the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals

厦门大学考博英语模拟题(第022套)Part ⅠVocabulary1. Because Jenkins neither______ nor defends either management or the striking workers, both sides admire his journalistic______A.criticizes...acumenB.attacks...neutralityC.confronts...aptitudeD.dismisses...flair答案：B解答：criticizes…acumen“批评……敏锐”；attacks…neutrality“攻击……中立性”；confronts…aptitude“遭遇……能力”；dismisses…flair“解散……资质”。

根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是B。

2. The young man was deeply hurt because his proposal was rejected and, toa certain extent, ______ at by the group's members.A.sneeredB.smiledC.simulatedD.stimulated答案：Asneer at嗤笑，讥笑；simulate模仿，模拟；stimulate刺激，激励。

3. The facts have proved that they all have the ______ of solving practical problems.A.capabilityB.abilityC.capacityD.power答案：A解答：capability能力，才能，本领。

capability of doing能做某事的素质，能力。

ability能力，本领，技能。

ability常与to连用capacity能力，才干，本领；性能。

实践的重要性英语作文Title: The Importance of Practice。

Practice plays a pivotal role in our lives, shaping our skills, honing our abilities, and ultimately defining our success. From mastering a musical instrument to excellingin academics or sports, the significance of practice cannot be overstated. In this essay, we will delve into the multifaceted importance of practice across various domains of life.First and foremost, practice cultivates proficiency. Malcolm Gladwell famously popularized the notion of the "10,000-Hour Rule" in his book "Outliers," suggesting that it takes roughly 10,000 hours of practice to achieve mastery in any field. While the exact number may vary, the underlying principle remains irrefutable: consistent practice is essential for skill development. Whether it's dribbling a basketball, solving complex equations, or perfecting a dance routine, regular and deliberate practicegradually refines our abilities, transforming novices into virtuosos.Moreover, practice breeds resilience. In the face of challenges and setbacks, those who have invested time and effort in honing their skills are better equipped to persevere. Thomas Edison famously remarked, "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." Behind every remarkable achievement lies a trail of failed attempts and relentless practice sessions. It is through perseverance and dedication that individuals overcome obstacles, turning adversity into opportunity.Furthermore, practice fosters innovation. The iterative process of trial and error inherent in practice encourages experimentation and creativity. Consider the countless hours spent by inventors tinkering in their workshops or musicians experimenting with new melodies. These endeavors not only enhance existing skills but also spark novel ideas and breakthroughs. As Albert Einstein aptly stated, "The only source of knowledge is experience." It is through hands-on practice that we gain insights, refine ourtechniques, and push the boundaries of possibility.Additionally, practice instills discipline and time management skills. The commitment to regular practice necessitates organization and prioritization. Whether it's allocating specific time slots for practice sessions or adhering to a structured practice regimen, individuals learn to manage their time effectively. This discipline extends beyond the realm of skill development, permeating into other aspects of life such as academics, work, and personal pursuits. As Aristotle once said, "We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit."Furthermore, practice cultivates a growth mindset. Carol Dweck's research on the power of mindset underscores the importance of believing in one's ability to improve through effort and perseverance. Embracing a growth mindset encourages individuals to view challenges as opportunities for growth rather than insurmountable obstacles. Through consistent practice and a positive attitude, individuals can transcend their current limitations and unlock theirfull potential.In conclusion, practice serves as the cornerstone of achievement and personal growth. Whether it's mastering a new skill, overcoming adversity, fostering creativity, or developing essential life skills, the benefits of practice are manifold. As we embark on our respective journeys, let us embrace the transformative power of practice and strive for excellence in all endeavors. Remember, greatness is not bestowed upon us by chance but forged through dedication, perseverance, and relentless practice.。

