential." And although many prodigies enjoy the satisfaction of the extraordinary achievement, public praise, and material wealth, even the most successful sometimes question the value of their lives and the accomplishment. "I have a longing which grows stronger as I get older." confesses the famous American concert pianist Eugene Eastman, "to be ordinary."SSS_SIMPLE_SIN12.What has been found about children of unusual talent?• A. Many of them are from middle-class families.• B. There are more girls than boys among them.• C. They are mostly born by natural childbirth.• D. Their parents are usually ambitious and humorous.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN13.What can be inferred from the talk?• A. Material wealth goes hand in hand with mental emptiness.• B. Environment plays a decisive role in the development of prodigies.• C. Success has not always brought happiness to prodigies.• D. Public praise will help prodigies to find the value of their Jives.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN14.When did Beth Orton begin singing?• A. After she met William.• B. Before she went to acting classes.• C. After she dropped out of school.• D. Before she joined a traveling group.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:A[听力原文]M: You experimented with a lot of musical styles. What's next?W: It's hard to say where I'm going next, because my next recordisn't finished.M: You used to go to acting classes before you got into music. Did you ever consider becoming an actress?W: That's what I wanted to do initially. I left school and joined a traveling **pany. We didn't have money for hotels. So we used to camp in parks. It was brilliant. Then I met William. He liked my voice and decided I should be a singer. It was queer because singing was something I never had in mind.M: Is it true that the best time of a woman's life is in herthirties?W: Well. Someone's been telling me that it really starts at forty. She is a wonderful woman. And she says the 30s are just as hard as the 20s, but in a different way. They are just confusing. But when you get to forty, it's just extraordinary. Apparently, the whole world opens up.M: What would you like to achieve before you're...say...sixty?W: I'd love to learn how to play the violin but not before I'm sixty. I'd like to do it in the next year or so. One of the first instruments I learned was the drums. And I am quite good at that coordination in a strange way.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN15.When is the best time of a woman's life, as Beth Orton was told?• A. In her 60s.• B. In her 40s.• C. In her 30s.• D. In her 20s.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN16.What does Beth Orton want to do in the next year or so?• A. Improve her skills in playing the drums.• B. Learn how to play the violin.• C. Try some strange musical instruments.• D. Train herself in coordination.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN17.How do people see premarital contracting in general?• A. It is unfeasible and unnecessary.• B. It has no effect on true love.• C. It is only effective for someone rich and famous.• D. It suggests distrust between the two partners.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:D[听力原文]M: The prevailing attitude about premarital contracting is that it spoils the whole concept of marriage, love, and trust. How do you counter that?F: First of all, most of us hear about premarital contracting when someone rich and famous gets divorced and about all the battles they are going through. I know when my husband and I decided that we wanted to have a premarital contract, my son said "Why you guys doing that? Don't you trust each other?" So it's not surprising thatpeople's initial reaction is a negative one. But in fact, premarital contracting is a way that we can learn more about each other, make each other feel **fortable about issues that are of concerns, and certainly clarify money concerns. This way, we can talk about them, decide together how we want our marriage to work, and if necessary, and only if necessary, we put it in a premarital contract, a legal document.M: Each year, there is one divorce for every two marriages. And a substantial portion of those who have divorced remarry. Is the notion of the premarital contract simply for those who are entering second marriages, or is it also something for the people getting married for the first time?W: Premarital contracting is a communication process. I think all of us, whatever age we are, whatever financial status we have, we have things to talk about. And if we avoid doing that and wait until there are problems, it's almost too late. I think that no matter what age,whether we've been married once or not, whether we have step-children, whether we have assets, it's important to communicate and consider a legal document.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN18.What does the woman think of premarital contracting?• A. It helps a couple know more about each other.• B. It makes a couple's relationship more stable.• C. It helps to develop genuine love in a couple.D. It makes a couple feel **fortable with each other.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN19.What is the divorce rate, according to the interviewer?• A. 50%.• B. 30%.• C. 20%.• D. 10%.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN20.What is essential in premarital contracting, according to the woman?• A. Financial status.• B. Legal documents.• C. Attitude to marriage.• D. Communication.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 5答案:D1。

