2012年度职称英语“卫生类”新增阅读理解和完形填空完全缩减版

写在最前面的关于30分题+15分1. +表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章，考哪一级就看哪一级的内容，别的级别的题目完全不用看。

2. 每个级别新增阅读理解2篇完型填空2篇（今年以前完形填空只新增一篇），考试的时候，这两篇阅读理解必考一篇，文章完全一样，但是问题及答案不一定完全一样，所以仅仅记住答案是不可靠的，一定要结合后面的翻译把这篇文章看懂。

那么这里5道题目15分必定能拿到。

然后完型填空，先说今年以前，只新增一篇完型填空，这篇完型填空必考，只是留空的位置不会完全一样，大约有40%左右的留空位置是一样，所以光背答案是没得用的，一定要把文章看熟。

当然今年由于每个级别新增了2篇完型填空，那么考试的时候肯定也是2选1考一篇。

这里15道题15分也很容易能拿到。

3. 词汇有15道题，替换同义词，找本字典翻翻，这15分也不难，至少12分能拿到吧。

其他的题能拿多少分就看各位的英语底子了。

做最坏的打算，剩下的题目还有55分，按瞎蒙25%的概率能拿到13.75分，加上前面的45分大约也有58分左右，所以要完全靠瞎蒙的朋友考试前多扶扶老奶奶过马路，多积累点人品吧。

4. 以上只是投机取巧的方法，各位有时间的话还是花点时间复习下，但是考前一定要把新增的题目掌握好，就算英语底子好的朋友也起码可以节约不少考试时间。

5. 本人职称英语A\B\C级都是这样考过的，每年的规律都是一样的。

从客观角度说，每年的职称英语考试书都不便宜，新增的内容也不多，如果新增的东西里面没有价值，那么那本书还有谁买？那本书可是考试中心出的，阅读理解*第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety完形填空*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are"breathing" inTitan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they say,points to the existence of some"bugs"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth."We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth."To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team."Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,"Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results."词汇：Saturn /'sætən/ n．土星 methane/'mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼气Titan/'taitən/ n．土卫六 acetylene/ə'setili:n/ n．乙炔alien/'eiljən/ n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相异的conservatism/kən'sʒ:vətizəm/ n．保守主义,守旧注释：1.hints of alien life：外星生命迹象。

第40篇（新增） So me People Do Not T aste Salt Like Others文章名称问题答案So me People Do Not T aste Salt Like Others45. Some People Do Not T aste Salt Like Others（理A）1）In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out that2）The fourth paragraph describes briefly3）The article argues that supertasters4）Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?5）What message do the last two paragraphs carry'?45. Some People Do Not T aste Salt Like Others（理A）1）many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly2）how to select subjects and what to do in the research.3）like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.4）They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter..5）T aste acuity is genetically determined.咸度味觉因人而异 45. 咸度味觉因人而异（理A）①在第二段中，约翰.海斯指出了___________________。