2024专升本重庆英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12024 Chongqing College Entrance Examination for Adults English TestPart I Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.1. A) She is working in a restaurant.B) She's going on a trip to Paris.C) She is going to the bank.D) She is looking for a job.2. A) In front of the school gate.B) On the corner of the street.C) Opposite to the bus station.D) Behind the bookstore.3. A) Her sister's new dress.B) The woman's car.C) Her own new dress.D) The man's car.4. A) He hasn't seen it yet.B) He dislikes the coat.C) He likes the tie.D) He thinks the color is nice.5. A) At a restaurant.B) At a gas station.C) At a body shop.D) At a supermarket.6. A) The woman is about to leave.B) The man has an important appointment.C) The woman hopes to go to the Department of Motor Vehicles.D) The man is going to the Department of Motor Vehicles.7. A) She has to buy a new skillet.B) She has to finish all her work.C) She has to cook dinner.D) She has to clean the kitchen.8. A) The man will return soon.B) The man is planning a party.C) The man has just eaten.D) The man has an appointment with his dentist.9. A) At a library.B) In a hotel.C) At a bookstore.D) In a cinema.10. A) The woman lost her ring.B) The woman found her ring.C) The woman can't find her ring.D) The woman is looking for her ring.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage One11. A) Go to the restaurant.B) Stay at home.C) Go to the beach.D) Go shopping.12. A) She wants to have a cup of tea.B) She wants to eat something with her friends.C) She wants to have dinner at home.D) She wants to drink a beer.13. A) In a café.B) At home.C) At a fast-food restaurant.D) In a hotel.Passage Two14. A) Studying at a library.B) Working in a library.C) Visiting a library.D) Reading a newspaper.15. A) They think it's the best place to read books.B) They believe that it is a good place.C) They believe it's the quietest place.D) They think it is very noisy.16. A) 3 minutes.B) 6 minutes.C) 9 minutes.D) 12 minutes. Passage Three17. A) At a school.B) In a café.C) At a shop.D) In a library.18. A) Dictionaries.B) Pencils.C) Textbooks.D) Newspapers.19. A) Cardholders.B) Pencils.C) Bags.D) Erasers.20. A) Thursday.B) Wednesday.C) Tuesday.D) Monday.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with 10 questions. Read the passage carefully and then answer the questions. For each question, choose the best answer from the choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Buying Christmas gifts for friends and family can be a daunting (吓人的) task. It is easy to give up and buy gift cards instead of taking the time to choose thoughtful presents. However, giving gifts that show the recipient that you truly know and appreciate them is much more rewarding. Here are some tips to help you choose the perfect gifts for everyone on your list.First, take the time to think about what each person enjoys doing in their spare time. Do they enjoy reading, cooking, or gardening? Choose a gift that reflects their hobbies and interests. For the book lover, a new bestseller or a gift certificate to their favorite bookstore is sure to be appreciated. For the chef in your life, consider upscale kitchen gadgets or a high-quality ingredient.Next, consider the person's personal style. Take note of the clothes, accessories, and home decor that they already own. This will give you a good idea of their tastes and help you choose a gift that fits their style. If they have a classic and timeless style, opt for elegant and simple gifts. If they prefer bold and trendy pieces, choose something that will make a statement.Lastly, think about giving experiences instead of material gifts. Consider gifting concert tickets, cooking classes, or a weekend getaway. These types of gifts create lasting memories and show that you value spending time together.21. According to the passage, why is it important to choose thoughtful gifts?A) It shows that the giver is generous.B) It demonstrates that the giver knows and appreciates the recipient.C) It makes the recipient feel obligated to return the favor.D) It saves time and effort for the giver.22. What is a good gift idea for a book lover?A) A gift card to a clothing store.B) A new bestseller.C) Concert tickets.D) A set of kitchen gadgets.23. According to the passage, why is it helpful to consider the person's personal style?A) It ensures that the gift will be trendy and fashionable.B) It helps the giver choose a gift that fits the recipient's tastes.C) It allows the giver to show off their own fashion sense.D) It guarantees that the gift will be expensive and luxurious.24. What is one advantage of giving experiences as gifts?A) They are less expensive than material gifts.B) They create lasting memories and show that you value spending time together.C) They are easy to find and purchase.D) They are more practical than material gifts.25. Which of the following would be a good experience gift idea?A) A new bestseller.B) Upscale kitchen gadgets.C) Concert tickets.D) A high-quality ingredient.Section BDirections: In this section, there are four passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneBeing kind is one of the easiest ways to make someone else's day brighter. Kindness can take many forms, from a simple smile to a thoughtful gesture. Here are some easy ways to practice kindness in your everyday life.First, smile at strangers. A smile is a universal sign of friendliness and warmth. It costs nothing to give someone a smile, but it can make a big difference in their day. You never know, your smile might be the only positive thing they encounter that day.Second, give compliments freely. Compliments are another simple way to spread kindness. Whether you admire someone's outfit, their work, or their personality, take a moment to tell them so. Your words can have a powerful impact on someone'sself-esteem.Lastly, be a good listener. Sometimes, all someone needs is a listening ear. Take the time to really listen to others when they speak. Show empathy and understanding, and offer support when needed. Your presence and attention can be a great comfort to someone in distress.26. According to the passage, what is one way to practice kindness?A) Avoid smiling at strangers.B) Hold back compliments.C) Be a good listener.D) Show indifference.27. Why should you smile at strangers, according to the passage?A) It won't make a positive impact.B) It costs too much.C) It can make a big difference in their day.D) It is uncommon to do so.28. What is a benefit of giving compliments, according to the passage?A) It can have a powerful impact on someone's self-esteem.B) It can make someone feel uncomfortable.C) It is unnecessary.D) It can create conflict.29. How can being a good listener help others, according to the passage?A) It can spread kindness.B) It can create distance.C) It can disrupt conversations.D) It can show insensitivity.Passage TwoProcrastination is the act of delaying or postponing tasks. It is a common behavior that can lead to missed deadlines andincreased stress. Here are some tips to help you overcome procrastination and get things done.First, break tasks into smaller steps. Large projects can feel overwhelming, making it easier to put off starting. By breaking tasks into smaller, more manageable steps, you can make progress and feel accomplished along the way.Next, set specific goals and deadlines. Without clear targets, it's easy to lose focus and procrastinate. Set specific goals for each task and establish deadlines to keep yourself on track.Lastly, eliminate distractions. Identify the things that distract you from work, whether it's social media, television, or noise. Create a designated work space that is free from distractions and set aside specific times for work without interruptions.30. What is procrastination, according to the passage?A) The act of completing tasks on time.B) The act of delaying or postponing tasks.C) The act of making daily schedules.D) The act of rushing to finish tasks.31. How can breaking tasks into smaller steps help overcome procrastination?A) It makes tasks impossible to complete.B) It makes tasks more manageable and allows for progress.C) It makes tasks overwhelming and discouraging.D) It makes tasks more enjoyable.32. Why should you set specific goals and deadlines, according to the passage?A) To keep yourself on track and prevent procrastination.B) To make tasks less important.C) To make tasks more complex.D) To make tasks easier to complete.33. What is one way to eliminate distractions, according to the passage?A) Create a designated work space that is free from distractions.B) Increase distractions.C) Set aside specific times for work with interruptions.D) Use social media while working.Passage ThreeExercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Regular physical activity can improve your overall health and well-being. Here are some benefits of exercise and tips to help you stay active.First, exercise can improve your physical health. Regular exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight and reduce your risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. It can also improve your strength, flexibility, and endurance.Second, exercise can boost your mental health. Physical activity releases endorphins, which are chemicals that make you feel happy and reduce stress and anxiety. Regular exercise can improve your mood and help you cope with life's challenges.Lastly, find activities that you enjoy. Whether it's walking, jogging, dancing, or playing sports, find activities that you find enjoyable and exciting. This will help you stay motivated and committed to your exercise routine.34. According to the passage, what is one benefit of exercise?A) It can decrease your risk of chronic diseases.B) It can increase your risk of chronic diseases.C) It can make you feel unhappy.D) It can reduce your strength and flexibility.35. How can exercise boost your mental health, according to the passage?A) By increasing stress and anxiety.B) By releasing chemicals that reduce stress and anxiety.C) By making you feel unhappy.D) By reducing your risk of chronic diseases.36. What is one way to stay motivated and committed to your exercise routine, according to the passage?A) Find activities that you don't enjoy.B) Find activities that are boring.C) Find activities that you find enjoyable and exciting.D) Find activities that are expensive.37. Which of the following activities is mentioned in the passage as something you might enjoy doing?A) Eating fast food.B) Walking.C) Watching TV.D) Shopping.Passage FourVolunteering is a great way to give back to your community and make a positive impact. There are many benefits to volunteering, both for the individuals receiving help and for the volunteers themselves. Here are some reasons why you should consider volunteering.First, volunteering can improve your mental health. Studies have shown that volunteering can reduce stress and anxiety, boost self-esteem, and increase overall happiness. By helping others, you can also help yourself.Next, volunteering can help you build new skills and experiences. Volunteering can provide opportunities to learn new skills, gain work experience, and make valuable connections. It can also help you explore new interests and passions.Lastly, volunteering can strengthen your community. By volunteering, you can make a positive impact on the lives of others and contribute to the well-being of your community. Volunteering creates a sense of belonging and fosters connections between individuals.38. According to the passage, what is one benefit of volunteering?A) It can reduce stress and anxiety.B) It can increase stress and anxiety.C) It can make you feel unhappy.D) It can decrease overall happiness.39. How can volunteering help you build new skills and experiences, according to the passage?A) By providing opportunities to learn new skills, gain work experience, and make valuable connections.B) By preventing you from gaining new skills and experiences.C) By isolating you from new interests and passions.D) By reducing your work experience.40. What is one way that volunteering can strengthen your community, according to the passage?A) By creating a sense of alienation.B) By making a positive impact on the lives of others and contributing to the well-being of your community.C) By isolating individuals from one another.D) By fostering connections between individuals.Part III Translation (15 points)Directions: For this part, please translate the following sentences from English into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.41. The team won the championship for the third consecutive year.42. She is planning to study abroad next year to pursue a master's degree.43. I need to finish my report before the deadline on Friday.44. The new shopping mall is scheduled to open next month.45. The company is looking for a new marketing manager to join their team.Part IV Writing (15 points)Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition in about 150 words on the following topic:Describe your favorite holiday destination and explain why you enjoy going there.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. Your composition should be based on the following outline:1. Introduce the holiday destination you have chosen.2. Explain why this destination is your favorite.3. Describe the activities you enjoy doing there.I hope this sample of the 2024 Chongqing College Entrance Examination for Adults English Test will help you prepare for your upcoming exam. Good luck!篇22024 Chongqing College Entrance Examination for Adults English Test Questions and AnswersPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Read the following passage and answer the questions below.Passage:Climate change is a pressing issue that affects us all. The rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and disappearing natural habitats are all signs of the impact of human activities on the environment. It is crucial that we take action now to mitigatethe effects of climate change and protect our planet for future generations.Questions:1. Why is climate change a pressing issue?2. What are some signs of the impact of human activities on the environment?3. Why is it important to take action now to mitigate the effects of climate change?Answers:1. Climate change is a pressing issue because it hasfar-reaching consequences for the environment and humanity as a whole. It poses a threat to the balance of ecosystems, wildlife, and human societies.2. Some signs of the impact of human activities on the environment include rising temperatures, extreme weather events such as hurricanes and droughts, and disappearing natural habitats due to deforestation and pollution.3. It is important to take action now to mitigate the effects of climate change because the longer we wait, the more damage will be done to the environment. By taking proactive measuressuch as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, investing in renewable energy sources, and promoting sustainable practices, we can help protect our planet for future generations.Part II: Writing (60 points)Choose one of the following topics and write a 500-word essay.1. The importance of environmental conservation.2. The impact of technology on society.3. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.Remember to support your ideas with examples and evidence.Answer:Topic: The importance of environmental conservationEnvironmental conservation is crucial for the survival of all living beings on Earth. The health of our planet is directly linked to our well-being, and it is our responsibility to take care of it. There are several reasons why environmental conservation is important.First and foremost, environmental conservation helps protect biodiversity. By preserving natural habitats and ecosystems, we can ensure the survival of countless plant and animal species. Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the balance of ecosystems and providing various services to humanity, such as clean air, water, and food.Additionally, environmental conservation helps mitigate the effects of climate change. By reducing our carbon footprint and promoting sustainable practices, we can slow down the pace of global warming and protect our planet from extreme weather events. Climate change poses a serious threat to the environment and human societies, and it is essential that we take action to address this issue.Moreover, environmental conservation contributes to the overall health and well-being of communities. By protecting natural resources such as forests, rivers, and oceans, we can ensure access to clean and safe environments for future generations. Environmental conservation also promotes physical and mental health, as spending time in nature has been shown to reduce stress and improve mood.In conclusion, environmental conservation is essential for the survival of all living beings on Earth. By taking proactivemeasures to protect our planet, we can ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations. It is up to us to make a difference and prioritize the health of our environment.篇32024 Chongqing Adult Higher Education Entrance Examination English Test Questions and AnswersIntroductionThe 2024 Chongqing Adult Higher Education Entrance Examination English test is an important part of the admissions process for adults seeking to further their education. In this article, we will provide you with the test questions and answers to help you better prepare for the exam.Listening Comprehension1. Listen to the following conversation and choose the correct answer:Woman: What time does the concert start?Man: The concert starts at 7 pm.A. 5 pmB. 6 pmC. 7 pmD. 8 pmAnswer: C. 7 pm2. Listen to the following passage and fill in the blank:In order to prevent forest fires, it is important to always extinguish your campfire completely before __________.Answer: leaving the campsiteReading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow:The Benefits of ExerciseRegular exercise has numerous benefits for both physical and mental health. Exercise can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. It can also improve mood and mental clarity, leading to better overall well-being.1. According to the passage, what are some benefits of regular exercise?Answer: reducing the risk of chronic diseases, improving mood and mental clarity2. How can exercise benefit mental health?Answer: Exercise can improve mood and mental clarity, leading to better overall well-being.3. What diseases can exercise help reduce the risk of?Answer: heart disease, diabetes, obesityWritingWrite an essay on the following topic:"Should students be allowed to use smartphones in the classroom? Why or why not?"In my opinion, students should not be allowed to use smartphones in the classroom. While smartphones can be a valuable tool for learning and research, they can also be a distraction. Students may be tempted to use their phones for non-educational purposes, such as texting or gaming, instead of paying attention to the lesson. Additionally, constant smartphone use can have negative effects on mental health and social skills. Therefore, it is best to limit smartphone use in theclassroom to minimize distractions and promote a conducive learning environment.ConclusionThe 2024 Chongqing Adult Higher Education Entrance Examination English test is a crucial step in the admissions process for adult learners. By familiarizing yourself with the test questions and answers provided in this article, you can better prepare yourself for the exam and increase your chances of success. Remember to study diligently and practice your English skills regularly to achieve your academic goals. Good luck!。

