2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题词义猜测题“根据上下文语境”猜测例举(6页word版)

2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义【考纲解读】分析解读猜测词义题旨在考查考生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句子的意思的能力,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。

它不仅涉及考生的语言水平,还涉及考生的语言应用能力和综合素质等方面。

猜测词义题虽不是阅读测试的重点,但也是常考题目,是对考生多方面综合能力的考查。

因此,今后的高考中这类试题将保持平稳,而且试题增加了对短语、句意的猜测的考查。

近几年猜测词义题难度略有增加,需在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。

【命题探究】【五年高考】Passage1(2017课标全国Ⅰ,D)词数:311A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器)is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture,it s an excellent water collector.Unfortunately,you must carry the necessary equipment with you,since it s all but impossible to find natural substitutes.The only components required,though,are a5'×5'sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic,six feet of plastic tube,and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher s productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.Next,cover the hole with the plastic sheet,securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet s center down with a rock.The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with45-degree-angled sides.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over,and no more than three inches above,the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic.Ground water evaporates(蒸发)and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form,run down the material,and fall off into the cup.When the container is full,you can suck the refreshment out through the tube,and won t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.1.What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A.It s delicate.B.It s expensive.C.It s complex.D.It s portable.2.What does the underlined phrase“the water catcher”in paragraph2refer to?A.The tube.B.The still.C.The hole.D.The cup.3.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?A.Dig a hole of a certain size.B.Put the cup in place.C.Weight the sheet s center down.D.Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.4.When a solar still works,drops of water come into the cup from.A.the plastic tubeB.outside the holeC.the open airD.beneath the sheet答案1.D2.B3.C4.DPassage2(2017天津,C)词数:330This month,Germany s transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆).They would define the driver s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley”of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(财产)damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email,say—the car s maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,”says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers,he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任)issue is the biggest one of them all,”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds,UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars,introduced earlier this year,insists that a human“be watchful and monitoring the road”at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say‘driverless cars’,people expect driverless cars,”Merat says.“You know—no driver.”Because of the confusion,Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University,California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US,however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,”says Calo.1.What does the phrase“death valley”in Paragraph2refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to.A.stop people from breaking traffic rulesB.help promote fully automatic drivingC.protect drivers of all ages and racesD.prevent serious property damage3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?A.It should get the attention of insurance companies.B.It should be the main concern of law makers.C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D.It should involve no human responsibility.4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in.A.SingaporeB.the UKC.the USD.Germany5.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Autonomous Driving:Whose Liability?B.Fully Automatic Cars:A New BreakthroughC.Autonomous Vehicles:Driver Removed!D.Driverless Cars:Root of Road Accidents答案1.D2.B3.D4.C5.APassage3(2017江苏,D)词数:690Old Problem,New ApproachesWhile clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life,global warming will continue for some decades after CO2emissions(排放)peak.So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today,we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change.Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation,it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard,but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why,in part at least,the US National Climate Assessment says that:“There is no‘one-size fits all’ adaptation.”Nevertheless,there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world,people are adapting in surprising ways,especially in some poor countries.Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.His not-for-profit organization runs100 river boats that serve as floating libraries,schools,and health clinics,and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities.Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接)to replace flooded roads and highways.But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken.Chewang Norphel livesin a mountainous region in India,where he is known as the Ice Man.The loss of glaciers(冰川)there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture.Without the glaciers,water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops.Norphel s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter,when it was not needed.He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze,and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉)water.Having created nine such ice reserves,Norphel calculates that he has stored about200,000m3of water.Climate change is a continuing process,so Norphel s ice reserves will not last forever.Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will,perhaps,be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earth s reflectiveness can cool the planet.In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space)has changed the warming trend locally,and actually cooled the region.While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly,temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased.This example should act as an inspiration for all cities.By painting buildings white,cities may slow down the warming process.In Peru,local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice.The outcome is still far from clear.But the World Bank has included the project on its list of“100ideas to save the planet”.More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere.A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria.Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce,or by growing the same things differently.This is common sense.But some suggestions for adapting are not.When the polluting industries argue that we ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt,it s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways.But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.After all,if we adapt in that way,we may avoid the need to change in so many others.1.The underlined part in Paragraph2implies.A.adaptation is an ever-changing processB.the cost of adaptation varies with timeC.global warming affects adaptation formsD.adaptation to climate change is challenging2.What is special with regard to Rezwan s project?A.The project receives government support.B.Different organizations work with each other.C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation.D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.3.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?A.Storing ice for future use.B.Protecting the glaciers from melting.C.Changing the irrigation time.D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers.4.What do we learn from the Peru example?A.White paint is usually safe for buildings.B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped.C.This country is heating up too quickly.D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.5.According to the author,polluting industries should.A.adapt to carbon pollutionB.plant highly profitable cropsC.leave carbon emission aloneD.fight against carbon pollution6.What s the author s preferred solution to global warming?A.Setting up a new standard.B.Reducing carbon emission.C.Adapting to climate change.D.Monitoring polluting industries.答案1.A2.C3.A4.D5.D6.BPassage4(2016课标全国Ⅰ,C)词数:269I am Peter Hodes,a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March2012,I ve done89trips—of those,51have been abroad.I have42hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because I ve got two ice packs and that s how long they last.In all,from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in the patient,we ve got72hours at most.So I am always conscious of time.I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America.I picked up the stem cells in Providence,Rhode Island,and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London.But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence,the lady on the desk said:“Well,I m really sorry,I ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient—please,please,you ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything.She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me,re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.For this courier job,you re consciously aware that in that box you ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody s life.1.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph1?A.providerB.delivery manC.collectorD.medical doctor2.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within42hours?A.He cannot stay away from his job too long.B.The donor can only wait for that long.C.The operation needs that much time.D.The ice won t last any longer.3.Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?A.To London.B.To Newark.C.To Providence.D.To Washington.