2021托业考试阅读模拟试题

托业桥模拟试题 It was last revised on January 2, 2021READINGThis is the reading section of the test. There are two parts to this section.Part IVDirections: Question 51-80 are incomplete sentences. There are four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D), under each sentence. Choose the ONE word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answer on your answer sheet.Example: Please turn off your computer at theof the day.(A)ends (B) ending (C) end (D) ended51. The man playing basketball over there is my colleague, and __c_____ name isTony.A. myB. herC. hisD. our52. Jack is going to close the deal next week. I’m going to send ___c____ an e-mail later today.A. herB. heC. himD. his53. Small companies must work very hard in the jungle of international business because they have ____b__ capital than large companies.A. moreB. lessC. betterD. little54. The problem is related to our firewall. We’re going to ____c___ the issues.A. inventB. investC. investigateD. inverse55. The hazy weather has ____b____ for almost a week in North America, and the government has tried to solve it.A. finishedB. lastedC. begunD. passed56. People along the river didn’t allow them to _____a_ a factory so as not to pollute the water.A. set upB. give upC. take upD. look up57. In China it is a custom to give kids lucky money, ____d___ during the Spring Festival.A. finallyB. luckilyC. simplyD. especially58. Drivers can’t go when the light is yellow. This is one of the a rules.A. trafficB. foodC. medicineD. education59. I will attend a meeting in this morning, but I’ll probably be ____c___ at noon.A. avoidanceB. avoidableC. availableD. availability60. Many ____b____ business people say, “We must learn the languages and cultures of our business partners”.A. experienceB. experiencedC. experiencingD. expertise61. My favorite TV _________ is A Bite of China. My mother often cooks delicious food after watching it.A. instructionB. guidebookC. hostD. program62. Max Klein is________ an online banking service at a meeting.A. introduceB. introducingC. introducedD. be introduced63. Claire will _______ an assistant’s position in the Sales Division.A. takeB. tookC. takingD. be taken64. Which of the diagrams below shows the air temperature of Beijing in a year?65. I __________ to the airport when you called me at nine this morning.A. driveB. am drivingC. was drivingD. will drive66. ________ there are no first-class seats available when Steffi called the airline.A. EspeciallyB. LuckilyC. UnfortunatelyD. Usually67. Our bank must educate its consumers, because the level of banking fraud is_______.A. interestingB. increasingC. increasedD. interested68. Large amounts of wheat ___________ sent abroad in Canada.A. isB. haveC. areD. is being69. Well, actually the recent problems are not _______, but are related to identity theft.A. techniqueB. technicalC. technologyD. technocrat70. Jimmy speaks many foreign languages. For this _______, he understands theimport and export business well.A. reasonB. becauseC. resultD. and so71. The bank’s web server is _______ checked for security problems.A. regularityB. regularizeC. regularD. regularly72. The best way to ______ this goal is to introduce new advanced technology.A. accessB. performC. achieveD. complete73. Kelly has been admitted to Harvard University. His family will have a _______ tonight.A. anniversaryB. celebrationC. ceremonyD. congratulation74. _______ at the clinic must fill out a form before they are treated by the doctor.A．Passengers B. Shoppers C．Owners D．Patients75. Paula has the ability to keep _______ in an emergency.A. quietB. calmC. stillD. silent76. All business organizations have _______, and there is a constant risk.A. competeB. competitorsC. competitiveD. competition77. --Do you have _______ email address---Sorry, I only have a Wechat ID.A. aB. anC. theD. /78. __________ the Internet, we can get the information we need more easily and quickly.A. Instead ofB. Thanks toC. As ifD. Thanks for79. Things made by hand are usually more expensive than _________ produced in factories.A. theseB. thisC. thatD. those80. Claire is going to London _______ the meeting ends.A. in order thatB. so thatC. as soon asD. even thoughPart ＶDirections:Questions 81-100 are based on reading materials such as notices, letters, forms, and advertisements. Choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then mark your answer on your answer sheet.Reading the following example.Questions 81-82 refer to the following posting.DO NOT DISTURBTESTING IN PROGRESS81. What should the reader not doA. Make noiseB. InterviewC. ProgressD. Test82. What is happening?A. A progressionB. An examC. A trade fair performanceQuestions 83-85 refer to the following schedule.83. __________ is ill in hospital.A. KateB. PeterC. JohnD. Sam84. John does his part-time job for _________ hours a week.A. fiveB. sixC. tenD. eleven85. John meets Sam __________.A. at Dave’s houseB. in the hospitalC. at the airportD. Kate’s homeQuestions 86-87 refer to the following direction.86. Helen is six years old, and she’s got a bad cough. She should take ________ a day.A. 0.5 teaspoonfulB. 2 teaspoonfulsC. teaspoonfulsD. 3 teaspoonfuls87. The cough medicine can’t be tak en by ________.A. a four-year-old childB. a three-year-old childC. a seven-year-old childD. an eight-year-old childQuestions 88-89 refer to the following receipt.88. The tax is _________.A. fifty dollarsB. less than a dollarC. 10% of the totalD. more than the price of a notebook89. Which of these sentences is true_________.A. A pen costs more than a tapeB. These goods cost $10.50 in total.C. The magazine is cheaper than the pencil case.D. He spends $ buying pens. Questions 90-92 refer to the following advertisement.A. Cooking for the childB. Working at the child’s houseC. Taking care of the childD. Reading books to the child91. The babysitter must ________.A. drive a car to workB. go to the office to workC. play with the childD. work every Saturday and Sunday92. Which of the following is true_______.A. The child is less than ten years old.B. The babysitter must be a college student .C. The babysitter must work six days a week.D. The babysitter can get more pay on weekends.Questions 93-95 refer to the following advertisement.Ocean Museum9:00—17:00 From Thursday to SundayTicket: 50 yuan132 Xue Yuan StreetTel: 5439871Show you a full picture of sea lives!Health Centre9:00—17:3016 Yong Le StreetTel: 3801451Free examinations for those over 70Give you good advice to keep healthy!93. You will pay ________ if you want to stay in the English club for half a year.A. 300 yuanB. 600 yuanC. 1200 yuanD. 2400 yuan94. One can get free exams in Health Centre if he is ________.A. 9B. 17C. 67D. 7395. If you are interested in the life of fish, you should go to________.A. Health CentreB. Ocean MuseumC. Sunny English ClubD. 16 Yong Le StreetQuestions 96-98 refer to the following report._________A. At 9:30 a.m.B. At 9:30 .C. At 9:40 .D. At 9:45 .97. How many people were trapped in the car__________A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.98. Which of the following is TRUE__________A. The car crashed into a wall.B. Their daughter hurt her leg and was sent to the hospital.C. The car accident happened on Zhongshan Road in Nanjing.D. The policemen arrived half an hour later and sent the victims to the hospital. Questions 99-100 refer to the following school report.99. From this for m, we know that Jim’s best subject is ________. DA. scienceB. FrenchC. geographyD. English100. From this form, we know Jim is not so good at ________. BA. science and geographyB. math and historyC. history and FrenchD. music and EnglishDB51-55 CCBCB 56-60 ADACB 61-65 DBAAC 66-70 CBCBA 71-75 DCBDB 76-80 BBBDC81-85 ABBBC86-90 CBBDA91-95 CACDB96-100 BCCDB。