2013年12月四级考试真题（第一套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contract. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words._____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and thequestions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, youmust read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A) Go to a place he has visited. C) Consult a travel agent.B) Make her own arrangements. D) Join in a package tour.2. A) They are on a long trip by car. C) They are used to getting up early.B) They are stuck in a traffic jam. D) They are tired of eating out at night.3. A) He is a person difficult to deal with. C) He is unwilling to speak in public.B) He dislikes any formal gathering. D) He often keeps a distance from others.4. A) Work in another department. C) Recruit graduate students.B) Pursue further education. D) Take an administrative job.5. A) He would not be available to start the job in time.B) He is not quite qualified for the art director position.C) He would like to leave some more time for himself.D) He will get his application letter ready before May 1.6. A) Cleaner. B) Mechanic. C) Porter. D) Salesman.7. A) Request one or two roommates to do the cleaning.B) Help Laura with her term paper due this weekend.C) Get Laura to clean the department herself this time.D) Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week.8. A) A problem caused by the construction. C) The building project they are working on.B) An accident that occurred on the bridge. D) The public transportation conditions.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) To look a job as a salesperson. C) To place an order for some products.B) To have a talk with Miss Thompson. D) To complain about a faulty appliance.10. A) The person in charge is not in the office. C) They failed to reach an agreement on the price.B) The supplies are out of stock for the moment. D) The company is re-cataloguing the items.11. A) 0743, 12536 extension 15. C) 0734, 38750 extension 15.B) 0734, 21653 extension 51. D) 0743, 62135 extension 51.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) Since he found a girlfriend. C) Since he began to exercise regularly.B) Since he took to heavy smoking. D) Since he started to live on his own.13. A) He is getting to fat. C) He doesn‟t eat vegetables.B) He smokes too much. D) He doesn‟t look well at all.14. A) They are overweight for their age. C) They are still in their early twenties.B) They are respectful to their parents. D) They dislike doing physical exercise.15. A) To quit smoking. C) To find a girlfriend.B) To reduce his weight. D) To follow her advice.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choosethe best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) They have destroyed several small towns. C) They have injured many residents.B) They will soon spread to San Francisco. D) They are burning out of control.17. A) They have been hospitalized. C) They were choked by the thick smoke.B) They have got skin problems. D) They were poisoned by the burning chemicals.18. A) It failed because of a sudden rocket explosion.B) It has been re-scheduled for a midday takeoff.C) It has been canceled due to technical problems.D) It was delayed for eleven hours and thirty minutes.19. A) They made frequent long-distance calls to each other.B) They illegally used government computers in New Jersey.C) They were found to be smarter than computer specialists.D) They were arrested for stealing government information.Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.20. A) Peaceful. B) Considerate. C) Generous. D) Cooperative.21. A) Someone dumped the clothes left in the washer and dryer.B) Someone broke the washer and dryer by overloading them.C) Mindy Lance‟s laundry bloc ked the way to the laundry room.D) Mindy Lance threatened to take revenge on her neighbors.22. A) Asking the neighborhood committee for help.B) Limiting the amount of laundry for each wash.C) Informing the building manager of the matter.D) Installing a few more washers and dryers.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A) She is both a popular and a highly respected author.B) She is the most loved African novelist all times.C) She is the most influential author since the 1930‟s.D) She is the first writer to focus on the fate of the slaves.24. A) The Book Critics Circle Award. C) The Pulitzer Prize for fiction.B) The Nobel Prize for literature. D) The National Book Award.25. A) She is a relative of Morrison‟s. C) She is a skilled storyteller.B) She is a slave from Africa. D) She is a black woman.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you arerequired to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is readfor the third time, you should check what you have written.Many college students today own personal computers that cost anywhere from $1,000 to perhaps $5,000 or more. (26) ________, it is not uncommon for them to purchase (27) ________ costing another several hundred dollars. Twenty years ago, computers were (28) ________, but they were very large and extremely expensive. Few, if any, (29) ________ purchased computers for home use. Over the years, the price of the “guts” of a computer— its memory — has declined to less than a thousandth of the price per unit of memory that prevailed twenty years ago. This is the main reason why computers cost so much less today than they used to. Moreover, (30) ________ improvements have made it possible to (31) ________ memory circuitry that is small enough to fit into the portable personal computers that many of us own and use. (32) ________, as the price of computation has declined the average consumer and business have spent more on purchasing computers.(33) ________, improved agricultural technology, hybrid (杂交) seed, (34) ________ animal breeding, and so on have vastly increased the amount of output a typical farmer can produce. The prices of goods such as meats and grains have fallen sharply relative to the prices of most other goods and services. As agricultural prices have fallen, many households have decreased their total expense on food. Even though the (35) ________ of a product purchased generally increases when its price falls, total expenses on it may decline.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefullybefore making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark thecorresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You maynot use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.To get a sense of how women have progressed in science, take a quick tour of the physics department at the University of California, Berkeley. This is a storied place, the 36 of some of the most important discoveries in modern science — starting with Ernest Lawrence‟s invention of the cyclotron(回旋加速器) in 1931. A generation ago, female faces were 37 and, even today, visitors walking through the first floor of LeConte Hall will see a full corridor of exhibits 38 the many distinguished physicists who made history here, 39 all of them white males.But clime up to the third floor and you‟ll see a 40 display. There, among the photos of current faculty members and students, are portraits of the 41 head of the department, Marjorie Shapiro, and four other women whose research 42 everything from the mechanics of the universe to the smallest particles of matter. A sixth woman was hired just two weeks ago. Although they‟re still only about 10 percent of the physics faculty, women are clearly a presence here. And the real 43 may be in the smaller photos to the right: graduate and undergraduate students, about 20 percent of them female. Every year Berkeley sends its fresh female physics PhDs to the country‟s top universities. That makes Shapiro optimistic, but also 44 . “I believe things are getting better,” she says, “but they‟re not getting better as 45 as I would like.”Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is College a Worthy Investment?A) Why are we spending so much money on college? And why are we so unhappy about it? We all seem to agreethat a college education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we see families investing so much in this supposedly essential good. Maybe it‟s time to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious (大不敬的): is all this investment in college education really worth it?B) The answer, I fear, is no. For an increasing number of kids, the extra time and money spent pursuing a collegediploma will leave them worse off than they were before they set foot on campus.C) For my entire adult life, a good education has been the most important thing for middle-class households. Myparents spent more educating my sister and me than they spent on their house, and they‟re not the only ones…and, of course, for an increasing number of families, most of the cost of their house is actually the cost of living in a good school district. Questioning the value of a college education seems a bit like questioning the value of happiness, or fun.D) The average price of all goods and services has risen about 50 percent. But the price of a college education hasnearly doubled in that time. Is the education that today‟s students are getting twice as good? Are new workers twice as smart? Have they become somehow massively more expensive to educate?E) Perhaps a bit. Richard Vedder, an Ohio University economics professor, says, “I look at the data, and I see collegecosts rising faster than inflation up to the mid-1980s by 1 percent a year. Now I see them rising 3 to 4 percent a year over inflation. What has happened? The federal government has started dropping money out of airplanes.”Aid has increased, subsidized(补贴的) loans have become available, and “the universities have gotten the money.” Economist Bryan Caplan, who is writing a book about education, agrees: “It‟s a giant waste of resources that will continue as long as the subsidies continue.”F) Promotional literature for colleges and student loans often speaks of debt as an “investment in yourself.” But aninvestment is supposed to generate income to pay off the loans. More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. These graduates were told that a diploma was all they needed to succeed, but it won‟t even get them out of the spare bedroom at Mom and Dad‟s. For many, the most visible result of their four years is the loan payments, which now average hundreds of dollars a month on loan balances in the tens of thousands.G) It‟s true about the money — sort of. College graduates now make 80 percent more than people who have only ahigh-school diploma, and though there are no precise estimates, the wage premium(高出的部分) for an outstanding school seems to be even higher. But that‟s not true of