答案1.B2.D3.BPassage5(2016课标全国Ⅱ,B)词数:294Five years ago,when I taught art at a school in Seattle,I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.I put a small set of Tinkertoysin front of each student,and said:“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have45 minutes today—and45minutes each day for the rest of the week.”A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But I m just not creative.”“Do you dream at night when you re asleep?”“Oh,sure.”“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“That s pretty creative.Who does that for you?”“Nobody.I do it.”“Really—at night,when you re asleep?”“Sure.”“Try doing it in the daytime,in class,okay?”1.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to.A.know more about the studentsB.make the lessons more excitingC.raise the students interest in artD.teach the students about toy design2.What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph3?A.He liked to help his teacher.B.He preferred to study alone.C.He was active in class.D.He was imaginative.3.What does the underlined word“downside”in Paragraph4probably mean?A.Mistake.B.Drawback.C.Difficulty.D.Burden.4.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?A.To help them to see their creativity.B.To find out about their sleeping habits.C.To help them to improve their memory.D.To find out about their ways of thinking.答案1.A2.D3.B4.APassage6(2016课标全国Ⅲ,B)词数:323On one of her trips to New York several years ago,Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner.They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes,another customer was approaching their table.“Hey,aren t you from Mississippi?”the elegant,white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger.“I m from Mississippi too.”Without a second thought,the woman joined the Welty party.When her dinner partner showed up,she also pulled up a chair.“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,”Welty said.“I didn t know what my New York friends were thinking.”Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave,it was pouring outside.Welty s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel,her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).“My friend said:‘Now we believe your stories,’”Welty added.“And I said:‘Now you know.These are the people that make me write them.’”Sitting on a sofa in her room,Welty,a slim figure in a simple gray dress,looked pleased with this explanation.“I don t make them up,”she said of the characters in her fiction these last50or so years.“I don t have to.”Beauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Welty s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends,from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss.,from conversations overheard on a bus.It annoys Welty that,at78,her left ear has now given out.Sometimes,sitting on a bus or a train,she hears only a fragment(片断)of a particularly interesting story.1.What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?A.Two strangers joined her.B.Her childhood friends came in.C.A heavy rain ruined the dinner.D.Some people held a party there.2.The underlined word“them”in Paragraph6refers to Welty s.A.readersB.partiesC.friendsD.stories3.What can we learn about the characters in Welty s fiction?A.They live in big cities.B.They are mostly women.C.They come from real life.D.They are pleasure seekers.答案1.A2.D3.CPassage7(2016四川,B)词数:242If you could have one superpower,what would it be?Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds,see through walls,or have superhuman strength may sound silly,but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.Every day in our work,we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess:the power to make a difference in the lives of others.We re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.Your lives are busy enough doing homework,playing sports,making friends,seeking after your dreams.But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.Find an issue you are interested in and learn more.Volunteer or,if you can,contribute a little money to a cause.Whatever you do,don t be a bystander.Get involved.You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you re older.But why not start now?Our own experience working together on health,development,and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph2refer to?A.Your life style.B.Your life value.C.Your trouble in life.D.Your life experience.2.Why does the author say they are inspired every day?A.They possess different kinds of superpowers.B.They have got the power to change the world.C.Some people around them are making the world better.D.There are many powerful people in their life and work.3.What does the author stress in Paragraph5?A.Learning more and contributing more to a cause.B.Rising above self and acting to help others.C.Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.D.Trying your best to help the poor.4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.B.Much more progress will be made in the near future.C.The work on health is the most valuable experience.D.People s efforts have been materially rewarded.答案1.B2.C3.B4.APassage8(2016四川,C)词数:313In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest,there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的)people.Surprisingly,these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.And yet,people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地)of the French Republic since1946.In theory,they should live by the French law.However,their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown,thus making them into an interesting area of“lawlessness”in the world.The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.Gin spent five months in early2015exploring the most remote corners of this area,which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest,with half its population of only 250,000living in its capital,Cayenne.“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,”says Gin.“I ve been able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.I don t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life,”continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white,which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic,which brings with it not only necessary state welfare,but also alcoholism,betrayal and even suicide.1.Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?A.They seldom follow the French law.B.They often ignore the Guianese law.C.They are separated from the modern world.D.They are both Guianese and French citizens.2.Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as.A.a tour guideB.a geographerC.a film directorD.a photographer3.What is Gin s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?A.Cautious.B.Doubtful.C.Uninterested.D.Appreciative.4.What does the underlined word“it” in the last paragraph refer to?A.The modern French lifestyle.B.The self-supporting hunting.C.The uncivilized world.D.The French Republic.答案1.A2.D3.D4.APassage9(2016北京,D)词数:443Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity.However,now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence,during which many of today s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations,college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades, however,continued connection with and dependence on family,thanks to cell phones,email and social media,have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility,universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves“trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面)and personally.While we should provide“safe spaces” within colleges,we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a collegecommunity(群体)differs from the family,many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.Moreover,the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults:the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定)and controlled,the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out,particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore,there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values,social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation,of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.1.What s the author s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?A.Sympathetic.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.D.Neutral.2.The underlined word“passage” in Paragraph2means.A.changeB.choiceC.textD.extension3.According to the author,what role should college play?A.To develop a shared identity among students.B.To define and regulate students social behavior.C.To provide a safe world without tension for students.D.To foster students intellectual and personal development.4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I:Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion答案1.B2.A3.D4.CPassage10(2016天津,C)词数:378When John was growing up,other kids felt sorry for him.His parents always had him weeding the garden,carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers.But when John reached adulthood,he was better off than his childhood playmates.He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.Most of all,he was happier.Far happier.These are the findings of a40-year study that followed the lives of456teenage boys from Boston.The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not.“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,”said George Vaillant,the psychologist(心理学家)who made the discovery.“And because they felt good about themselves,others felt good about them.”Vaillant s study followed these males in great detail.Interviews were repeated at ages25, 31and47.Under Vaillant,the researchers compared the men s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores.Points were awarded for part-time jobs,housework,effort in school,and ability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp.Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people,five times as likely to be well paid and16 times less likely to have been unemployed.The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out.Working—at any age—is important.Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence,confidence and competence—the underpinnings(基础)of emotional health.They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals.The most competent adults are those who know how to do this.Yet work isn t everything.As Tolstoy。