托业考试阅读理解真题及模拟题汇总大全（第二辑）附参考答案及解析托业考试阅读理解真题及模拟题汇总大全（第二辑）附原参考答案及解析（一）The legal dispute between Frecopy and Dwean has yet to reach a conclusion. Talks between each side's legal representatives have been ensuing for about a month now. They were close to a settlement about a week ago but have since slid back from their earlier talks due to new information that has been released by the FDA. The FDA announced the discovery of a subst ance in both companies’ migraine medication mix that exceeds the daily recommended amount by 12%.The major area of dispute is that Frecopy claims that they legally licensed the use of the main substances from Dwean to make the medication for minors; however, they claim they were unaware of the legal dosage required under the FDA regulations since Dwean is the main applicant with the FDA. However, Dwean claims Frecopy was fully aware of the legal dosage in talks prior to the actual licensing agreement signing.Recently, analysts have downgraded both companies in their equity reports and say that the two companies should proceed with caution and do their best to work out a settlement with the FDA and each other quickly and quietly. Any long, dragged out, legal disputes with the FDA and the state prosecutor's office could 'truly hurt both companies long-term profitability.1.What is the report mainly about?(A) The merging of two major medical companies(B) The FDA and its new policy(C) The ensuing legal battle between two firms(D) The licensing process for a new medicine答案：C（报告的主要内容是两家公司之间的法律纠纷）2.According to the report, what has caused the talks to takea step back?(A) The disagreement over the name of their new product(B) The surfacing of new information(C) The lawyers on both sides not liking each other(D) The legality issue of the licensing process答案：B（导致谈判退后一步的原因是新信息浮出水面）3.What did the FDA announce?(A) A new policy regarding the licensing of new medicines(B) A new product for migraine headaches(C) A violation of its standard usage(D) A signing of a new licensing agreement答案：C（FDA宣布违反其标准用量）4. What do the analysts advise the companies to do?(A) Drag out the legal dispute for as long as they can(B) Replace their legal representatives(C) Settle their differences in a subtle manner(D) Reduce the medication mix by 12%答案：C（分析师建议公司做什么？以微妙的方式解决他们的分歧）5. The phrase "dragged out" in Paragraph 3, Line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) prolonged(B) amplified(C) built up(D) agitated答案：A（延长）（二）Mr. Bradley called about the seminar being held at the Roy Thomson Hall this Friday. He said he is looking forward to it very much. He asked me to tell you to make sure to pick him up at 6 o'clock at the North York branch office since he will be spending his day there to attend a meeting. He also wants you to call him at home this evening after 7 o'clock.1. Why did call?(A) To send an invitation to a seminar(B) To remind Terence of a trip to the North York branch office(C) To offer a ride to the sales seminar(D) To request to be picked up at another location答案：D（Mr. Bradley打电话要求在另一个地点接车）2. What will Mr. Bradley do before heading over to the seminar?(A) Pick up Terence(B) Attend a meeting(C) Call the Roy Thompson Hall(D) Hang around the house答案：B（Mr. Bradley去研讨会之前要先开会）（三）Fantasy FitnessAre you tired of waiting in line to use your favorite exercise machine only to find out that it is broken for the day? Or you finally get yourself out to the gym, but there is no one to train with? Well, don't fret because Fantasy Fitness is here. At Fantasy Fitness, all your health care needs are at your fingertips. We have a 200-square feet exercise room with the latest exercise equipment and a 100-squarc-foot swimming pool with multiple private saunas and Jacuzzi rooms, and everyone who signs up with us will be put in a special program tailored. -made by ourlicensed trainer to help you get into the best shape of your life.Read what some of our most satisfied customers have to say: "I always used to skip going to the gym and wasted so much money on those expensive membership fees. But not at Fantasy Fitness, with their readily available personal trainers and customized workout programs.1 never miss a workout!"- Dave from New York"As a mother of four, who would ever think that I would have the time to go to the gym, much less spend any time in the sauna, but at Fantasy Fitness they take care of all my family's needs. They have a fully equipped professional staff of over 10daycare specialists working around the clock as well as 5 different play rooms for children between 5-10 to play in. I used to think I would never exercise again, but not any more.. Fantasy Fitness is a mother's fantasy come true!-. Jane from Los AngelesMy girlfriend used to complain that I work too much and that I've gained a lot of weight over the months. She said that we never get to spend any quality time together, hut ever since I joined Fantasy Fitness, that has changed. Since joining six months ago, 1 have already lost 25 pounds and Ty girlfriend was so impressed she joined as well. Now we spend a lot of time together at Fantasy Fitness. Fantasy Fitness has turned my life from frustration to a true fantasy"- Hoh from TexasCome and try Fantasy Fitness! You'll never regret it!1. Which of the following is NOT a service mentioned in the advertisement?(A) Personal training by a specialist(B) A daycare center for children under 10 years old(C) Saunas for members to relax in(D) Free swimming lessons for regulars答案：D（以下哪一项不是广告中提到的服务---为常客提供的免费游泳课程）2. What can be inferred from the advertisement?(A) Fantasy Fitness has gyms nationwide.(B) The fitness center guarantees weight loss.(C) Children get free memberships,(D) The swimming pool is available 24 hours a day.答案：A（从广告中可以推断出什么：三位顾客居住在不同的城市，可以推断是全国连锁）3. Why is Jane happy with Fantasy Fitness?(A) She can work out with her children.(B) She received many tips about nutrition.(C) She does not have to worry about her kids(D) She has lost a lot of weight答案：C（Jane高兴的原因是她无需顾虑孩子们）（四）Dear Mr. Thompson,Thank you for your e-mail inquiry in regards to our 2011 spring collection catalog of our latest line of fashionable men and ladies' shoes. We will be more than happy to send you a catalog right away. Also, at this time, I would like to let you know that we have just started a collection of men and ladies’ sports wear which you will find in the catalog I will be sending.And as a token of cur good will, we will also include a free sample of our latest men's shoe polish that you can try, If you like it and would like to order some, just check the box at the bottom of the order form included in our delivery.I will have the delivery sent to you today by express courier.You should receive the package in the next three days. If you have any questions in the meantime, please do not hesitate to contact me.Serving all our customer's needs at the click of mouse, /doc/5d12324128.html,.With best regards,Dan FicklesteinCustomer Service Representative1.Why was the e mail written?(A) To respond to a request(B) To place an order for shoes(C) To request a company brochure to be sent(D) To receive some samples of goods答案：A（此邮件是应顾客要求，承诺送出一份鞋类商品目录的回复邮件）2.How did Mr. Thompson get in contact with Mr. Ficklestein?(A) By e-mail(B) By phone(C) By mail(D) By fax答案：A（Mr. Thompson 和Mr. Ficklestein通过电子邮件联系）3.Which of the following will NOT be sent to Mr. Thomson?(A) A catalog(B) A free gift(C) An order form(D) A pair of men's shoes答案：D（以下哪项不会寄给汤姆森先生？男式鞋子）4. What should Mr. Thomson do if he has any questions?(A)E-mail Mr. Ficklestein(B) Log on to the company website(C) Get in touch with a service representative(D) Ask the delivery personnel答案：C（汤姆森先生有任何疑问应该怎么办？写信人Dan Ficklestein 的职务是顾客销售代表）（五）My name is Christian Lind, and I am Fly Entertainment's Senior Marketing Director. A couple of weeks ago I had the privilege of becoming acquainted with you at the American Marketing Association Conference in Atlanta, Georgia. At the time, you expressed great interest in our in-flight entertainment system, but unfortunately I did not have a brochure handy with me. However, you were kind enough to hand me your business card, and here l am writing to you. I have enclosed a catalog with this letter along with some information regarding our state-of-the-art entertainment system used by many of the top airlines and cruise ships throughout the world.At this time, I'd like to point out that since our last meeting, we have made a couple of Improvements to our system from the feedback of our beloved consumers. We have now included a memory portion to the program selection, so you can go back and see which programs you have selected. We have also included a parental control button to screen select programs for the children. And, if you order now, we are willing to promotionally offer 20%off our regular price in order to develop our mutually beneficial relationship.I appreciate the time you have taken to read my letter to you.I hope I hear from you soon and get a chance to meet you again at another AMA event.With best regards,Senior Marketing ManagerFly Entertainment, Inc.Premium Standard SystemQuality and premium selection at the bestOne of the most common complaints from passengers on planes is the inadequate, in-flight entertainment. Generally, movies are played at times selected by the air dine, which best suits the airline staff. And, if any choices are provided, they are-usually restricted to a few audio channels.Now, with the introduction of Fly Entertainment's Premium Standard. System, freedom is just a touch away. With over 100 satellite stations and over 100 radio stations each passenger is about to custom-select their choice of shows at whatever time is most convenient for them. This way, you can keep up with all your favorite movies, shows,' and programs while you are a hundred miles away from home, or you can experience the programs of a different culture and language, All of this can be available at a low cost of $10 per seat.1.What is the main purpose of the letter?(A) To enquire further about a product introduced at the conference(B) To invite Mrs. Velo to the next American Marketing Association Conference(C) To flow up on an earlier discussion with Mrs. Velo.(D) To request a discount on the next purchase答案：C（这封信的主要目的是什么？对Mrs.Velo感兴趣的产品进行说明，并附上宣传册）2. How can Mrs. Velo receive the discount mentioned?(A) By acting now(B) By purchasing in bulk(C) By paying cash(D) By attending the next AMA event答案：A（Mrs Velo如何获得所提及的折扣--现在购买）3.According to the letter, what has taken place since Mr. Lind last spoke with Mrs. Velo?(A) A consumer survey had been conducted by the company.(B) Some new features have been added to the system.(C The price of the system has been slashed 20%.(D) Plenty of brochures have been ordered.答案：B（根据这封信，自Mr.Lind上次与Mrs.Velo交谈以来发生了什么--系统中已添加了一些新功能）4.What is the Premium Standard System?(A) An airline company(B) An entertainment company(C) A product of Fly Entertainment(D) A rule set by the airline industry答案：C（根据原文，Premium Standard System是一种机舱内使用的娱乐设施）5.Which of the following is NOT a feature described of the product?(A) It has many stations to choose from.(B) It catches stations from other nations.(C) It has a parental screen option.(D) It has many children's programs.答案：D（文中没有提及的是有关儿童的项目）（六）Dear Mr. Warner,At the beginning of this month, l signed a contract with your company for an office renovation project. Soon after the crew started work, there were many signs that warned me of bad things to come. I realize now that I should have taken those signsseriously and put a stop to the project to minimize the damage that it has since caused.In summary, the entire project has been a huge catastrophe. Firstly, the crew showed lit professionalism by being late in meeting their starting times on a daily basis and took long breaks during crucial stages, which caused extra work for everyone else. As well, certain areas requiring supervision were left unattended for long periods of time, and considerable garbage was left in areas that were not designated for waste removal.These issues have caused much stress to our employees and reduced the productivity of our office over these weeks. Our staff has expressed their discomfort, their feelings of being unsafe and have wasted precious time cleaning up after your company's crew instead of doing their regular work.Mr. Warner, I have left many messages about this on your voice-mail but have not heard back. I am astonished and extremely disappointed at the performance and quality of the work being done and the lack of responsiveness from your company to my calls.This letter serves to confirm the immediate end to your company's contract with us. Your crew will no longer be allowed on our premises, and please do not expect payment for any work completed to date!Dear Mr. Martin, .My sincerest apologies for the service issues your company has endured. I have been out of theoffice on a family emergency and have been unable to retrieve my messages in the few days. I have just returned and have listened to your messages and read your letter.There is no excuse for the lack of professionalism is and poorperformance shown by the crew from our organization. The assigned crew was a new team subcontracted from a source that I thought was very reliable. Normally, our senior supervisor would have worked alongside the crew on this project but, due to extenuating circumstances, could not. I am shocked and severely sorry for the troubles this has caused, and to the reputation of my company.Please accept my deepest apologies and our offer to complete the work properly immediately--with payment for hard costs only. (Our labor and other fees will be waived entirely.) 'You have my personal commitment that the project will be completed at the highest quality with my direct supervision.I will give you a call in the morning hopefully to be able to discuss this proposal with you and to convince you to allow us to finish this project.1. What is the main purpose of the letter?(A) To complain about the progress of the work(B) To terminate a work contract(C) To warn of some dangers in the work area(D) To request reimbursement for some damages答案：B（该信的主要目的是终止工作合同）2. Which of the following is NOT a complaint made by Mr. Martin?(A) Workers didn't show up to work on time.(B) The crew did not clean after themselves.(C) Workers slacked off too much.(D) The crew didn't offer to work overtime.答案：D（Mr. Martin没有抱怨的是：工作人员不愿意加班）3. What does Mr. Warner offer to do?(A) Replace the work crew(B) Provide a discount on labor costs(C) Forgo all the fees other than the material cost(D) Meet with Mr. Marth to listen to his proposal答案：C（Mr. Warner承诺放弃材料费以外的所有费用）4. What can be inferred about Warner Associates Incorporated?(A) The company has a history of performing bad work.(B) Mr. Warner has a habit of giving excuses for everything.(C) Some of the senior managers are unreliable.(D) The company cares about what others think.答案：D（该公司在乎别人的想法，沃纳联合公司想积极解决这件事情）5. Why will Mr. Warner call the client?(A) To try to convince Mt. Martin to sign the agreement(B) To discuss further about the details of the contract(C) To demand payment for the work they have done to date(D) To see if he can convince Mr. Martin to allow the crew back on the site答案：D（看看他是否可以说服马丁先生允许工作人员回到现场，沃纳先生想和顾客马丁先生就其提出的解决方案进行讨论，以期完成本次施工）（七）We are working to improve the overall working dynamics within our company, in particular employees' attitudes towards the relationships with senior management, a primary factor influencing the core human relations in the workplace. Please read below, and circle one answer only.1. Please describe your working relationship style with your direct senior manager.A) CasualB) Very casualC) FormalD) Very formal2. How often do you meet with your senior manager to discuss your progress and projects in general?A) Once a weekB) Once a monthC) Once a yearD) Never3. How do you address your senior manager in correspondence?A) By first nameB) By last nameC) By full titleD) Flexible - depends on topic4. How would you prefer that your senior manager view you?A). As an employeeB) As a colleagueC) As a friendD) As a trainee5. How satisfied are you with your relationship with your senior manager?A) Very satisfiedB) SatisfiedC) Somewhat satisfiedD) Not satisfiedResuits1. A) Casual 53% B) Very casual 7%C) Formal 26% D) Very formal 14%2. A) Once a week 48% B) Once a month 25%C) Once a year 19% D) Never 83. A) By first name45% B) By last name 30%C) By full title 10% D) Flexible depends on topic 15%4. A)As an employee 23% B) As a colleague 47%C) As a friend 25% D) As a trainee 5%5. A) Very satisfied 63%C) Somewhat satisied 7%B) Satisfied 28%D) Not satisfied 2%AnalysisAfter reviewing the study results, we conclude that a large number of staff relationships with their senior managers are increasingly casual, which corresponds to the nationwide trends of effective work force relationships. Interaction and communication with management is therefore more frequent and natural. Correspondence and other written communication are also more friendly and casual, with almost half of respondents feeling comfortable using a first name basis only.Employees want and enjoy a co-working relationship view with their senior managers, preferring to be viewed as a colleague. With a staggering 63% very satisfied" with their relationships and another 28% satisfied", the present relations in our company's staff with management seem to indicate a surprisingly content team of people.Of course, we will recommend making effort to increasing the overall satisfaction in all relationships for everyone.1. What is the main purpose of the poll?(A) To establish a definite hierarchy within the workplace(B) T o resolve the difference of opinions between managers and staff members(C) To get a grasp of how the managers are managing the members of their teams(D) To better understand the relationship between employees and their managers to improve the working environment答案：D（更好地了解员工与经理之间的关系，以改善工作环境）2. Which question did NOT address the relationship aspect of the managers and employees?(A) Question 1(B) Question 2(C) Question 3(D) Question 4答案：B（哪一个问题没有涉及经理和员工的关系方面？）3. What can be inferred from the results of Question 4?(A) Many employees feel distant from their bosses.(B) The managers neglect being supportive in the employees' personal goals.(C) A large portion of the employees wants to be treated with respect from their bosses.(D) The working environment allows the staff members to meet often to discuss issues.答案：C（从问题4的结果可以推断出什么--很大一部分员工希望得到老板的尊重）4. What best describes the outcome of the study results?(A) The interactions between workers and management are heading in the right direction.(B) Most of the managers prefer to be addressed by their full title.(C) The relationship with senior managers still needs to be improved a great deal.(D) A majority of the staff members share the same feeling that they are being treated as workhorses.答案：A（工人与管理层之间的互动正朝着正确的方向发展。