every student. It‟s very easy to spend four years majoring in English literature and come out no more employable than your were before you went in. Conversely, chemical engineers straight out of school can easily make almost four times the wages of an entry-level high-school graduate.H) James Heckman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, has examined how the returns on education break down forindividuals with different backgrounds and levels of ability. “Even with these high prices, you‟re still finding a high return for individuals who are bright and motivated,”he says. On the other hand, “if you‟re not college ready, then the answer is no, it‟s not with it.” Experts tend to agree that for the average student, college is still worth it today, but they also agree that the rapid increase in price is eating up more and more of the potential return. For borderline students, tuition (学费) rise can push those returns into negative territory.I) Everyone seems to agree that the government, and parents, should be rethinking how we invest in highereducation—and that employers need to rethink the increasing use of college degrees as crude screening tools for jobs that don‟t really require college skills. “Employers seeing a surplus of college gradates and looking to fill jobs are just adding that requirement,” says Vedder. “In fact, a college degree becomes a job requirement for becoming a bar-tender.”J) We have started to see some change on the finance side. A law passed in 2007 allows many students to cap their loan payment at 10 percent of their income and forgives any balance after 25 years. But of course, that doesn‟t control the cost of education; it just shifts it to taxpayers. It also encourages graduates to choose lower-paying careers, which reduces the financial return to education still further. “You‟re subsidizing people to become priests and poets and so forth,” says Heckman. “You may think that‟s a good thing, or you may not.” Either way it will be expensive for the government.K) What might be a lot cheaper is putting more kids to work. Caplan notes that work also builds valuable skills —probably more valuable for kids who don‟t naturally love sitting in a classroom. Heckman agrees wholeheartedly: “People are different, and those abilities can be shaped. That‟s what we‟ve learned, and public policy should recognize that.”L) Heckman would like to see more apprenticeship-style (学徒式) programs, where kids can learn in the workplace —learn not just specific job skills, but the kind of “soft skills,” like getting to work on time and getting along with a team, that are crucial for career success. “It‟s about having mentors (指导者) and having workplace-based education,” he says. “Time and again I‟ve seen examples of this kind of program working.”M) Ah, but how do we get there from here? With better public policy, hopefully, but also by making better individual decisions. “ Historically markets have been to handle these things,” says Vedder, “and I think eventually markets will handle this one. If it doesn‟t improve soon, people are going to wake up and ask, …why am I going to college?‟”46. Caplan suggests that kids who don‟t love school go to work.47. An increasing number of families spend more money on houses in a good school district.48. Subsidized loans to college students are a huge waste of money, according to one economist.49. More and more kids find they fare worse with a college diploma.50. For those who are not prepared for higher education, going to college is not worth it.51. Over the years the cost of a college education has increased almost by 100%.52. A law passed recently allows many students to pay no more than one tenth of their income for their college loans.53. Middle-class Americans have highly valued a good education.54. More kids should be encouraged to participate in programs where they can learn not only job skills but alsosocial skills.55. Over fifty percent of recent college graduates remain unemployed or unable to find a suitable job.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.A recent global survey of 2,000 high-net-worth individuals found about 60% were not planning on a traditional retirement. Among U.S. participants, 75% expected to continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from full-time jobs. “Many of these people made their wealth by doing something they‟re passionate (有激情的) about,” says Daniel Egan, head of behavioral finance for Barclay s Wealth Americas. “Given the choice, they prefer to continue working.” Barclays calls these people “nevertirees”.Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement by company restrictions, the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand. If 106-year-old investor Irving Kahn, head of his own family firm, wants to keep coming to work every day, who‟s going to stop him? Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg‟s job security is guaranteed in the Constitution.It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death. In fact, they are. And it‟s working. Howard Friedman, a professor at UC Riverside, found in his research that those who work hardest and are successful in their careers often live the longest lives. “People are generally being given bad advice to slow down, take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida,” he says. He described one study participant, still working at the age of 100, who was recently disappointed to see his son retire.“We‟re beginning to see a change in how people view retirement,”says George Leeson, co-director of the Institute of Population Ageing at Oxford. Where once retirement was seen as a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job, it is now akin (近似) to being cast aside. What Leeson terms “the Warren Buffett effect”is becoming more broadly appealing as individuals come to “view retirement as not simply being linked to economic productivity but also about contribution.”Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing. On the one hand, companies and financial firms can benefit from the wisdom of a resilient (坚韧的) chief. On the other, the new generation can find it more difficult to advance — an argument that typically holds little sway to a nevertiree.56. What do we learn about the so-called “nevertirees”?A) They are passionate about making a fortune.B) They have no choice but to continue working.C) They love what they do and choose not to retire.D) They will not retire unless they are compelled to.57. What do Irving Kahn and Ruth Bader Ginsburg have in common?A) Neither of them is subject to forced retirement.B) Neither of them desires reward for their work.C) Both cling to their positions despite opposition.D) Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads.58. What is the finding of Howard Friedman‟s research?A) The harder you work, the bigger your fortune will be.B) The earlier you retire, the healthier you will be.C) Elderly people have to slow down to live longer.D) Working at an advanced age lengthens people‟s life.59. What is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage?A) It means a burden to the younger generation.B) It is a symbol of a mature and civilized society.C) It is a compensation for one‟s life-long hard work.D) It helps increase a nation‟s economic productivity.60. What do critics say about “nevertirees”?A) They are an obstacle to a company‟s development.B) They lack the creativity of the younger generation.C) They cannot work as efficiently as they used to.D) They prevent young people from getting ahead.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unbearable levels of debt, the conversation is almost always about student loan debt. But there‟s a growing body of evidence suggesting that today‟s young adults are also drowning in credit-card debt —and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.More than 20% overspent their income by more than $100 every single month. Since they haven‟t built up their credit histories yet, it‟s a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.Although many young people blame “socializing” as a barrier to saving money, most of them aren‟t knocking back $20 drinks in trendy (时尚的) lounges. They‟re struggling with much more daily financial demands.To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday. This obviously isn‟t sustainable in the long run, and it‟s going to put a huge drag on their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years, because they‟ll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice or box of spaghetti (意式面条) they bought a decade earlier.A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accumulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups, and that they‟re slower at paying it off. “If what we found continues to hold true, we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future,” warns Lucia Dunn, professor of economics at Ohio State. “If our findings persist, we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who can‟t pay off their credit cards.”Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt. “Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life, which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks.”61. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A) Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts.B) Credit cards play an increasingly important role in college life.C) Credit cards are doing more harm than students loans.D) The American credit card system is under criticism.62. Why do young people have to pay a higher interest on their credit card debt?A) They tend to forget about the deadlines.B) They haven‟t developed a credit history.C) They are often unable to pay back in time.D) They are inexperienced in managing money.63. What is said to be the consequence of young adults relying on credit cards to make ends meet?A) It will place an unnecessary burden on society.B) It will give them no motivation to work hard.C) It will exert psychological pressure on them.D) It will affect their future spending power.64. What will happen to young adults if their credit card debt keeps accumulating according to Lucia Dunn?A) They will have to pay an increasingly higher interest rate.B) They may experience a financial crisis in their old age.C) Their quality of life will be affected.D) Their credit cards may be cancelled.65. What does Lucia Dunn think might be a risk for the credit card issuing banks?A) They go bankrupt as a result of over-lending.B) They lose large numbers of their regular clients.C) Their clients leave their debts unpaid upon death.D) Their interest rates have to be reduced now and then.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.“要茶还是要咖啡？”是用餐人常被问到的问题。

