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provision会计中英语意思English:In accounting, the term "provision" refers to an estimated amountset aside by a company to cover anticipated expenses or loss. Provisions are made for situations where the exact amount of the expense is uncertain, but there is a likelihood of incurring a loss inthe future. These can include provisions for bad debts, legal costs, restructuring costs, or warranty expenses. Provisions are recognized as liabilities on the balance sheet and are adjusted over time as more information becomes available to accurately estimate the final amount of the expense. It is important for companies to make accurate provisions as they can impact the financial statements and give stakeholders a better understanding of the company's financial health.中文翻译:在会计中，“provision”一词是指公司预留的估计金额，以支付预期的费用或损失。
2011年阅读真题解析（MBA英语）2011年阅读真题讲解Passage One生词释义1. Goldman Sachs' board: 高盛公司的董事会2. outside director: 外部董事3. to manage: （成功地）设法做到与fail to do 正好相反# manage to do sth: 设法做到sth# manage sth: 设法（做到）sth* How do you manage to stay so slim? 你是如何做到保持这么苗条的？* We somehow managed to persuade him。
我们设法说动了他。
* Tom managed two goals in the last ten minutes. Tom在最后十分钟之内设法进了两个球。
* I don't know how I'll manage it, but I'll be there. 我不知道如何应对，但是我会到达那里的。
* to manage two roles: 设法应对好两个角色4.criticism: （名词）批评to criticize: (动词）5.be under fire for sth : 因为sth受到谴责= be criticized for6.to sit on/in: 在（机构中）担任成员* He was the first journalist to sit in parliament. 他是第一个在国会中任职的记者。
* to sit on the committee: 在委员会中任职/doc/ab7674201.html,pensation: (名词）1) 补偿2）（文中含义）薪酬/doc/ab7674201.html,mittee: 委员会9.bonus: 奖金10.payout: 付出的巨款11.to remark: 说，评论*'This house must be very old,' he remarked.# remark that*Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do.安德森离开桌子，说他有些事情要做。
高考英语新名词知识点易错题汇编含答案(1)一、选择题1．—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?—Well, you know, English is my ________. So it is my best choice.A．strength B．talentC．ability D．skill2．Lao Gan Ma is the best chilli sauce in China. The company built up its________by constantly providing high-quality products at a relatively low price.A．reputation B．campaign C．appetite D．occupation 3．The self-driving smart bus is already operating in 10 cities across China, with thelatest_______ in Shanghai in August.A．exploration B．exclusion C．expansion D．explosion 4．Determination is the most important of all the ____________ because without determination, you will end up doing nothing.A．tactics B．virtues C．emotions5．One of the Disney cartoon characters, Donald Duck, is always quick to find ____ with others and brings laugher to people of all ages.A．mistake B．error C．blame D．fault6．Many scientists have believed that there may be a ______ of life on the Mars.A．signal B．sign C．mark D．sigh7．If you want to g et a good ___________, you’d better stand on the top of the hill.A．sight B．sceneC．look D．view8．Tony put on soft music and turned down the lights in order to give a more relaxed ____ at home.A．view B．attitude C．style D．atmosphere9．—I couldn’t tell Jack from his twin brother.—Me too, and there is no obvious________between them.A．contribution B．distinction C．promotion D．expression10．If violence is not kept in check by bringing the guilty to ____, matters will go beyond what the public can tolerate.A．equality B．justice C．regulation D．liberation 11．Hawking owned a brilliant intellect with a deep ____ for humanity, which enabled him to overcome his terrible disease and become a famous scientist.A．aid B．concern C．glory D．basis12．It's difficult to guess what his ______ to the news would be.A．reaction B．opinion C．comment D．impression 13．The report at the conference analyses in detail why a new legal is needed to better protect the environment.A．currency B．framework C．allowance D．occupation 14．—Any ________ to how long I can keep the book?—Yes. You must return it by next Tuesday.A．limit B．time C．number D．length15．Our natural ________ are limited. This means that they will not________forever. A．energies; occur B．materials ; eruptC．resources ; last D．sources; bury16．He gained ______ to this universityA．permission B．accommodation C．scholarship D．admission 17．Generally there is a sharp ______ between them in their character.A．contact B．contrary C．contract D．contrast 18．President Donald Trump's first state dinner excluded Democratic members of Congress and the media, which was criticized by many as a(n) _________ from tradition.A．departure B．benefit C．escape D．lesson 19．Olympic athletes bring joy to people across the world with their____________ to push the boundaries of human achievement.A．intelligence B．influences C．impression D．attempts20．The good news that he got a_________to Senior Editor brought great happiness to his family. A．prospect B．promotion C．priority D．privilege 21．—Could you tell me the____ of making such tasty cakes?— Well, I just follow the directons in the cookbook.A．feature B．plan C．cost D．trick22．One reason for her preference for city life is that she can have___________ to places like shops and restaurants.A．method B．access C．way D．means23．It is clear that in modern society high ______ and demands are placed on students. A．motivations B．expectations C．standards D．opportunities 24．Poverty alleviation is a high priority of our country and has been put on the top of________at two sessions.A．agenda B．subject C．directory D．seminar 25．Being a soldier, he has a strong sense of ________.A．desire B．discipline C．force D．privacy【参考答案】***试卷处理标记，请不要删除一、选择题1．A解析：A【解析】【分析】【详解】考查名词词义辨析。
英语语法词汇详解provisional provisional英[prəˈvɪʒənl]美[prəˈvɪʒənl]adj.临时的；暂时性的；暂定的；爱尔兰共和军和新芬党临时派的；临时流通的n.临时执照；临时邮票；爱尔兰共和军临时派成员复数：provisionals英文释义：1. arranged for the present time only and likely to be changed in the future只为现在安排的，将来可能会改变的2. arranged, but not yet definite安排好了，但还不确定举个例子：1.His disengagement from the provisional government.他从临时政府的退出。
2.To begin to answer this question, I want to make a provisional assumption.为了回答这个问题，我需要做一个临时假设。
3.I propose that a provisional national assembly be held to meet the present emergency.为敷衍当前的紧急状况，我提议召开常设公民会议。
4.The booking is only provisional.预订只是临时的。
常用短语：provisional list临时表；临时名单provisional government临时政府provisional agreement临时协定provisional estimate临时估计数字；临时估算provisional sum暂定金额；临时款项；备用款allocation英[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]n.分配；共享；份额；配给量；配给物复数：allocations英文释义：1.[countable] an amount of money, space, etc. that is given to somebody for a particular purpose【可数】一定数量的钱、空间等。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A man has to make （） for his old age by putting aside enough to live on when old.问题1选项A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。
make provision for指为...预先采取措施, 为…作好准备。
句意:一个人必须为自己的老年提前做准备, 存下足够的钱以备老年之需。
选项C正确。