.2021年托业英语阅读实战训练模拟试题（一）1 NEELIE KROES, the European Union’s competition commissioner, did not mince her words when reporting on Europe’s energy markets on Wednesday January 10th. Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks and so customers are suffering. Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany’s E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”, are effectively behaving like local monopolies. Shy of competition, eager for artificially high prices, they are helping to block the efficient generation, transmission and distribution of energy on the continent.2 Energy prices vary wildly across Europe. Ms Kroes wants to see cheaper energy, and intends to push suppliers to divest their distribution network and to get them to invest more in transportation systems so that more energy—in the form of gas, or electricity, for example—can flow easily over borders. It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands. Companies that dominate national markets have, so far, had little interest in improving the interconnections which would mean lower prices forconsumers across the continent.3 Ms Kroes, of course, will struggle to get her way. The European Commission, which on the same day presented its recommendation for improving EU energy policy, also wants to see the unbundling of ownership, the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to opposeferociously.4 Complicating the matter is an argument over the security of energy supply in Europe. Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas. Russia under Vladimir Putin is prone to using energy exports as a blunt tool of foreign policy, especially when trying to bully countries in its hinterland. Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too. This week it blocked oil exports passingvia Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved.5 The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that only protected national champions are able to secure supply, by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent. Protection has been tried for long enough and evidently has not worked for the internal market, nor have these companies secured the best deals forconsumers from the Russians.6 In contrast, the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors. (As a second best solution, especially for France and Germany, it recommends the management of the networks by a third party.) Properly independent managers of Europe's energy networks would have a strong incentive to build interconnecting pipelines and power lines across borders. For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers, for example by building more terminals for the import of liquified natural gas. It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by.7 Whether any of this is likely to happen soon, however, is another matter. The Commission is also calling for European governments to agree on a common effort to reduce carbon emissions by at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels). If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%. Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy, like wind and solar power. All that is laudable enough, but will also require political horse-trading as governments—Europe’s leaders are due to meet in March to discuss the various energy proposals—try to avoid commitments that may hurt domestic energy companies or make European firms less competitive than rivals in America, Asia and elsewhere.(689 words)Questions 1-5Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage?In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement reflects the viewsof the writerNO if the statement contradicts theviews of the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in thepassage1. Europe’s energy companies have funded the construction of thedistribution network.2. There has been a wide range of energy prices within Europe.3. Gas-poor Germany has to pay a price higher than average to import gasfrom its neighbour.4. E.ON and EDF may oppose the liberalisation due to their concerns aboutthe security of energy supply.5. The European Commission proposes to reduce carbon emissions by 30% ifthe U.S. is willing to cut its.Questions 6-10Look at the box of countries below.Choose One or Two countries to complete the following sentences.Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.CountriesA. BelarusB. BritainC. FranceD. GermanyE. RussiaF. UkraineG. The U.S.6. It’s dangerous for western Europe to depend too much on gas imports from ……7. A liberalised policy of energy supply was enforced over ten years in …8. Last year energy supplies in central and western Europe was affected owing to the interruption of gas deliveries to …9. The governments in …… are bound to oppose the separation of energy suppliers and transporters?10. Oil exports passing via … to Europe was blocked this week.Questions 11-14Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14.11. The EC disagrees with energy firms to strike long-term deals with foreign suppliers because such deals are usually far from …12. The EC proposes to split those “national champions” into …13. A more diverse range of suppliers would guarantee …in the European gas market.14. The realization of carbon emissions reduction would require the promotion of cleaner cars, a better emissions-trading system, wider use of public transport and more use of … of energy.Key and Explanations:1. NoSee para.1: Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks…2. YesSee para.2: Energy prices vary wildly across Europe.3. Not GivenSee para.2: It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands.4. NoSee para.5: The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that…5. YesSee para.7: If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%.6. ESee para.4: Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas.7. BSee para.6: It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by.8. FSee para.4: Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too.9. C, DSee para.3: …the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to oppose ferociously.10. ASee para.4: This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved.11. transparentSee para.5: by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent.12. suppliers and distributorsSee the sentences in para.1 (Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany’s E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”…) and para.6 (…the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors.)13. competition and securitySee para.6: For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers…14. renewable sourcesSee para.7: Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy…。

托业（阅读）模拟试卷42(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 完成句子 2. 短文填空 3. 阅读理解完成句子1．A city map is available for two euros ______the tourism office.A．atB．onC．inD．of正确答案：A解析：这道题考查介词的使用。

空格后出现了表示场所的名词the tourism office，因此句意应当是“在旅游管理部门可以买到”。

at和in都可以表示“在……地方”，’但是at一般用于比较具体的或小的场所，而in则用于国家或城市这样比较大的地点或场所，因此本题应该选(A)项。

2．New business cards______next week with the updated address and contact information.A．issuedB．to issueC．have issuesD．will be issued正确答案：D解析：New business cards是句子的主语，李格处应当是谓语动词。

所以不是动词的(B)项被排除。

空格后的next week表示将来，因此动词要用将来时态。

而主语Newbusiness是动作的承受者，因此要用被动语态。

所以(D)项是正确答案。

3．Tickets to the orchestra’s______were sold out in one day.A．performB．performerC．performingD．performance正确答案：D解析：空格前面的所有格orchestra’s是解决问题的线索。

所有格的后面必须是名词，因此正确答案就在(B)项和(D)项之中。

(B)项的performer是“演出者，行为者”的意思，(D)项的performance是“表演，演出”的意思，从句意上讲，(D)项是正确答案。

4．The two-week training course will be offered in March and September, when the company does the______of its hiring.A．massB．leadC．volumeD．majority正确答案：D解析：这个问题要求选择符合句意的名词。