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

tpo66全套阅读解析阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (22)原文 (22)译文 (25)题目 (28)答案 (35)背景知识 (36)阅读-3 (38)原文 (39)译文 (42)题目 (44)答案 (51)背景知识 (52)阅读-1原文The Actor and the Audience①Actors, even when they are well rehearsed, can never fully anticipate how well they will perform before an actual audience. The actor who has been brilliant in rehearsal can crumble before an audience and completely lose the “edge”of his or her performance in the face of stage fright and apprehension. The presence of an audience can affect performance in other ways as well. Or—and this is more likely—an actor who seemed fairly unexciting at rehearsal can suddenly take fire and dazzle the audience with unexpected energy, subtlety, and depth. One celebrated example of this phenomenon was achieved by Lee J. Cobb in the original production of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, in which Cobb had the title role. Roles rehearsed in all solemnity can suddenly turn comical in performance; conversely, roles developed for comic potential in rehearsal may be received soberly by an audience and lose their comedic aspect entirely.②Sudden and dramatic change, however, is not the norm as the performance phase replaces rehearsal: most actors cross over fromfinal dress rehearsal to opening night with only the slightest shift; indeed, this is generally thought to be the goal of a disciplined and professional rehearsal schedule. Holding back until opening night, the once-popular acting practice of restraining emotional display until opening night, is universally disavowed today, and opening night recklessness is viewed as a sure sign of the amateur, who relies primarily on guts and adrenaline to get through the performance. Deliberate revision of a role in performance, in response to the first waves of laughter or applause, is similarly frowned upon in all but the most inartistic of theaters today.③Nevertheless, a fundamental shift does occur in the actor’s awareness between rehearsal and performance, and this cannot and should not be denied; indeed, it is essential to the creation of theater art. This shift is set up by an elementary feedback: the actor is inevitably aware, with at least a portion of his or her mind, of the audience’s reaction to his or her own performance and that of the other players; there is always, in any acting performance, a subtle adjustment to the audience that sees it. The outward manifestations of this adjustment are usually all but imperceptible: the split-second hold for a laugh to die down, the slight special projection of a certain line tomake sure that it reaches the back row, the quick turn of a head to make a characterization or plot transition extra clear.④In addition, the best actors consistently radiate a quality known to the theater world as presence. It is a quality difficult to describe, but it has the effect of making both the character whom the actor portrays and the self of the actor who represents that character especially vibrant and in the present for the audience; it is the quality of an actor who takes the stage and acknowledges, in some inexplicable yet indelible manner, that he or she is there to be seen. Performance is not a one-way statement given from the stage to the house; it is a two-way participatory communication between the actors and the audience members in which the former employ text and movement and the latter employ applause, laughter, silence, and attention.⑤Even when the audience is silent and invisible—and, owing to the brightness of the stage lights, the audience is frequently invisible to the actor—the performer feels its presence. There is nothing extrasensory about this: the absence of sound is itself a signal, for when several hundred people sit without shuffling, coughing, or muttering, theirsilence betokens a level of attention for which the actor customarily strives. Laughter, gasps, sighs, and applause similarly feed back into the actor’s consciousness—and unconsciousness—and spur (or sometimes, alas, distract)the actor’s efforts. The veteran actor can determine quickly how to ride the crest of audience laughter and how to hold the line just long enough that it will pierce the lingering chuckles but not be overridden by them; he or she also knows how to vary the pace and/or redouble his or her energy when sensing restlessness or boredom on the other side of the curtain line. Performance technique, or the art of reading an audience, is more instinctual than learned. The timing it requires is of such complexity that no actor could master it rationally; he or she can develop it only out of experience.译文演员和观众①演员，即使是经过充分排练，也无法完全预测他们在真实观众面前的表现。