第四讲│ 词义猜测题一、题型解读词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中一种常见的题型。

通过对近几年江苏高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可以看出，词义猜测题一般有1～2题。

常见的考查方式有：词义猜测题考点1 猜测词义题考点2 猜测短语题考点3 猜测指代题考点4 猜测句意题二、设问方式词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义，常见的命题形式有：·The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”.·Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?·The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”.·What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean?·The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”.·The word “it” in the last sentence refers to “________”.三、常见生词类型在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1.旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义，如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course，where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。

2019届二轮复习英语阅读理解专题词义猜测试题解题指导高考考情分析解读：词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。

词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。

通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。

考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。

在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。

2016年全国卷设问形式例子：(1)What does the underlined word“downside”in Paragraph4probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅱ)(2)What does the underline phrase“a pipe dream”in Paragraph3mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅲ)(3)What does the word“contributions”in the last paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷Ⅰ)常见的命题形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph means“________”．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?The underlined word“________”in Paragraph2can best be replaced by“________”．What does the phrase“________”in Paragraph1mean?本学案结构：利用定义definition或同义解释利用构词法word-building利用语境和逻辑关系根据语法知识猜测根据常识common sense判定重述举例反义（同义第一部分已讲）因果代词指代猜测题目句子猜测句意题目附：典故谚语知识储备单词或短语意思猜测题该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。

2019高考英语二轮高频考点4阅读理解词意猜测解题指导练习例 1 （2012·湖南）When my brother and I were young, my mom would take us on Transportation Days.It goes like this: You can’t take any means of transportation more than once. We would start from home, walking two blocks to the ra il station. We’d take the train into the city center, then a bus, switching to the tram, then maybe a taxi. We always considered taking a horse carriage in the historic district, but we didn’t like the way the horses were treated, so we never did. At the end of the day, we took the subway to our closest station, where Mom’s friend was waiting to give us a ride home—our first car ride of the day.The good thing about Transportation Days is not only that Mom taught us how to get around. She was born to be multimodal (多方式旳). She understood that depending on cars only was a failure of imagination and, above all, a failure of confidence—the product of a childhood not spent exploring subway tunnels.Once you learn the route map and step with certainty over the gap between the train and the platform, nothing is frightening anymore. New cities are just light-rail lines to be explored. And your personal car, if you have one, becomes just one more tool in the toolbox—and often an inadequate one, limiting both your mobility and your wallet.On Transportation Days, we might stop for lunch on Chestnut Street or buy a new book or toy, but the transportation was the point. First, it was exciting enough to watch the world speed by from the train window. As I got older, my mom helped me unlock the mysteries that would otherwise have paralyzed my first attempts to do it myself: How do I know where to get off? How do I know how much it costs? How do I know when I need tickets, and where to get them? What track, what line, which direction, where’s the stop, and will I get wet when we go under the river? I’m writing this right now on an airplane, a means we didn’t try on our Transportation Days and, we now know, the dirtiest and most polluting of them all. My flight routed me throughPhiladelphia. My multimodal mom met me for dinner in the airport. She took a train to meet me.57. The underlined word “paralyzed” (in Para. 5) is closest in meaning to “_______”.Take the Lower Keys March rabbit, for instance. An endangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys, this species of cottontail is a great swimmer — it lives on the islands! — but it is already severely affected by development and now by rising levels. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, an ocean level rise of only 0. 6 meters will send these guys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9-meter rise would wipe out their habitat (栖息地) completely.The snowshoe hare, on the other hand, has a color issue. Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators（捕食者）. As the number of days with snow decreases all across the country, however, more and more bunnies arc being left in white fur during brown dirt days of both fall and spring, making them an easier mark for predators. Researchers know that the color change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight, but whether the rabbit will be able to adapt quick enough to survive is a big question. The National Wildlife Federation has reported that hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.American pikas or rock rabbits, a relative of rabbits and hares, might be the firs' of these species to go extinct due to climate change. About 7-8 inches long, pikas live high in the cool, damp mountains west of the Rocky Mountains. As global temperatures rise, they would naturally migrate (迁徙) to higher ground — but they already occupy the mountaintops. They can't go any higher. The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be able to stand the new temperatures as their habitat beats up.The volcano rabbit has the same problem. These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico, and recent studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters, but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher, so they are stuck in the middle. Scientists are concerned about their populations.Native to the US, pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West. They are believed to be the smallest rabbits in the world. Their habitats have been destroyed by development. Several populations, such as the Columbia Basin pygmy, almost went extinct and were saved by zoo breeding programs. Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnels through the snow to escape predators, but lesser snowfall is leaving them exposed.All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a giant bunny costume this Easter.42. The word "culprit" ( Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to______.A. criminalB. judgeC. victimD. producer[点拨] A 词义猜测题。

2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习阅读理解词义猜测题专练三指代猜测类(xx·黄冈检测)On Christmas Day, xx, a woman named Nancy Sue Brown took her daughter and grandchildren to see a movie at an AMC theater. When the movie was over, the crowd made for the exits. A theater employee had just finished mopping the hallway and dutifully placed the “wet floor” sign in the slippery area. No one slipped due to the wet conditions, but someone did manage to knock over the sign. And by the time Ms. Brown got to the area, the sign was lying on the floor. And shortly thereafter, so was she. Her foot got caught in the sign, in a bad way, and she fell. Unfortunately Ms. Brown had undergone a back operation, and the fall caused more damage than it otherwise would have. So she and her husband sued (提起诉讼)．AMC argu ed that the entire point of the “wet floor” sign above was to warn of danger, and therefore, courts should encourage the use by not allowing Brown's case to proceed (继续进行). AMC referred to a case about a December, xx incident, where a “wet floor” sign, not in use, fell to the floor causing another trip­and­fall. In that case, Georgia's Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the store, but didn't go so far as to say that “wet floor” signs couldn't give rise to legal liability (责任) in trip­and­fall accidents. In the Brown case, the Supreme Court therefore rejected AMC's argument that the former case applied.But the Browns argued something surprising that the “wet floor” sign was, itself, dangerous, because “using this type of sign in areas passed by lots of customers creates an unreasonable risk of foreseeable harm to the public in the form of tripping hazards (危险)．” That's right — the safety sign, used in the way it was designed, was itself dangerous. The court thankfully didn't accept that argument, at least not entirely. But it did conclude that Brown's case could continue to a jury (陪审团) —“a merchant's selection and use of equipment designed to warn customers of one danger that has the potential to expose them to a different one”．体裁：议论文题材：社会现象主题：“小心地滑”指示牌引发的安全事件【语篇导读】本文主要介绍了布朗夫人在美国一家AMC影院看完电影离开时，被“小心地滑”的指示牌绊倒受伤后，向法院提起诉讼的原因以及法院的审判结果。

