2012职称英语新增理工A完形填空分析注释压缩板

2012年全国职称英语等级考试理工类A级真题及详解第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题l分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1.We almost ran into a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us without signaling.A.overtookB.passedC.foundD.hit【答案】D【解析】句意：我们差点撞上前面一辆没有打信号灯的劳斯莱斯。

run into碰撞。

hit打击，碰撞。

二者意思相近，可相互替换。

overtook为overtake的过去式，意为“赶上，替代”。

pass通过，传递。

found为find“发现”的过去式。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

2.He shifted his position a little,in order to alleviate the pain in his leg.A.controlB.easeC.experienceD.suffer【答案】B【解析】句意：他稍微换了个姿势，以减轻腿部的疼痛。

alleviate减轻，缓和。

ease减轻，缓和。

二者意思相近，可相互替换。

control控制，管理。

experience经验，体验。

suffer忍受。

因此，本题的正确答案为B。

3.Our aim was to update the health service and we succeeded.A.offerB.provideC.modernizeD.fund【答案】C【解析】句意：我们的目标是更新健康服务，我们做到了。

update更新。

modernize 使现代化。

二者意思相近，可相互替换。

offer提供，给予。

provide提供，供给。

fund 提供资金。

因此，本题的正确答案为C。

4.Every week the magazine presents the profile of a well-known sports personality.A.descriptionB.successC.evidenceD.plan【答案】A【解析】句意：每周杂志都会刊登一名体育明星的个人简介。

+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters鲨鱼有益于地球水系It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to attack people frequently. But these fish perform a valuable service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their existence .Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth.要让人们相信鲨鱼不是人类的死敌不是一件很容易的事。

人们认为鲨鱼经常袭击人类。

但鲨鱼在为地球水系和人类做着有价值的贡献。

商业和捕鱼运动仍在威胁着它们的生存，有些鲨鱼面临着从地球上消失的危险。

Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the times when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.温暖的气候影响着鱼类和鲨鱼的活动。

2012理工类完形填空新增文章（含练习解析及译文）*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate changeand 2 development．She warns that many o f the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents."Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ． The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoodsthat may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—of f approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.词汇：vulnerable / 'v?ln?r?bl / adj ．易受伤害的infrastructure / 'infr?,str?kt?? / n ．基础设施sociologist /,s?usi'?l?d?ist /n．社会学家substandard / ,s?b'st?nd?d / adj．标准以下的dioxide / dai'?ksaid / ．二氧化物floodplain /'fl?dplein / n ．泛滥平原注释：1. likely：很可能，或许。

