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第八篇 Eat Healthy1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenC. not to waste food.2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A. Because Americans associate quantity with value.3. What happened in the 1970s?D. The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?A. Many poor Americans want large portions.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?C. They don't want to be healthy eaters.第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life1.The writer believes that the population explosion results fromC a decrease in death rates.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering culturesB infants could be left dead in times of starvation.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase “ this need” refers toD the need to take care of a sick and weak people.5. Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude toward most of the nursinghomes, and convalescent hospitals?D Critical.第二十四篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance t o file?”?A. Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?C. Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together tin memory consolidation.3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?D. The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?B. The more hip pocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory.5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?D. To control glucose levels.+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer mightenable an individual to do?B. Having more education.2.Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?A. Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.3.All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working lifeEXCEPTB. More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.4.An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is thatC. it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new5.Which of the following best describes Callahan's attitude to anti-ageing technology ?C. Reserved.+第四十篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others1. In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out thatC. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly2. The fourth paragraph describes brieflyA. how to select subjects and what to do in the research.3. The article argues that supertastersB. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?C. They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter.5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry'?A. Taste acuity is genetically determined.第二篇 Going on a diet1beating 2properly 3gains 4reduce 5principle 6 Unfortunately 7go off 8maintaining 9actually 10raise 11forms 12make 13climb 14partner 15Tight第十二篇 Dreams1claim 2just 3though 4aware 5after 6great 7senses 8known9see 10should 11in 12awoken 13day 14making 15as*第八篇 Old And Active1recent 2improvement3out 4learnt5 make 6 ingredient 7 beneficial 8 contributing 9 actually 10 doubled 11 facing 12 after 13 Raising 14 sense 15 roles+第十四篇 A Health Profile1 need to know2 at3 diet4 spend5 in6 whether7 To complete 8as 9 Once10 0n 11 job 12 by 13 thought 14 in 15 benefit+第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years1 ages2 about3 span4 killers5 highly6 developed7 1ess deadly8 factors9 make 10 against 11 In addition 12 while 13 spread 14 older 15 leading to。
Eat Healthy吃健康“清洁你的盘子！”和“清洁板俱乐部的成员！”只是在美国的每个孩子听到父母，祖父母或外祖父母。