写作考试样题含答案及解析第一部分口语T1Some college students take classes during the summer. Others take the summer off from school, so that they can rest or work at a job. Which do you think is better for students? Explain why.T2Reading：Allow Students to Park in Faculty Parking LotI would like to propose that students who live off campus and drive to school be allowed to park in the employee parking lot behind Messner Hall, which is currently reserved for university faculty. Finding a parking spot near the Classroom buildings is difficult—we often have to drive around looking for a place to park, which makes us late to class. The faculty lot isn’t fully used—I see a lot of empty spaces there in the morning—and so I don’t think it would be inconvenient for the university to also allow students who drive to school to park there.SincerelyGreg MurphyQuestion：The woman expresses her opinion about the proposal described in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal then state her opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.T3Frustration ToleranceWhen young children are not able to accomplish their goals, they may become frustrated and act inappropriately. However, as children mature, they can learn to manage or tolerate frustration. The development of frustration tolerance allows children to continue to work toward completing tasks, even when their initial attempts are unsuccessful. Parents can help their children develop frustration tolerance by deliberately restricting their own responses to their children’s demands for help. By gradually reducing their response time, parents can teach children to manage their frustration while they keep trying to accomplish their goals, despite any difficulties or setbacks that they may encounter.Question：Using the example from the lecture, explain how parents can help their children develop frustration tolerance.T4Question：Using the examples from the lecture, explain two types of animal social groups第二部分听力Section 11. Why does the student peak with the professor?A. To ask for assistance coming up with an idea for her assignmentB. To go over an article the professor had assignedC. To discuss an architectural concept she would like to work withD. To review her work on a project she recently submitted.2. What point do the speakers make when they discuss the materials used in the iceberg design?A. The materials are designed to help cool the buildingB. The materials are more costly than building materials typically used in urban structuresC. The thickness of materials requires that they be cut with special equipmentD. The amount of materials used reduced the impact on the environment3. Why does the professor mention retail space?A. To explain the cause of city developer’s tax problemB. To introduce the focus of the class’s next model projectC. To point out how quickly modern retail structures are builtD. To provide background on why the iceberg design was created4. What does the professor say about air beams?Click on 2 answersA. They provide support to the icebergB. They are made partly from steelC. They permit an iceberg to assume a variety of shapesD. They take a long time to manufactureListen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question 5. What can be inferred about the student?A. She was not fully aware of the trip’s dateB. She does not intend to go on the tripC. She had already been to the Frank LIoyd Wright houseD. She would prefer to lead the tour, not be a group member.6. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The life of a famous Italian Renaissance artistB. The history of fresco painting in ItalyC. The creation of a particular work of Renaissance artD. The construction of a typical church of the Italian Renaissance7. According to the professor, what is one advantage of using the fresco technique?A. A fresco can last a long timeB. The materials for making a fresco are inexpensiveC. The fresco technique is easy to learnD. A fresco can be completed quickly8. According to the professor, why is a fresco painted before the plaster dries?A. So that mistakes can be corrected easilyB. So that the paint will sink into the plasterC. So that the colors of the paints can be blended betterD. So that human forms will appear more lifelike9. Why does the professor mention the artist who painted with a paintbrush in each hand?A. To describe how the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling was paintedB. To illustrate the ingenious creativity of Renaissance artistsC. To explain how Michelangelo learned to paintD. To emphasize the need for fresco painters to work quickly10. Why did Michelangelo choose to build footbridges rather than traditional scaffolding when he painted the chapel?A. To accommodate the curved shape of the chapel’s ceilingB. To keep the floor clear for ceremonies in the chapelC. To reach both the walls and the ceiling of the chapelD. To paint while lying on his back for long periods of time11. What does the professor imply when he says thisA. He has suggestions about how students can deal with difficult situationsB. Many people would have been uncomfortable paint ing the chapel’s ceilingC. There was one problem that Michelangelo was unable to overcomeD. Michelangelo’s reputation as a great artist may be somewhat exaggerated Section 21. Why does the woman go to see the man?A. To provide feedback on her previous housing experienceB. To find out how she can participate in a different housing programC. To reapply for housing at the Eco House next semesterD. To get information about a student assistant position2. What is t he woman’s attitude about the Eco House?A. She had hoped it would be more committed to sustainable practicesB. She believes that its program is exactly what she will needC. She thinks its program is too narrow for her academic goalsD. She regrets that residents are only permitted to live there for one year3. What are two advantages that living at the Mary Blake HouseClick on 2 answersA. It would allow her to actively engage with guest scholarsB. It would allow her to create a house theme with other studentsC. She would join a classmate who currently lives at the Mary Blake HouseD. She would have an opportunity to qualify for staff discounts4. Why does the woman mention a journalist?A. To provide background on one of the faculty living at the Mary Blake HouseB. To provide an example of a recent dinner guest at the Mary Blake HouseC. To suggest a way to create publicity for the Mary Blake House programD. To point a Blake House program guest that she would be interested in5. What does the man ask the woman to do?A. Fill out a questionnaire about the Mary Blake House programB. Participate in a review of program houses that is being conductedC. Interview to become a student assistant at the Eco HouseD. Provide feedback about the application process on the Web site6. What does the professor mainly discuss?A. The main achievements of the Voyager spacecraft missionB. Differences between Uranus and other gas giant planetsC. Reasons for the increasing interest of scientists in the planet UranusD. Characteristics of Uranus learned using a variety of methods7. Why does the professor mention the color of Uranus?A. To give an example of a feature that Uranus shares with JupiterB. To give an example of a discovery made by the Voyage spacecraft missionC. To explain how a component of Uranus’ atmosphere was identifiedD. To explain how sunlight affects temperatures on Uranus8. According to the professor, how did astronomers deduce the composition of the planet Uranus?Click on 2 answersA. By calculating Uranus’ densityB. By measuring Uranus’ force of gravityC. By examining the strength of Uranus’ magnetic fieldD. By comparing Uranus with Jupiter9. What features of Uranus do some astronomers think were caused by the planet’s collision with another object? Click on 2 answersA. The composition of its coreB. The angle of its axis of rotationC. Its rapid rotationD. Its low internal temperature10. Why does the professor mention Uranus’ magnetic field?A. To point out a surprising similarity between Uranus and EarthB. To emphasize the limitations of remote observations in astronomyC. To point out a recent discovery about Uranus that contradicts earlier findingsD. To explain one effect of Uranus’ distance from the SunListen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question11. Why does the professor say thisA. To suggest that the student’s question reflects a common mis conceptionB. To remain the student that they will discuss rocky planets in the next class.C. To help the student realize the answer to his own questionD. To encourage the student to clarify what he means12. What is the purpose of the lectureA. To suggest that cryptic patterns in the animal kingdom can be reduced to only a few basic formsB. To explain how cephalopods change cryptic patterns based on their visual perceptionC. To contrast underwater and dryland crypsis strategiesD. To trace the evolution of crypsis in animal as a defense against predators13. What can be inferred about an animal that only uses stipple crypsis?A. It will have a difficult time hiding from predatorsB. It is likely to be of a medium body sizeC. It will tend to avoid areas with multiple colors and patternsD. It will most likely be found close to a seashore14. What happens to some cephalopods when they swim over a gravel patch onthe seafloor?A. They change their skin color to match the color of the darkest pieces of gravelB. They display irregularly shaped dark and light patchesC. They display a disruptive coloration to match the local environmentD. They quickly swim away from the gravel patch15. What features of disruptive crypsis does the professor mention?Click on 2 answersA. It disguises the outline of the animal that uses itB. It works by contrasting with the colors in the surrounding habitatC. It is most effective when used against a single-colored backgroundD. It can incorporate a combination of other crypsis patterns16. Why does the professor mention the tiger?A. To illustrate that results of the cephalopod research can be extended to many other animalsB. To give an example of an animal whose crypsis strategy has been extensively studiedC. To point out how different its crypsis strategy is from the strategy used by smaller animalsD. To argue that predators rely on crypsis less than prey species doListen to part of the lecture. Then answer the question17. What does the professor imply when she says this:A. Crypsis in cephalopods can rarely fool human visual perceptionB. Few animals use crypsis to hide from predatorsC. New information has led to the reevaluation of some previous assumptionsD. More cephalopod research needs to be done to obtain accurate data答案：Section1C D D AC BC A BD B BSection 2B C （AD） D BD C （AD）（BD） B CB C B （AD） A C第三部分写作Argentavis magnificens, the largest bird to have ever inhabited Earth, lived six million years agoin the southern part of South America that roughly corresponds to modern-day Argentina. The bird, which is known only through fossil remains, weighed up to 68 kilograms. There is some debate about whether this bird was able to fly or whether it had lost its ability to fly at some point during its evolution.First, there is the problem of lifting off into the air. Based on its skeleton, the bird's total wingspan was nearly seven meters. Wings this long would have hit the ground if the bird had tried to lift off from a standing position. Modern flying birds have wing-to-body proportions that allow them to take off without hitting the ground with their wings. Second, even if the bird had managed to lift off, it does not appear to have had enough muscle strength to make continuous flight possible. As large as it was, the Argentavis does not appear to have had sufficient muscles to keep its huge wings moving. It is highly improbable that its muscles could move its wings fast enough to keep it in the air for extended periods.Third, according to the theory of evolution, animals only have abilities that give them an advantage in their struggle to survive. Flying would not have given this giant bird any advantage.It did not need to fly in order to escape predators, because of its size it had no predators. It could not use flying to hunt because it would have been such a clumsy and inefficient flier that it could not possibly have captured enough food. The bird, therefore, probably lost the ability to fly during its evolution.独立Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: There is never a good reason to be impolite (rude) to other people.