2.单选题An unidentified wit once said, “laugh, and the world laughs with you. Snore, and you sleep alone.” Yet snoring is far from a laughing matter, as those un fortunates with good hearing, who are rightly subjected to the sounds of the snoring disorder, will testify.It has been estimated that one of eight Americans snores: this means that there are approximately 21 million people—women as well as men—who render an unpleasant sound when they are asleep. And assuming that each snorer disturbs the sleep of at least one other person, it necessarily follows that there are 21 million unhappy listeners. While a sleeping person breathes, either in or out, several structures in his nose and throat generate the snoring. The sounds, coming from the soft palate and other soft structures of the throat, are caused by vibratory responses to inflowing and outflowing air. When the soft tissues of the mouth and throat come close to the lining of the throat, the vibrations that occur are caused by the position of the tongue. In short, the noise made by snoring can be compared to the noise when breezes flutter a flag on a pole. The frequency of the vibrations depends on the size, density, and elasticity of the affected tissues and on the force of the air flow. Although it is usually the process of in haling or exhaling through the mouth that cause snoring, short snorts come from the nose of an open-mouthed sleeper. In all fairness to snorers, however, it should be emphasized that snoring is an involuntary out which stops as the offender is awakened.1.The snoring is caused by （） .2.If a person produces short snores, most probably he has （） .3.The snorers can have control over their act.4.The author’s attitude towards the snorers is （） .问题1选项A.the soft palate and other structures of the throatB.the inflowing and outflowing air through the noseC.the inflowing and outflowing air through mouthD.the vibrations as a result of the inflowing and outflowing air问题2选项A.a soft palateB.a big noseC.an open mouthD.a small throat问题3选项A.The snorers can have control over their act.B.both the listeners and the snorers wish to stop the offensive sound of snoring.C.The frequency of the vibrations depends on the position of the tongue.D.There are more men than women who snore.问题4选项A.objectiveB.subjectiveC.sympatheticD.annoyed【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。
2018英语专业四级考试真题及参考答案PART III LANGUAGE USAGEThere are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four options marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence or answers the question. Mark hour answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.11. The Bent Pyramid outside Cairo __________ ancient Egypt’s first attempt to build a smooth-sided pyramid.A. has been believed to have beenB. was believed to beC. is believed to have beenD. is believed to be12. U.S. News ____________ rankings of colleges since 1983. They are a very popular resource for students looking to apply to university campus.A. maintainsB. is maintainingC. maintainedD. has been maintaining13. He was lured into a crime he would not ____________have committed.A. actuallyB. accidentallyC. otherwiseD. seldom14. She was once a young country wife with chickens in the backyard and a view of _____________ mountains behind the apple orchard.A. blue hazy VirginiaB. hazy blue VirginiaC. Virginia hazy blueD. Virginia blue hazy15. I long to alleviate __________, but I cannot.A. the evilB. evilC. evilsD. an evil16. Indeed, it is arguable that body shattering is the very point of football, as killing and maiming ______________.A. warB. are warC. of warD. are of war17. At ____________, photography is a chemical process, during which a light-sensitive material is altered when exposed to light.A. its most basicB. its basicC. the most basicD. the basic18. She hired a lawyer to investigate, only to learn that Gabriel had removed her name from the deed. The infinitive verb phrase “only to learn” is used __________.A. to express an intended purposeB. to indicate a high degree of possibilityC. to reveal an undesirable consequenceD. to dramatize a stated fact19. Which of the following italicized words DOES NOT carry the metaphorical meaning?A. I wonder what’s behind this change of plan.B. Jim turned to speak to the person standing behind him.C. This work should have been finished yesterday. I’m getting terribly behind.D. I suppose I’m lucky because my parents were behind me all the way.20. My mother was determined to help those in need and she would have been immensely proud of what has been achieved these last 20 years. The italicized part in the sentence expresses _______.A. a hypothesisB. a suggestionC. a contradictionD. a surprise21. When the police officers who took part in the King beating were first brought to ___________, their lawyers used the videotape as evidence against the prosecution.A. justiceB. testimonyC. trialD. verdict22._________, the most controversial candidate in the election campaign, he has been strongly criticized for his crude comments about women.A. QuestionablyB. ArguablyC. ContentiouslyD. Debatably23. Prices have recently risen in order to __________ the increased cost of raw materials.A. cutB. buoyC. offerD. offset24. The celebrity says in court papers she “has no __________ of giving any authorization to anyone to proceed with a divorce.”A. recommendationB. recordingC. recollectionD. recognition25.What actually __________ a good angle —or a good selfie overall —is rooted in what we consider beautiful.A. consistsB. constitutesC. composesD. constructs26. The school is going the ________ mile to create the next generation of sporting stars thanks to its unique development program.A. finalB. furtherC. supplementaryD. extra27. The teachers’union _________ a lawsuit against the district calling for repairing “deplorable”school conditions.A. firedB. filedC. finedD. filled28. Last March the __________ of a 19th century cargo ship was found by an underwater archaeological team.A. debrisB. ruinsC. remainsD. wreck29. She’s worn his designs on __________ occasions from red carpets to movie premieres.A. countlessB. countableC. numericalD. numeral30. A leading ___________ intelligence and operations company has released its analysis of worldwide reported incidents of piracy and crime against mariners.A. oceangoingB. oceanicC. marineD. maritimePART IV CLOZEDecide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blank. The words can be used ONCE ONL Y. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET.A Few years ago, a university professor tried a little experiment. He sent Christmas cards to a sample of perfect strangers. Although he expected some reaction, the responsehe received was amazing—holiday cards addressed to him came pouring back from the people who had never met nor heard of him. The great majority of those who returned aone of the most powerful of the weapons of influence around us—the rule forus a birthday present, we should remember his birthday with a gift of our own; if athe reciprocity rule, then, we are obligated to the future repayment of favors, gifts,things that a term like “much obliged” has become a synonym for “thank you,” not only in the English language but in others as well.The impressive aspect of the rule for reciprocation and the sense of obligation thatstudy, sociologists such as Alvin Goldener can report that there is no human society thatPART V READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by ten multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE（1）The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies that were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to escape the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches, noblemen and aristocrats. The historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound effect on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. Individual freedom is probably the most basic of all the American values. By freedom, Americans mean the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference from the government, a ruling noble class, the church, or any other organized authority.(2) There is, however, a price to be paid for this individual freedom: self-reliance. It means that Americans believe they should stand on their own feet, achieving both financial and emotional independence from their parents as early as possible, usually by age 18 or 21.(3) A second important reason why immigrants have traditionally been drawn to the United States is the belief that everyone has a equal chance to enter a race and succeed in the game. Because titles of nobility were forbidden in the Constitution, no formal class system developed in the U.S.(4) There is, however, a price to be paid for this equality of opportunity: competition. If much of life is seen as race, then a person must run the race in order to succeed; a person must compete with others. The pressures of competition in the life of an American begin in childhood and continue until retirement from work. In fact, any group of people who does not compete successfully does not fit into the mainstream of American life as well as those who do.(5) A third reason why immigrants have traditionally come to the United States is to have a better life. Because of its abundant natural resources, the United States appeared to be a “land of plenty where millions could come to seek their fortunes. The phrase “going from rags to riches”became a slogan for the American dream. Many people did achieve material success. Material wealth became a value to the American people, and it also became an accepted measure of social status.(6) Americans pay a price, however, for their material wealth: hard work. Hard work has been both necessary and rewarding for most Americans throughout their history. In some ways, material possessions are seen as evidence of people’s abilities. Barry Goldwater, a candidate for the presidency in 1964, said that most poor people are poor because they deserve to be. Most Americans would find this a harsh statement, but many might think there was some truth in it.(7) These basic values do not tell the whole story of the American character. Rather, they should be thought of as themes, as we continue to explore more facets of the American character and how it affects life in the United States.41. Para.4 seems to suggest that __________.A. Americans are born with a sense of competitionB. the pressure of competition begins when one starts workC. successful competition is essential in American societyD. competition results in equality of opportunities42. Which of the following methods does the author mainly use in explaining American values?A. ComparisonD. Cause and effectC. DefinitionD. Process analysisPASSAGE TWO(1) The Nobels are the originals, of course. Alfred Nobel,the man who invented deadly explosives, decided to try and do something good with all the money he earned, and gave prizes to people who made progress in literature, science, economics and —perhaps most importantly—peace.(2) Not all rewards are as noble as the Nobels. Even though most countries have a system of recognizing, honoring and rewarding people who have done something good in their countries, there are now hundreds of awards and award ceremonies for all kinds of things.(3)The Oscars are probably the most famous, a time for the (mostly) American film industry to tell itself how good it is and an annual opportunity for lots of big stars to give each other awards and make tearful speeches. As well as that there are also the Golden Globes, evidently for the same thing.(4) But it’s not only films---there are also Grammies, Brits, the Mercury Prize and the MTV for music. In Britain, a writer who wins the Booker Prize can expect to see their difficult, literary novel hit the bestseller lists and compete with the Da Vinci Code for popularity. The Turner Prize is an award for British contemporary artists—each year it causes controversy by apparently giving lots of money to artists who do things like displaying their beds, putting animals in glass cases or—this year —building a garden shed.(5) Awards don’t only exist for arts. There are now awards for Sports Personality of the Year, for European Footballer of the Year and World Footballer of the Year. This seems very strange—sometimes awards can be good to give recognition to people who deserve it, or to help people who don’t make a lot of money carry on their work without worrying about finances, but professional soccer players these days certainly aren’t short of cash!(6) Many small towns and communities all over the world also have their own award ceremonies, for local writers or artists, or just for people who have graduated from high school or, got a university degree. Even the British Council has its own awards for“Innovation in English Language Teaching”.(7) Why have all these awards and ceremonies appeared recently? Shakespeare never won a prize, nor did Leonardo Da Vinci or Adam Smith or Charles Dickens.(8) It would be possible to say, however, that in the past, scientists and artists could win“patronage”form rich people—a king or a lord would give the artists or scientists money to have them paint their palaces or help them develop new ways of making money. With the change in social systems across the world, this no longer happens. A lot of scientific research is now either funded by the state or by private companies.(9)Perhaps award ceremonies are just the most recent phase of this process.