通常情况下，它伴随着上诉：“试想想，在非洲的孤儿挨饿！”当然，我们应该感谢每一口食物。
不幸的是，在美国的许多人采取太多的叮咬。
而不是停留“清洁盘”，也许我们应该为明天保存一些食物。
据新闻报道，美国餐馆的部分原因归咎于日益增长的肚子。
一位服务员把一盘食物，在每个客户面前，用两到四倍由政府建议的数额，根据今日美国的故事。
美国人的传统与价值关联的数量和大多数餐馆尝试给他们。
他们喜欢有客户抱怨比太少而对过多的食物。
在宾夕法尼亚州立大学营养学教授芭芭拉·罗尔斯，告诉美国今天餐厅份量开始增长，在20世纪70年代，美国人的腰围开始扩大的同时。
健康专家们试图让许多餐馆为较小的部分。
显然，现在，一些客户要求这太。
餐饮业贸易杂志QSR品牌上个月公布的4000多名受访者中，有57％的人认为，餐厅服务，有过大的部分，23％没有意见，20％的受访者表示反对。
但仔细看看在调查表明，许多美国人谁买不起精美的餐饮还是比较喜欢大的部分。
70％的收入至少每年150,000元喜欢小部分，但只有45％的收入低于25000美元要小。
它不是工人阶级美国人不想吃的健康。
只不过，经过长时间的低薪工作，让他们的盘子少，似乎并不像一个很好的协议。
他们住的月光族，高兴地节省一点钱，为明年的圣诞礼物。
Prolonging Human Life延长人类生命人类生命的延长使人口增加了。
许多现在还活着的人，如果早出生100年的话，可能在幼年就得病死了。
因为活得长的人越多，在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就越多。
实际上导致人口爆炸的是死亡率的降低而不是出生率的增长。
延长人的生命同时也使要抚养的人数增长了。
在所有的社会里，残疾的、太小或太老的以至不能工作的人，要靠社会中其他人的救助。
在以狩猎和采集为生的时代，不能跟上其他人的老人会被甩在后面，任他死去。
2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
2012年职称英语变化二、2012年教材新增文章（一）阅读判断1.第七篇：Moderate Earthquake Strikes England2.*第十一篇：Computer Mouse（二）概括大意与完成句子1.第六篇：How We Form First Impression2.第十篇：Washoe Learned American Sign Language（三）阅读理解1.第一篇：Telling Tales about People2.第八篇：The Changing Middle Class3.第十篇：A Letter from Alan4.第十一篇：The Development of Ballet5.第十六篇：The Sahara 6.*第十七篇：Eiffel Is an Eyeful（2011年教材中为C级文章）7.*第十八篇：Goal of American Education（2011年教材中为C级文章）8.*第十九篇：The Family9.*第二十篇：Tales of the Terrible Past10.*第二十一篇：Spacing in Animals（2011年教材中为C级文章）11.*第二十二篇：Some Things We Know about Language（2011年教材中为C级文章）12.*第二十三篇：The Only Way Is Up（2011年教材中为C级文章）13.*第二十四篇：Clone Farm（2011年教材中为C级文章）14.*第二十五篇：Income（2011年教材中为C级文章）15.*第二十六篇：Seeing the World Centuries Ago16.*第二十七篇：Importance of Services（2011年教材中为C级文章）17.*第二十八篇：The National Park Service（2011年教材中为C级文章）18.*第二十九篇：Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends（2011年教材中为C级文章）19.*第三十篇："Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead20.*第三十三篇：Oseola McCarty21.+第三十四篇：To Have and Have Not22.+第三十五篇：Going Her Own Way23.+第三十六篇：A Tale of Scottish Rural Life（2011年教材中为B级文章）24.+第三十七篇：Pop Music in Africa25.+第三十八篇：Why So Many Children26.+第三十九篇：Eat to Live（2011年教材中为B级文章）27.+第四十篇：Narrow Escape（2011年教材中为B级文章）28.+第四十七篇：Narrow Escape（四）补全短文1.第九篇：Heat Is Killer2.*第十一篇：Virtual Driver（五）完形填空1.第一篇：A Life with Birds2.第二篇：S Lucky Break3.第三篇：Global Warming4.第四篇：A Success Story5.第五篇：Traffic in Our Cities6*.第六篇：Teaching and Learning 7.*第七篇：The Difference between Man and Computer8.*第八篇：Look on The Bright Side9.*第九篇：The First Bicycle10.*第十篇：Working Mothers11.+第十一篇：School Lunch12.+第十二篇：A Powerful Influence13.+第十三篇：The Old Gate14.+第十四篇：Family History15.+第十五篇：Helen and Martin温馨提示：每年教材中新增篇幅的考试几率非常大，是考试复习的重点！职称英语2012年考试全解析】一、职称英语考试难度自1996年推出职称英语考试，根据人事考试网提供的数据来看，全国每年的通过率平均在60%左右。
2012年职称英语综合类新增文章2012年职称英语理工、综合和卫生教材（电子版已经发布，欢迎下载）阅读判断（2篇）第七篇Moderate Earthquake Strikes England*第十一篇Computer Mouse概括大意与完成句子（2篇）第六篇How We Form First lmpression第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language阅读理解（15篇）第一篇Telling Tales about People第八篇The Changing Middle Class第十篇 A Letter from Alan第十一篇The Development of Ballet第十六篇The Sahara*第十九篇The Family*第二十篇Tales of the Terrible Past*第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago*第三十篇“Lucky” Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead*第三十三篇Oseola McCarty+第三十四篇To Have and Have Not+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?+第四十七篇Narrow Escape补全短文（2篇）第九篇Heat Is Killer*第十一篇Virtual Driver完形填空（15篇）第一篇 A Life with Birds第二篇 A Lucky Break第三篇Global Warming第四篇 A Success Story第五篇Traffic in Our Cities第六篇Teaching and learning*第七篇The Difference between Man and Computer*第八篇Look on The Bright Side*第九篇The First Bicycle*第十篇Working Mothers+第十一篇School Lunch+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence+第十三篇The Old Gate+第十四篇Family History+第十五篇Helen and Martin译文见最后注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、阅读判断，请参见第4页；概括大意与完成句子，请参见第8页；阅读理解，请参见第13页；补全短文，请参见第43页3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。
