4.英汉翻译教程 (1)

《英汉翻译教程》第一章习题答案一、Bill Morrow's Birthday Party比尔•莫罗的寿宴比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国，好几次者赶上在北京过生日。

每次，主人总要为他举行宴会，周恩来总理也出席。

他还记得第一次生日宴会的情景：我在饭店吃饭，最后总是吃冰激凌。

我吃得津津有味，惹得那些女服务员发笑。

这次生日宴会，周恩来在场。

快到结束的时候，他站起来，走到柜台前，要了一杯冰激凌，放在我面前——别忘了，他可是总理呀！他对我说：“这是为您准备的。

”我说：“没想到您会说英语呀。

”他笑了起来，接着说：“一点点。

”一面说着，一面用食指和拇指比划着。

后来有时候我们单独在一起，他就跟我说英语。

“这是为您准备的。

”这句话，比尔•莫罗在许多难忘的场合听到过——比如在他乘般沿大运河南下的时候，从旁边驶过的每一条般都拉响汽笛，表示敬意。

再比如参观南京长江大桥；在修这座桥以前，要靠渡般在这里运送火车过江。

参观大桥的时候，天快黑了，人家给了他一把椅子，请他坐下等一会儿。

忽然电灯全亮了，照出了整个大桥的轮廓。

“这是为您准备的。

”他不满地说道：“你们不应该费这么多电，就为了让我高兴。

”人家对他说：“全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。

”比尔•莫罗想了解一些新的情况，周恩来就安排北京大学的专家向他作介绍。

比尔说：“我在国内不过是个流浪汉，而你们在这里却把我当成一位要人。

”周恩来却说：“您做过些什么，我们是知道的。

”二、The Story of My Life (Excerpt 2)我的生活（摘录2）海伦•凯勒我感到有人走近，于是伸出了手，以为是把手伸向母亲。

不知是谁抓住了我的手，把我拉过去，紧紧地搂在她的怀里。

就是她教我认识了世上的各种事物，而且不仅如此，她还疼爱我。

老师来了以后，第二天早上就把我领到她的屋里，给了我一个布娃娃。

娃娃是帕金斯盲童学校的学生送我的，是劳拉•布里几曼把他打扮起来的，这都是我后来才知道的。

我拿着娃娃玩了一会儿之后，沙利文小姐就在我手心里慢慢地写了几个字母：“d-o-l-l”（娃娃）。

第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则一、翻译的定义1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.( Columbia Encyclopedia )2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。

（孙致礼2003：6 ）二、翻译的原则1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize ―faithfulness‖! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance.(译事三难，信，达，雅。

求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉）①Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.----那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．④For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.古往今来多少离合悲欢, 谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！⑤Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之．2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)①From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the village. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往．②He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market.――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归．3.Qian Zhongshu①Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give ita soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair.卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。

英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）严复：信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。

The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似--—spiritual conformity。

Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。

强调原作神韵再现。

钱钟书：化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅：宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。

目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流.4．直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿； chain reaction连锁反应；gentlemen's agreement君子协定； one country, two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气； go to one’s external rest——-安息； the long sleep——-长眠；see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂； blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿：直译不等于死译（dead translation）:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。

英汉互译实用教程(一)英汉互译实用教程1. 简介该教程旨在帮助读者掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，以便更准确地进行翻译工作。

2. 基本原则在进行英汉互译时，我们需要遵守以下几个基本原则：•准确性：翻译应尽量准确传达原文的含义。

•通顺性：翻译应符合目标语言的表达习惯，通顺易懂。

•简洁性：尽量使用简洁明了的语言表达，避免冗长复杂的句子结构。

•场景适应性：根据不同的场景和目的，采用相应的翻译方式。

3. 实用技巧在进行英汉互译时，可采用以下实用技巧来提高翻译质量：•词汇对应：寻找准确的词汇对应关系，确保翻译准确。

•短语搭配：注意短语的搭配习惯，避免直译。

•语法结构：理解并掌握英语和汉语的语法结构，确保句子通顺。

•上下文理解：通过上下文理解原文的意思，以便更好地进行翻译。

•文化差异：考虑文化差异对翻译的影响，尽量做到意译。

4. 实例演练下面是一些实例演练，旨在帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英汉互译的实用技巧：1.英文句子：“The cat is on the table.” - 翻译成中文：“猫在桌子上。

”2.中文句子：“这是我的手机。

” - 翻译成英文：“This is my cell phone.”3.英文短语：“It’s raining cats and dogs.” -翻译成中文：“下大雨了。

”4.中文短语：“明天见。

” - 翻译成英文：“See youtomorrow.”5. 注意事项在进行英汉互译时，需注意以下几个事项：•专有名词：对于专有名词，应保持与原文一致。

•文化差异：根据不同的文化背景，适当进行意译，以便更好地传达信息。

•翻译细节：注意细节的处理，如时态、人称、单复数等。

6. 总结通过本教程的学习，读者可以掌握英汉互译的实用技巧和方法，提高翻译准确性和表达流畅度。

在实践中不断积累经验，不断提升翻译能力，才能成为一名出色的创作者。

希望本教程能帮助到您，在英汉互译的道路上取得更好的成绩！7. 深度学习在提高英汉互译能力的过程中，深度学习是一个重要的方向。

广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。

Unit 4 EconomyLesson 10 (E—C)A Golbal EconmyRsident Clinton realized—as all of us must—that today’s economy is global. We live in an era in which information, goods and capital sped around the globe, every hour of every day. Whther we like it or not, all of our fortunes are tied together. We are truly interdependent.America supports international trade because we believe fundamentally that trade will enrich those nations who embrace its discipline. The great promise of trade is its potential to promote mutual prosperity—and to strengthen the bonds between sovereign nations.The U.S. and China both demonstrate the potential of trade to improve the lives of our people. Y ou know better than I the great achievements of the Chinese economy over the past two decades. In 1977, the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion, putting China’s share of world trade at 0.6 percent. The most populosus country in the world, China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world’s tenth largest exporter.Since 1978, when China began opening its econnomy to imcreased foreign investment and trade, aggregate outpou has more than doubled. The strongest growth has occurred in the coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methoods have spurred productin of both domestic and export goods. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.The numbers are interesting, but how has this affected the people of China? In the last decade, telephone connections rose more than 60%. Electrical production more than doubled to 621 million kilowatt hours. In short, China has improved the economic well-being of its people.The people of the United States also have experienced the benefits of world trade. Since World War II, the U.S. has been the world’s largest econnomy and, in most years, the world’s largest eporter.But the importance of trade in our economy had exploded in the past three decades. In 1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the U.S. economy. Last year, that figure, at 28%, was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years, jobs supported bu U.S. exports (goods and services) have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million. That’s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year U.S. trade equalled $1.8 trillion dollars.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. China will continue to depend upon lucrative export markets to earn the foreign exchange it needs to develop and grow. At the same time, China’s imports will supply the much needed machinery and technology to fuel its continued development.For the United States, new commercial opportunities will grow most rapidly in the emerging markets. We estimate that three quarters of new eport opportunities over the next twenty years that’s an incredible $1.9 trillion in potential exports—will come in the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America. This means jobs for American workers and a higher standard of living for the American people.(Ecerpted form “Remarks by Ambassador Kantor at the University of International Business and Economics”, 1995)译文：一个全球性的经济正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。