(10) However, there is more to it than that. When a film wins an Oscar, many more people will go and see it, or buy the DVD. When a writer wins the Nobel Prize, many more people buy their books. When a group wins the MTV awards, the ceremony is seen by hundreds of thousands of people across the world. The result? The group sells lots more records.(11) Most award ceremonies are now sponsored by big organizations or companies. This means that it is not only the person who wins the award who benefits---but also the sponsors. The MTV awards, for example, are great for publicizing not only music, but also MTV itself!(12) On the surface, it seems to be a“Win-win”situation, with everyone being happy, but let me ask you a question—how far do you think that publicity and marketing are winning here, and how much genuine recognition of achievement is taking place?43. What is the author’s tone when he mentions awards such as the Oscars, the Golden Globes andGrammies (Paras. 3 & 4)A. Amused.B. Appreciative.C. Sarcastic.D. Serious.44. According to Para. 4, what would happen to award winning writers?A. They would enjoy a much larger readership.B. They would turn to popular novel writing.C. They would continue non-fiction writing.D. They would try controversial forms of art.45. Which of the following statements best sums up Para. 6?A. Awards ceremonies are held for local people.B. Awards ceremonies are held on important occasions.C. Awards ceremonies are held in certain professions.D. Awards ceremonies are held for all sorts of reasons.46. According to Para. 8, one difference between scientists and artists in the past and those at presentlies in_____________.A. nature of workB. personal contactC. source of fundingD. social status47. It can be concluded from Para. 12 that the author thinks awards ________.A. promote market rather than achievementsB. do good to both market and popularityC. help those who are really talentedD. are effective in making people popularPASSAGE THREE(1) Knowing that Mrs. Mallard suffered from a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death.(2) It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken sentences. Her husband’s friend Richards was there, too. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when news of the railroad disaster was received, with Brently Mallard’s name leading the list of “killed”. He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram.(3) She wept at once, in her sister’s arms. When the storm of sadness had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.(4) There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable armchair. Into this she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul.(5) She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. The notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves).(6) There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled above the other in the west facing her window.(7) She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her, as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams.(8) She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.(9) There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air.(10) Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was striving to beat it back with her will-as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been.(11) When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath: "Free, free, free!" The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.(12) She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.(13) There would be no one to live for her during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending her in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.(14) And yet she had loved him-sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in face of this possession of self-assertion, which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being!(15)“Free! Body and soul free!” she kept whispering.(16) Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole, imploring for admission. "Louise, open the door! I beg; open the door-you will make yourself ill. What are you doing, Louise? For heaven's sake open the door."(17) "Go away. I am not making myself ill." No; she was drinking in a very elixir(长生不老药) of life through that open window.(18) Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long.(19) She arose at length and opened the door to her sister's importunities. There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sister's waist, and together they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the bottom.(20) Some one was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who entered, a little travel-stained, composedly carrying his gripsack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of accident, and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed at Josephine's piercing cry; at Richards' quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife.(21) But Richards was too late.(22) When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease-of joy that kills.48. How did Mrs Mallard get t he news of her husband’s death?A. Her husband’s friend told her.B. She had read it from the paper.C. Her sister Josephine told her.D. Her doctor broke the news to her.49. When Mrs Mallard was alone in her room, she ___________.A. sat in an armchair all the timeB. sat with her back facing the windowC. sat and then walked around for whileD. sat in a chair and cried all the time.50. How did she feel about her love towards her husband?A. She hated her husband.B. She was indifferent now.C. She found it hard to describe.D. She had loved him all along.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE51. Of all the values mentioned in the passage, which one is regarded as the most fundamental?Individual freedom.PASSAGE TWO52. What can be inferred from the sentence “Not all awards are as noble as the Nobels.” according toPara. 2?The author doubts the significance of some awards.53. What conclusion can be drawn from Para. 5?The author thinks it unreasonable to award rich people.PASSAGE THREE54. What was Mrs Mallard’s mood when she was left alone in the room?Secret joy over the expectation of future freedom.55. The doctors said that Mrs Mallard died of heart disease —of joy that kills. What do you think isthe real cause of her death?Fright and disillusionment at the sight of her “dead” husband.PART VI WRITING(略)。
2020-2021年全国高考汇编之名词一、单项选择名词1．People are very frightened when they think of the in which someone is eaten by a tiger. A．sight B．scene C．view D．sign【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查名词辨析。
句意：人们一想到有人被老虎吃掉的情景就非常害怕。
A. sight视野B. scene场景C. view视线D. sign标志。
根据句意及常识，人脑海中浮现的一般是一个场景。