②第四段简要的介绍了_________________。

③文章指出口味超重的人________________.④对于口味超重的人，下列哪项比较适用于苦味？⑤文章的最后两段所带有的信息是____。

2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。

2012年职称英语（综合类）考试教材新增内容（完整版）1. 词汇选项：没有变动2. 阅读判断：C级新增1篇，B级新增1篇，A级没有新增3. 概括大意与完成句子：C级新增1篇，B、A级没有新增4. 阅读理解：C级新增5篇、B级新增15篇，A级新增8篇5. 补全短文：C级新增2篇、B级新增1篇，A级没有新增6. 完形填空：C级、B级、A级各新增5篇阅读理解（8篇）+第三十四篇To Have and Have Not 逃亡+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way选择她自己的路+第三十六篇 A Tale of scottish Rural Life（2011为B级文章）一个关于苏格兰乡村生活的故事+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa 非洲的流行音乐+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?为什么有这么多的孩子+第三十九篇Eat To Life（2011为B级文章）为了活着吃饭+第四十篇Narrow Escape （2011为B级文章）美国疾病预防新政策+第四十七篇Narrow Escape九死一生完形填空（5篇）+第十一篇School Lunch+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence+第十三篇The Old Gate+第十四篇Family History+第十五篇Helen and Martin注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；阅读理解+第三十四篇To Have and Have NotIt had been boring hanging about the hotel all afternoon. The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes. Folding them into small planes to see whose would fly the furthest.1 Having nothing better to do，I joined in and won five，and then took the opportunity to escape with my profit. Despite the evil-looking clouds，I had to get out for a while.I headed for a shop on the other side of the street. Unlike the others，it didn't have a sign shouting its name and business，and instead of the usual impersonal modern lighting，there was an appealing glow inside. Strangely nothing was displayed in the window. Not put off by this，I went inside.It took my breath away. I didn't know where to look, where to start. On one wall there hung three hand-stitched American quilts that were in such wonderful condition they might have been newly-made. I came across tin toys and antique furniture, and on the wall in front of me, a 1957 Stratocaster guitar , also in excellent condition. A card pushed between the strings said $50. I ran my hand along a long shelf of records, reading their titles. And there was more...“Can I help you？”She startled me. I hadn't even seen the woman behind the counter come in. The way she looked at me, so directly and with such power. It was a look of such intensity that for a moment I felt as if I were wrapped in some kind of magnetic or electrical field. I found it hard to take and almost turned away. But though it was uncomfortable. I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her.Besides amusement her expression showed sympathy. It was impossible to tell her age；she reminded me faintly of my grandmother because, although her eyes were friendly, I could see that she was not a woman to fall out with. I spoke at last. 'I was just looking really,' I said, though secretly wondering how much of the stuff I could cram into the bus.The woman turned away and went at once towards a back room, indicating that I should follow her. But it in no way lived up to the first room. The light made me feel peculiar, too. It came from an oil lamp that was hung from the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything. There were no rare electric guitars, no old necklaces, no hand-painted boxes with delicate flowers. It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers.I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded, making their titles impossible to read. 'They look interesting,' I said, with some hesitation. 'To be able to understand that kind of writing you must first have had a similar experience,' she said clearly. She noted the confused look on my face, but didn't add anything.She reached up for a small book which she handed to me. 'This is the best book I can give you at the moment,' she laughed. “If you u se it.” I opened the book to find it full. or rather empty, with blank white pages, but paid her the few dollars she asked for it, becoming embarrassed when I realised the notes were still folded into little paper planes. I put the book in my pocket, thanked her and left.词汇：impersonal /im'pə:sənəl/ adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；[语] 非人称的n.[语]非人称动词；不具人格的事物antique /æn'ti:k/ adj. 古老的，年代久远的n. 古董，古玩startle /'stɑ:tl/ vt. vi. 使吓一跳，使惊奇n.惊愕，惊恐arid / 'ærid/ adj. 干旱的，枯萎的。

+12 Dreams（新增）Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our senses , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+14 A Health Profile （新增）A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health．To draw your health profile，you will need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at work,ow your daily diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage in ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart，and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests．Once this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based on your particular portrait．For example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends，you should quit smoking first，followed by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease．Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in excellent health．a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit him in the future．+15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （新增）A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factors shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.第三十四篇谁想永生？如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。

2012职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文（红色为书中选项答案）1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization1estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.2 Going on a diet （新增）A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart beating and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating properly and your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic principle behind going on a diet.unfortunately，diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then go off the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to maintaining a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you actually take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can raise the number of calories you can consume per day.Exercise charts can show you how many calories different forms of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can make a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can climb the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise partner. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet.tight clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.3 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox waseradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to keep the virus—just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leading causeof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it often," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell __ and__ we don't ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them "The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and older,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of womenMen who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIVIn January the New England Journal of Medicine5published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV *7 ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of theheart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.*第八篇 Old And Active（新增）It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.*9 Many Women Who Beat Cancer Don't Change HabitsMany women who battle breast cancer will tell you it's a life-changing experience. However, a new study shows that for many women, the changes aren't always positive or permanent.Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast cancer So when she was diagnosed, there was no doubt in her mind what she had to do."I do exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that I'm on, as far as the vitamins, the diet, and the fitness. And I can't stress enough how important that is," says Beth Snoke. But a surprising new study shows that no every woman who beats breast cancer is getting that message. In fact, nearly 40% bf them say even after surviving breast cancer, they haven't made significant changes in the way they eat or how much they exercise."Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive health changes in their life," says Electra Paskett, PhD, at Ohio State University's Comprehensive Cancer Center. Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel better during and after treatment, they may also play a role in preventing some cancers from coming back. Despite growing evidence, some women just aren't listening."Colon cancer survivors who exercise have actually been shown to have improved survival rates. So, yes, it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we can actually increase their health," says Paskett.As a breast cancer survivor herself , Paskett knows first hand how much difference diet and exercise can make The challenge, she says, is to get more survivors to be more like Beth, during and after treatment.Experts say exercising more and eating ahealthier diet can also cut down on stress and help women overcome depression. There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living in the U.S. Of those, nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines.*10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without_ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,”“being pushed, kicked or hit,” and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,”were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.+11 Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities.Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.+12 Dreams（新增）Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+13 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this r eason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.+14 A Health Profile （新增）A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health．To draw your health profile，you will need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at work,ow your daily diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage in ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart，and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests．Once this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based onyour particular portrait．For example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends，you should quit smoking first，followed by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease．Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in excellent health．a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit him in the future．+15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （新增）A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often high infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factor shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.。