2012年职称英语教材(理工类)完形填空新增内容2012年职称英语教材（理工类）完形填空新增内容第三篇： Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different typesof 1 ：yuan in China，pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom，dollars in the United States，Australia and New Zealand．They may use 2 currencies，but these countries，and probably all countries，still have onething in common：Germs on the banknotes．Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 years．At the turn of the20th 3 ，some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could sprea disease．Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 country．In a new study，In print on fabric that is mostly 8 Different countries may use different 9 to print their money．Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 ，such as the American dollar，were made from cotton．Others were made from polymers．The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers．They included the Australian dollar，the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos．The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money—and whether or not we need to be concerned．Vriesekoop is now starting a study thatwill 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills．Whatever Vriesekoop finds，the fact remains：Paper money harbors germs．We should wash our 1 5 after touching it after all, you never know where your money’s been．Or what’s living on it．第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort FoodFights LonelinessMashed potatoes，macaroni and cheese，may be bad for your arteries． 1 according to a studyin Psychological Science，they’re good for your heart and 2 ．The study focuses on“comfort food”and how it makes people feel．“For me 3 ，food has always played a big role in my family，”says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo，and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show，building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the sameeffect 6 making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment，in order to make 7 feel lonely，the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment．Then，some people in each 8 wrote aboutthe experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food． 9 ，the researchershad participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．“We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．”says Troisi．“Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those closeothers．”In 12 essays on comfort food，many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends． In another experiment， 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships，but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfortfood．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment，along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it．Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress，often associated with our 15 with others，“Troisi says．”Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．练习：1．A but B if C though D while2．A personality B movement C emotions D will 3．A privately B usefully C awfully D personally 4．A looked for B looked at C lookedafter D looked up5．A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying6．A with B on C by D at7．A professors B participants Cassistants D scientists8．A group B class C section D part9．A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally 10．A remember B explain C rewrite D complete 11．A sad B secure C shy D angry12．A your B our C his D their13．A accident B harm C experience D model 14．A eating B exchanging C buying D keepingl 5．A expressions B estimation C cooperationD connections第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks forUnprepared CitiesA new examlnation of urban policies hasbeen 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate changeand 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work aso concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gasesare known to affect the atmosphere．“Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world，”says Romero Lankao．“But too few cities are developing effectivestrategies to 5 their residents."Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those mostseverely affected by future climate change．Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable，and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ．The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populatlons at greater risk for natural disasters．Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather．Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weathe can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such asdrinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especiallyvnlnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandardhousing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments， 12 ，should take measures to protect their residents.“Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningfulresponses， Romero Lankao writes．“They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs．They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. ln fact，manylocal governments are taking ahands—off approach．”Thus，she urges themto change tneir 15 policies and to take strong stepsto prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.1．A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back2．A economic B industrial C rural D urban3．A reduce B increase C study D measure4．A crops B gases C fruits D Plant55．A educate B evaluate C protect D identify6．A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major7．A uses B chances C cures D benefits8．A threats B interests C functions D differences 9．A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildlyl0．A provide B improve C lack D update11．A without B with C in D on12．A moreover B therefore C however D though13．A other than B more than C less than D rather than14．A train B automobile C bus D bike15．A idle B smart C busy D secure第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food CouldNeutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs freeof 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food，researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a newstudy．Statins reduce the 3 ofunhealthy“LDL”cholesterol in the blood．A wealth oftrial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 ．In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake． Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study，said：“Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack，taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it．”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthvcondiments in fast food outlets as they 10 ，but statins，which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed．It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar。