只有B项符合。
故选B。
2．On November 11, Alibaba sold more than 210 billion yuan ___________ goods on its e-commerce platforms and TMall, making headlines all over the world.A．sum of B．value forC．worth of D．profit for【答案】C【解析】【详解】考名词短语辨析。
A. sum of……的总和；B. value for物有所值（多形容质量）；C. worth of 值……的价值（多用于实际价值）；D. profit for利润为。
句意：11月11日，阿里巴巴在其电子商务平台淘宝和天猫上销售了价值2100多亿元的商品，成为全世界的头条新闻。
3．His conflicted with that of the other witnesses and yet his story had, for me, the ring of truth.A．expectation B．instructionC．response D．account【答案】D【解析】【详解】考查名词辨析。
句意：他的叙述与其他目击者讲的有矛盾。
然而在我看来，他所说的有可能是真的。
provision名词English Answer：Provision, derived from the Latin word "providere," meaning "to foresee," encompasses a wide range of meanings and applications. In its most general sense, provision refers to the act of providing or making something available, particularly in anticipation of a future need. This can involve supplies, resources, or arrangements that are put in place to ensure the availability of essential items or services.In the context of law, a provision is a clause or section within a legal document, such as a contract, statute, or constitution, that establishes a specific rule or obligation. Provisions can cover a variety of topics, including rights, duties, penalties, and procedures. They serve to define the terms and conditions that govern the relationship between parties or the operation of the law itself.Provision can also refer to the act of supplying food and other necessities for a person or group. In this sense, it encompasses the preparation, distribution, and consumption of sustenance. Provisions are essential for maintaining health, well-being, and the ability to function effectively.In the field of economics, provision refers to the production and supply of goods and services. It involves the allocation of resources, the organization of production processes, and the distribution of finished products to consumers. Provision is a fundamental aspect of economic activity and contributes to the overall welfare of society.中文回答：预备金。
PART I. PATENTS1)amorphous character 美[əˈmɔ:rfəs]无形性2)abstract concept of property 抽象的财产概念3)real property 不动产4)tort law 侵权法5)the metaphysics of the law 法律玄学6)statutory 法定的7)the statute 成文法8)patented items，processes，combinations 专利产品、方法、组合9)justification 正当理由10)anti-trust and government regulation 反垄断和政府法规11)the foundations of patent protection 专利保护的基础12)the Statute of Monopolies 《垄断法》，也称《专卖条例》13)guilds 行会，互助会14)exclusive rights 独占权，专有权15)royal privilege 皇家特权16)important patent 引进型专利17)patentee 专利权人18)royal prerogative 王权，君主特权19)halt 抑制20)an incentive theory of patents 专利的激励理论21)inventive and important patents 发明专利和引进型专利22)meritorious 有价值的23)Revolution 独立战争24)Articles of Confederation 《联邦条例》美国1781-1789的第一部宪法25)Constitutional Convention 制宪会议26) a constitutional patent power 保障专利的宪法性权力27)more rigid constitutional constraints 更加刚性的宪法性约束28)the trademark statute 商标法29)pre-empt 优先于30)pre-emption 优先适用31)has no effect at all 无任何效力32)revisions 修订33)validity of patents 专利的合法性34)the Patent Office has been vested with 专利局被授予35) a patent application satisfies 专利申请符合36)codified 成文法化37)United States Code 《美国法典》38)design and plant patents 外观设计专利及植物专利39)application 申请40)grant 授予41)use 使用42)challenge 异议43) a new ，useful，and nonobvious process or product 一种具有新颖性、实用性及非显而易见性的方法或产品44)the patent application 专利申请45)specification 说明书46)claims 权利要求47)asserted 主张的48)prior state of the art 现有技术49)patentable 可授予专利的50)disclosure 公开，披露51)accrue 产生52)issued 授予53)trade secrets 商业秘密54)unfair competition 不正当竞争55)search 检索56)ascertain 确定57)examiner 审查员58)be in agreement 达成一致（合意）59)similar or identical 类似的或者相同的60)interference proceeding 抵触审查程序61)priority 优先权62)the Patent Office Board of Interference Proceedings 专利局抵触审查委员会63)amended 修正64)patent items 专利权期限65)exempt 使免除（责任）66)infringement 侵权67)be renewed 专利续展68)public domain 公有领域69)make，use or sell 生产、使用、销售70)be exploited （专利被）利用、实施71)working the patent 实施专利72)compulsory 强制许可73)be sold outright 卖断74)non-exclusively 非排他性许可75)on a geographic basis 以地域为界76)implication 暗指77)violation 违反78)authorization 授权79)charge of infringement 侵权诉讼80)unwarranted 不当，无正当理由81)novelty，utility，and nonobviousness 新颖性、实用性和非显而易见性82)litigated 诉争的83)re-examine 复审、84)invalid 无效的85)declaratory judgment 确权判决86)controversy 争论87)“pro”and “anti”赞成、反对88)the “bargain”or contract theory “交易”或契约论89)the “natural rights”theory 自然权利论90)bargain theory 交易理论91)premise 前提92)enumerate 逐条陈述93)all title to 全部产权94)obligation 义务95)utility 实益96) a taking of the inventor’s property 剥夺发明人的财产97)the standard of patentability 专利性标准98)optimum 最好的、适宜的、有利的99)the subject matter of patents 专利权客体100)ideas v. applications 发明构思与专利申请101)improvements 技术改进102)patentable 可取得专利的，可授予专利的103)laypersons 世俗人，外行人104)the application of an idea 构思的应用105)law of nature 自然法则106)the statutory scheme 法律的保护机制107)manufactures 制品108)a composition of matter 物质的组合109)intangible 无形的110)new and useful improvement 新颖、实用的改进111)naturally-substance 自然产生的物质112)printed-matter 印刷品113)bar限制114)business methods 商业方法115)mere chemical formulas 纯粹的化学公式116)systems of bookkeeping 记账系统117)fundamental truths，original causes，motives，methods of calculation 基本事实，起因，动机，计算方法118)mental steps 思维步骤119)the application of an abstract principle 抽象原理的运用120)apportion these interests 利益分配121)products of nature 自然产品122)concentrated or purified products of nature 人工浓缩或提纯的自然产品123)an ingenious way 独创方法124)chemical process化学方法125)derivative 衍生物126)mathematical method 数学方法127)abstract principle 抽象的原理128)new life forms 新的生命形式129)eligible 符合条件的130)compositions of matter 物质的组合131)she may patent the resulting chemical 申请专利132)manufacture 制品133)structure，rather than its content，that is inventive 是结构具有创造性，而不是其内容134)inventive characteristics 创造性135)machines 机器136)capture 采用137)mathematical manifestations 数学证明138)mathematical formulas （or “algorithms”）数学公式（或算法）139)test for patentability of a process 方法的专利性检验标准140)physical phenomena 物理现象141)jeopardize 危及142)the program 计算机程序143)Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 半导体芯片保护法144)FDA美国食品及药物管理局145)a working requirement 实施发明的要求146)utility patents 实用专利147)plant patents 植物专利148)design patents 外观设计专利149)utility 实用150)distinctiveness 独特性151)nonobviousness 非显而易见性152)asexually reproducing plant 无性繁殖植物153)statutory bars/bar 法定限制154)anticipation 在先公开155)a grace period of 12 months 12个月的宽限期156)application priority 申请优先权157)printed publication，public use，sale 印刷出版，公开使用，销售158)the principle of substantial identity 实质等同原理159)a senior inventor 在先发明人160)junior inventor 在后发明人161)the availability of a documentary description by prior patent or publication 在现有专利或出版物中可查阅到对该专利的文字性描述162)at issue 争议中的（the invention ~）163)publicly disseminated or accessible 公开传播或广为知悉164)interference proceedings 抵触审查程序165)conflicting