2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题词义猜测题“根据上下文语境”猜测例举[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)...Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over....29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.[解析]选C根据选段第二句“I n recent centuries, trade ...dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，近几个世纪以来，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语和汉语等语言取代，这就暗示出这些语言是“占主导地位的”。

高考专题阅读理解---词义猜测一1、In the mid-2000s, Waze Mobile co-founder Ehud Shabtai received a cutting-edge (尖端的) gift from girlfriend: a GPS. The expensive gift was supposed to be helpful. But straight out of the box, it was already out of date.Shabtai, a coding enthusiast, had an immediate reaction to reinvent. Shabtai’s solution? To build an app. With 80 million monthly active users globally and nearly 400,000 superusers who function much like Wikipedia volunteer editors (editing maps rather than words), Waze Mobile caught the eye of Google as a revolutionary approach to navigation (导航).Acquired by Google in 2013, Waze’s value mainly lies in its high rate of user involvement. Unlike traditional navigation apps that simply show directions, Waze asks its users to report accidents and other road conditions in real time, so other users can avoid the traffic by using an alternative route.The goal behind Waze’s approach is an ambitious one: not just avoid traffic, but end it altogether. Waze is finding new ways to put its loyal and active user base to use to make that vision a reality, including a plan to make carpooling (拼车) cool.To be sure, traffic jams are troubling people all over the world. Waze has been quietly ahead of the game for some time. In 2013, when Waze was just a small digital-mapping business with limited resources it had something Google Maps and other competitors didn’t: richer GPS guidance thanks to its stream of live traffic reports from users.These users were the basis of S habtai’s plan to solve for his GPS device’s “silent” hardware: he grounded the app in software that could be perpetually updated by users, anywhere and anytime.Waze Carpool is going straight to the heart of traffic jams, trying to get more drivers off the road and into carpools. The app has already connected tens of thousands of rideseekers with drivers willing to ferry them along a shared route, and that trend could be the answer to atraffic-free future.1.What did Shabtai do when he found his girlfr iend’s gift out of date?A.He improved it.B.He took it apart.C.He put it away.D.He used it anyway.2.What sets Waze Mobile apart from traditional navigation apps?A.It has the most users.B.It can indicate directions.C.It reports road conditions in real time.D.Most users help edit its words.3.What does the underlined word “perpetually” in paragraph 6 probably mean?A.Difficultly.B.Carefully.C.Greatly.D.Constantly.4.What is mainly talked about in the text?A.The rise of carpooling.B.An advanced navigation app.C.The development of Google.D.Traffic problems in the world.2、There is a very instructive incident involving the life of Alexander the Great, King of Greek. Alexander, after conquering many kingdoms, was returning home. On the way, he fell ill and it took him to his death bed. With death staring him in his face, Alexander realized his conquests, his great army, his sharp sword and all his wealth were of no consequence. So, he lay helplessly waiting to breathe his last. He called his genera ls and said, “I will depart from this world soon, and I have three wishes. Please carry them out without fail.”“My first desire is that,” said Alexander, “my physicians alone must carry my coffin.” After a pause, he continued, “Secondly, I desire that when my coffin is being carried to the grave, the path leading to the graveyard be strewn(撒满) with gold, silver and precious stones which I have collected.” The King continued, “My third and last wish is that both my hands should be kept hanging out of my coffin.” Alexander's favorite general kissed his hand and pressed them to hisheart. “Oh King, we assure you that your wishes will all be fulfilled. But tell us why do you make such strange wishes?”Alexander took a deep breath and said, “I would like the world to know of the three lessons I have just learnt. I want my physicians to carry my coffin because people should realize that no doctor can really cure any bodies. They are powerless and cannot save a person from the clutches of death. So let people not take life for granted.“The second wish of strewing gold, silver and other riches on the way to the graveyard is to tell people that not even a bit of gold will come with me. I spent all my life earning riches but cannot take anything with me. Let people realize that it is just a waste of time to chase wealth.“And about my third wish of having my hands hanging out of the coffin, I wish people to know that I came emptyhanded into this world and empty-handed out of this world.” With these word s, the King closed his eyes. Soon he let death conquer him and breathed his last.1.The first paragraph suggests that Alexander ________.A.was conquering many kingdomsB.realized that what he got in his life was nothing to him at allC.wanted to leave as he came empty-handedD.regarded his conquests, his great army, his sharp sword and all his wealth as the most important things2.The underlined word “clutches” in Paragraph 3 means “________”.A.sentenceB.attentionC.controlD.shadow3.The author intends to________.A.tell us the story of AlexanderB.introduce readers to the instructive lessons of AlexanderC.stress the power of Alexander the GreatD.persuade people to realize what Alexander said4.What would be the best title for the passage?A.The Death of AlexanderB.The Greed of AlexanderC.Three Wishes of AlexanderD.The Life of Alexander3、Do other countries’ students also have so much homework? What do they usually do in their free time? You may feel curious about them.On April 8, a report came out on the lives of high school students in China, Japan, South Korea and the US. It surveyed around 6,200 students from the four countries last year. You will find the answers to many of your questions in this report.Who studies hardest?Chinese students spend the most time studying. Nearly half of Chinese students spend more than two hours on their homework every day. That’s much more than the US (26.496), Japan (8.2%) and South Korea (5.2%).Who sleeps most often in class?Japanese students fall asleep in class most often. About 45% of them said they soon doze off in class. In South Korea, it’s 32%; in the US, 21%; and 5% in China.South Korean students don’t like taking notes. About 70% said they write down what the teacher says in class, many fewer than in Japan (93%), china (90%) and the US (89%).Who is the most distracted (走神)?American students are the most active in class, but also the most distracted: 64.2% said they chat with friends in class; 46.9% said they eat snacks in class; and 38.9% said they send e-mails or read unrelated books in class.What do they do after school?In their spare time, most Chinese students study or surf the Internet. Most American students hang out with their friends. Most Japanese students do physical exercise. Most Korean students watch TV.1.The report is about________.A.the countriesB.the subjectsC.the students’ livesD.the high schools2.What country isn’t mentioned in the report?A.The US.B.South Korea.C.Japan.D.India.3.______of the Chinese students spend more than two hours on their homework.A.26.4%B.8.2%C.5.2%D.48.6%4.The underlined phrase “doze off’ means_______.A.be half asleepB.get upC.eat snacksD.send emails4、Humans make mistakes.Even surgeons with years of experience are not infallible.But what if these doctors could pool their knowledge and experience together and create a surgical standard of care,to be carried out by machines?That's the idea behind surgical robots,which may soon perform most surgeries,from sewing up tiny wounds to performing heart procedures.Many of these operations are,in fact,already completed with the assistance of robots.But a recent test suggests that robots in the operating room may soon go a step further,performing on soft tissue completely on their own,from start to finish.The Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot(STAR),successfully completed surgeries on pigs."We're the first group to develop autonomous robotic surgery with soft-tissue surgery,and when compared to standard operation,it's better,"says Peter Kim,professor of surgery."The idea is not to replace surgeons;it will make the surgeons better and make the procedures safer."A recent Mayo Clinic study found that major surgical errors-including operating on the wrong site or side of the body,or even leaving tools or objects inside the patient-occur every one out of 22,000 procedures.That's rare,but robots like STAR would aim to lower the number even further.In the da Vinci surgical system,surgeons place their arms inside instruments and use their hands to control the movement of robotic tools on the operating table from afar.The robot's every major move is controlled by surgeons,and thus its results may vary based on the surgeon's training or experience.STAR,on the other hand,is entirely autonomous.It's not only able to work on its own and perform surgeries with a more flexible "hand",but it's able to react to the unexpected incidents.Cutting into hard tissue like bones is one thing,but operating on moving soft tissue is far more complex.STAR reacts to a changing environment,similar to how self-driving cars are programmed to not only drive on the highway,but also react to another driver making a mistake and getting in your way.1.The underlined word "infallible" in Paragraph 1probably means ______.A.quite smartB.really creativeC.rather responsibleD.always right2.We can learn from the passage that STAR ______.A.can perform the operation on its ownB.has been widely used in the operating roomC.can make surgeries much fasterD.will take the place of surgeons3.In the da Vinci surgical system, ______.A.robots are trained