Germs病菌on Banknotes纸币People in different countries use different types of money yuan in China, pesos比索in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use different currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 years. At the turn of the 20th century, some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency within one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different countries.Vriesekoop is a microbiologist微生物学家at the University of Ballarat in Australia. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors小贩and cafes, because those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria细菌-no more than 10 per square centimeter厘米. Chinese yuan had the most-about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly fabric. Different countries may use different materials to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his team such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers［高分子」聚合物.The three currencies with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.The other currencies were printed on fabric made mostly of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that germs have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will compare the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors藏有germs We should wash our hands after touching it; after all, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on itChicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed被捣成糊浆的potatoes, macaroni通心粉and cheese奶酪, may be bad for your arteries．but according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and emotions．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel．"For me personally, food has always played a big role in my family,” sa ys Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has looked at non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their favorite TV show, building virtual虚拟的relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect by making people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment指定作业. Then, some people in each group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．Finally, the researchers had participants complete questions about their levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder起提醒作用的东西of those close others．"In their essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the experience of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experi ence stress, often associated with our connections with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy药物for loneliness．Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist社会学家specializing in climate change and urban development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide二氧化物and other greenhouse gases．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents."Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable易受伤害的,and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefits．The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard标准以下的housing without access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, therefore, should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets销售点could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study．Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack risk.In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset抵消the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the unheal effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments调味品in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provide free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per custom -not much different to a sachet小包of sugar.” Dr Francis said．When peop le engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take measure that lower their risk, 1ike wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational合理的way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．。

2012年卫生类教材新增文章今年卫生类的新增文章还是集中在阅读理解和完形填空两部分，共增加新增文章10篇。

其中阅读理解的文章总共增加5篇，A级新增两篇，B级新增两篇，C级新增一篇；完形填空部分也是一共增加5篇，其中A级增加3篇，B级增加1篇，C级增加1篇。

1、卫生类新增文章难度变化分析1）阅读理解。

去年的卫生类的新增文章的题目是比较难的，今年整体难度并没有增加。

今年的C级的文章在难度上都没有太大的变化。

A级和B级新增文章难度要大一些，难度主要体现在：第一点阅读理解的文章比较长，段落比较少的文章其段落很长。

句子也是以长句子为主；第二点题面句子都比较长；第三点是阅读理解题目中，推断类和态度类的题目比较多，难度要大一些。

2）完形填空。

完形填空的难度变化不是很大。

其中A级的完形填空题目中的“Health Profil e健康概貌”这篇文章的难度是C级难度。

文章段落和题目都相对比较简单一些。

所以整体而言，完形填空新增文章的题目难度有所降低，但是备考的范围增加了，因为A级要准备3篇文章。

3、卫生类文章替换规律变化1）2012年的阅读理解和完形填空的新增文章总数都是5篇，这5篇的分布情况阅读理解是1（C）+2（B）+2（A），完型是1（C）+1（B）+3（A）的分配规律。

C级的这两种题型新增的均是1篇。

2）与去年（2011年新增文章）相比，新增文章替换数量的变化：阅读理解发生的变化是：去年A级和C 级各新增1篇，B级新增两篇，比其他各个级别多新增一篇；今年整体数量上增加1篇，这一篇是A级新增，也就是今年A级比去年的新增数量多了一篇。

完型填空发生的变化是：去年完形填空Ａ级新增１篇，Ｂ级新增2篇，C级新增1篇；今年不仅是整体数量上增加了一篇，在分布上也发生了改变，今年的A级新增了3篇文章，比去年新增文章多出了两篇，而B级的新增情况是减少了一篇，今年只是新增了一篇。