claims 相互抵触的权利要求166)concealment 隐藏167)diligence 勤勉168)foreign anticipation 国外在先公开169)oral publication 口头公开170)those knowledgeable in the particular art 具备特定行业专业知识人员171)prior use 在先使用172)a prior invention 在先发明173)judicial construction 司法解释174)active or continuous 积极或持续的175)publicly available 公开获得176)atomic energy information 原子能信息177)reference to prior publication 现有出版物中的参考文献178)an “enabling disclosure”可实施的公开性文件179)enable a person having ordinary skill in the appropriate art to duplicate the invention 使所属领域的普通技术人员能够重现发明180)a specification 说明书181)the total combination of prior art and references 现有技术和参考文献的完整结合182)describe 描述，阐明183)substantial and realized anticipation 实质性的和有意识的在先公开184)substantially identical to 实质相同185)rough similarity 大致相似186)that which infringes，if later，anticipates，if earlier在后为侵权，在先为在先公开187)substantiality test of infringement 侵权的实质性检验标准188)unconscious or accidental 无意识的或者偶然的189)a count 事项，特征190)be so intentional or noticed 可意识到的或者被注意的191)（除了）inventor prior to invention is disabling 使（在法律上）无资格的，这里指丧失专利性192)the double patenting bar 重复授权专利限制193)the patent policy favoring speedy disclosure 鼓励尽快公布发明的专利政策194)without divulging the secrets of the invention 未透露发明的秘密195)the policies of statutory bar 法定限制的立法目的196)pirate 剽窃197)file 有时候可以作“申请专利”之意198)the patent monopoly 专利垄断权199)application priority 申请优先权200)publicity and limited disclosures 公开性和有限公布201)the effective life of a patent 专利的有效期202)public use 公开使用203)patent prosecution process 专利申请程序204)“limited”or “restricted” use 限于一定范围内或秘密使用205)be pledged to confidentiality 保证保守秘密206)experimental use 试验性使用207)a balancing process 衡平方法208)the experimentation exception 实验性例外209)the principle of substantial identity 实质等同原则210)jeopardy 危险211)Priority depends upon three factors：the time of conception，the time of reduction to practice，and the use of due diligence in pursuing both patent protection and perfection of the discovery.优先权取决于三个因素：构思时间、付诸实践的实践、在寻求专利保护和发明物的有效性过程中的应有注意212)the first conceive generally has priority to patent protection 先构思者常享有专利保护的优先权213)A junior inventor can never challenge a senior inventor unless the junior inventor reduces to practice first.除非后发明人首先将构思付诸实践，否则不能对在先发明人提出异议214)“priority paradox”优先权悖论215)only more diligent than one other person who conceives later 比后构思着更勤勉即可216)qualitative utility 决定专利的实用性217)curiosity 奇异性218)an impermissible fraudulent quality 不被允许的欺诈性219)presumed utility 推定的实用性220)hold otherwise would be to grant a patent on an unknown range of applications 不能授予未知适用领域的专利221)speculative utility 推测的实用性222)a specific utility 特定实用性223)a “monopoly of knowledge”对知识的垄断224)substantial utility 实际的实用性225)those skilled in the art 该技术领域内的技术人员226)synergism 协合作用227)combination patent 组合专利228)secondary considerations 间接证据229)commercial success 商业上的成功230)the long-felt-but-unfulfilled-need doctrine 早已产生但未获满足的需求理论231)“flash of creative genius”requirement “创造性的灵光一现”条件232)Subjective standard 主观标准233)Objective standard 客观标准】234)Subjective ingenuity 主观创造力articulation and implementation 理解和实施235)Negative rules of invention 否定发明规则236)ad hoc rules 特殊规则237)journeyman mechanic 普通技术工匠238)overbreadth 过于宽泛239)uncertainty 不确定性240)“equivalent substitution”等同替代241)indicia 标记象征，表明事实可能存在的情况242)in such a black-letter way 以这么被普遍接受的方法243)“unusual or surprising result”异常的或奇异的效果244)the statutory test 法定检验标准245)the duty of candor 真实陈述义务246)pertinent 相关的247)analogous 类似于248)reconstructing the prior art 重现现有技术249)functional 功能性的250)“by reference to the purpose sought”参照其所述追求的目标251)a well-established field 公认的技术领域252)secondary evidence 间接证据253)unexpected results 意想不到的效果254)subtests 次级标准255)objective tests 客观标准256)nexus 联系257)long felt 感知已久的258)history of the art 特定技术的历史259)a competitive edge 竞争优势260)ideas per se 构思本身261)prior patents 现有专利262)reject 驳回263)a doctrine of constructive prior art 推断现有技术理论264)judicial fiat 司法判断、裁量265)double-patenting 重复授予专利权266)the statutory period 法定期限267)best-mode 最佳实施方式268)the double-patenting bar 禁止重复授权269)running afoul of 与…发生冲突270)terminal disclaimer 最终放弃271)the patenting process 专利审批程序272)the claims 权利要求273)a complaint，answer 起诉书，答辩状274)ex parte nature 单方性质275)the patentee 专利权人276)prohibit the “stealing”of another’s patent 禁止“窃取”他人的专利277)delegate 侵权，转让278)assignees 受让人279)joint invention 共同发明280)good-faith 善意281)deceptive intent 欺诈动机282)aggregate effort 共同努力283)prosecuting a patent application 进行，推进284)initial examination 初步审查285)rejection 驳回286)reexamination 复审287)Patent Office’s Board of Appeals 专利局申诉委员会288)the primary examiner 主审员289)the deference 尊重290)privy 利害关系人291)allowance 允许292)remand a dubious allowance 将一项有争议的准许发回293)the specification and claims 说明书和权利要求书294)in its best mode 以最佳方式295)an enabling disclosure 是能够公开的296)trial and error 反复试验、试错297)the “how-to-use”doctrine “如何使用”原则298)exploitation 实施299)trespassing 侵犯300)the rule prohibiting patents on newly discovered properties of old elements 禁止对事物的新功能授予专利原则301)the limits of agency discretion 专利局裁量权限范围302)the judicial arena 司法管辖范围303)equitable estoppel or laches 衡平法上的禁止翻供或者疏忽懈怠304)the economic well-being 经济利益305)inter alia 特别是306)precedential strength 先例效力307)claims drafting 撰写权利要求308)“in a patent claim，more means less”在专利权利要求书中，多意味着少309)preamble 序言310)transition 过渡311)the body 正文312)comprising 包括313)“reading on”照搬抄袭314)the duty of candor 真实陈述义务315)presumption of patent validity 专利的有效性推定316)ex parte 仅有双方当事人317)the striking of an application 驳回专利申请318)an interference proceeding 专利抵触审查程序319)attorney’s fees 律师费320)negligence 过失321)material information 重要信息322)materiality 重要性323)scienter 明知，故意324)culpability 有罪行为，可归咎之行为325)guilty of patent fraud 专利欺诈罪326)an arm’s length adversary 地位平等的对当事人327)reissue and re-examination 换发专利证书与复审328)intentionally deceptive conduct 故意欺骗行为329)the exhaustion of remedies doctrine of administrative law 行政法上的用尽救济原则330)stay 中止331)the Patent and Trademark Office 美国专利与商标局332)judicial review 司法审查333)Federal Circuit 联邦巡回法院334)the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院335)district court 地区法院336)de novo 重新审理337)true appeals 正式的上诉338)file wrapper estoppel 禁止反悔339)the proper course 正当方法340)claim interpretation – differentiation，literality，and equivalence 对权利要求的解释-不同、字面相同和等同341)the doctrine of claim differentiation 权利要求不同原则342)literal overlap 文字上重叠343)equivalents 等同344)absolute identity 绝对等同345)a substantial equivalent 实质等同346)practical interchangeability 实质上的互换性347)a pioneer patent 首创性专利348)the exclusive right to make，use，or sell the invention 制造、使用、销售其发明的独占权349)a compulsory license 强制许可350)non-renewable 不能续展的351)patent pending 专利待批352)direct，indirect，and contributory infringement 直接侵权、间接侵权、共同侵权353)good faith or ignorance 善意或不知情354)notice of the patent 专利权声明355)staple 主要的，重要的356)evidentiary device 取证方法357)innocent infringer 无过错侵权人358)license agreement 许可协议359)innocent