from afarB.robots always make mistakesC.surgery results depend on surgeonsD.surgeons have trouble controlling robots4.In the last paragraph,the author mentions self-driving cars in order to show ______.A.how smart an autonomous robot can beB.how difficult self-driving on the highway isC.how bad getting in another driver's way might beD.how dangerous operating on people is.5、On a February afternoon in a classroom, Taylor came face to face with a cow-but it was all in her head.A virtual(虚拟的)reality headset had transported her and her classmates to a farm 250 miles away and for them, the technology means field trips are no longer limited by a bus ride.On any given day, students nationwide walk through fields, dive into deep sea, and observe medical operations by using such headset. It's another way to attract the iPhone generation of students and improve their understanding and their grades.Richard Lamb is a scientist working at Buffalo Science Lab. In the lab, the physical effects of virtual reality become clear as participants experience motion (运动) sickness without moving. “Some of the research we’re do ing has shown that what you experience in virtual reality has very similar responses that you would get if you were doing the actual activity, ” Lamb said.It's unknown how many classrooms have or will adopt the technology, but experts say it's still r elatively rare. While individual headsets that require a user’s phone can cost as little as $20 or $30, systems and software for classes will cost thousands of dollars. Early complaints about a lack of good software are fading as more companies enter the market, but the rules for use haven't necessarily caught up with the technology.In New York, virtual lab experiments don’t count toward the state's hands-on lab time requirements. Even so, the sciences are an area where virtual reality holds particular promise for classrooms. “The biggest impediment is going to be the quality of that experience, and that means how closely it mimics (模仿) the physical world, ” said David Evans, a scientist. “ Doing dangerous things and running into a lot more cases repres ent a huge learning opportunity.”Lamb agreed. “Too often in schools, when we do things in labs, you mix things together and you get this outcome. And if you don't get that outcome, you did something wrong, but we don't have enough resources for you to redo it,” he said. “In virtual reality, all I do is on the computer. I don’t have to actually use chemicals.”1.What does a virtual reality headset really help the students do?A.Take some exercise.B.Perform an operation.C.Go for a bus ride.D.Have different experiences.2.The technology is rarely used in classrooms mainly because ________.A.students show little interest in itB.it's too expensive for users to afford itC.supporting software is inaccessible yetD.it's inconvenient to be operated by students3.Which word can replace the underlined word “impediment” in Paragraph 5?A.Opportunity.B.Difficulty.C.Surprise.D.Disappointment.4.Which of the following statements do both Lamb and Evans agree with?A.This technology can save students a lot of time.B.This technology is safe when used in experiments.C.This technology can enrich students' learning experiences.D.This technology can produce a better result in real life.6、Far from the land of Antarctica, a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At the underside of the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it live where most fish would freeze to death? It must have some secret. The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to work and research has been slow. Now it seems we have an answer.Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studied the fish's blood and measured its freezing point.The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of -1.88℃and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it. The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered to-2.05℃. That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of theice-salt mixture.The scientists' next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish's blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange things made up of a protein (蛋白质) never before seen in the blood of a fish. When it was removed, the blood froze at seawater temperature. When it was put back, the blood again had its anti­freeze quality and a lowered freezing point.Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules (分子) held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein(糖蛋白). So it has come to be called the anti­freeze fish glycoprotein or AFGP.1.What is the text mainly about?A.The terrible conditions in the Antarctic.B.A special fish living in freezing waters.C.The ice shelf around Antarctica.D.Protection of the Antarctic cod.2.Why can the Antarctic cod live at the freezing temperature?A.The seawater has a temperature of -1.88℃.B.It loves to live in the ice-salt mixture.C.A special protein keeps it from freezing.D.Its blood has a temperature lower than -2.05℃.3.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A.A type of ice-salt mixture.B.A newly found protein.C.Fish blood.D.Sugar molecule.4.What do es “glyco­” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” in the last paragraph mean?A.sugarB.iceC.bloodD.molecule7、Is dark chocolate healthy? Yes,dark chocolate has compounds(化合物) that offer health benefits and can be enjoyed without guilt, even on a daily basis. But the amount matters, since too many bites can contribute to extra fat, sugar and calories and get rid of its health benefits.Dark chocolate is rich in cocoa, which contains compounds known as flavanols(黄烷醇). At high levels, cocoa flavanols have been shown to help lower blood pressure and the risk of diabetes. Dark chocolate has the highest amount of cocoa flavanols: milk chocolate has lens, and white chocolate has none.But while cocoa flavanols in dark chocolate make it a healthful treat they give it a biter flavor. Producers may process chocolate to make it more delicious, but doing so can remove some of these beneficial compounds,said Matt Hartings, an American professor. In spite of this,dark chocolate is still a healthier choice than milk chocolate, which tends to have more sugar. Additionally, cocoa powder contains minerals. So you can enjoy a piece of dark chocolate even after a meal. Just keep the following in mind.First, buy chocolate that has at least 60% cocoa. "Generally speaking,the higher the percentage, the more flavanols. These higher-percentage chocolates have the added benefit over the lower percentages and milk and white chocolates because they contain less sugar and less fat,” Hartings said.Second, if possible, choose natural cocoa over Dutch processed cocoa, which is treated with an alkali(碱). This gives chocolate a milder flavor but removes healthful flavanols.And finally, to keep weight in check, limit to 30 grams of dark chocolate daily, or about 150 calories.1.Dark chocolate is healthy mainly because of the existence of _______.A.rich mineralsB.less sugarC.cocoa flavanolsD.fewer calories2.What does the underlined word “treat” in Paragraph 3 mean?A.Something enjoyable.B.A salt-free diet.C.Food paid by others.D.A cure for an illness.3.What can we learn from the text?A.Cocoa flavanols leads to high blood pressure.B.White chocolate is good for health.C.One can feel free to eat dark chocolate.D.Alkali can affect flavanols’ content.4.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text?A.To show his love for dark chocolate..B.To promote the sales of chocolate.C.To provide facts about dark chocolate.D.To make a distinction among chocolates.8、Semi-retired advertising agency owner Stephen Thomas, 58 , has been investing on and off for the past 30 years. He made money in the.dotcom boom but got his fingers burned when the bubble burst in March 2000. When he got access to his pension he decided to start investing again, this time with the help of his son Sam.Now the two meet up most afternoons at Stephen’s home in Sandbach , Cheshire to talk about investments. The day starts at 7 am when Sam looks at company announcements online. These regulatory announcements can include a firm’s accounts , g eneral updates or news of mergers(合并) or acquisitions. Sam flags up companies that he thinks look interesting to his dad who then does some more research.Each has an ISA (Individual Savings Account) with AJ Bell , which they use to buy individual stocks and shares. It is a risky way to invest but the two like doing their own research on companies and Stephen makes an effort to go to investor presentations and try to meet the CEO and directors of the firms they invest in and to speak to other investors in the companies.They have invested in oil companies and pet care businesses , to name just a few. But while the investments of the two men are similar, they do have different approaches. While Sam likes to hold shares for the long term as he is saving money for his future retirement , Stephen likes to buy with any profits he makes.Sam says, “We do not argue because we have separate ISAs. It means finally we make our own decisions about which shares to invest in. The only time we might have a disagreement is when we both want to use the login for the news service at the same time.”1.What happened to Stephen in 2000?A.He had to retire from the agency.B.He gave away all his pensions.C.He got injured in an accident.D.He suffered a loss in his investment.2.What does the underlined words “flags up”in Paragraph 2 mean?A.Marks.B.Abandons.C.Takes over.D.Sets up.3.How did Stephen usually conduct his own research?A.By meeting clients and other investors.B.By predicting the trend of the market.C.By analyzing some research data.D.By doing ongoing interviews online.4.In what aspect do Sam and his father share in investment?A.The way to deal with the return.B.The percentage of the shares they hold.C.The enthusiasm for the investment.D.The approach to stock market research.答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.D; 4.B解析：1.细节理解题。