2024-2025学年牛津译林版英语初三上学期期中复习试题与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、听力原文：W: Hello, John. How was your weekend?M: Oh, it was great! I went hiking with my friends and we saw some beautiful scenery.W: That sounds amazing! Did you take any pictures?M: Yes, I did. Here are some photos I took.Questions:1.What did John do over the weekend?A) He went to the movies.B) He went hiking.C) He watched TV.D) He visited his friends.Answer: B) He went hiking.Explanation: In the conversation, John mentions that he went hiking with his friends, which is why option B is the correct answer.2、听力原文：W: Good morning, everyone. Today’s weather forecast is as follows. It willbe sunny in the morning with a high of 25 degrees Celsius. In the afternoon, there will be some clouds, but it will still be warm with a high of 22 degrees Celsius. There is a 30% chance of rain in the evening.Questions:2.What will the weather be like in the afternoon?A)Sunny.B)Cloudy.C)Rainy.D)Windy.Answer: B) Cloudy.Explanation: The weather forecast states that there will be some clouds in the afternoon, but it will still be warm, indicating that option B, “Cloudy,” is the correct answer.3、Question: What are the two students discussing in the conversation?A) The weatherB) Their homeworkC) The school tripD) Their favorite subjectsAnswer: C) The school tripExplanation: In the conversation, the two students talk about the school trip they are planning to go on, mentioning different destinations and activities they are interested in. This indicates that the topic of theirdiscussion is the school trip.4、Question: How does the man suggest the woman spend her weekend?A) By visiting a museumB) By going for a hikeC) By attending a concertD) By staying home and relaxingAnswer: B) By going for a hikeExplanation: In the conversation, the man recommends that the woman should go for a hike over the weekend, suggesting it as a good way to get some fresh air and exercise. He mentions that it’s a beautiful time of the year to hike in the nearby mountains.5.You are listening to a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A. What did the first student do last weekend?B. What does the second student plan to do this weekend?Answer: A. What did the first student do last weekend?B. The second student plans to visit a museum.Correct Answer: A. The first student went hiking. (The second question is open-ended as it depends on the specific conversation details.)5.Listen to the conversation and answer the following question.5.What did the first student do last weekend?A. Visited a friendB. Watched a movieC. Went hikingD. Played video gamesAnswer: C. Went hikingCorrect Answer: C. The first student went hiking. The conversation indicates that they went hiking together with a friend.6.In this next part, you will hear a short lecture about the importance of exercise.6.According to the lecture, what are two benefits of regular exercise?A. Improved memory and better sleepB. Increased risk of injury and stressC. Lower energy levels and poor concentrationD. Higher blood pressure and faster agingAnswer: A. Improved memory and better sleepCorrect Answer: A. The lecture mentions that regular exercise can improve memory and lead to better sleep. The other options are not mentioned in the lecture.7、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A. The students are discussing their homework assignments.B. The teacher is asking about the students’ weekend plans.C. The students are preparing for an upcoming science fair.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the teacher is inquiring about the students’ plans for the weekend, indicating that the topic of discussion is related to their personal activities.8、Listen to the passage and answer the following question.What is the main purpose of the new technology introduced in the passage?A. To improve the efficiency of data processing.B. To reduce the cost of computer hardware.C. To enhance the user experience in social media.Answer: CExplanation: The passage discusses how the new technology focuses on providing a more seamless and enjoyable experience for users on social media platforms, suggesting that the primary purpose is to enhance the user experience.9.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans.Alice: Hey Bob, are you planning to do anything special this weekend? Bob: Yeah, actually, I’m thinking of going hiking. Do you want to join me? Alice: Hiking? That sounds fun! What trail are you planning to take?Bob: I’m thinking of going to the Blue Ridge Trail. Have you ever been there? Alice: No, but I’ve heard it’s beautiful. What time are we meeting?Bob: Let’s meet at 7:00 AM at the trailhead. How about you?Alice: Sounds good. I’ll see you there.Question: What activity is Bob planning to do this weekend?A) Go hikingB) Go swimmingC) Go skiingD) Go campingAnswer: A) Go hikingExplanation: Bob mentions that he is thinking of going hiking, indicating that this is his planned activity for the weekend.10.You are listening to a news report about a local charity event.News Anchor: This weekend, the community center will be hosting its annual charity run to benefit the local food bank. The event will take place on Sunday morning, starting at 8:00 AM. Participants can register at the entrance of the community center. There will be a 5K run and a 10K run to choose from. The event is open to everyone, and all proceeds will go directly to helping families in need. For more information, please visit our website or call the community center at 555-1234.Question: What is the purpose of the charity event?A) To raise money for a new community centerB) To benefit the local food bankC) To promote community sports activitiesD) To raise awareness about hungerAnswer: B) To benefit the local food bankExplanation: The news report clearly states that the charity run is to benefit the local food bank, which is the primary goal of the event.11.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Tom and Lucy, discussing their favorite book. Listen to the conversation and answer the following question:What is the name of the book that Tom and Lucy are discussing?A. “The Great Gatsby”B. “Pride and Prejudice”C. “To Kill a Mockingbird”D. “1984”Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, Tom mentions that he recently finished reading “To Kill a Mockingbird” and asks Lucy if she has read it too. Lucy confirms that she has and they continue to discuss the book.12.Listen to a short dialogue between a teacher and a student about a school project. Answer the following question:What is the student’s main concern about the project?A. The project is too difficult.B. The deadline is too soon.C. They need help with the research.D. They have no idea what to do.Answer: BExplanation: In the dialogue, the student tells the teacher that they have been working on the project for a while and feel overwhelmed because the deadline is approaching quickly. The teacher acknowledges the concern and offers to help the student with the project.13.Listen to the conversation between two friends, and answer the question. Question: What are they mainly discussing?A. Their school lifeB. Their summer vacation plansC. Their favorite booksD. Their weekend activitiesAnswer: BExplanation: The conversation starts with one friend asking about the other’s vacation plans, which indicates that the topic of discussion is about their summer vacation. Therefore, the correct answer is B.14.Listen to the passage about the importance of exercise, and complete the following sentence.Question: According to the passage, what is one of the benefits of regular exercise?A. Improved concentrationB. Enhanced memoryC. Reduced stressD. Better sleep qualityAnswer: CExplanation: The passage emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise, including improved mood, better sleep quality, and reduced stress levels. Therefore, the correct answer is C.15、What is the main topic of the conversation?A. The student’s p erformance in class.B. Plans for an upcoming school trip.C. A science project about renewable energy.Answer: CExplanation: The conversation clearly centers around a project the student is working on about renewable energy sources, indicating it is the main topic discussed.16、What suggestion does the teacher give to the student regarding the presentation?A. To include more visual aids like charts and diagrams.B. To focus solely on solar energy.C. To extend the presentation to include historical data.Answer: AExplanation: During the dialogue, the teacher advises the student to enhance the presentation with additional visuals such as charts and diagrams to make it more engaging and informative.Please remember that actual exam questions would be based on the specific curriculum and materials covered in class. This example is designed to reflect the type of listening comprehension questions that might appear on such an exam.17.You are listening to a conversation between a teacher and a student.Teacher: “How was your weekend, Alice?”Student: “It was quite nice, thanks. I went to the library to study for the upcoming exam. But then, I met my friend Bob and we decided to go for a walk in the park. We even had a picnic!”Teacher: “That sounds like a great way to relax. Did you study much?”Student: “Well, I did for a couple of hours, but it was difficult to concentrate after that.”Teacher: “I understand. It’s important to take breaks sometimes.”Question: What did Alice do during her weekend?A)She went shopping with her friends.B)She studied for the upcoming exam.C)She went for a picnic in the park.D)She watched a movie at home.Answer: CExplanation: The student mentioned that they went for a picnic in the park during their weekend.18.You are listening to a dialogue between two friends discussing their favorite book.Friend A: “Hey, have you read ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ by Harper Lee?”Friend B: “Yes, I have! It’s one of my favorite books. The story is so powerful and thought-provoki ng.”Friend A: “I agree. The characters are really well-developed, and the themes of racial injustice and moral growth are so relevant today.”Friend B: “Exactly. The way Atticus Finch stands up for what he believes in, even though it’s not popular, is truly inspiring.”Friend A: “Yeah, and the way the author portrays the innocence of Scout and Jem is heartwarming. It makes me reflect on my own values.”Question: What is the main topic of the conversation?A)The movie adaptation of ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’.B)The author Harper Lee.C)The characters in ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’.D)The themes of racial injustice and moral growth in the book.Answer: DExplanation: The conversation focuses on the themes of racial injustice and moral growth in the book ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’.19、(Recording describes a student talking about their daily school routine.)Question:What time does the student usually wake up on school days?A) 6:00 AMB) 6:30 AMC) 7:00 AMAnswer: B) 6:30 AMExplanation: In the recording, the student clearly states that they set their alarm for 6:30 to get ready for school, which indicates that this is their usual wake-up time on school days.20、(Recording features a conversation between two friends planning a weekend trip.)Question:Where do the friends decide to go for their weekend getaway?A) The beachB) The mountainsC) The cityAnswer: A) The beachExplanation: During the conversation, one friend suggests going to the beach because the weather forecast predicts sunny days, and the other agrees, confirming their choice of destination.二、阅读理解（30分）Title: Screen Time and Sleep: A Growing ConcernIntroduction:In the digital age, children are exposed to screens more than ever before. Smartphones, tablets, and computers have become integral parts of daily life. However, this increased screen time has raised concerns about its impact onchildren’s sleep patterns. A recent study investigates the correlation between screen time and sleep quality in adolescents.Body:The study involved 1000 adolescents aged 13 to 16. Participants were asked to keep a sleep diary for one week, detailing their screen usage before bedtime. Researchers found that those who used screens for more than two hours before going to bed had significantly lower sleep quality than those who did not. The study also revealed that the type of screen used had no significant impact on sleep quality, suggesting that it’s the overall screen time that matters.One of the key findings was that the blue light emitted by screens can interfere with the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. This disruption in melatonin production can lead to difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep throughout the night.Conclusion:The study concludes that limiting screen time before bedtime is crucial for maintaining healthy sleep patterns in adolescents. Recommendations include setting a “screen-free” hour before bedtime and ensuring that screens are turned off at least an hour before going to sleep.Questions:1.What is the main focus of the article?A. The benefits of technology in children’s educationB. The impact of screen time on children’s sleepC. The role of smartphones in daily lifeD. The importance of melatonin in sleep regulation2.According to the study, what is the primary factor affecting sleep quality in adolescents who use screens before bedtime?A. The type of screen usedB. The amount of screen timeC. The time of day the screen is usedD. The content viewed on the screen3.What is the recommended action to improve sleep quality in adolescents according to the study?A. Increase screen time before bedtimeB. Use screens only during the dayC. Turn off all screens at least an hour before bedtimeD. Limit screen time to one hour before bedtimeAnswers:1.B2.B3.C三、完型填空（15分）III.Cloze Test (Finish the following passage by filling in each blank with the correct form of the words given in the brackets.)(10 points)Directions: Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words given in the brackets. There are five blanks with one word missing in each blank. Choose the correct answer from the options provided.Passage:My best friend, Emma, is someone who always manages to see the bright side of things. When we were younger, we often went on adventures together. One summer day, we decided to go camping in the nearby woods. We packed our tent, some food, and other ____(1)____ (supply). As we set up camp, it began to rain heavily. Instead of feeling disappointed, Emma suggested that we should stay positive and make the most of the situation. She had brought along a deck of cards, and we spent hours playing card games inside the tent. The rain eventually stopped, and we even managed to roast marshmallows over a small fire we ____(2)____ (light). That evening, as we lay down to sleep, I realized that the joy wasn’t in the perfection of the day but in the ____(3)____ (company) of my best friend. The next morning, after breakfast, we started our hike back home. On the way, we found a beautiful waterfall that we had never noticed before. It was as if the rain had led us to this hidden ____(4)____ (wonder). This experience taught me a valuable lesson about how to face ____(5)____ (challenge).Words Bank:•supply [supplies]•light [lit/lighted]•company [companionship]•wonder [wonderful]•challenge [challenges]Answers:1.supplies2.lit/lightedpanionship4.wonder5.challenges四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、The movie is so thrilling that_______everyone keeps watching it.A. we all areB. we all beC. we all isD. we all was答案：A解析：本题考查主谓一致。