infringement 无过错侵权360)duplicate 仿造361)hornbook law 法律常识362)extraterritorial effect 域外效力363)repair and reconstruction 修复与再造364)first sale “exhausts”the patent rights 首次销售穷竭365)repair-reconstruction dichotomy 修复与再造两分法366)“essentialness”，“keyness”or“spentness”本质性、关键性或费用367)Infringement defenses ——misuse 侵权抗辩——滥用专利权368)relief 法律补救方法369)nonstaple 非主要产品370)remedies 救济措施371)injunctive relief 禁令救济372)damages 损害赔偿373)attorneys’ fee 律师费374)costs 诉讼费用375)profits 侵权所获利润376)preliminary relief 临时禁令377)the standard of “likelihood of success on the merits”“胜诉可能性”标准378)“beyond question that the patent is valid and infringed”专利有效且侵权均无疑问379)a reasonable royalty for the use 合理的使用费380)liquidation 清偿381)exceptional case 特殊情况382)knowing infringement by a defendant 被告明知侵权383)the doctrine of federal pre-emption 联邦优先原则384)undesirable conduct 不良行为385)trade secret law 商业秘密法PART II. TRADEMARKS1)guild 行会2)confusion 混淆3) a mechanism for proving identification as well as a technique for providing a marketingadvantage 商品识别机制以及市场优势手段4)the Anglo-American common law of trademark 英美普通商标法5)“palming off”假冒6)good well 商誉7)unconstitutional 违宪8)the interstate commerce clause 州际贸易条款9)in gross 大量的，大批的10)appurtenant 附属于11)adoption 选择，选定12)priority of use 在先使用13)gross/appurtenant dichotomy 总体功能和从属功能两分法14)within the same geographical area or between the same or similar products 在相同地域之内，或在相同或相近的商品之间15)in a line of products 商品的种类16)federal registration 联邦注册17)the Principal Register 商标主簿注册18)constructive notice 推定通知19)federal jurisdiction 联邦管辖权20)forum 法庭21)incontestability 不容争议性（指注册商标人从注册之日起已连续5年在商业上使用该商标于商品或服务上，并在继续使用，他对该商标使用权即属不容争议）22)anti-dilution 反淡化23)“intent-to-use ”provision “使用意向”条款24)“deadwood”provision 条款25)distinctiveness 显著性26)novelty 新颖性27)originality 独创性28)coined or fanciful 杜撰的或者奇异的29)priority of appropriation 优先使用30)equity 公平、正义31)on an equal footing 处于同等地位32)the doctrine of constructive notice 推定通知原则33)prior use 在先使用34)likelihood 可能性35)confusion，mistake，or deceit 混淆、讹传或欺骗36)abandon 放弃37)two consecutive years 连续两年38)non-use 不使用39)concurrent use 共同使用40)approximate similarity 大概相似41)“mark”标记42)Secondary meaning and descriptiveness 第二含义及描述43)descriptive marks 描述性商标44) a challenged mark 争议商标45)synonymous 同义46) a prima facie presumption 初步推定47)supplemental register 辅簿注册48)the primary register 主簿注册49)well-defined factors 明确的因素50)generic 产品的通用名称51)suggestive 暗示性的52)arbitrary or fanciful 独特的，奇异的53)“deceptively misdescriptive”禁止虚伪欺骗的描述54)trade 行业55)in the descriptive/distinctive continuum 具备描述性/显著性的商标56)“recapture”再次获得57)immortal or scandalous marks ,national symbols，or names of living figures 不道德的或诽谤性标志、国家象征或在世人的姓名58)geographic marks 地理标志59)to be examined in their entirety，and not dissected 从整体上进行检验，而不是分割的60)principles of equity as well as of statutory law 公平原则和法律规定61)fashion a remedy tailored to the individual case 根据个案采取补救措施62)disparage 毁谤63)institutions 组织64)contempt 侮辱65)offensive 冒犯性66)standing 身份、资格67)immediate 直接68)arbitrary 随意的69)majority vote 多数票决70)the supplemental register 辅簿注册71)the principal register 主簿注册72)capable of 有可能73)diversity 联邦法院管辖权74)dilution 商标淡化75)expansion of trademark doctrine 商标权扩展理论76)consumer loyalty 消费者的信任77)goodwell 商誉78)legitimate complaint 合法诉因79) a property right 财产权80)anti-dilution 反商标淡化81)enjoin 禁止82)likeness 肖像83)prophylactic theory 预防理论84) a theory of misappropriation 禁止权利滥用理论85)likelihood of expansion 商标权扩展的可能性86)is tantamount to 相当于87)consumer expectations 消费者期望88)market reality 市场现状89)the similarity of consumers 消费者的相似性90)foreign…to 与…不相关91)relatedness 相关性92)the interests protected 受法律保护的利益93)the right of the prior user to enter a related field，the right to protect its reputation fromassociation with inferior goods，and the right of the public in being free from confusion and mistake.在先使用者进入相关市场的权利，保护商标所有者的商誉不受劣质商品损害的权利，公众免除混淆和讹误的权利94)vend 出卖95)prove a negatives 这里指证明不可能发生混淆的情况96) a recognizable number of consumers 确有部分消费者97)strength of 影响力98) a property interest 财产利益99)relief 救济措施100)state anti-dilution statutes 州反淡化法101)loss of trademark protection and partial protection 商标保护及部分保护的丧失102)partial rights 部分权利103)the doctrine of regional priority 区域优先使用理论104)publication 公布注册105)concurrent use 共同使用106)inter parties 在当事人之间107)senior registrant 先注册人108)a pre-registration user 注册前的使用人109)good faith junior users 善意的后使用人110)infringement action 侵权诉讼111)unauthorized user 未经授权的使用人112)junior registrant 后注册人113)“to the best of his knowledge and belief”尽其所知和所能114)concurrent registration 同时注册115)pragmatics of trademark litigation 商标诉讼实用主义116)factual inquiry 事实调查117)allocation 权利分配118)opposition proceedings，interference proceedings，cancellation proceedings，de novo concurrent registration proceedings 异议程序，抵触申请程序，撤销程序及再同时注册程序119)judicial decree 司法裁决120)the Commissioner 局长121)abandonment 放弃122)actual abandonment 事实放弃123)constructive or legal abandonment 推定放弃或法定放弃124)actual commercial use 真正的商业使用125)token use 象征性使用126)“bona fide use”善意使用127)nonuse 不使用128)interstate州际的129)intrastate 州内的130)police 管制131)“naked licensing”无保证许可132)licensees 被许可人133)incontestability 不可争议性134)the substantive law 实体法135)“the cancellation provisions”撤销条款136)the incontestability defenses 不可争议性抗辩137)federal publication 联邦公告138)circuits 巡回法院139)defensive/offensive 抗辩/指控140)dictum 法官的附带意见141)interpose the defense 提出抗辩142)“fair use”合理使用143)trademark practice 商标的使用144)Trademark Law Revision Act of 1988“TLRA”1988年商标法修正条例145)“use in trade”在商业中使用146)intent-to-use 使用意向147)contingent registration 备用注册148)“constructive use”推定使用149)Trademark Office 商标局150)notice of allowance 批准通知151)standing 身份、资格152)the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board “TTAB”商标审理与申诉委员会153)Commissioner 局长154)de novo judicial trial 重新审查155)the prevailing party 胜诉方156)original proceeding 初审程序157)a thorough conviction 足以确信158)the Official Gazette of the Office 商标局公报159)first use in commerce 商业中的首次使用160)collusive or contrived 串通的或者图谋的161)token transactions 象征性交易162)the screening process 审查程序163)the use in trade requirement 在商业中使用的要求164)in a similar fashion 以类似的方式165)“registration use”注册使用166)euphemism 委婉的说法167) a search of existing registrations 对已有注册商标的检索168)axiomatic 不言自明的169)“in connection with”有关170)standing 启动异议程序的资格171)contravene 违反172)sects 教派、学派173)subject matter 商标的客体174)certification marks 证明商标175)labor union 工会176)cancellation 撤销177)registrability 注册资格178)“seal of approval”认证179)“related companies”相关公司180)franchising arrangement 特许经营权协议181)collective marks 集体商标182)collective trade (or service) marks and collective membership marks 集体贸易（或服务）商标和集体成员资格商标183)vest 归属于184)service marks 服务商标185)a correlative holding 一相关裁决186)business name 厂商名称187)primary purpose 主要目的188)trade dress 包装189)design patent 外观设计专利190)ornamental 装饰的191)the functional bar 功能上的限制192)generic drugs 通用药品193)a Hobson’s choice 无选择余地194)a utility patent 实用专利195)complexity 复杂性196)minimal complexity 最低限度的复杂性197)dispense with 无需198)equitable remedies 衡平法上的救济措施199)federal subject matter jurisdiction 按照标的物确定联邦法院管辖权200)“palming off”假冒201)“commercial parties”从事商业经营之人202)injunctive relief 禁令救济203)a windfall 横财204)cause of action 诉因205)standing of sue 起诉资格206)pecuniary 经济利益207)marketplace evils 市场弊端208)business ethics 商业道德209)touchstone 标准210)likelihood of confusion 混淆的可能性211)strength of the mark 商标的影响力212)per se 本身213)equitable 衡平法上有效的214)similarity of goods or services 商品或服务的相似性215)the average consumer 普通消费者216)character and similarity of markets 市场特征及其相似性217)“impulse”buying 冲动性购买218)“discriminating purchaser”区别购买者理论219)channels of trade 销售渠道220)wholesale 批发221)retail 零售222)doctrine of expanded rights 商标权扩展理论223)“related goods”doctrine 相关商品原则224)monopolization 垄断225)subsidiary evidence 补充证据226)inference 推论227)proving a negative 反面证明228)equitable relief 衡平法上的救济229)judicial skepticism 司法怀疑理论230)fair and collateral use 合理使用与平行使用231)statutory license 法定许可232)the equitable doctrines of laches，estoppel，and unclean hands 衡平法上的迟误原则、禁反言原则和不清白之手原则233)fair comment 合理评论234)consumer fraud 欺骗消费者235)gray market goods 灰色商品236)“black market”goods 黑市商品237)“parallel imports”平行进口238)lobby 游说议员者239)Customs Service 海关服务局240)common control 共同控制241)cumulative 累计性的242)items of cost 费用项目243)gross 全部销售额244)vindicate 维护245)private attorney general 私人出庭检察官246)exemplary or punitive damages 惩戒性或惩罚性损害赔偿PART III. COPYRIGHT1)foundations of copyright protection 版权之保护基础2)mercantile interests 商业利益集团3)dissemination 发行4)Statute of Anne 《安娜法》5)monopolistic copyright protection 独占性版权保护6)publication rights 出版权7)“common law”普通法8)Copyright Act of 1976 1976年版权法9)fixation of the work into tangible form 以固有形式固定作品10)circumscribe 限制11)writings 作品12)examination 审查13)forms of expression 表达形式14)prints 印刷品15)musical compositions 音乐作品16)paintings，statues 绘画、雕刻17)deposit 交存样本18)registration 版权注册19)the Secretary of State 国务卿20)Register of Copyright 版权登记册21)Berne Convention 伯尔尼公约22)copyright notice 版权标记23)sound recordings 录音24)“performance rights”表演权25)exploitation 利用26)common law copyright 普通法上的版权27)artistic creation 艺术作品28)statutory copyright 成文法上的版权29)copyright basics 版权的基本原则30)fixation in a tangible medium 固定在有形介质上31)“work for hire”雇佣作品32)derivative works 演绎作品33)plays，motion pictures 喜剧，电影34)other adaptations of the basic work 原作品的改编35)substantially similar 实质相似36)original expression 具有原创性的表达37)Gone With The Wind 《飘》38)originality 原创性39)work of40)work of independent creation 独立创作的作品41)literary works，musical works，dramatic works，choreographic works，graphic works，audiovisual works，and sound recordings 文学作品、音乐作品、戏剧作品、舞蹈作品、图形作品、音像作品、录音作品42)“original works of authorship”原创作品43)The subject matter of copyright 版权的客体44)works of fine arts 美术作品45) a restrictive interpretation 限制解释46)lithograph 石版画47)reproduction 复制品48)“modicum”少量，一点点49)directories，compilations 名录，汇编物50)repositories 数据库51)factual information 事实信息52)“forms”or“style”“形式”或“风格”53)copyrightable works 可享有版权的作品54)utilitarian objects 实用物品55)utilitarian works 实用作品56)accounting system 记账方法57)business methods 商业方法58)insurance forms and instruments 保险表格及契据59)the idea-expression dichotomy 思想-表达二分法60)duplicated the plans 按图施工61)The Berne Convention Implementation Act 伯尔尼公约实施法62)“architectural plans”建筑设计图63)utilitarian-nonutilitarian dichotomy实用-非实用二分法64)noncopyrightable works 不可享有版权的作品65)choreography 舞蹈66)choreographic notation 舞谱67)oral presentations 口头表达形式68)typefaces 字体69)“works of authorship”创作作品70)“original works of authorship”原创作品71)computer programs，phonorecords，and dramatic personalities 计算机程序，唱片和戏剧人物72)dramatic character 戏剧人物73)tortuous conduct 侵权行为74)direct perception test 直接感知测试75)the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works （CONTU）美国版权作品新技术应用委员会76)the resulting protection 最终保护77)the code of a program 程序代码78)source code 源代码79)the object code 目标代码80)Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 半导体芯片保护法81)hybrid 混合法82)mask works 掩膜作品83)commercial exploitation 商业上利用84)“reverse engineer”反向工程85)sound recordings 录音作品86)composer 作曲者87)performer 表演者88)producer 录音作品制作者89)compulsory license 强制许可90)remedies 补偿91)infringement actions 侵权诉讼92)the compulsory fee 强制许可使用费93)copyright formalities ——registration and notice 版权手续——登记和标记94)fair users 合理使用者95)innocent infringement 无辜侵权96)exclusive rights 专有权97)the reproduction right，the derivative work right，the distribution right，the performanceright，and the display right 复制权，演绎作品权，发行权，表演权，展览权98)“transmitting organizations”传播组织99)translations，arrangements，dramatizations，fictionalizations, films，recordings，abridgments，condensations 译文，编排，改编成戏剧，小说，电影，录音制品，删节本，缩写本100)adaptations 改编101)derivations 演绎102)transfer of ownership 所有权转移103)rental，lease，or leading 出租、租借、出借104)the “first sale”doctrine 初卖原则105)part with 放弃106)statutory exception 法定例外107)possession 占有108)alienation 转让109)scienter 明知、故意110)mass medium 大众传媒111)pantomime 哑剧112)public performance 公开表演113)for profit 营利目的114)establishments 机构115)charitable 慈善目的116)display 展览117)lawful owner of 合法所有者118)unconscious infringement 无意识侵权119)plagiarism 剽窃120)vicarious or related infringement 转承侵权或相关侵权121)circumstantial evidence 旁证，间接证据122)contact 接触123)access and substantial similarity 查看版权作品的机会和实质相似124)expert testimony 专家证言125)circumstantial evidence rule 间接证据规则126)illicit copying or unlawful appropriation 非法复制或非法盗用127)lay observer 非专业的观察者128)coincidence 巧合129)paradigmatic act of infringement 典型的侵权行为130)fair game 准许捕猎的猎物，意指可自由使用的素材131)characters and sequence 人物和顺序132)stock figures 陈旧的形象133)prototypes ，or stereotypical figures 原型或模式化形象134)a privilege 免责135)the dynamics of fair use 合理使用的作用136)“taken”引用137)“public figure”公众人物138)“contributory infringement”共同侵权139)home-typing 家庭录制行为140)purpose and character of the use 使用的目的和性质141)“private” fair use doctrine 私人合理使用理论142)commercial nature 营利目的143)an educational purpose 教学目的144)public policy 公共政策145)nature of the work 作品的性质146)form book 表格账簿147)the economic impact 经济影响148)implied consent theory 默示同意理论149)preliminary injunction 临时禁令150)the proporitional amount and substance of the use 使用的数量比例及其实质内容151)“the more the taking，the more the infringement ”引用的越多，侵权的可能性越大152)“reverse proportionality”反比例153)Committee on the Judiciary，House Rep 众议院司法委员会154)paraphrase 意译，释义155)The effect on the original author’s economic market 对原创作者经济市场的影响156)parody，burlesque，and satire 滑稽模仿，滑稽剧和讽刺作品157)fair use and fair speech 合理使用与言论自由158)Bills of Rights 权利法案159)carte blanche 无限制授160)a rule of reason 合理性原则161)photocopying 复印162)“Agreement on Guidelines for Classroom Copying in Not-For-Profit Educational Institutions”关于非营利性教学机构为课堂教学复制的指南的协议163)out-of-print works 绝版作品164)the functional-equivalents test 功能性等同测试165)interfere with，detract from 妨碍、毁损166)deplete 降低。