专题一阅读理解训练8 词语意义猜测AYou use her as a shoulder to cry on.She texts you back with casual jokes.But she，Xiaoice，is only a virtual chatbot.Xiaoice，Microsoft's latest artificial intelligence robot，was briefly released in 2019，and returned to WeChat in 2019，where she_became_a_big_hit．Millions of young Chinese now exchange messages with her daily，The New York Times reported.On WeChat，Xiaoice is an official account.After following it，users can start text－based conversations with Xiaoice.“Xiaoice's incredible learning ability was why people loved to talk with her，”Liu Jinchang，a researcher at High－tech Research and Development Centre under the Ministry of Science and Technology，told China Daily.Apart from her ability to identify photos and send emojis (表情符号) in conversations，Xiaoice gains 45 percent of her knowledge from interacting with users，China Daily reported.Chatbot programmes first appeared in the mid－1960s in the US.Driven by top tech companies，they are becoming smarter and more common.For instance，IBM's latest artificial intelligence programme served as an academic consultant at Australia's Deakin University，answering students' questions about course schedules and financial aid.Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa have been used as voice assistants who can read news，play music and even make jokes for their users.These programmes are expected to move beyond smartphones，into televisions，cars and living rooms，The New York Times pointed out.However，it may take decades before scientists develop a “Samantha”，the advanced chatbot seen in the fiction film Her.In the film，Samantha sparks a romantic relationship with her user played by US actor Joaquin Phoenix.Many viewers are enthusiastic about this fantasy of virtual soul mate.【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了微软官方推出的一款人工智能机器人“微软小冰”，用户可以与它进行对话交流。