我是2011年通过的职称英语考试，理工B。
先说说我的英语水平吧，词汇量不超过100，英语基本可以说就是什么都不知道，学都无从学起，职称英语我考了3年，前两年都是没有目的的复习，最后一点效果都没有。
想想也是，就只认识字母的水平，怎么学习呢，但我还是通过在论坛的学习通过了考试。
由于工作原因，一直没有表达感恩之情。
现在我就说说的考试经历，希望对大家有所帮助。
我就按题型说了。
第一部分：词汇选项，其实就是同义词，这一部分对我们没有一点基础的人来说，词典是很重要的，我三年用了三本词典，感觉新思维词典比较好，记得去买的时候人家就说是专门为职称英语考试准备的。
因为里面每个单词后面就有同义词，直接在那个单词后面就能找见同义词，也就很容易答对了，但不是所有的都能从后面查到，但是查得到的那些给我们节省了好多时间。
这部分要是细心点，一个小时13分应该没有问题。
第二部分：阅读判断，就是判断对错，对于我们没有任何基础的人，第一部分后面的基本就不用看，直接猜就行了，但是我还是在网上看到一些技巧，比如特别注意日期、数字、大写这个单词，然后对照原文去判断，要是这个都不想，也有办法，按照往年的真题，这道题A:B:C=3:2：2或2:3:2，也就是说，全选成A或B，就有机会拿3分。
第三部分：概括大意与完成句子，这部分更难了，但是还是有技巧，对于这一题，概括大意是看原文的段首或段尾，因为大意中心词一般在段首或段尾，找见能和选项对上的中心单词就选，单词对上的越多越好，要是找不见，那就注意看日期、时间、大写词汇这些词，再从选项里面找。
完成句子也是在句首找中心词，和原文对照，然后符合程度越大的就选。
要是万一有几个选不了，那就猜了。
这一题，运气好拿4分没有问题。
第四部分：阅读理解，这一部分分值最重，但谁让我们一点基础都没有呢，但论坛却给了我们很好的帮助，职称英语教材每年都会有新增文章，各个类别篇数不同，理工B一般是两篇，A是一篇，所以A更好复习些，现在说说怎么靠论坛了。
2012年职称英语卫生类教材新增文章篇目第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own."Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."+第四十篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study.Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind."Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods，more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. "However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee ，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color."Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. "Going on a dietA typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart 1_______and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating2_______and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person 3______weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to 4______the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic 5______behind going on a diet.6______，diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then 7______ the dietand put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8______ a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you 9______ take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10______the number of calories you can consume per day.Exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11______of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12______a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can 13______ the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise 14______. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15______clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.。
2012年职称英语教材新增内容D2012年职称英语教材新增内容：综合类理工类卫生类C级B级A级C级B级A级 C级 B级A级词汇选项没有新增没有新增没有新增阅读判断1篇1篇0概括大意与完成句子2篇0 0阅读理解5篇5篇5篇2篇2篇2篇 1篇 2篇2篇补全短文1篇1篇0没有新增没有新增完形填空5篇5篇5篇2篇2篇2篇 1篇 1篇3篇1、一、新教材内容变化内容及数量【职称英语三个类别（综合类、理工类、卫生类）】1．职称英语三个类别中的只有综合类阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子、补全短文三个题型的文章篇目发生了改变：阅读判断更新了2篇文章，其中C级别1篇，B级别1篇；概括大意与完成句子更新了2篇，均为C级别文章；补全短文更新了2篇，其中C级别1篇，B级别1篇（较2011年相比）。
2．职称英语三个类别中的阅读理解题型文章均发生了较大变化，其中综合类文章变化最大：综合类更新15篇文章，其中每个级别更新5篇（较2011年相比）；理工类更新6篇文章，其中每个级别更新2篇（较2011年相比）；卫生类更新5篇文章，其中A级别和C级别各更新1篇文章，B级别更新3篇文章，（较2011年相比）。
3．职称英语三个类别中的完型填空文章均有变化，其中综合类文章变化最大：综合类更新15篇，其中每个级别更新5篇（较2011年相比）；理工类更新6篇文章，每个级别更新2篇文章（较2011年相比）；卫生类更新5篇文章，其中B级别和C级别各更新1篇，A级别更新3篇（较2011年相比）。
二、2012年职称英语国家指定教材较2011年职称英语教材变化主要体现在以下4个方面：1. 2012年职称英语教材较2011年教材中的文章的选材更加贴近生活，聚焦社会热点问题。
如：l (1) 综合类：The Family 家庭l (2) 理工类：Making Light of1 Sleep不要太在意睡眠l (3) 卫生类：Eat Healthy健康饮食这些话题都是来自我们平时的生活，另外一些文章是社会聚焦的热点话题和大事件，如：2、2、阅读判断。
2012年职称英语卫生类A级新增文章-阅读理解(含练习解析及译文)Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat．This study increasesunderstanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,”said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, andbitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．词汇：Publicize v．引起公众对…的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietary adj．饮食的；规定食物的Ferment v．(使)发酵Geneticist n．遗传学家Acuity n．敏锐；尖锐注释：1．Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University--College of Agricultural Sciences宾州州立大学农学院。
Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.1. The writer believes that the population explosion results A an increase in birthrates.advances.A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.dead in times of starvation. C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children.D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. According to the of the following statements about retired peopleA Many of them have a very hard life.B They cannot financial support.D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.A the need to prolong theC the need to build profit-making nursing homes.D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals? A Sympathetic.B Unfriendly.C Optimistic.D Critical.延长人类寿命延长人类寿命增加的人口规模。
* 第七篇Nurse! I Want My MummyWhen a child: is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be 1 them.Most hospitals now, allow parents to sleep 2 with child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.But until the 1970s this 3 was not only frowned upon --- it was actively discouraged1.Staff worried that the children were upset when their parents 4 ,10 and so there was a blanket ban.A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse! want my mummy", published in 1974, 5 the face of paediatric nursing.Professor Martin Johnson, professor of nursing at the University of Salford,said that the work of 6 like Pamela had changed the face of patient care."Pamela's study was done against the 7 of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in 8 ."The idea was that if mum came to 9 a small in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable for hours."Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at 10 the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed."Of course we know now that they had most given 11 hope that mum was ever coming back."To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit"But children were alone and 12 , so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit."Dr Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her 13 had been seminal."Her research put an end to the 14 when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward."As a result of her work, parents and carets are now recognized as partners in care and are 15 the opportunity to stay with, their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care."词汇frown v. 皱眉(表示不满) inconsolable adj. 无法安慰的blanket adj. 通用的seminal adj.开创性的paediatric adj. 儿科的注释1. But until the 1970s this practice was not only frowned upon - it wasactively discouraged: 但在二十世纪七十年代之前，这一做法不仅遭至不满，而且还被积极阻止。