第四部分阅读Artisans in Sixteenth-Century EuropeFor centuries European artisans had operated in small, autonomous handcraft businesses, but by the sixteenth century an evolving economic system—moving toward modern capitalism, with its free-market pricing, new organization of production, investments, and so on—had started to erode their stable and relatively prosperous position. What forces contributed to the decline of the artisan?In a few industries, there appeared technological innovations that costmore to install and operate than artisans—even associations of artisans—could afford. For example, in iron production, such specialized equipment as blast furnaces, tilt hammers, wiredrawing machines, and stamping, rolling, and slitting mills became more familiar components of the industry. Thus, the need for fixed capital (equipment and buildings used in production) soared. Besides these items, expensive in their own right, facilities for water, storage, and deliveries were needed. In addition, pig (raw) iron turned out by blast furnaces could not be forged until refined further in a new intermediate stage. In late sixteenth-century Antwerp, where a skilled worker earned 125 to 250 guilders a year, a large blast furnace alone cost 3,000 guilders, and other industrial equipment was equally or more expensive.Raw materials, not equipment, constituted artisans’ major expense in most traders, however. ■Whereas in 1583 an Antwerp silk weaver paid 12 guilders for a loom (and made small payments over many years to pay off the debt for purchasing the loom), every six weeks he or she had to lay out 24 guilders for the 2 pounds of raw silk required to make a piece of cloth. ■Thus access to cheap and plentiful primary materials was a constant preoccupation for independent producers. ■Using local materials might allow even the poorest among them to avoid reliance on merchant suppliers. ■The loss of nearby sources could therefore be devastating. As silk cultivation waned around the Spanish cities of Cordoba and Toledo, weavers in these cities were forced to becomeemployees of merchants who put out raw silk from Valencia and Murcia provinces. In the Dutch Republic, merchants who imported unprocessed salt from France, Portugal, and Spain gained control of the salt-refining industry once exploitation of local salt marshes was halted for fear that dikes (which held back the sea from the low-lying Dutch land) would be undermined.Credit was necessary for production but created additional vulnerabilities for artisans. Prices for industrial products lagged behind those of raw materials and foodstuffs, and this, coupled with rising taxes, made it difficult for many producers to repay their creditors. Periodic downturns, when food prices shot up and demand for manufactures fell off, drove them further into debt or even into bankruptcy, from which they might emerge only by agreeing to sell their products exclusively to merchants or fellow artisans who extended them loans. Frequent enough during periods of growth, such credit crises became deeper and lasted longer after about 1570, as did war-related disruptions of raw-material supplies and markets.Artisans’ autonomy was imperiled, too, by restrictions on their access to markets. During the sixteenth century, a situation like this often resulted from the concentration of export trade in a few great storage and distribution centers. The disappearance of regional markets where weavers in Flanders (what is now northern Belgium) had previously bought flax and sold linen left them at the mercy of big-city middlemen, who quickly turned them into domesticworkers. In a similar fashion, formerly independent producers in southern Wiltshire in England, who had bought yarn from spinners or local brokers and sold their cloth to merchants in nearby Salisbury, became subject to London merchants who monopolized both wool supplies and woolens exports.With good reason, finally, urban artisans feared the growth of industries in the countryside. For one thing, they worried that the spread of village crafts would reduce their supply of raw materials, driving up prices. City producers also knew that rural locations enjoyed lower living costs, wages, and taxes, and often employed fewer or simplified processes. These advantages became a major preoccupation as competition intensified in the 1570s and 1580s.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.□In the sixteenth century, the European economy moved toward a system of free-market pricing, new ways of production, and investments.□ Before the sixteenth century, European makers of handcrafts enjoyed stability, autonomy, and relative prosperity.□ By the sixteenth century, the rise of capitalism began to weaken the autonomy and relative prosperity of European artisans.□European artisans operated small, autonomous businesses before modern capitalism emerged in the sixteenth century.2. According to paragraph 2, how did technological advances contribute to the economic decline of artisans?□ Artisans had no place to store or use the new machines.□Goods produced by the new technology were cheaper than those produced by artisans.□ The fixed costs of remaining in business became very high.□ Artisans did not know how to use the new machines.3. The word “preoccupation” in the passage is closest in meaning to□ necessity□ concern□ struggle□ uncertainty4. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information about an Antwerp silk weaver’s costs in 1583?□ To describe some typical costs in the silk-weaving industry□To support the statement that artisans’ main expense was materials, not equipment□ To argue against the view that artisans did not have to borrow money to buy equipment□ To show that materials were cheap and plentiful for most artisans5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following was sometimes an effect on artisans of the loss of local sources of their primary materials?□ They had to sell their products to merchants.□ They needed to take loans in order to buy the materials from merchants.□They could no longer afford to be independent producers. □ They imported the materials from distant sources.6. According to paragraph 4, all of the following caused economic difficulties for artisans EXCEPT□ decreasing availability of credit□ decreased demand for manufactured goods□ increased taxes□ problems caused by wars7. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about artisans during the sixteenth century?□ They had difficulty transporting their goods to the best markets.□ They were at a disadvantage because the concentration of supplies and exports was in the hands of big-city merchants.□ They received higher wages as employees of big-city merchants.□ They were able to obtain raw materials from local merchants.8. All of the following are identified in paragraph 6 as concerns that urban artisans had about the growth of industry in the countryside EXCEPT□ a decrease in the supply of raw materials□ a cheaper cost of living in the countryside□ a more manageable level of competition□ less complex production processes in the countryside9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This was possible because when transportation costs were low, the price of rawmaterials was generally also low.Where would the sentence best fit? Cl ick on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Answer choice1. Artisans’ ability to earn profits was restricted by their dependence on creditors, to whom they were forced to sell their goods, and by competition from rural areas.2. As industries came under the control of merchants, artisans lostaccess to cheap raw materials, and they had to borrow money to buy the materials they needed from merchant suppliers.3. In the new industrial system from which skilled artisans were progressively excluded, the quality of manufactured items gradually declined.4. Advances in technology in some industries increased the cost of the equipment, buildings, and facilities that artisans needed for producing and selling their goods.5. Iron production in the sixteenth century depended on new inventions such as blast furnaces, tilt hammers, wire-drawing machines, and stamping, rolling, and silting mills.6. The rising prices of food and other necessities often left artisans without enough money to pay their taxes and other business expenses.Earth’s AtmosphereEarth’s atmosphere has changed through time. Compared to the Sun, whose composition is representative of the raw materials from which Earth and other planets in our solar system formed, Earth contains less of some volatile elements, such as nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, and helium. These elements were lost when the envelope of gases, or primary atmosphere, that surrounded early Earth, was stripped away by the solar wind or by meteorite impacts, or both. Little by little, the planet generated a new, secondary atmosphere by volcanicoutgassing of volatile materials from its interior.Volcanic outgassing continues to be the main process by which volatile materials are released from Earth—although it is now going on at a much slower rate. The main chemical constituent of volcanic gases (as much as 97 percent of volume) is water vapor, with varying amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases. In fact, the total volume of volcanic gases released over the past 4 billion years or so is believed to account for the present composition of the atmosphere with one important exception: oxygen. Earth had virtually no oxygen in its atmosphere more than 4 billion years ago, but the atmosphere is now approximately 21 percent oxygen.Traces of oxygen were probably generated in the early atmosphere by the breakdown of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen by ultraviolet light (a process called photo dissociation). Although this is an important process, it cannot begin to account for the present high levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. Almost all of the free oxygen now in the atmosphere originated through photosynthesis, the process whereby plants use light energy to induce carbon dioxide to react with water, producing carbohydrates and oxygen.Oxygen is a very reactive chemical, so at first most of the free oxygen produced by photosynthesis was combined with iron in ocean water to form iron oxide-bearing minerals. The evidence of the gradual transition from oxygen-poor to oxygen-rich water is preserved in seafloor sediments. The minerals inseafloor sedimentary rocks that are more than about 2.5 billion years old contain reduced (oxygen-poor) iron compounds. In rocks that are less than 1.8 billion years old, oxidized (oxygen-rich) compounds predominate. The sediments that were precipitated during the transition contain alternating bands of red (oxidized iron) and black (reduced iron) minerals. These rocks are called banded-iron formations. Because ocean water is in constant contact with the atmosphere, and the two systems function together in a state of dynamic equilibrium, the transition from an oxygen-poor to an oxygen-rich atmosphere also must have occurred during this period.Along with the buildup of molecular oxygen (O2) came an eventual increase in ozone (O3) levels in the atmosphere. ■Because ozone filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation, this made it possible for life to flourish in shallow water and finally on land. ■This critical state in the evolution of the atmosphere was replaced between 1100 and 542 million years ago. ■Interestingly, the fossil record shows an explosion of life forms 542 million years ago.■Oxygen has continued to play a key role in the evolution and form of life. Over the last200 million years, the concentration of oxygen has risen from 10 percent to as much as 25 percent of the atmosphere, before setting (probably not permanently) at its current value of 21 percent. This increase has benefitedmammals, which are voracious oxygen consumers. Not only do we require oxygen to fuel our high-energy, warm-blooded metabolism, our unique reproductive system demands even more. An expectant mother’s used (venous) blood must still have enough oxygen in it to diffuse through the placenta into her unborn child’s bloodstream. It would be very difficult for any mammal species to survive in an atmosphere of only 10 percent oxygen.Geologists cannot yet be certain why the atmospheric oxygen levels increased, but they have a hypothesis. First, photosynthesis is only one part of the oxygen cycle. The cycle is completed by decomposition, in which organic carbon combines with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide. But if organic matter is buried as sediment before it fully decomposes, its carbon is no longer available to react with the free oxygen. Thus there will be a net accumulation of carbon in sediments and of oxygen in the atmosphere.1. In paragraph 1, why does the author state that Earth has less nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, and helium than the Sun?▢ To argue that these elements were once part of an early atmosphere, which disappeared▢To suggest that these elements were drawn into the Sun’s atmosphere▢To provide evidence that Earth’s original atmosphere came primarily from meteorites▢To support the claim that Earth’s atmosphere would have changed even moreif it had contained more volatile elements2. According to paragraph 2, the history of volcanic outgassing cannot explain which of the following?▢ The lack of oxygen in the atmosphere 4 billion years ago▢ The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere today▢ The proportions of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today ▢ The present abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere3. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the process of Photo dissociation?▢ It is more common today than it was in the early history of the atmosphere.▢ It is responsible for only a small amount of the oxygen in the atmosphere today.▢It removes trace amounts of oxygen from the atmosphere. ▢It produces more free oxygen than photosynthesis does.4. The word “gradual” in the passage is closest in meaning to▢ critical▢ original▢ beneficial▢ slow5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning。