整体的分析而言，不管是阅读理解和完形填空，C级文章在新增文章数量上都没有发生改变，而B级完形填空的新增文章数量均发生了变化，A级的阅读理解和完型填空在新增文章数量上都发生了变化。

2012年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章阅读判断（2篇）第七篇Moderate Earthquake Strikes England*第十一篇Computer Mouse概括大意与完成句子（2篇）第六篇How We Form First lmpression第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language阅读理解（15篇）第一篇T elling T ales about People第八篇The Changing Middle Class第十篇 A Letter from Alan第十一篇The Development of Ballet第十六篇The Sahara*第十九篇The Family*第二十篇T ales of the T errible Past*第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago*第三十篇“Lucky”Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead*第三十三篇Oseola McCarty+第三十四篇T o Have and Have Not+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?+第四十七篇Narrow Escape补全短文（2篇）第九篇Heat Is Killer*第十一篇Virtual Driver注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、阅读判断，请参见第4页；概括大意与完成句子，请参见第8页；阅读理解，请参见第13页；补全短文，请参见第43页3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。

2 最新、最全、最权威的职称英语考试免费辅导资料：《每日一练》、《考试周刊》、《猜单词过考试》、《有问必阅读判断第七篇Moderate Earthquake S trikes EnglandA moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007，toppling chimneysfrom houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries."lt felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3" said the woman.The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5，about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents saidthe tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds."I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me." said Hendrickvan Eck，27，of Canterbury8about 60 miles southeast of London."I then heard the sound of cracking，and it was getting heavier and heavier9.It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down."There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year，but they are rarein Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931，measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28April in an area that had seen several of the biggest erthquakes ever to strike Britain，including onein 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it wasonly a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However，people should not be scared too much by this prediction，Musson said，as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.词汇:moderate /'mɔdəri t / adj. 中等的magnitude /'mægnitju:d/ n. 值，强度量topple /‟tɔpl/ v. 倾倒，震倒rouse /ravz/ v. 唤醒tremor /‟tremə (r) / n.震动hop /hɔp/ v. 齐足跳起fun-fair n. 公共露天游乐场scale /skeil/ n. 震级forthcoming /…fɔ:θ‟kʌmiŋ)/ adj. 即将来临的evacuate /i'vækjveit / v. 疏散geological / dʒiə'lɔdʒikəl/ adj. 地质的注释:1. power:电力2. Kent County:肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]3 最新、最全、最权威的职称英语考试免费辅导资料：《每日一练》、《考试周刊》、《猜单词过考试》、《有问必3.It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride. 它(地震)给人的感觉是整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动.ride是游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置。

+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever?If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own."Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."词汇:mice / mais / n. 老鼠(复数)sibling / 'sibli? / n. 兄弟姐妹bioethicist // n. 生物伦理学家注释:1. brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹2. We had better not go anywhere near it 我们最好离它远点，这里的it指代前面讲的anti-ageing technology.练习:1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?A．Spending more time with his family.B．Having more education.C．Realizing more dreams.D．Working longer.2. Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?A Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.B More and more people in the US today want to get married.C Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.D If people live longer ，they would stay in marriage longer.3. All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPTA Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult.B More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.C The job market would be more competitive.D It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions.4. An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is thatA．it places more emphasis on educating the young.B．it is both wise and energetic.C．it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new.D．it welcomes changes.5. Which of the following best describes Callahan 's attitude to anti-ageing technology ?A．Optimistic.B．Pessimistic.C．Reserved.D．Negative.答案与题解：1. B 长寿使个人能做的事主要在第三、四段里讲到，作者没有提到长寿可以让人更多地接受教育。

2012年职称英语卫生类阅读和完型新增文章(含练习解析)2012年职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目2012年职称英语理工、综合和卫生教材（电子版已经发布，欢迎下载）阅读理解（5篇）第八篇 Eat Healthy （2011年综合类第一篇）第十九篇Prolonging Human Life （2011理工类第十九篇）*第二十四篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories（2011年理工类第二十八篇；综合类第二十篇）+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever? （2011年综合类第三十一篇）+第四十篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others（2011年理工类第四十五篇）完形填空（5篇）第二篇Going on a diet 已有*第八篇 Old And Active已有+第十二篇 Dreams已有+第十四篇 A Health Profile （2009年综合类教材）+第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years（2011综合类教材）注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空，请参见第18页；3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。

阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。

2012职称外语考试新增内容详细介绍2012年职称英语考试指定教材出炉，新增文章更加贴近生活，聚焦社会热点。

12月25日，2012年全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试使用教材正式出炉，与2011年教材相比，2012的职称英语教材内容变化比较大，也是近年来变化最大的一次。

除了职称英语阅读理解题型和完形填空题型发生变化之外，今年的阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子以及补全短文也增加了新文章，其主要集中在综合类文章中。

值得强调的是，2012年职称英语新增文章变化最大的是综合类，希望报考综合类考试的考生提起注意。

为了帮助广大职称英语考生迎接这次挑战，第一时间将新教材变化情况与进行了细致的整理、总结，以帮忙广大考生更好的做好复习。

同时，也提醒广大考生，当前距离2012年4月7日的考试时间只有两个月时间了，复习时间已经非常紧迫，希望广大职称英语考生尽快详细了解新教材的新增内容，从现在开始就要做好考试复习规划。

一、新教材内容变化内容及数量【职称英语三个类别(综合类、理工类、卫生类)】1. 职称英语三个类别中的只有综合类阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子、补全短文三个题型的文章篇目发生了改变：阅读判断更新了2篇文章，其中C级别1篇，B级别1篇;概括大意与完成句子更新了2篇，均为C级别文章;补全短文更新了2篇，其中C 级别1篇，B级别1篇(较2011年相比)。

2. 职称英语三个类别中的阅读理解题型文章均发生了较大变化，其中综合类文章变化最大：综合类更新15篇文章，其中每个级别更新5篇(较2011年相比);理工类更新6篇文章，其中每个级别更新2篇(较2011年相比);卫生类更新5篇文章，其中A级别和C级别各更新1篇文章，B级别更新3篇文章，(较2011年相比)。

3. 职称英语三个类别中的完型填空文章均有变化，其中综合类文章变化最大：综合类更新15篇，其中每个级别更新5篇(较2011年相比);理工类更新6篇文章，每个级别更新2篇文章(较2011年相比);卫生类更新5篇文章，其中B级别和C级别各更新1篇，A级别更新3篇(较2011年相比)。

2012年职称英语卫生类A级新增文章-阅读理解(含练习解析及译文)Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciencesl food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat．This study increasesunderstanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,”said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, andbitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．词汇：Publicize v．引起公众对…的注意；(用广告)宣传Dietary adj．饮食的；规定食物的Ferment v．(使)发酵Geneticist n．遗传学家Acuity n．敏锐；尖锐注释：1．Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University--College of Agricultural Sciences宾州州立大学农学院。

* 第七篇Nurse! I Want My MummyWhen a child: is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be 1 them.Most hospitals now, allow parents to sleep 2 with child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.But until the 1970s this 3 was not only frowned upon --- it was actively discouraged1.Staff worried that the children were upset when their parents 4 ,10 and so there was a blanket ban.A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse! want my mummy", published in 1974, 5 the face of paediatric nursing.Professor Martin Johnson, professor of nursing at the University of Salford,said that the work of 6 like Pamela had changed the face of patient care."Pamela's study was done against the 7 of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in 8 ."The idea was that if mum came to 9 a small in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable for hours."Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at 10 the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed."Of course we know now that they had most given 11 hope that mum was ever coming back."To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit"But children were alone and 12 , so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit."Dr Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her 13 had been seminal."Her research put an end to the 14 when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward."As a result of her work, parents and carets are now recognized as partners in care and are 15 the opportunity to stay with, their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care."词汇frown v. 皱眉(表示不满) inconsolable adj. 无法安慰的blanket adj. 通用的seminal adj.开创性的paediatric adj. 儿科的注释1. But until the 1970s this practice was not only frowned upon - it wasactively discouraged: 但在二十世纪七十年代之前，这一做法不仅遭至不满，而且还被积极阻止。

2012年职称英语综合类完形填空新增文章篇目第一篇 A Life with Birds第二篇 A Lucky Break第三篇Global Warming第四篇 A Success Story第五篇Traffic in Our Cities*第六篇Teaching and learning*第七篇The Difference between Man and Computer*第八篇Look on The Bright Side*第九篇The First Bicycle*第十篇Working Mothers+第十一篇School Lunch+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence+第十三篇The Old Gate+第十四篇Family History+第十五篇Helen and Martin注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。