20232024学年全国初中八年级上英语人教版期末考卷一、选择题1. What is the main idea of the story?A. The importance of friendshipB. The joy of travelingC. The value of educationD. The power of music2. Which sentence best describes the author's purpose in writing the passage?A. To entertain the readerB. To inform the reader about a historical eventC. To persuade the reader to take actionD. To express the author's personal opinions3. What is the setting of the story?A. A small town in the countrysideB. A big city in the United StatesC. A remote island in the Pacific OceanD. A school in a developing country4. Which character in the story faces the most challenges?A. The protagonistB. The antagonistC. The sidekickD. The mentor5. What is the conflict in the story?A. Man vs. NatureB. Man vs. ManC. Man vs. SelfD. Man vs. Society二、填空题1. The ________ of the story is the main character who experiences the challenges and growth.3. The ________ of the story is the time and place where the events occur.4. The ________ of the story is the problem or struggle that the protagonist must face.5. The ________ of the story is the series of events that lead to the resolution of the conflict.三、简答题1. Describe the protagonist's character development throughout the story.2. Explain how the author uses descriptive language to create a vivid setting in the story.3. Discuss the theme of the story and how it is conveyed through the events and characters.4. Analyze the author's use of dialogue to reveal the characters' personalities and motivations.5. Compare and contrast the protagonist and the antagonist in terms of their goals, motivations, and actions.通过这些题目，我们可以检验学生在英语阅读理解方面的能力，并帮助他们更好地理解和分析文学作品。