托业（阅读）模拟试卷60(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 完成句子 2. 短文填空 3. 阅读理解完成句子1．______you want to receive additional information regarding the services we offer, please log onto our website at www. today.A．IfB．ForC．DespiteD．Whether正确答案：A解析：横线处需填入在句首引导状语从句的从属连词。

(B)for和(C)despite 为介词，故排除。

(D)whether与主句(please log onto…today)在语意上不连贯。

因please log onto…today为“请……”的祈使句，加上从句是有关特定条件的描述，故(A)if最恰当。

2．Sandy Duncan was handpicked by the genere manager to head the next project because of ______experience in this field.A．herB．hersC．herselfD．she正确答案：A解析：横线处需填入修饰名词experience的形容词性物主代词，故选(A)。

若备选答案为人称代词的不同形式，可根据上下文结构，直接选择其适当形态，以节省解题时间。

3．The changes made in the working conditions at our company resulted in remarkable improvements in all aspects of our business and______more so in the morale of our employees.A．allB．anyC．evenD．although正确答案：C解析：横线后的more在解题时起决定性作用。

2021年托业考试试题和答案详解
2021年托业考试题库【真题精选＋章节题库＋模拟试题】内容简介
本书是2021年托业考试（TOEIC）的题库，包括真题精选、章节题库和模拟试题三部分。

具体如下：
第一部分为真题精选。

本部分收录了官方发布的听力和阅读考试两套真题，以便使用者测试自己的水平。

每套真题均提供详细解析。

第二部分为章节题库。

根据《TOEIC(托业)考试整体改革方案》的规定，托业考试自2006年5月开始实施新版托业TOEIC听力及阅读考试，并自2006年12月开始由考生选择性加考的TOEIC口语及写作考试。

章节题库按照最新的考试题型的章目编排，共分为阅读、口语、写作3章。

因阅读(Reading Test)的题型、考点较多，所以将阅读部分具体细分为单项选择、短文填空、阅读理解3章。

第三部分为模拟试题。

根据常考知识点，参考相关真题，精心设计了阅读模拟试题、口语写作模拟试题，便于考生检测复习效果。

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试看部分内容
•第一部分真题精选
•托业考试（TOEIC）听力和阅读真题精选及详解（一）•托业考试（TOEIC）听力和阅读真题精选及详解（二）•第二部分章节题库
•第一章阅读(Re ading Test)—完成句子
•第二章阅读(Re ading Test)—短文填空
•第三章阅读(Re ading Test)—阅读理解
•第四章口语(S pe aking Te st)
•第五章写作(W ri ting Test)
•第三部分模拟试题
•托业考试阅读模拟试题及详解（一）
•托业考试阅读模拟试题及详解（二）
•托业考试口语和写作考试模拟试题及详解。

2021年托业考试阅读模拟题Astronauts take out the trashAstronauts on Sunday exchanged supplies for trash that has accumulated on the international space station since shuttles were grounded after the 2003 Columbia tragedy. They also prepared for a second spacewalk set for Monday. Space shuttle Discovery, which docked at the orbiting outpost Thursday, became the first shuttle to return to orbit last week. Among the mission's goals: Resupply the station and remove the mounds of trash that have accumulated in recent years."It is kind of just like working in your closets and your garage," station flight director Mark Ferring said. "It's a lot of work."The astronauts are unloading 15 tons of cargo. They expect to return to Earth with 13 tons of trash and other items that are no longer needed on the station.When the station's two-man crew awoke Sunday, they weretold that their seven Discovery guests would remain at the station for an additional day."Hopefully it is not going to be like the relatives who miss their flight and have to stay another day," Charles Hobaugh, who works in the station's mission control, told crew members by radio.A ninth day at the station was approved late Saturday, days after NASA decided to ground future shuttle missions because an almost one-pound piece of foam broke free of Discovery's external fuel tank. The piece of foam missed Discovery, but was a haunting reminder of Columbia.A 1.67 pound chunk of foam shed from Columbia's external tank hit the shuttle's left wing and caused a hole that allowed the searing gases of re-entry to melt the wing from the inside out. The shuttle disintegrated over Texas as it returned to Florida. All seven astronauts died.NASA spent hundreds of millions of dollars over 2{ years redesigning the external tank, but said last week it did not solve the problem and more work is needed.Bill Gerstenmaier, the station's program manager, said Discovery will leave the station in much better shape than when it arrived. Water will be left behind, as well as laptops, wash cloths, a printer, dry wipes, floppy disks, food and nitrogen."We are going to be in very good shape through the end of the year," Gerstenmaier said.Shuttles are needed for the supplying and continued construction of the station.When NASA's shuttles were grounded in 2003, the agency began relying on Russian vehicles to deliver supplies to the station. However, the Russian cargo ship Progress cannot haul the weighty items the shuttle can. The next delivery by Progress is scheduled for September. Gerstenmaier said station managers prepared for a scenario in which there would be no shuttle flights this year. Despite that, he said the grounding of future shuttle missions opens the station to risk."We are still susceptible to some large failure of some component that can only be delivered by the shuttle that we don't have a like spare on station," he said.Among the tasks Discovery's astronauts performed for the station was the reconfiguring of a gyroscope, which failed in March. Four gyroscopes, each weighing 660 pounds, are intended to steer the station, but only two have been working in recent months.On Monday, during their second spacewalk, Discovery astronauts Stephen Robinson and Soichi Noguchi, planned to replace the other failed gyroscope, which has not worked since 2002.The pair planned to go over procedures for installing the gyroscope on Sunday with astronaut Andrew Thomas, who was set to direct Monday's replacement.As they began spacewalk preparations Sunday, Robinson informed Mission Control's Stephen Frick that things might proceed slower than anticipated."If you saw what our mid-deck looks like right now, you'd see why," Robinson said as his colleagues transferred itemsbetween the shuttle and station. "It's a high traffic zone.""I'm afraid it would be a little too frightening," Frick responded with a chuckle.。