第一篇 A Life with BirdsFor nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeomanwarders, 1B.better known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the 2D. top of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses."3C. From our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David.The Tower of London is famous 4A. for its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birdsand when he was 5D. offered the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no 6C. hesitation in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always 7A. aware of the fact that I am 8B. maintaining a tradition. The legend says that if theaHe was 11 of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always 12 of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told himhis playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take13 acting; I saw it as 14 way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football 15 was, you might say, my first lucky break."2 最新、最全、最权威的职称英语考试免费辅导资料：《每日一练》、《考试周刊》、《猜单词过考试》、《有问必词汇:middleweight / 'midlweit/ n. 中量级拳击手convincing /kən'vinsiŋ/ a.有说服力的，令人信服的furious /'fju:riəs/ a. 暴怒的，强烈的macho / 'mɑ:tʃəu/ a. 雄壮的，男子气概的confess / kən'fes/ v. 承认，坦白注释:1. ... plays the part of a middleweight boxer alongside ... :……与……并肩，扮演一个中量级拳击手……2. ... was reminded of the time ... :......想起……的时候……练习:1. C) doing2. A) plays3. D) During4. A) kept5. A) actions B) matches C) scenes D) stages6. A) interested B) keen C) enthusiastic D) happy7. A) lastly B) eventually C) at the end D) after8. A) competitor B) contender C) opponent D) participant9. A) very B) more C) such D) so10. A) take B) make C) have D) get11. A) remembered B) reminded C) recorded D) replayed12. A) hoped B) pretended C) dreamed D) looked forward13. A) up B) on C) to D) over14. A) further B) additional C) different D) another15. A) match B) pitch C) court D) course答案与题解:1. C 根据句意，每次骨折似乎总是发生在做运动时，应当选用动词do 0 practise 表示“练习”，后面应跟某一项具体的训练，而不是sport，所以正确答案为C。

2012年职称英语新教材各地已经陆续下发，从往年真题来看，教材新增内容常为考试的重点，考⽣不容忽视，⼩编整理了2012年职称英语教材新增内容详详解，祝⼤家学习愉快！Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study. Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. "Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. " However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced." Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. "Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. " 词汇: publicize v. 引起公众对…的注意;(⽤⼴告)宣传 dietary adj. 饮⾷的;规定⾷物的 ferment v. (使)发酵 geneticist n. 遗传学家 acuity n. 敏锐;尖锐 注释: 1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即 Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州⽴⼤学农学院。

第二篇 Going on a dietA typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart 1beating and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating2properly and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person 3 gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to 4reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic 5principle behind going on a diet.6 Unfortunately，diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then 7go off the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8maintaining a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you 9actually take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10raise the number of calories you can consume per day. Exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11forms of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12make a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can 13climb the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise 14partner. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15Tight clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish. 第十二篇 DreamsEveryone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who 1claim that they never dream at all actually dream 2just as frequently as the rest of us, 3though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly 4aware of dreaming night 5after night very seldom remember those dreams in 6great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our 7senses , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest 8known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can 9see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you 10should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return 11in time if the sleeper were suddenly 12awoken .From ancient times to the present 13day ,people have been 14making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream 15as there are books．*第八篇 Old And ActiveIt is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries.A 1recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of 2improvement in social environment. Scientists are trying to work3out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be 4learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we 5 make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret 6 ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly 7 beneficial to the human body?Another factor 8 contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is 9 actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had 10 doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be 11 facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked 12 after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．13 Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a 14 sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active 15 roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.+第十四篇 A Health ProfileA Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health．To draw your health profile，you will 1 need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to 2 at work,ow your daily 3 diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you 4 spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage 5 in ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and 6 whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. 7 To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart， and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve8as a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests．9 Once this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based 10 0n your particular portrait．For example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress11 job ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends， you should quit smoking first，followed 12 by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some 13 thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease． Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is 14 in excellent health．a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will 15 benefit him in the future．+第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred YearsA hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these 1 ages are rising all the time. What has brought 2 about these changes? When we look at the life_3 span_of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest_ 4 killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often 5 highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the6 developed world these diseases are far7 1ess today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of_8 factors_have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which9 make _bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations10 against _common diseases. 11 In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but_12 while _people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those 13 spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect14 older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity 15 leading to_more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.。