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2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解
第八篇 Eat Healthy
"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.
According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.
Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.
Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;
23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.
It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.
第八篇翻译吃健康
“清洁你的盘子！”和“清洁板俱乐部的成员！”只是在美国的每个孩子听到父母，祖父母或外祖父母。通常情况下，它伴随着上诉：“试想想，在非洲的孤儿挨饿！”当然，我们应该感谢每一口食物。不幸的是，在美国的许多人采取太多的叮咬。而不是停留“清洁盘”，也许我们应该为明天保存一些食物。
据新闻报道，美国餐馆的部分原因归咎于日益增长的肚子。一位服务员把一盘食物，在每个客户面前，用两到四倍由政府建议的数额，根据今日美国的故事。美国人的传统与价值关联的数量和大多数餐馆尝试给他们。他们喜欢有客户抱怨比太少而对过多的食
物。
在宾夕法尼亚州立大学营养学教授芭芭拉·罗尔斯，告诉美国今天餐厅份量开始增长，在20世纪70年代，美国人的腰围开始扩大的同时。
健康专家们试图让许多餐馆为较小的部分。显然，现在，一些客户要求这太。餐饮业贸易杂志QSR品牌上个月公布的4000多名受访者中，有57％的人认为，餐厅服务，有过大的部分，23％没有意见，20％的受访者表示反对。但仔细看看在调查表明，许多美国人谁买不起精美的餐饮还是比较喜欢大的部分。 70％的收入至少每年150,000元喜欢小部分，但只有45％的收入低于25000美元要小。
它不是工人阶级美国人不想吃的健康。只不过，经过长时间的低薪工作，让他们的盘子少，似乎并不像一个很好的协议。他们住的月光族，高兴地节省一点钱，为明年的圣诞礼物。
第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life
Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.
Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.
When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit
