信息管理与信息系统外文翻译!__ERP外文翻译稿

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：管理信息系统文献、资料英文题目：Management Information System文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：信息管理与信息系统班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文资料及中文译文外文资料Management Information SystemBy Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is uni versalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learn ing, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowl edge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine sc ientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape th at the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that t he crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world econom y, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men p ropose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strat egic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admi tted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. I n 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the low er cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the c alculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has ri sen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the boo k shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that inte rnal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet d oes not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine applicationin the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da un iversity administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information s ystem relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the informatio n system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, admi nistration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definitio nmanagement information system target and meritorious service capacity and com ponent, but also make known the management information system to be living the lev el that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counti ng the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between t he incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and mor e not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE th at the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book t he bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spot s, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot”wholl y to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through appro ximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for insta nce it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is admi nister information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as statu s reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM c orporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the cal culating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work.Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all ove r the American various places to every one components once more like works an elem ent, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference ele ment, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufa cture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the syst ematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communalonce more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, t hat system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make know n with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily ca n not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the informat ion system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system ma y program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. I ts proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the person nel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversatio n. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic i mportance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump re port form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then develo ping up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on indi vidual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Dat a Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the cal culating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system conc ept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the sy stem of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the informa tion system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine techniq ue lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, mod el library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission m aking a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of t he world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every p rofession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alt ernations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique head for the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merely big-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-size business also no t exceptions of self, universally establish the communal data4network, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MIS supp lied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’s technique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past few years in the interest of the busin ess.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 c enturies had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique. 1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost a nd technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment org anization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service c apacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Sha ll act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of st rategic importance of the director service? 2. Intelligentization Decision Support Syst em (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was suffici ently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level pe rsonnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel proj ect that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product de signcutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the repr oduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in or der to meet the demand that client continuously changes. 4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distingu ishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simp lifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and a nswers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of inf ormation system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-re aching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be a ssisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects li ving and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation devel opment that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. T his express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathemati cal model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the t erm in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under d irector, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assi stant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality ad ministration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappe arance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not m erely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exo nerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to an alyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the bus iness continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the sca rce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means o f study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. InThe wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably eit her the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office syst em on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produ ced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It c ompletely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with man ufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorgan ization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manu facturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturin g the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation again st consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learni ng orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able tobe better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encirc les the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the ad ministration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MI S, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system a nd administration means , and establish more valid MIS.中文翻译巴兹拉·迈克管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。

外文翻译08信管(2)班Xc08540214 张力炯原文1Verifying Policy-Based Web Services Security SECURITY POLICIES FOR WEB SERVICES1 Web Services and XML Rewriting AttacksWe consider systems of SOAP processors distributed across multiple machines. The primitive message pattern is asynchronous communication of a single SOAP message from one processor to another. A common derived message pattern is a request-response protocol between a client and a server. A single SOAP processor (e.g., a web server) may act both as a client and a server. For example, acting as a server, it may receive a request and then, acting as a client of another server, send a new request and use the subsequent response to construct its response to the original request.Each SOAP message conforms to an XML schema for an envelope, comprising an optional header element for routing, security, and other metadata, plus a mandatory body element containing the message payload. For instance, here is a simple (unprotected) envelope.<Envelope><Header><To>/service.asmx</To><Action>http://petshop/premium</Action><MessageId>uuid: 5ba86b04...</MessageId></Header><Body><GetOrder><orderId>20</orderId></GetOrder></Body></Envelope>We treat SOAP faults as ordinary SOAP responses. For the sake of read-ability,our presentation omits many details of the XML wire format, such as XML namespace information, and uses an abstract syntax for policies and configurations. Our formalism retains many details of the XML syntax, as they matter for security; for example, an XML signature may cover some chosen subset of the SOAP headers, so our model needs to represent the various headers. Even though our formalism hides some of the XML details, our tools directly consume and produce the XML file formats used by WSE.There is a risk, of course, that SOAP messages may be read in transit by a passive attacker able to read network traffic. Moreover, SOAP messages may be created, modified, and replayed by an active attacker able to inject messages into the network. (In fact, the flexibility and explicitness of SOAP messages also make such attacks easier to set up.) The usual solution is to secure messages with cryptography. The details are subtle. The incorrect use of cryptography may leave vulnerabilities open to attack, as described by Needham and Schroeder [1978]. The conservative recommendation of Needhamand Schroeder is that the security goals of protocols based on cryptography should be established even in the presence of a demanding adversary: one who is in control of the network, has the use of some of the cryptographic keys belonging to principals of the system, and may employ these keys in attacks against other principals.2 WS-SecurityAs we discuss elsewhere [Bhargavan et al. 2005a], WS-Security provides a precise grammar and default processing for elements in the security header, but prescribes no fixed protocol itself.Hence,compared to traditional transport security, WS-Security is more flexible, yet more costly in terms of performance and complexity.In this article, we consider two representative sorts of security token; the standard defines several others. An X.509 token supports XML encryption and signature based on public-key cryptography. It is an XML element whose convent is an encoding of an X.509 certificate, a binary format including a subject name and a public key, jointly signed by a private key of some certification authority.A username token [Nadalin et al. 2004a] supports XML signature based on password sharing. It is an XML element that always includes a username and may include other elements such as a timestamp and a nonce. Provided sender and receiver know the password associated with the username, they can derive a shared symmetrickey from the token by hashing the password with the timestamp and nonce, and then use this key to produce and verify the MAC embedded in the signature. The mechanism for key derivation is left unspecified in the standard. For concreteness, we follow the WSE implementation, which uses the P SHA1 function defined in TLS [Dierks and Rescorla 2006] to derive keys that are used for message authentication—but not for encryption. However, this does not reflect a limitation in our formalism or analyses, which can be used to model both signature and encryption using a variety of key derivation algorithms.We assume a population of known principals, principals able to authenticate their identity via passwords or public keys. For simplicity, principals are identified by their name, as it appears in security tokens: the subject field in X.509 certificates, and the username element in username tokens. We let names range over arbitrary strings. We say a security token is known if it is recognized by the system. An X.509 token is known if the underlying X.509 certificate is issued by an acceptable certification authority. A username token is known if the corresponding username and password are registered in the password database. Not all known principals are trusted to keep their cryptographic materials secret (see Section 3.4).作者：Karthikeyan Bhargavan,Cédric Fournet,Andrew D. Gordon国籍：英国出处：Verifying policy-based security for web services译文1验证基于策略的Web服务安全性Web服务的安全策略1. Web服务和XML重写攻击我们认为SOAP处理器系统分布在多台机器。

MIS是管理的有效工具最有效的MIS能够反应随着时间的推移和内部程序的改变，外部的变量如何改变，也就是说，时间和内部变量是否会对外部的变量产生影响。

这就建立了一个强大而且有效的知识库，它可以帮助进行预测。

虽然建立和维护MIS是非常耗时和昂贵的，但是与其带来的潜在利益和对决策准确性的提高相比，对一个组织来说这还是值得的。

Internet为建立和维护MIS提供了一个理想的工具，而MIS也是网络营销中的一个重要的内容。

编辑本段MIS（管理信息系统）和ERP的区别ERP和MIS的根本区别是什么？在许多文章的描述中经常混合使用，易于造成混淆；有的将MIS作为技术落后、信息孤岛的代名词，则有失偏颇。

MIS、MRP与ERP的概念企业的管理信息系统（MIS）是以信息技术为基础，为企业管理和决策提供信息支持的系统。

其特点是建立了企业数据库，强调达到数据共享，从系统观点出发，从全局规划和设计信息系统。

实际中MIS 的开发和应用出现了一些问题，但不能把它和单项开发、部门分割、“信息孤岛”联系起来。

要正视企业应用MIS的发展过程，许多MIS 是企业原有管理模式的翻版，是由于早期观念和认识的局限。

后来提出的物料需求计划（MRP）是作为一种库存管理技术，后来逐步发展成为一种企业生产经营管理和计划系统，即MRPII。

它既是企业的管理哲理和运行模式，又是实现这一哲理的商品化软件和计算机应用系统。

MRP－II可以看作MIS在制造业企业中的一种实现模式，一种系统的规范化的模式。

在九十年代，又出现了企业资源计划（ERP），它在MRP－II的基础上扩展了管理范围，这是因为考虑到仅靠企业自己的资源不可能有效地参与市场竞争，必须把经营过程中有关各方如供应商、销售网络、客户、市场等纳入系统。

尽管它的概念不断更新，内涵不断扩大，其核心还是针对制造业的生产控制管理模块，出发点依然是将企业整个生产过程有机整合，以实现降低库存、提高效率、减少生产脱节、降低延误交货时间的目标。

Discussing about the successful factors of ERP projectsimplementation and the risk management.The primary functions of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) are to integrate the inter-departmental operation procedures and Management Information System (MIS) modules, and to reallocate the resources of a company. How to successfully implement an ERP system in an organization is always a hot research topic for researchers as well as a pending problem for an organization that wants to implement it. A case study on the selection of system suppliers and contract negotiation during the ERP implementation of a local construction company in Taiwan, after reviewing the common key success factors discussed in the literature, discussed seven issues: coding system, working process reengineering, priority of ERP functionality implementation, customization, participant roles, consultant role and performance level of subcontractor, which also affected the implementation.Lessons learned from the case study in discussed seven issues are valuable for a construction company in deciding to implement an ERP system. This study suggests that additional case studies are necessary for the successful application of ERP systems in the construction industry. ERP implementation is a 'Triple Play' that combines people, technology, and processes. It embodies a complex implementation process, especially in developing countries like China, often taking several years, huge amount of fund and involving a major business process reengineering exercise. An attempt has been made to identify some Chinese-specific difficulties in the implementation process and provide solutions to implement ERP system successfully through questionnaire survey, interviews, and secondary data. On the basis of analysis of questionnaire results, some common difficulties have been explored by authors, such as support of top management, costly and time-consuming, cultural differences, technical complexity, lack of professional personnel, and inner resistance. The difficulties are largely due to the nature of enterprise's ownership and size. Suggested solutions to overcome these difficulties: ERP software packages selection, ERP implementation team, BPR, Training, and Outsourcing-Application Service Provider. These solutions can effectively solve ERP difficulties.Actually, ERP is widely used in many fields, from public sectors to individual business. Recently, service organizations have invested considerable resources in the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, even using solutions initially targeted for manufacturing companies. To get an insight into how servicesapproach help ERP implementation, a review of ERP projects, especially in services, completed by six case studies has been undertaken. We identify and discuss some characteristics of services, which are discriminatory regarding manufacturing. Main characteristics identified deal with complete or partial integration, product or customer orientation, importance of labor, human factor. In conclusion, trends to standardization and integration seen in the industrial sector are also growing in services, but in different ways.Refers to the overseas some literature material, a successful ERP project, often needs to spend several year times, number thousands of US dollars can complete. Again turns head looks at the home, along with ERP skepticisms gaining ground, price war starting, ERP took one kind of software supplier's product, has actually goes down the god world tendency. ERP leader SAP also promoted Business the One product, the price has been lower than 100,000.Even if the ERP software can achieve free, or like the IBM esteem according to the boundary which must collect fees, implements the angle from the entire enterprise, considers the personnel, training, the maintenance, the service reorganization, the re-development, three, n development, its expense should also in several 1,000,000 and even surely the scale. This speaking of the domestic enterprise, already was not the small number.But, some many enterprises harbor the beautiful dream, steps the ERP implementation the difficult travel. In which also has many projects to be defeated comes to an end. But regarding these final survivors, whether can the halberd be also put in storage, drinks wine to sing loudly? In fact, the enterprise implements the ERP project after the success will face implements a bigger risk. In future five to ten years in, some solid ERP risk management mechanism had decided whether the enterprise can obtain benefits truly in the initial ERP investment.The project is "for completes the disposable endeavor which some unique product or the service station do", the project "the distinctive quality" had decided the project not impossible was by with the before identical way, simultaneously, the project which completed by and the before identical person must create the product or the service, as well as the project possibly involved the scope, the time and the cost all not impossible started when the project completely to determine, therefore, carried on in the process in the project also corresponding to be able to appear the massive uncertainty, namely project risk. Below this article mentioned "the risk" is refers to the project "disadvantageously" the element of certainty. Exists to the projectdisadvantageous risk in any project, often and can give the project the advancement and the project success brings the negative influence. Once the risk occurs, its influence is various, like causes the project product/service the function to be unable to satisfy the customer the need, the project expense surpasses the budget, the project plan dragging or is compelled to cancel and so on, it finally manifests for customer degree of satisfaction depression. Therefore, the recognition risk, the appraisal risk and take the measure to be supposed to be the risk management have the extremely vital significance to the risk to the project management.Ⅰ Risk management concrete contentThe project risk management mainly divides into following several steps: The risk recognition, the qualitative/quota risk analysis, the risk should to plan the establishment and the risk monitoring.1. risk recognitionsThe risk recognition, is refers distinguishes and records possibly has the adverse effect to the project the factor. Because the project is in develops in unceasingly the change process, therefore the risk recognition also passes through in the entire project implementation entire process, but is not merely the project initial stage. The risk recognition is not the disposable work, but need more systems, crosswise thought. Possesses nearly about the project plan and the information all possibly takes the risk recognition the basis, like project progress and cost plan, work decomposition structure, project organizational structure, project scope, similar project historical information and so on. Needs to pay attention, all risks all may carry on the management by no means through the risk recognition. The risk recognition only can discover the known risk (for example: In the known project organization some member ability cannot satisfy the request completely) or the known unknown risk (known-unknown, namely "event name known", like "customer side personnel participates in dynamics being insufficient"); Before but certain risks, as a result of the project distinctive quality, not impossible to occur in it know in advance (unknown-unknown, namely unknown-unknown risk).2. qualitative/quota risk analysisThe latent risk quantity distinguishes which through the risk recognition process are very many, but these latent risks to the project the influence are various. "The risk analysis" namely through the analysis, the comparison, the appraisal and so on each way, to determined various risks the importance, sorts to the risk and appraises it tothe project possible consequence, thus causes the project to implement the personnel to be possible to concentrate the main energy in the few in number main risk, thus enable the project the overall risk to be under the effective control.The risk analysis mainly may use the method includes: Riskprobability/influence appraisal matrix, sensitive analysis, simulation and so on. When carries on the above analysis, mainly pays attention to following several risk factor: Risk probability: Namely the risk event occurs possible percentage expression. This numeral is, like the expert who obtains through the subjective judgment appraises, the interview or the basis before similar project historical information.Risk influence: Namely the risk has possibly the influence size which creates to the project. This kind of influence is possibly in the time, possibly is in the cost, also is possibly other various aspects.Risk value (required value EMV): The risk value = risk probability * risk influence, is to the risk the influence most direct appraisal which creates to the project, its overall evaluation probability with has affected two aspects the factors.3. risks should plan the establishmentThe risk should lie in to the plan goal through the formulation corresponding measure, comes to be supposed to the risk the threat which possibly creates to the project.Most often uses should to threat several measures be: The circumvention, reduces, the shift, accepts.The circumvention, namely eliminates this risk through the elimination risk origin;Reduces, namely through takes the measure to reduce "the risk probability" or "the risk influence", thus achieved reduces the risk value the result;The shift, soon the risk shifts to another side, like purchase insurance, sub package and so on;Accepts, namely does not take the measure to this risk, accepts result which it creates, or occurs after this risk uses the contingency plan to carry on processing again. Selects what method to come specifically to be supposed to some risk, is decided in this risk value (EMV), plans to adopt should to the measure possible cost, the project management personnel treat the risk the manner (utility function) the type and so on various aspects, cannot be generally spoken.The risk should be aims at the risk to the plan which distinguishes to carry on; Regarding the unknown risk, not impossible to choose in advance the formulationcorresponding to be supposed to plan or the contingency plan, therefore, may stockpile using the management should be right.Ⅱ ERP project implementation risk managementThe different type project has the different type risk. The ERP project implementation risk has its particularity similarly. The following gives a briefing to in the ERP project implementation process risk management measure, the single opinion, only supplies the reference.ERP project implementation main risk and should to the measure:As mentioned above, "possesses nearly about the project plan and the information all possibly takes the risk recognition the basis, like project progress and cost plan, work decomposition structure, project organizational structure, project scope, similar project historical information and so on." In the ERP project risk recognition process, may take the project plan as the clue, the recognition project in various aspects risk. In the implementation process, should pay attention to following several aspects specially the risk:1) project scope riskThe project purchase management usually has three contract ways, namely: The solid fixed price or the total price contract, the cost reimburse (add reward) the contract, the unit price contract. The usual uncertainty is bigger, a risk bigger project, more tends to in using depends on after the contract way. This also is overseas and the domestic part ERP supplier uses in the implementation service according to the human day provides serves and charges the fee the reason. But selects this method, the buyer (i.e. customer) has the big risk, therefore, the domestic very many customers favor in work out the implementation contract of service by the fixed price. But this contract way, then (i.e. consultant side) has the big risk regarding the seller. Under this premise, if the project scope definition is not clear, possibly causes the round turns to have the difference to the project scope cognition: The seller hoped reduces the implementation scope as far as possible, by smallest cost closing performance; But the buyer hoped ERP system all function many implementations, obtains as far as possible by the fixed price the greatest income. If the bilateral difference is big, cannot achieve consistently, then can create the efficiency inevitably to be low, wrangles mutually.Therefore, in the ERP project contract, should make as far as possible the clear limits to the project implementation scope, cuts cannot pause in "the implementationfinance module" perhaps "the implementation receivable, the manipulation, the general ledger management" and so on in stratification plane.Rather multi-flowered some time before in project implementation scope limits work, also do not have in the project implementation process, facing ERP many functions, the implementation side and the user side is unyielding, or the forced concessions, invests a bigger energy in the project, but causes the project not to be able to complete on time.2) project progress riskAbout the ERP project implementation cycle, at present has emphasizes "fast" the tendency in the propaganda. But ERP project progress control certainly not easy matter, not only is decided by consultant firm's ability, simultaneously also to a great extent receives the customer side to the ERP expected value whether reasonable, to the scope controls whether effective, to project investment (including personnel time investment and fund and so on investment) whether enough and so on aspect influences.Provides elder brother Shan Shitong by the divine land numerical code who the ERP system and is responsible to implement the metal, in a short time makes something a matter of political line successfully, one of reasons is easy to fly the ERP implementation group integrity mature to induct the mechanism and consultant personnel's remarkable quality, smoothly has assisted the world effectively with the metal political line work. Starts from the political line then to have special consultant to be responsible to induct the implementation entire the plan, the long-term accumulation profession knowledge and the managerial experience have also promoted the entire ERP operation level, has properly dealt with in the political line work issue. The user has the intense approval to the project minute stage implementation, only emphasizes in the first stage to the basic function realization, but the massive work will remain after the political line or improve in continually the process.But in the actual operation, by no means all users all have this kind of understanding and the approval to the ERP implementation, therefore, in project progress plan time, constantly when project progress plan strives for quickly, even is pursues some to have the special significance date sedulously to take the project milestone, will create the very tremendous pressure to the project progress control.In fact, the very many project defeat, is precisely is attributed to the project progress to appear the dragging, but causes the project team despondency, the efficiency to be low. Therefore, the ERP project implementation time management, needs to consider each kind of latency fully, suitable conservative; The duty decomposes the detailed degree of fineness to be moderate, is advantageous for the inspection; In the implementation, should emphasize the project according to the progress execution importance, in considered when any question, all must take the maintenance progress the precondition; At the same time, reasonably and follows up fast using rushing a job and so on the methods, uses the resources fully.3) project human resources riskThe human resources are in the ERP project implementation process the most essential resources. Guaranteed the appropriate person, participates in the project by the enough energy, is the project success implementation basic guarantee.In the ERP project implementation has each kind of role, should have the quality to each kind of role, we no longer give unnecessary detail in this. Must reduce the project the human resources risk, must guarantee enters and undertakes role each kind of project to the project in to do is the human satisfies the project request. Therefore, implements both sides to be supposed to participate in the personnel carrying on the earnest appraisal, this kind of appraisal should be the bilateral surface, not only is the user to consults consultant's appraisal, also should include the consultant firm to the user side member who participates in the project (in under the domestic present environment, mainly is refers to essential user) the appraisal. At the same time, should guarantee the project personnel to the project investment degree. Should participation the ERP project personnel's achievement to appraise and the ERP project implementation condition is connected, is clear about the ERP project is in this stage project correlation personnel most important labor of duty; Formulates the suitable rewards and punishment measure; Establishes "the member project" in the enterprise the thought, layer upon layer "the member", namely all levels of people in charge downward exercises in view of the ERP implementation plenary powers, shoulders the entire responsibility to on, extends the member from the individual concept to the organic synthesis community concept.4) The risk that people don't understand ERP correctlySome enterprises regard as ERP the business management the panacea, thought since ERP "the function is formidable", so long as on ERP, enterprise's all questionshave then been easily solved, or thought enterprise's all flows all may integrate to ERP in; Also some people simple regard as ERP the current service flow the computerization.浅谈ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理ERP —Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划系统,是指建立在信息技术基础上,以系统化的管理思想,为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。