诊断学问诊
- 格式:pptx
- 大小:309.54 KB
- 文档页数:20
诊断学重点第一章问诊一、问诊的内容1.一般项目2.主诉:主诉是患者感受最主要的、最痛苦或最明显的症状和体征,也就是本次就诊最主要的原因及持续的时间。
如“反复上腹隐痛5年,大便色黑一日”“多饮、多食,多尿,消瘦1年。
”3.现病史:现病史是病史中最重要的部分,也是诊断疾病的主要依据,需详细询问及记录。
(1)起病情况与患病时间。
(2)主要症状特点:包括主要症状发生的部位、性质、程度、持续时间、缓解或加重的因素等。
(3)伴随症状。
(4)病情发展与演变。
(5)诊治经过。
(6)一般情况。
4.既往史:患者既往的健康情况及患过的疾病、外伤手术、预防接种、对药物及食物的过敏史等。
询问有无传染病及地方病史。
5.系统回顾:呼吸系统、循环系统、消化系统、泌尿系统、造血系统、内分泌及代谢、神经精神系统、肌肉骨骼系统。
6.个人史:社会经历、职业及工作条件、习惯与嗜好、冶游史及性病史。
第二章常见症状第一节发热1.病因:(1)感染性发热:常见的病原体有细菌,病毒,支原体,立克次体,螺旋体,真菌,寄生虫等。
(2)非感染性发热:无菌性坏死物质的吸收、抗原-抗体反应、内分泌与代谢疾病、皮肤散热减少、体温调节中枢功能失常、自主神经功能紊乱。
2.热型及临床意义:(1)稽留热:体温持续在39~40℃以上的高水平,达数日或数周。
24小时内体温波动范围不超过1℃,常见于肺炎链球菌肺炎、伤寒及斑疹伤寒高热期。
(2)弛张热:又称败血症热型。
体温持续在39℃以上,24小时内波动范围达2℃以上,但均高于正常体温。
常见于败血症、风湿热、重症肺结核及化脓性炎症等。
(3)间歇热:高热期与无热期交替出现,体温骤升达高峰后持续数小时,又迅速降至正常水平,无热期(间歇期)可持续1日至数日,如此反复交替。
见于疟疾、急性肾盂肾炎等。
3.伴随症状:伴口唇单纯疱疹:常见于肺炎链球菌肺炎、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、流行性感冒、间日疟等。
第二节咳嗽与咳痰1.咳嗽特点:金属声调咳嗽可因纵隔肿瘤或支气管癌等直接压迫气管所致。
绪论一、诊断学的内容1.病史采集(history taking) 即问诊,是通过医生与患者进行提问与回答了解疾病发生与发展的过程。
只要患者神志清晰,无论在门诊或住院的场合下均可进行。
许多疾病经过详细的病史采集,配合系统的体格检查,即可提出初步诊断(primary diagnosis)。
2.症状和体征症状(symptom)是患者病后对机体生理功能异常的自身体验和感觉。
如瘙痒、疼痛、心悸、气短、胀闷、恶心和眩晕等,这种异常感觉出现的早期,临床上往往尚未能客观地查出,但在问诊时则可由患者的陈述中获得。
症状是病史的重要组成部分,研究症状的发生、发展及演变,对作出初步诊断或印象(impression),可发挥重要的作用。
体征(sign)是患者的体表或内部结构发生可察觉的改变,如皮肤黄染、肝脾肿大、心脏杂音和肺部哕音等。
症状和体征可单独出现或同时存在。
体征对临床诊断的建立可发挥主导的作用。
3.体格检查(physical examination) 是医生用自己的感官或传统的辅助器具(听诊器、叩诊锤、血压计、体温计等)对患者进行系统的观察和检查,揭示机体正常和异常征象的临床诊断方法。
进行体格检查时应做到既不使患者感到不适,又能获得准确结果,以期尽早达到明确诊断的目的。
4.实验室检查(1aboratory examination) 是通过物理、化学和生物学等实验室方法对患者的血液、体液、分泌物、排泄物、细胞取样和组织标本等进行检查,从而获得病原学、病理形态学或器官功能状态等资料,结合病史、临床症状和体征进行全面分析的诊断方法。
当实验室检查结果与临床表现不符时,应结合临床慎重考虑或进行必要的复查。
实验室检查偶尔阳性或数次阴性的结果,均不能作为肯定或否定临床诊断的依据。
5.辅助检查(assistant examination) 如心电图、肺功能和各种内镜检查,以及临床上常用的各种诊断操作技术等,这些辅助检查在临床上诊断疾病时,亦常发挥重要的作用。
诊断学问诊流程下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成,希望大家下载以后,能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!《诊断学问诊流程》一、准备工作阶段。
在进行诊断学问诊之前,需要做好充分的准备。
诊断学问诊基本流程英文回答:Diagnostic Examination: Basic Process of Patient Interview.The diagnostic examination is a crucial step in the healthcare process, allowing healthcare providers to gather information about a patient's symptoms, medical history, and other relevant factors to determine an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan. The basic process of patient interview during a diagnostic examination typically involves the following steps:1. Introduction and rapport-building: The healthcare provider introduces themselves and establishes a rapport with the patient, creating a comfortable and open atmosphere for communication.2. Chief complaint and history of present illness: Thepatient describes their primary reason for seeking medical attention, known as the chief complaint. The healthcare provider then gathers a detailed history of the present illness, including the onset, duration, and severity of symptoms.3. Past medical history: The healthcare provider inquires about the patient's past medical history,including previous illnesses, surgeries, hospitalizations, and medications taken.4. Social history: The healthcare provider explores the patient's social history, including their living situation, occupation, social support, and lifestyle habits.5. Family history: The healthcare provider obtains information about the patient's family history, including any known genetic conditions or diseases that may have influenced their health.6. Physical examination: The healthcare provider performs a physical examination to assess the patient'soverall health and identify any physical signs or symptoms that may be relevant to the diagnosis.7. Diagnostic tests: If necessary, the healthcare provider may order diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, or biopsies, to further evaluate the patient's condition and confirm the diagnosis.8. Differential diagnosis and plan: Based on the information gathered during the interview and physical examination, the healthcare provider develops adifferential diagnosis, which is a list of possible diagnoses that could explain the patient's symptoms. The healthcare provider then discusses the differential diagnosis with the patient and determines the most likely diagnosis. A treatment plan is then developed and discussed with the patient.中文回答:诊断学问诊基本流程。