The death penalty,or capital punishment,is a contentious issue that has been debated for centuries.While some argue that it is a necessary deterrent to crime and a just punishment for heinous acts,others believe it is a violation of human rights and an ineffective means of achieving justice.In this essay,I will explore the arguments in favor of the death penalty and why I believe it is a just and necessary part of our criminal justice system.Deterrence of CrimeOne of the primary arguments in favor of the death penalty is its potential to deter crime. The fear of a severe punishment,such as execution,can act as a powerful deterrent to those considering committing serious offenses.Studies have shown that the death penalty can have a significant impact on reducing the rates of certain types of crimes,particularly those that are heinous in nature,such as murder or acts of terrorism.Retribution and Closure for Victims FamiliesAnother compelling argument for the death penalty is the concept of retribution.For the families of victims,the execution of the perpetrator can provide a sense of justice and closure.It is a way for society to express its condemnation of the crime and to acknowledge the profound loss experienced by the victims family.This is particularly important in cases where the crime has caused widespread grief and shock.CostEffectivenessContrary to popular belief,the death penalty can be more costeffective than life imprisonment.The cost of housing and providing for a prisoner for life can be astronomical,especially when considering the need for security measures and the potential for legal appeals.In contrast,the death penalty,when carried out efficiently and without prolonged legal battles,can be a more economical option.Finality and Prevention of RecidivismThe death penalty provides a sense of finality that is often lacking in other forms of punishment.Unlike life imprisonment,which can be subject to parole or the possibility of escape,the death penalty ensures that the convicted individual will never again pose a threat to society.This is particularly important in cases where the crime was committed by a repeat offender or where there is a high risk of recidivism.Moral and Ethical ConsiderationsFrom a moral and ethical standpoint,the death penalty can be seen as a just punishment for the most serious crimes.It is a way for society to express its collective outrage at the violation of its most fundamental values.In this sense,the death penalty is not just about punishment it is about upholding the moral fabric of society.International ConsiderationsWhile it is true that many countries have abolished the death penalty,it is important to consider the cultural and legal contexts in which these decisions are made.In some societies,the death penalty is seen as a necessary part of the justice system,reflecting the values and beliefs of the people.It is not for other nations to impose their views on this matter,but rather to respect the sovereignty of each country in determining its own approach to justice.In conclusion,while the death penalty is a complex and emotionally charged issue,I believe that it serves an important role in our society.It acts as a deterrent to crime, provides closure for victims families,is costeffective,prevents recidivism,and upholds the moral and ethical standards of our society.As long as it is applied fairly,transparently, and with due consideration for the rights of the accused,the death penalty can be a just and necessary part of our criminal justice system.。

小学上册英语第1单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The __________ is essential for human survival and agriculture.2.The ancient Greeks are known for their contributions to _______.3.My mom collects ____ (vintage) items.4.I saw a _______ (小鹿) drinking water.5.How many colors are in a rainbow?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. EightC6.How many players are there in a rugby team?A. 11B. 13C. 15D. 7C7.The basic building blocks of matter are called _____.8.What is the term for a young bat?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. CubA9. A mixture can be separated by physical _______.10.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. VanillaB. CocoaC. SugarD. MilkB11.We can _______ (打篮球) in the gym.12.What do you call a baby chicken?A. DucklingB. GoslingC. ChickD. Puppy13.Rivers can carve out __________ over time.14.I tell my __________ about my day. (父母)15.The _____ (花园) is full of life.16.We will visit the ________ this weekend.17.What color do you get by mixing red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. OrangeD. Brown18.What is the name of the famous American musician known for "Shape of You"?A. Ed SheeranB. Justin BieberC. Sam SmithD. Charlie PuthA19.We can _______ (一起) ride bicycles.20.What do we call the process of plants making food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. DigestionD. Fermentation21.The phone is _____ (ringing/silent).22.The ______ teaches us about journalism.23.I can _____ my bicycle very fast. (ride)24.Fire requires fuel, oxygen, and ______.25.The cat is _______ (sleeping/eating) on the sofa.26.What is the opposite of "up"?A. DownB. LeftC. RightD. AcrossA27.The country known for its indigenous cultures is ________ (以土著文化闻名的国家是________).28.What do we call the process of a seed developing into a new plant?A. GerminationB. PollinationC. GrowthD. FertilizationA29.What do you call the first meal of the day?A. LunchB. DinnerC. BreakfastD. Snack30.What is the opposite of light?A. HeavyB. DarkC. BrightD. Soft31.The _____ (jellyfish) is floating.32.The __________ (历史的探究) invites curiosity.33.The __________ is a prominent feature of the landscape.34.The artist, ______ (艺术家), creates sculptures from clay.35.What do you call a young female horse?A. ColtB. FillyC. FoalD. MareB36.My aunt enjoys baking ____ (cookies) for the holidays.37. A frog goes through ______ stages in its life.38.Pyramids are famous landmarks in __________. (埃及)39.What is the capital of Slovakia?A. BratislavaB. KošiceC. PrešovD. NitraA40.What do we call the time when we celebrate Halloween?A. HolidayB. FestivalC. PartyD. All of the above41. Carta is considered a foundational document for ________ (民主). The Magn42.The tree has green ________.43.What do you call a person who helps a doctor?A. NurseB. TeacherC. ChefD. EngineerA44.What is the name of the famous explorer who discovered America in 1492?A. Christopher ColumbusB. Ferdinand MagellanC. Vasco da GamaD. Marco PoloA45.The chemical symbol for chlorine is __________.46.The chemical formula for silver bromide is _______.47.What is the name of the famous ancient structure in Greece?A. ColosseumB. ParthenonC. Great WallD. Taj MahalB Parthenon48.The _____ (草坪) is great for playing games.49.I want a pet _______ (fish).50.What do you call the process of turning liquid into gas?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporationD. Condensation51.The ______ (生物圈) is vital for maintaining ecological balance.52.The process of ionization produces charged ______.53.The _______ (Marshall Plan) aided European recovery after WWII.54.What is the name of the famous novel written by Harper Lee?A. 1984B. The Great GatsbyC. To Kill a MockingbirdD. Pride and PrejudiceC55.Animals that sleep during the winter are said to __________.56.How many players are on a soccer team?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 12C57.What do you call a tall structure used for climbing?A. TowerB. HillC. MountainD. Cliff58.What do we call a sweet treat made from meat?A. JerkyB. SausageC. BaconD. All of the above59.I hope to create a new ________ (玩具名) that everyone will love. It would be very ________ (形容词)!60.I feel ________ (兴奋) about the trip.61.The ______ (树木的) roots spread wide underground.62.根据短文内容,选出Tom和 Chen Jie 书包里的物品。