【托福听力资料】托福TPO4听力文本——Lecture 2众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 4 Lecture 2 LiteratureNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.Professor：All right, so let me close today’s class with some thoughts to keep in mind while you are doing tonight’s assignment. You will be reading one of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s best-known essays ‘Self-Reliance’ and comparing it with his poems and other works.I think this essay has the potential to be quite meaningful for all of you asyoung people who probably wonder about things like truth and where your lives are going - all sorts of profound questions.Knowing something about Emerson’s philosophies will help you when you read ‘Self-Reliance’. And basically, one of the main beliefs that he had was about truth. Not that it’s something that we can be taught, Emerson says it’s foundwithin ourselves. So this truth, the idea that it’s in each one of us, is one ofthe first points that you’ll see Emerson making in this essay. It’s a bit abstract but he’s very into…uh… into each person believing his or her own thought, believing in yourself, the thought or conviction that’s true for you.But actually, he ties that in with a sort of ‘universal truth’– somethingthat everyone knows but doesn’t realize they know. Most of us are in touch withourselves in a way, so we just aren’t capable of recognizing profound truth. Ittakes geniuses, people like, say, Shakespeare, who’re unique because when they have a glimpse of this truth, this universal truth, they pay attention to it and express it and don’t just dismiss it like most people do.So Emerson is really into each individual believing in and trusting him or herself. You’ll see that he writes about, well, first, conformity. He criticizes that people of his time for abandoning their own minds and their own wills for the sake of conformity and consistency. They try to fit in with the rest of the world even though it’s at odds with their beliefs and their identities.Therefore, it’s best to be a non-conformist – to do your own thing, not worrying about what other people think. That’s an important point. He really drives this argument home throughout the essay.When you are reading, I want you to think about that and why that kind of thought would be relevant to the readers of his time. Remember this is1838,‘Self-Reliance’ was a novel idea at the time and the United States citizens were less secure about themselves as individuals and as Americans. The country as a whole was trying to define itself. Emerson wanted to give people something to really think about, help them find their own way and what it meant to be who they were. So that’s something that I think is definitely as relevant today as it was then, probably, um, especially among young adults like yourselves, youknow, uh, college being a time to sort of really think about who you are andwhere you’re going.Now, we already said that Emerson really emphasizes non-conformity, right? Asa way to sort of not lose your own self and identity in the world, to have yourown truth and not be afraid to listen to it.Well, he takes this a step further. Not conforming also means, uh, notconforming with yourself or your past. What does that mean? Well, if you’ve always been a certain way or done a certain thing, but it’s not working for you any more, or you’re not content, Emerson says that it’d be foolish to beconsistent even with our own past.“Focus on the future,” he says, “That’s whatmatters more. Inconsistency is good.”He talks about a ship’s voyage and this is one of the most famous bits of the essay - how the best voyage is made up of zigzag lines. Up close, it seems a little all over the place, but from farther away, the true path shows and in the end it justifies all the turns along the way. So, don’t worry if you are not sure where you’re headed or what your long-term goals are. Stay true to yourself and it’ll make sense in the end. I mean, I can attest to that. Before I was a literature professor, I was an accountant. Before that, I was a newspaper reporter. My life is taking some pretty interesting turns and here I am, very happy with my experiences and where they’ve brought me. If you rely on yourself and trust your own talents, your own interest, don’t worry, your path will makesense in the end.。

托福听力tpo44lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a materials science class.MALE PROFESSOR st time we finished going over some of the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology—the multidisciplinary science of manipulating—or controlling—extremely small units of matter,on the scale of molecules or even atoms.So,I want to talk about how nanotechnology is being used today,and,just to give you an idea,we'll look at one particular application.A team of materials scientists in Massachusetts has been working on a new,ultrathin coating,a nanocoating that might be applied to objects like bathroom mirrors,car windows,and eyeglasses to prevent fogging.And the coating has the potential to be a permanent solution,unlike the kinds of anti-fogging,spray-on liquids that are on the market today...Now,fogging often occurs when a cold surface comes into contact with warm,moist air,such as when a glass shower door or mirror fogs up during a warm shower.…Now,what's actually happening is,uh,what the fog is,is thousands of tiny spherical water droplets condensing on the surface of the glass.Light hits the water droplets and is scattered in random directions,causing the fogging effect.Now,the kind of spray-on treatments I mentioned,well,they wear off.What happens is they cause the tiny water droplets to flatten when they condense on the surface of the shower door,or bathroom mirror,or whatever object it is that it's been applied to.Because the droplets are flattened,when light hits them,the light doesn't scatter. But as I said,those kinds of treatments don't last very long.The new coating has two important components.One:negatively charged silicananoparticles—these are basically tiny particles of glass.And two:a positively charged polymer—which,you already know,a polymer is a chemical compound. These're layered over each other…the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,you see.They're layered in such a way that the silica nanoparticles don't