词汇选项题量不变 ,一共 10 组词汇 ,每组 15 道小题没有新增阅读判断新增两篇归纳粗心与达成句子新增两篇2012 年教材新增文章(一阅读判断1.第七篇 :Moderate Earthquake Strikes England2.* 第十一篇 :Computer Mouse(二归纳粗心与达成句子1.第六篇 :How We Form First Impression2.第十篇 :Washoe Learned American SignLanguage (三阅读理解(三阅读理解1.第一篇 :Telling Tales about People叙述对于人们的故事2.第八篇 :The Changing Middle Class变化中的中产阶级3.第十篇 :A Letter from Alan 艾伦的来信4.第十一篇 :The Development of Ballet芭蕾舞的发展5.第十六篇 :The Sahara撒哈拉荒漠6.* 第十七篇 :Eiffel Is an Eyeful(2011 年教材中为 C 级文章惹人注视的埃菲尔铁塔7.* 第十八篇 :Goal of American Education(2011 年教材中为 C 级文章美国教育的目标8.* 第十九篇 :The Family 家庭9.* 第二十篇 :Tales of the Terrible Past叙述可怕的过去10.*第二十一篇 :Spacing in Animals(2011 年教材中为 C 级文章动物的空间距离11.* 第二十二篇 :Some Things We Know about Language(2011年教材中为 C 级文章我们知道的对于语言的一些事情12.*第二十三篇 :The Only Way Is Up(2011 年教材中为 C 级文章只能向上13.*第二十四篇 :Clone Farm(2011年教材中为 C 级文章克隆农场14.*第二十五篇 :Income (2011 年教材中为 C 级文章收入15.*第二十六篇 :Seeing the World Centuries Ago看许久从前的世界16.*第二十七篇 :Importance of Services(2011年教材中为 C 级文章服务业的重要性 17.* 第二十八篇 :The National Park Service(2011年教材中为 C 级文章国家公园的服务机构18.*第二十九篇 :Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends(2011年教材中为 C 级文章发现自己变胖了 ?这得责备朋友们19.*第三十篇 :"Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead幸“运的”鲁肯伯爵一是死是活20.*第三十三篇 :Oseola McCarty老太婆 Oseola McCarty21.+第三十四篇 :To Have and Have Not流亡22.+第三十五篇 :Going Her Own Way 选择她自己的路23.+第三十六篇 :A Tale of Scottish Rural Life(2011 年教材中为 B 级文章一个关于苏格兰农村生活的故事24.+第三十七篇 :Pop Music in Africa 非洲的流行音乐25.+第三十八篇 :Why So Many Children 为何有这么多的孩子26.+第三十九篇 :Eat to Live(2011 年教材中为 B 级文章为了活着吃饭27.+第四十篇 :Narrow Escape(2011年教材中为 B 级文章美国疾病预防新政策28.+第四十七篇 :Narrow Escape九死一世(四补全短文1. 第九篇 :Heat Is Killer2.* 第十一篇 :Virtual Driver(五完形填空1.第一篇 :A Life with Birds2.第二篇 :S Lucky Break3.第三篇 :Global Warming4.第四篇 :A Success Story5.第五篇 :Traffic in Our Cities6*. 第六篇 :Teaching and Learning7.* 第七篇 :The Difference between Man and Computer8.* 第八篇 :Look on The Bright Side9.* 第九篇 :The First Bicycle10.*第十篇 :Working Mothers11.+第十一篇 :School Lunch12.+第十二篇 :A Powerful Influence13.+第十三篇 :The Old Gate14.+第十四篇 :Family History15.+第十五篇 :Helen and Martin温馨提示 :每年教材中新增篇幅的考试几率特别大,是考试复习的要点 !。
第四十篇咸度味感因人而异宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表％，有些人很难喜欢含盐通低的食物。
该研究指出‟遗传因索导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。
该研究负贵人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常ffi要，因为近期对减少食物含盐诳的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。
含盐最高的饮食会增加髙血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入逊的原因。
该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄人的差异。
该研究87名参与者经过了仔细筛选，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和翦条等含盐食物。
参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健蜞，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。
参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。
他们通过一种常用的科学fit表来区别咸度，分为“最轻微味感"到“最强烈味感”等级别。
海斯说，“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。
但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。
口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。
因为快银食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越商，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快银0”海斯还提到，口味超重的人还擗要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。
“例如，奶酪是发酵牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。
口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明MT。
"海斯举出了化学家福克斯和迪传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。
海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼膪颜色的差异一样正常。
海斯说，“口味超逋的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。