2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题词义猜测题“根据上下文指代关系”猜测例举[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)...Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture....29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A．Jazz becoming more accessible.B．The production of jazz growing faster.C．Jazz being less popular with the young.D．The jazz audience becoming larger.[解析] 选C 根据选文第一段中的“...the music has failed to connect with younger generations”可知，爵士乐未能受到年轻人的欢迎。

选文第二段首句提到杰森·莫兰的工作就是要帮助改变这一现象，由此可知that指代“爵士乐不受年轻人欢迎”这一现象，故选C项。

[干扰项分析] A项是杰森·莫兰希望做到的事情，可排除；原文没有信息支撑B项，可排除；D项与原文的意思相反，可排除。

高考专题阅读理解---词义猜测二1、The Nazca Lines are a series of large ancient geoglyphs (地画) in the Nazca Desert, in southern Peru. It is ranging from geometric patterns to drawings of different animals and stylized human-like forms. The ancient lines can only be truly taken in from high in the air, leaving generations puzzled as to how these precise works could have been completed long before the documented invention of human flight.The Lines were first spotted when commercial airlines began flying across the Peruvian desert in the 1920s. Who built them and what was their purpose? Are they roads, star pointers,maybe even a gigantic map? If the people who lived here 2,000 years ago had only a simple technology, how did they manage to construct such precise figures? Did they have a plan? These markings are like a vast puzzle.The Nazca Lines are the most outstanding group of geoglyphs in the world. There are also huge geoglyphs in Egypt, Malta, United States (Mississippi and California), Chile, Holivia and in other countries. But the Nazca geoglyphs, because of their numbers, characteristics, dimensions and cultural continuity as they were made and remade throughout a certain historyperiod, form the most impressive archeological (考古学的) group.The Nazca plain is unique for its ability to preserve the markings upon it, due to thecombination of the climate (one of the driest on Earth, with only twenty minutes of rainfallper year) and the flat, stony ground which minimizes the effect of the wind at ground level.With no dust or sand to cover the plain and little rain or wind to erode (腐蚀) it, lines drawnhere tend to stay drawn. These factors, combined with the existence of lighter-colored subsoilbeneath the desert surface, provide a vast writing pad that is suited to the artist who wants to leave his mark eternal.1.What can we know about the Nazca Lines from the first two paragraphs?A.They were built as a big map.B.They were formed by nature.C.They are ancient lines in caves.D.They are huge markings in a desert.2.How many factors make the Nazca Lines the most impressive?A.Two.B.One.C.Four.D.Three.3.Why are the Nazca Lines well preserved?A.Because of the wind at ground level.B.Because of the existence of soft soil.C.Because of the climate and geography.D.Because of the thick sand on the top.4.What does the underlined word “eternal” probably mean?A.Non-stop.B.Ever-lasting.C.Real-life.D.High-end.2、 In fairy tales, it's usually the princess that needs protecting. At Google in Silicon Valley, the princess is the one defending the castle. Parisa Tabriz is a 31-year-old with perhaps the most unique job title in engineering- most unique job title in engineering- “Google Security Princess”. Her job is to hack into the “Google Security Princess”. Her job is to hack into the most popular web browser (浏览器) on the planet, trying to find weaknesses in the system before the “black hats” do. To defeat Google's attackers, Tabriz must firstly think like them. Tabriz's role has evolved dramatically in the eight years since she first started working at Google. Back then, the young graduate from Illinois University was one of 50 security engineers---today there are over 500.Cybercrime (网络犯罪) has come a long way in the past decade - from the Nigerian Prince Scam to credit card theft. Tabriz's biggest concern now is the people who find bugs inGoogle's software, and sell the information to governments or criminals. To fight against this, the company has set up a Vulnerability Rewards Program, paying anywhere from $100 to $ 20,000 for reported mistakes.It's a world away from Tabriz's computer-free childhood home in Chicago. The daughter of an Iranian-American doctor father, and Polish-American nurse mother, Tabriz had little contact with computers until she started studying engineering at college. Gaze across a line-up of Google security staff today and you'll find women like Tabriz are few and far between(稀少的) ---though in the last few years she has hired more female tech geniuses. She admits there's an obvious gender disequilibrium in Silicon Valley.Funnily enough, during training sessions Tabriz first asks new colleagues to hack into not a computer, but a vending machine. Tabriz's job is as much about technological know-how (专门知识) as understanding the psychology of attackers.1.What can we learn about Tabriz from the passage?A.She was the first female engineer at Google.B.She must think differently so as to defeat the attackers.C.Her job relates to not only technology but also psychology.D.Her frequent contact with computers in childhood benefits her a lot.2.Why has Google set up a Vulnerability Rewards Program?A.To protect Google against cybercrime.B.To monitor the normal operation of Google.C.To help the government locate the cybercriminals.D.To raise people's awareness of personal information safety.3.What does the underlined w 3.What does the underlined word “disequilibrium” in Paragraph 4 refer to?ord “disequilibrium” in Paragraph 4 refer to?A.Imbalance.B.Preference.C.Difference.D.Discrimination.4.Which of the following could be the best title of this passage?A.What leads to cybercrimeB.The "Security Princess" who guards GoogleC.Measures taken by Google to protect its usersD.How to become an excellent security engineer3、Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmatesbearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. Confused, I glanced toward mystone-faced teacher. Having no choice, I slowly raised the report I had read carefully, hopingto hide myself. "What could be causing everyone to act this way?”Quickly, I flashed back to the day Miss Lancelot gave me the task. This was the first realtask I received in my new school. lt seemed simple: go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington.Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country, I had never heard of that name before.As I searched the name ofthis fellow, it became evident that there were two people bearing the same name who lookedcompletely different! One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts, while the other led some sort of army across America.I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant.I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice: flip(掷) a coin. Heads- thecommander,and tails ——the peanuts guy.Ah! Tails,my report would be about the great man commander,and tailswho invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver.Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly class, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered thepaper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmatebegan his report, it all became clear,“My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quiet! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?Obviously, my grade was awful.Heartbroken but fearless,I decided to turn this around. Italked to Miss Lancelot, but she insisted: No re-dos; no new grade. I felt that the punishmentwas not fair, and I believed I deserved a second chance. Consequently, I threw myself heartilyinto my work for the rest of the school year. Ten months later, that chance unfolded as I foundmyself sitting in the headmaster's office with my grandfather, now having an entirely differentconversation. I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster informed me of my opinion to skip the sixth grade. Justice is sweet!1.What did the author’s classmates think about his report?A.Controversial.B.Ridiculous.C.Boring.D.Puzzling.2.Why was the author confused about the task?A.He was unfamiliar with American history.B.He followed the advice and flipped a coin.C.He forgot his teacher’s instructions.D.He was not familiar with the new school.3.The underlined word "burning" in Para.3 probably means ________.A.annoyedB.ashamedC.readyD.eager4.In the end, the author turned things around __________.A.by redoing his taskB.through his own effortsC.with the help of his grandfatherD.under the guidance of his headmaster4、One of India’s top engineering schools has restricted Internet access in its boarding houses, saying addiction to surfing, gaming and bl saying addiction to surfing, gaming and blogging was affecting students’ performance, ogging was affecting students’ performance, making them lonely and even suicidal.Authorities at the best Indian Institute of Technology( IIT) in Mumbai said students had stopped socializing and many were late for morning classes or slept through them stopped socializing and many were late for morning classes or slept through them. “Now, a . “Now, a student doesn’t even know who lives two doors away from him because he is so busy on the Internet,” said Prakash Gopalan, dean of Student Affairs. “The old dormitory culture of companionship and socializing among students is gone. This is not hea companionship and socializing among students is gone. This is not healthy in our opinion.”lthy in our opinion.”lthy in our opinion.” IIT-Mumbai, with about 5,000 students, is one of the seven IITs across India which are considered to be among the finest engineering schools in the world. They are also a talent pool for global technology giants. But their hard courses, tough competition and lonelycampus lifestyle have taken an effect on students. Depressive and dysfunctional lifestyles areknown to be common among IIT students, and at least nine have committed suicide in the past five years. Students have unlimited free Internet access in their boarding houses to help them in their studies, but many also use it to surf, chat, download movies and music, blog and for gaming.“Starting Monday, Internet access will be banned between 11 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. at “Starting Monday, Internet access will be banned between 11 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. atIIT-IIT-Mumbai’s 13 boarding buildings to encourage students to sleep early and to try and force Mumbai’s 13 boarding buildings to encourage students to sleep early and to try and force them out of their shells.” Gopalan said. But the move has not gone down well with students who say they hate their lives being regulated. “Now they will say we need t who say they hate their lives being regulated. “Now they will say we need to listen to a o listen to a lullaby (摇篮曲) to go to sleep.” said Rajiv, an electronics student.1.According to the text, the students addicted to the Internet in IIT-Mumbai are likely to ______.A.perform well in studiesB.participate in social activitiesC.know their classmates betterD.feel lonely and even suicidal2.The underlined word “2.The underlined word “dysfunctional dysfunctional dysfunctional” in Paragraph 3 most probably means “______”.” in Paragraph 3 most probably means “______”.A.unpopularB.meaningfulC.abnormalD.exciting3.What measures have been taken in IIT-Mumbai?A.Students must go to bed before 11 p.m.B.Students are forbidden to surf the Internet on campus.C.Students have unlimited free Internet access in their dormitories.D.Internet access is unavailable in deep night in boarding buildings.4.We may infer from the last paragraph that ______.A.all electronics students hate the banning orderB.some students complain about the banning orderC.there is no Internet access on the IIT campus ever sinceD.more students prefer listening to music to surfing the Internet5、 Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists. ThePompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory . There is also L’Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist’s showman qualities.The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities(无限).“From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-museum-theatre in Figueras,” explains the Pompidou Centre.theatre in Figueras,” explains the Pompidou Centre.The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.1.Which of the following best describe Dali according to Paragraph 1?A.Optimistic.B.Productive.C.Generous.D.Traditional.2.What is Dali’s The Persistence of Memory considered to be?A.One of his masterworks.B.A successful screen adaptation.C.An artistic creation for the stage.D.One of the beat TV programmes.3.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?A.By popularity.B.By importance.C.By size and shape.D.By time and subject.4.What doe 4.What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?s the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Documents.6、Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “sa fe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a collegecommunity(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complexcommunity.Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.1.What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?A.SympatheticB.DisapprovingC.SupportiveD.Neutral2.The underlined word “2.The underlined word “passage passage passage” in Paragraph 2 mea ” in Paragraph 2 mea ” in Paragraph 2 means ______. ns ______.A.changeB.choiceC.textD.extension3.According to the author, what role should college play?A.to develop a shared identity among studentsB.to define and regulate students’ social behaviorC.To provide a safe world without tension for studentsD.To foster students’ intellectual and personal development4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I:Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point (次要点)C:ConclusionA.B.C.D.7、After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elkpopulations populations——major food sources (来源) for the wolf ) for the wolf––grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’ s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’ s beavers.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in atYellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.1.What is the text mainly about?A.Wildlife research in the United States.B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C.The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.2.What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragr 2.What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean? aph 2 mean?A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forced out.D.Tracked down.3.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?A.Damage to local ecology.B.A decline in the park’s income.C.Preservation of vegetation.D.An increase in the variety of animals.4.4.What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.8、 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scienti consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including st who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require moreenergy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑) these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.1.What has Steven Stein been hired to do?A.Help increase grocery sales.B.Recycle the waste material.C.Stop things falling off trucks.D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.2.What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Bans on plastic bags.B.Effects of city development.C.Headaches caused by garbage.D.Plastic bags hung in trees.3.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A.They are quite expensive.B.Replacing them can be difficult.C.They are less strong than plastic bags.D.Producing them requires more energy.4.What is the best title for the text?A.Plastic, Paper or NeitherB.Industry, Pollution and EnvironmentC.Recycle or Throw AwayD.Garbage Collection and Waste Control答案以及解析答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案及解析：答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.C; 4.B解析：1.做出判断推理。