has been a lot of _______ prejudice in American .A) realistic B) racial C) recycled D) rebellious美国一直都有种族偏见。

答案 : racialis an incurable idealist; it's unlike to help him come down to earth and be more _______.A) realistic B) racial C) recycled D) rebellious他是个无可救药的理想主义者;很难将他拉回现实、让他更实际点。

答案 : realistic3. The relations between my mother and brother were getting worse as my brother grew older and more ______ .A) realistic B) racial C) recycled D) rebellious随着哥哥年纪渐长也更叛逆，他与母亲的关系变得更糟。

答案 : rebellious4. Ecological vehicles are made of materials that can be easily _______ once they are dumped.A) realistic B) racial C) recycled D) rebellious环保车使用的材料使它们在被丢弃后还可以轻易地回收使用。

答案 : recycledgoes to that pub every night to have a bottle of beer. He is a _______ customer.A) reliable B) regular C) reluctant D) religiousTom每晚都去那家酒吧喝瓶啤酒。

2021年托业考试阅读部分测试题含答案解析The Role of DiapauseIf conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the lifecycle. In such a life history strategy, the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time. This genetically determined resting stage, characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause. Many other kinds of resting stages, with different levels of suppression of physiological activities, are known. Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived. In one case, seeds of the arctic lupine, a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic, germinated in three days even though they were carbon-dated at more than 10,000 years old!Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions. Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple. For example, many seeds require a period of stratification, exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period, before they will germinate. ■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following t he winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset. ■In contrast, unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms. ■In fact, unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period. ■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaits favorable conditions. We will consider two examples from the vertebrates. The first isthe red kangaroo. This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where theonset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable. Obviously, it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce youngat a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring. For such arelatively large mammal, however, gestation (the period of development duringpregnancy) is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until afterthe r ains came, the favorable period might be past. The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).After a 31-day gestation period, the female gives birth to a tiny helpless young typicalof marsupials. The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teatwhere it continues to grow and develop. After 235 days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her. Two days after giving birth, the female mates again. The fertilized egg enters a 204-day period of embryonic diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach. It then implants, and 31 days later, birth of the second young occurs. Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time. Again, the female mates, fertilization occurs, and another diapause follows. The eventual resultis that at any one time, the female has three young at various stages of development: one in diapause, one in the pouch, and one outside the pouch. Among other benefits, this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.A similar strategy—accelerated development combined with a resting stage—has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts. The spadefoot toads, such as Couch’s spadefoot toad, inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America. Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist. Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin. When it rains, the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds. Development is greatly accelerated: the eggs hatch within 48 hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at 16-18 days. Consequently, they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions, then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall. Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allowthe species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.1. According to paragraph 1, why do some organisms have a resting stage duringtheir life cycle?▢To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditions▢To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproduction▢To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life events▢To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2. Why does the author mention “seeds of the arctic lupine”?▢To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperature▢To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periods▢To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities▢To support that some resting stages last an extremely long time.3. According to paragraph 2, why do many seeds require a period of stratification?▢To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperatures▢To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not before unfavorable weather▢To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditions▢To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter.4. Paragraph 4 supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:▢A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.▢During diapause, a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.▢To put different young kangaroos at various stages of development is advantageous for the female kangaroo to handle them at the same time.▢The pause of the development of an embryo has more benefits for preparing it to avoid the harsh times than for competing with its siblings.5. What is the main purpose of paragraph 4 in the passage?▢To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph 3▢To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph 3▢To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph 5▢To discuss an adaptation that is set as successful as the one mentioned before.6. The word “comprise” in the passage is closest in meaning to▢consist of▢bring about▢are similar to▢take the place of7. According to paragraph 5, how do amphibians such as spadefoot toads survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?▢They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.▢They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.▢They lose their outer layer of skin.▢Their eggs live dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist. 8. According to paragraph 5, which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?▢The female’s eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.▢The adults mate during the dry period.▢The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions return.▢The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.9. Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Where would the sentence best fi t? Click on a square [■ ] to add the sentenceto the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review thepassage, click on View Text.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistantstage, or diapause, into their life cycle.●● ●Answer choices1. The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than 10,000 years ago2. Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are predictable changes such as the seasons.3. Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to verylow temperatures for a long time.4. Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time, allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.5. The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of the embryo in the uterus.6. Some amphibians adapt to arid environments by completing accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.The Plow and the Horse in Medieval EuropeOne of the most important factors driving Europe’s slo w emergence from the economic stagnation of the Early Middle Ages (circa 500-1000 B.C.E.) was the improvement of agricultural technology. One innovation was a new plow, with a curved attachment (moldboard) to turn over wet, heavy soils, and a knife (or coulter) in front of the blade to allow a deeper and easier cut. ■This more complex plow replaced the simpler “scratch”plow that merely made a shallow, straight furrow in the ground. ■In the lands around the Mediterranean, with light rains and mild winters, this had been find, but in the wetter terrain north and west of the Danube and the Alps, such a plow left much to be desired, and it is to be wondered if it was used at all. ■Cleared lands would more likely have been worked by hand tilling, with little direct help from animals, and the vast forests natural to Northern Europe remained either untouched, or perhaps cleared in smallsections by fire, and the land probably used only so long as the ash-enriched soil yielded good crops and then abandoned for some others similarly cleared field. ■Sucha pattern of agriculture and settlement was no basis for sustained cultural or economic life.With the new heavy plow, however, fields could be cleared, sowed, and maintained with little more difficulty than in the long-settled lands of Southern Europe, while the richness of the new soils, the reliability of the rains, and the variety of crops now possible made for an extremely productive agriculture. The new tool, however, imposed new demands, technical, economic, and social. The heavy plow was a substantial piece of capital,unlike a simple hand hoe, and this had the same sorts of implications that capitalization always has—it favored the concentration of wealth and control. Moreover, making full use of it required more animal power, and this had a host of implications of its own. The full importance of this was even more apparent in the centuries after 1000, when oxen began to give way in certain parts of Western Europe to horses.The powerful, rugged farm horse was itself a product of improvement during the Middle Ages, and it was part of a complex set of technical changes and capabilities. The introduction of new forms of equipment for horses transformed this animal into the single most important assist to human labor and travel. Instead of the old harness used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, there appeared from Central Asia the rigid, padded horse collar. Now, when the horse pulled against a load, no longer did the load pull back against its neck and windpipe but rather rode on the sturdy shoulders. When this innovation was combined with the iron horseshoe, the greater speed and stamina of the horse displaced oxen wherever it could be afforded. The larger importance of this laynot only in more efficient farmwork, but in swifter and surer transportation between town and countryside. The farmer with horses could move products to market more frequently and at greater distances than with only oxen, and the urban development that was to transform the European economic and social landscape after the eleventh century was propelled in large part by these new horse-centered transport capabilities. Another indicator of how compelling and important was the new horse agriculture was its sheer cost. Unlike oxen and other cattle, horses cannot be supported exclusively onhay and pasturage, they require, particularly in northern climates where pasturing seasons are short, cropped food, such as oats and alfalfa. Unlike grass and hay, these are grown with much of the same effort and resources applied to human nourishment, and thus their acquisition represents a sacrifice, in a real sense, of human food. The importance of this in a world that usually lived at the margins of sufficient diet is hard to overstate. The increased resources that went into making the horse central to both the medieval economy and, in a separate but related development, medieval warfare, are the surest signs of the great utility the animal now assumed.1. The word “stagnation” in the passage is closest in meaning to▢instability▢lack of growth▢dependence on others▢decline2. According to paragraph 1, what was the main advantage of the new plow overthe scratch plow?▢The new plow created straighter rows.▢The new plow was easier for animals to pull.▢The new plow could dig deeper into the soil.▢The new plow was easier to make.3. The word “sustained” in the passage is closest in meaning to▢continued▢established▢ordinary▢active4. According to paragraph 1, the scratch plow was particularly unsuited to▢the lands around the Mediterranean▢places where the soil was often dry▢places where land was cleared and worked by hand▢places where the soil was particularly wet and heavy5. Paragraph 1 implies which of the following about agriculture before theintroduction of the new plow?▢Limited rainfall had prevented large-scale agricultural development.▢Most of Europe’s developed agricultural communities were located in the south.▢Several other important innovations immediately preceded the development of the new plow.▢Much of Europe’s forestland had been converted to agricultural use.6. What can be inferred from the information that the new plow “favored the concentration of wealth and control”?▢Wealthy farmers in the south had a significant economic advantage over farmers in the north.▢The production and sale of the new plow became an important source of capital. ▢The new plow was more popular in parts of Europe where oxen were used for farming than in parts where horses were used.▢Greater economic equality existed in northern Europe before the introduction of the new plow.7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following contributed to the dramatic rise in the agricultural use of horses in Europe?▢Apowerful new breed of farm horse was brought to Europe from Central Asia.▢Farmers began using rigid, padded collars that allowed horses to pull heavy loads more easily.▢For the first time, horses became cheaper than oxen.▢Farmers began studying the farming techniques used by the horse-drawn plows.8. The word “exclusively” in the passage is closest in meaning to▢cheaply▢easily▢reliably▢solely9. Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.In fact, it sliced the ground so thoroughly that fields could be planted afteronly one plowing rather than the two needed before.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■ ] to add the sentenceto the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answerchoices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question isworth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Agricultural innovations with important social and economic consequencesoccurred in eleventh-century Europe.●Answer Choices1. Light rains and unpredictable winters had made most of the soil in Europe unsuitable for enough agriculture to sustain economic development.2. Farmers switched from oxen to horses to pull their plows because inexpensive pasturage for oxen decreased significantly in the centuries after 1000 B.C.E.3. The introduction of iron horseshoes enabled farmers to transport goodsfarther than they could with the more expensive oxen.4. Improvements in the design of plows opened up vast areas of land in Northern Europe that had previously been unusable for sustained agriculture.5. With help from a new kind of harness from Asia, horses were able to pull the new heavy plow and to transport goods to market more quickly and frequently.6. The horse came to be valued so greatly that farmers devoted some of their land to growing crops for their horses rather than using this land to grow food for their families.The Origins of Plant and Animal DomesticationThe emergence of plant and animal domestication represented a monumental change in the ways that humans interacted with Earth’s resources: the rate at which Earth’ssurface was modified and the rates of human population growth. The development of agriculture was accompanied by fundamental changes in the organization on human society: disparities in wealth, hierarchies of power, and urbanization.Phrases like “plant and animal domestication” and “the invention of agriculture” cre ate the impression that humans made the transition to cultivating plants and tending animals rather abruptly, maybe with a flash of insight. Most scholars don’t think so. It seems more likely that humans used and manipulated wild plants and animals for many hundreds of thousands of years. The transition to gardens, fields, and pastures was probably gradual, the natural outgrowth of a long familiarity with the environmental requirements, growth cycles, and reproductive mechanisms of whatever plants and animals humans liked to eat, ride, or wear.For years, scholars argued that the practices of cultivation and animal domestication were invented in one or two locations on Earth and then diffused from those centers of innovation. ■ Genetic studies are now showin g that many different groups of people in many different places around the globe learned independently to create especially useful plants and animals through selective breeding. ■Probably both independent invention and diffusion played a role in agricultur al innovation. ■Sometimes the ideasof domestication and cultivation were relayed to new places. In other cases the farmers or herders themselves moved into new zones, taking agriculture or improvements such as new tools or new methods or new plants and an imals with them. ■Scholars used to assume that people turned to cultivating instead of gathering their food either because they had to in order to feed burgeoning populations, or because agriculture provided such obviously better nutrition. It now seems that neither of these explanations is valid. First of all, the risk at tached to exploring new food sources when there were already too many mouths to feed would be too great. Second, agriculture did not necessarily improve nutrition or supplies of food. A varied diet based on gathered (and occasionally hunted) food probably provided a wider, more secure range of nutrients than an early agriculturally based diet of only one or two cultivated crops. More likely, populations expanded after agricultural successes, and not before.Richard MacNeish, an archaeologist who studied plant domestication in Mexico andCentral America, suggested that the chance to trade was at the heart of agricultural origins worldwide. Many of the known locations of agricultural innovation lie near early trade centers. People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through. Perhaps, then, agriculture was at first just a profitable hobby for hunters and gatherers that eventually, because of market demand, grew into the primary source of sustenance. Trade in agricultural products may also have been a hobby that led to trouble.E. N. Anderson, writing about the beginnings of agriculture in China, suggests that agricultural production for trade may have been the impetus for several global situations now regarded as problems: rapid population growth, social inequalities, environmental degradation, and famine. Briefly explained, his theory suggests that groups turned to raising animals and plants in order to reap the profits of trading them. As more labor was needed to supply the trade, humans produced more children. As populations expanded, more resources were put into producing food for subsistence and for trade. Gradually, hunting and gathering technology was abandoned as populations, with their demands for space, destroyed natural habitats. Meanwhile, a minority elite emerged when the wealth provided by trade did not accrue equally to everyone. Yet another problem was that a drought or other natural disaster could wipe out an entire harvest, thus, as ever larger populations depended solely on agriculture, famine became more common.1. The word “monumental” in the passage is closest in meaning to▢innovative▢surprising▢complex▢enormous2. According to paragraph 2, phrases such as “plant and animal domestication”and “the invention of agriculture” encourage which of the following wrongideas?▢Early farmers were fairly advanced in their knowledge of plants and animals.▢Agriculture and animal domestication arose as a result of systematic study and experimentation.▢The change from hunting and gathering to farming and raising animals occurred quickly.▢Early efforts to raise plants and animals were generally successful.3. What do genetic studies suggest about the theory that “cultivation and animal domestication were invented in one or two locations on Earth and then diffusedfrom those centers of innovation”?▢The theory underestimates the speed at which cultivation and animal domestication were diffused.▢The theory underestimates the number of locations in which cultivation and animal domestication arose independently.▢The theory overemphasizes the importance of selective breeding in cultivation and animal domestication.▢The theory overemphasizes the importance of cultivation and animal domestication to some groups of people.4. According to paragraph 4, what advantages did the diet of hunter-gatherers probably have over an early agricultural diet?▢It required less effort for them to acquire food that was nutritious.▢It allowed their populations to expand across wider areas.▢It provided a greater variety of foods needed for them to stay healthy.▢It allowed them to have more children.5. According to paragraph 4, what was the most likely relationship betweenpopulation growth and food cultivation?▢Population growth encouraged the development of food cultivation.▢Population growth was dependent on the development of a varied diet of cultivated foods.▢Successful methods of food cultivation were developed before population growth occurred.▢Food cultivation was more successful in situations where population growth was limited.6. Which of the following most accurately reflects the statement discussed inparagraph 5, on efforts to cultivate plants and animals?▢The efforts often failed because hunter-gatherers had limited access to new information about plants and animals.▢The efforts were begun out of a desire to produce goods for trade rather than to increase their growers’ food supplies.▢The efforts were sometimes abandoned so hunter-gatherers could become involvedin the more profitable activity of trading.▢The efforts were not profitable until people began trading food that they had raised for other goods.7. Which of the following most accurately reflect the relationship betweenparagraph 6 and a topic discussed in paragraph 5?▢Paragraph 6 discusses a series of events that calls into question the theory thatplants and animals were raised for purposes of trade.▢Paragraph 6 presents evidence supporting the claim that many sites of agricultural innovation were located near trade centers.▢Paragraph 6 identifies problems that led to the raising of plants and animals as the primary source of sustenance.▢Paragraph 6 traces negative developments that arose possibly as a result of raising plants and animals for trade.8. The word “subsistence” in the passage is closest in meaning to▢profit▢surplus▢enjoyment▢survival9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Among the many places that are now known to be centers of independentdomestication are Mesopotamia, Central China, and Mesoamerica.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentenceto the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answerchoices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question isworth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Agriculture invention and animal domestication caused lasting changes to how humans live and to the physical surface of Earth.●● ●Answer Choices1. The transition from hunting and gathering to raising plants and animals was gradual and led to significant changes in the organization of human societies.2. Scholars now believe that agriculture and animal domestication began independently in many separate locations and then spread to new areas.3. As trade in agricultural products grew and social inequalities arose, new crops were developed specifically to feed the labor needed to support societies.4. Although it is now clear that agriculture developed independently in many places, often the most efficient techniques arose by combing practices of different cultures.5. Agriculture became more widespread when human populations realized that an agricultural diet supplemented through trade could provide as much nutrition as the hunter-gatherer diet.6. The earliest reason for raising plants and animals may have been to provide goods for trade, and such trade may account for the rise in social problems such as environmental destruction答案：第一篇：CDBDA，BACB, 256第二篇：BCADB，DBDB, 456第三篇：DCBCC，BDDB, 126阅读2 答案及解析解析：第一篇：CDBDA，BACB, 2561.分类：推断题If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly beco me harsh, it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.，故选择C 项。