对苦味混合物的反应是确定食物偏好生物差异的众多方法之一，因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。
第三十四篇谁想永生？如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。
2012年职称英语新教材各地已经陆续下发，从往年真题来看，教材新增内容常为考试的重点，考⽣不容忽视，⼩编整理了2012年职称英语教材新增内容详详解，祝⼤家学习愉快！Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study. Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. "Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. " However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced." Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. "Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. " 词汇: publicize v. 引起公众对…的注意;(⽤⼴告)宣传 dietary adj. 饮⾷的;规定⾷物的 ferment v. (使)发酵 geneticist n. 遗传学家 acuity n. 敏锐;尖锐 注释: 1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即 Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州⽴⼤学农学院。
2012年职称英语考试：卫生类阅读理解新增文章(4)8 New York Students Have Swine FluThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed 1 of swine flu in eight students at a New York preparatory school, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said Sunday. The students have had only 2 symptoms and none have been hospitalized, he said. Some of the students have already recovered.More than 100 students were absent from 3 due to flu-like symptoms last week. New York health officials tested samples for eight students Saturday and determined the students were probably 4 from swine flu, and the CDC confirmed the 5 on Sunday, Bloomberg said.The announcement brings the 6 of confirmed swine flu cases in the United States to 20. Bloomberg and New York Health Commissioner Tom Frieden said there is no 7 of a citywide outbreak of the flu, and no sign of a potential 8 of swine flu at other schools.Some students at the school 9 spring break1 in Mexico, Bloomberg said,but authorities have not determined 10 any of the students with a confirmed case of swine flu was in Mexico. Someone who traveled to Mexico may not have had any flu symptoms but 11 on the flu to someone else, he noted.Frieden called 12 students who are home sick to stay home for 48 hours after their symptoms subside.If symptoms are normal for a regular kind of flu, there is 13 need to go to a hospital, said Bloomberg. If symptoms become severe, as with any 14 , people should go to the hospital, he said.St. Francis, which has 2,700 students, announced it will remain closed for two days. 15 whether the students' illnesses have been minor because they're young and healthy or because it is a minor strain of the virus, Frieden responded, "We don't know."词汇swine n.猪preparatory adj. 预备教育的，预科的outbreak n. 爆发subside v. 消失，消退strain (菌)株，(菌)系注释1. spring break: (美)春假(在校生复活节期间一周的假期)练习1. A cases B bases C does D noses2. A common B physical C mild D wild3. A work B home C school D hospital4. A escaping B surviving C dying D suffering5. A treatment B diagnosis C doubt D choice6. A point B number C spread D value7. A chance B need C hope D sign8. A welcome B outbreak C success D injury9. A spent B made C took D traveled10. A why B how C when D whether11. A passed B kept C rolled D swept12. A at B up C on D of13. A no B much C any D a14. A person B matter C thing D illness15. A Asked B Tested C Troubled D Doubted答案与题解1. A 从短文的题目可以看出，纽约有8 名学生患了猪流感，所以此处应为流感病例。