pack together tightly.In other words,the structure has pores,or holes,little tiny pockets,throughout it.The coating prevents fog from developing because it loves water.It attracts the water droplets—sucking them into the tiny pores.And that alters the shape of the droplets; the droplets are forced to flatten and to join together into a single sheet of water, rather than remaining as single droplets—each of which is a sphere that scatters light in different directions.OK,so instead of being scattered,the light passes through the thin sheet of water.So there's no fogging effect.The ultrathin coating can be made more durable by heating it—and of course the object it's applied to—to an extremely hot temperature—500degrees Celsius.What that does is burn the polymer away and fuse the silica nanoparticles together—while maintaining the structure of pores.But that's possible only on materials that can withstand high heat.Glass,yes.Plastics, no.But they're working on solving that problem;trying to come up with a way to coat plastics and other materials durably and effectively.Interestingly,it was a plant—the lotus plant—that inspired this work,I guess you could say inspired it in an indirect sort of way.The leaves of this plant are what we call“superhydrophobic.”Lotus leaves,being superhydrophobic,don’t attract water—they repel it—in a big way.When raindrops fall on lotus leaves,they remain spherical.They roll right off.So for a long time the Massachusetts scientists tried to create a coating that acted like these lotus leaves—a coating that was superhydrophobic.But then they began to think about the opposite extreme.Uh,could they accomplish their goal by making acoating that,instead of repelling water,actually attracted water?Well,they seem to have gotten quite far with this approach.It’s really strong work with a range of interesting consumer applications.It's not costly to manufacture the coating.Some car makers are interested in applying it to their windshields.Looks like we'll probably see it on the markets in everyday products in the next few years.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To provide an example of a practical use of nanotechnology.B.To show the origins of the field of nanotechnology.C.To give a brief outline of the main concepts of nanotechnology.D.To explain the growing interest in nanotechnology research.2.How does the professor organize the information he presents to the class?A.He describes the inspiration behind the nanocoating,then how the coating works.B.He describes how the nanocoating is currently marketed,then the inspiration behind it.C.He explains how fogging occurs,then the basic concepts of nanotechnology.D.He explains how fogging occurs,then how the nanocoating prevents it.3.According to the professor,how does the new nanocoating work?A.By forcing light to bounce off a glass-coated polymer.B.By forcing water droplets to roll off an ultrathin surface.C.By causing water droplets to merge into a single sheet of water.D.By causing light to scatter randomly in many directions.4.According to the information in the lecture,why does the new nanocoating not last as long on plastic as it does on glass?A.Plastic cannot withstand extremely high temperatures.B.The internal structure of plastic repels a positively charged polymer.C.The coating solution scatters when it comes into contact with plastic.D.Plastic surfaces scratch more easily than glass surfaces do.5.What inspired the team of scientists in developing the new coating?A.A problem the team frequently encountered in everyday life.B.The ineffectiveness of spray solutions in flattening water droplets.C.The leaves of a plant that the team had been investigating.D.Interactions observed between silica nanoparticles and polymers.6.What is the professor's opinion about the approach inventors took to the development of the new nanocoating?A.He thinks other inventors should use a similar approach.B.He is impressed by the flexibility of their approach.C.He is surprised the research process took so long.D.He thinks they should have spent more time testing a superhydrophobic coating.答案A D C A C B译文旁白：请听一段材料科学的讲座。

托福TPO29综合写作阅读听力文本TPO 29Task1ReadingLarge numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis. Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migratinglong distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.ListeningThe hypothesis that the edmontosaur migrated every winter is not convincing.First, the edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. One hundred million years ago the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember in arctic regions like the North Slope the sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer, the warm temperatures and the extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditions for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during in the winter.Second, just because edmontosaur lived in herds doesn’t mean they migrated. Animals lived in herds for many other reasons. Living in herds, for example, provides animals extra protection from predators. Having extra protection is useful even for the animals that live in the same area the whole year round.A modern example of thisis the Roosevelt elk, a large plant-eater. Roosevelt elks live in the forests of western United States, they live in herds, but theydo not migrate.Third, although adult edmontosaur were capable of migrating in long distances. What about edmontosaur that were not yet adults, juvenile edmontosaur were not physically capable of travelling in great distances required to reach warmer territories and would have slowed the herds so much that the herd never would have made to its destination. The herd could not have left the juveniles behind because the juveniles would not have survived on their own. So the whole herd had to stay where they were and survive on the cold North Slope.Task2Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。