一、2012年教材新增文章总览1、2012年新增文章预览2、2011年文章替换掉的文章阅读理解被替换掉的文章综合类阅读理解第一篇Eat Healthy第八篇The State of Marriage Today第十篇New York—the Melting Pot第十一篇Late-night Drinking第十六篇Driven to Distraction*第十九篇Taxi Riding*第二十篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories*第二十六篇Forecasting Methods*第三十篇Wikipedia Imposes New Curbs On Editing Articles *第三十三篇A Ride in a Cable-car+第三十四篇Career With a Uniform+第三十五篇Dorm Food More Comfy+第三十七篇Who Wants to Live Forever?+第三十八篇Excessive Demands on Young People+第四十七篇Spoilt for Choice理工类阅读理解第六篇Weaving with Light第十九篇Prolonging Human Life*第三十八篇Longer Lives for Wild Elephants*第四十篇Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific+第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others+第四十六篇Marvelous Metamaterials卫生类阅读理解第八篇Attitudes to AIDS Now*第十九篇Adaptation of Living ings*第二十四篇Preventing Child Maltreatment+第三十四篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance+第四十篇 Thirsty in Karachi卫生类完形填空第二篇Influenza【流行性感冒】*第八篇Food Safety and Foodborne Illness【食品安全与食源性疾病】+第十二篇Pandemic H1N1 2009【2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行】+第十四篇 Homosexuals【同性恋者】+第十五篇 Is Your Child’s Stomach Pain All in His Head?【你的孩子肚疼是他想象出来的吗？】理工类完形填空第三篇What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?【宇宙中哪种气体温度最低】第十篇Less I More【更少是更多】*第十一篇China to Help Europe Develop GPS Rival【中国帮助欧洲发展全球定位系统的竞争】*第十二篇Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens【吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪】+第十三篇Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out【手机泄露了你的秘密】+第十五篇 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores【运动的年轻人智商更高】二、2012年综合类教材新增文章变化分析今年综合类教材文章整体呈现一个大洗牌的趋势，阅读理解新增15篇文章，完形填空替换全部的15篇文章，此外阅读判断，概括大意和完成句子，补全短文也相应的各新增两篇文章。
2012年卫生类教材新增文章今年卫生类的新增文章还是集中在阅读理解和完形填空两部分，共增加新增文章10篇。
其中阅读理解的文章总共增加5篇，A级新增两篇，B级新增两篇，C级新增一篇；完形填空部分也是一共增加5篇，其中A级增加3篇，B级增加1篇，C级增加1篇。
1、卫生类新增文章难度变化分析1）阅读理解。
去年的卫生类的新增文章的题目是比较难的，今年整体难度并没有增加。
今年的C级的文章在难度上都没有太大的变化。
A级和B级新增文章难度要大一些，难度主要体现在：第一点阅读理解的文章比较长，段落比较少的文章其段落很长。
句子也是以长句子为主；第二点题面句子都比较长；第三点是阅读理解题目中，推断类和态度类的题目比较多，难度要大一些。
2）完形填空。
完形填空的难度变化不是很大。
其中A级的完形填空题目中的“Healt h Profile健康概貌”这篇文章的难度是C级难度。
文章段落和题目都相对比较简单一些。
所以整体而言，完形填空新增文章的题目难度有所降低，但是备考的范围增加了，因为A 级要准备3篇文章。
3、卫生类文章替换规律变化1）2012年的阅读理解和完形填空的新增文章总数都是5篇，这5篇的分布情况阅读理解是1（C）+2（B）+2（A），完型是1（C）+1（B）+3（A）的分配规律。
C级的这两种题型新增的均是1篇。
2）与去年（2011年新增文章）相比，新增文章替换数量的变化：阅读理解发生的变化是：去年A级和C级各新增1篇，B级新增两篇，比其他各个级别多新增一篇；今年整体数量上增加1篇，这一篇是A级新增，也就是今年A级比去年的新增数量多了一篇。
完型填空发生的变化是：去年完形填空Ａ级新增１篇，Ｂ级新增2篇，C级新增1篇；今年不仅是整体数量上增加了一篇，在分布上也发生了改变，今年的A级新增了3篇文章，比去年新增文章多出了两篇，而B级的新增情况是减少了一篇，今年只是新增了一篇。
整体的分析而言，不管是阅读理解和完形填空，C级文章在新增文章数量上都没有发生改变，而B级完形填空的新增文章数量均发生了变化，A级的阅读理解和完型填空在新增文章数量上都发生了变化。
3）第三点值得注意的是，今年的教材很多替换掉的是去年的新增文章，这和以前每年以替换掉很老的文章是不同的。
比如今年C级的“Eat Healthy健康饮食”替换掉的是去年的新增文章“Attitudes to AIDS Now对待艾滋病的最新态度”；A级的“A Health Profile 健康概貌”替换掉了去年的“Homosexuals同性恋者”。
4）今年卫生类的新增文章大部分是选自综合以及理工类教材中原有的老文章。
这也是今年才有的新的替换趋势。
这也正是从侧面反应了今年的卫生类文章题材的变化，题材会更偏向于综合类。
3、卫生类新增文章题材分析1）今年卫生类的新增文章在题材上面最显著的变化就是专业性侧重点的转变。
今年的新增文章没有出现疾病类以及药物类讲解文章。
文章的题材均是有向综合类题材靠拢的趋势。
文章内容更加贴近于生活，贴近于社会生活热点。
2）卫生类今年新增文章主题大部分是和饮食、睡眠、健康、寿命等相关的健康常识和健康理念。
这些也均是生活中的热点问题。
选择的题材更具有新闻价值和社会关注度，这在某种程度上来看，也是在考察考生对社会焦点问题的关注和了解2012年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目注：1、2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain abouttoo much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
第十九篇 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：dependency / di'pend?nsi/ n.依赖性contemporary / k?n'temp?r?ri / α.现代的obligation / ,?bli'ɡei??n / n. 义务insurance / in'?u?r?ns / n. 保险welfare / 'welfε? / n.福利senile / 'si:nail / αdj. 衰老的grave /ɡreiv / αdj. 严肃的convalescent /,k?nv?'les?nt/ αdj.康复的sponsor / 'sp?ns?/ v. 发起，资助institution /,insti'tju:??n / n. 机构注释:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。