2012年职称英语（综合类）考试教材新增内容（完整版）1. 词汇选项：没有变动2. 阅读判断：C级新增1篇，B级新增1篇，A级没有新增3. 概括大意与完成句子：C级新增1篇，B、A级没有新增4. 阅读理解：C级新增5篇、B级新增15篇，A级新增8篇5. 补全短文：C级新增2篇、B级新增1篇，A级没有新增6. 完形填空：C级、B级、A级各新增5篇阅读理解（8篇）+第三十四篇To Have and Have Not 逃亡+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way选择她自己的路+第三十六篇 A Tale of scottish Rural Life（2011为B级文章）一个关于苏格兰乡村生活的故事+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa 非洲的流行音乐+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?为什么有这么多的孩子+第三十九篇Eat To Life（2011为B级文章）为了活着吃饭+第四十篇Narrow Escape （2011为B级文章）美国疾病预防新政策+第四十七篇Narrow Escape九死一生完形填空（5篇）+第十一篇School Lunch+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence+第十三篇The Old Gate+第十四篇Family History+第十五篇Helen and Martin注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；阅读理解+第三十四篇To Have and Have NotIt had been boring hanging about the hotel all afternoon. The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes. Folding them into small planes to see whose would fly the furthest.1 Having nothing better to do，I joined in and won five，and then took the opportunity to escape with my profit. Despite the evil-looking clouds，I had to get out for a while.I headed for a shop on the other side of the street. Unlike the others，it didn't have a sign shouting its name and business，and instead of the usual impersonal modern lighting，there was an appealing glow inside. Strangely nothing was displayed in the window. Not put off by this，I went inside.It took my breath away. I didn't know where to look, where to start. On one wall there hung three hand-stitched American quilts that were in such wonderful condition they might have been newly-made. I came across tin toys and antique furniture, and on the wall in front of me, a 1957 Stratocaster guitar , also in excellent condition. A card pushed between the strings said $50. I ran my hand along a long shelf of records, reading their titles. And there was more...“Can I help you？”She startled me. I hadn't even seen the woman behind the counter come in. The way she looked at me, so directly and with such power. It was a look of such intensity that for a moment I felt as if I were wrapped in some kind of magnetic or electrical field. I found it hard to take and almost turned away. But though it was uncomfortable. I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her.Besides amusement her expression showed sympathy. It was impossible to tell her age；she reminded me faintly of my grandmother because, although her eyes were friendly, I could see that she was not a woman to fall out with. I spoke at last. 'I was just looking really,' I said, though secretly wondering how much of the stuff I could cram into the bus.The woman turned away and went at once towards a back room, indicating that I should follow her. But it in no way lived up to the first room. The light made me feel peculiar, too. It came from an oil lamp that was hung from the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything. There were no rare electric guitars, no old necklaces, no hand-painted boxes with delicate flowers. It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers.I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded, making their titles impossible to read. 'They look interesting,' I said, with some hesitation. 'To be able to understand that kind of writing you must first have had a similar experience,' she said clearly. She noted the confused look on my face, but didn't add anything.She reached up for a small book which she handed to me. 'This is the best book I can give you at the moment,' she laughed. “If you u se it.” I opened the book to find it full. or rather empty, with blank white pages, but paid her the few dollars she asked for it, becoming embarrassed when I realised the notes were still folded into little paper planes. I put the book in my pocket, thanked her and left.词汇：impersonal /im'pə:sənəl/ adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；[语] 非人称的n.[语]非人称动词；不具人格的事物antique /æn'ti:k/ adj. 古老的，年代久远的n. 古董，古玩startle /'stɑ:tl/ vt. vi. 使吓一跳，使惊奇n.惊愕，惊恐arid / 'ærid/ adj. 干旱的，枯萎的。

2012年职称英语综合类所有新增文章(含练习解析及译文)2012年职称英语综合类新增文章（含练习解析及译文）阅读判断（2篇）第七篇Moderate Earthquake Strikes England*第十一篇Computer Mouse概括大意与完成句子（2篇）第六篇How We Form First lmpression第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language阅读理解（15篇）第一篇Telling Tales about People第八篇The Changing Middle Class第十篇 A Letter from Alan第十一篇The Development of Ballet第十六篇The Sahara*第十九篇The Family*第二十篇Tales of the Terrible Past*第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago*第三十篇“Lucky” Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead*第三十三篇Oseola McCarty+第三十四篇To Have and Have Not+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?+第四十七篇Narrow Escape补全短文（2篇）第九篇Heat Is Killer*第十一篇Virtual Driver完形填空（15篇）第一篇 A Life with Birds第二篇 A Lucky Break第三篇Global Warming第四篇 A Success Story第五篇Traffic in Our Cities第六篇Teaching and learning*第七篇The Difference between Man and Computer*第八篇Look on The Bright Side*第九篇The First Bicycle*第十篇Working Mothers+第十一篇School Lunch+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence+第十三篇The Old Gate+第十四篇Family History+第十五篇Helen and Martin译文见最后注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、阅读判断，请参见第4页；概括大意与完成句子，请参见第8页；阅读理解，请参见第13页；补全短文，请参见第43页3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。

+12 Dreams（新增）Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our senses , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+14 A Health Profile （新增）A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health．To draw your health profile，you will need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at work,ow your daily diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage in ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart，and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests．Once this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based on your particular portrait．For example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends，you should quit smoking first，followed by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease．Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in excellent health．a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit him in the future．+15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （新增）A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factors shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.。

2012年职称英语教材新增内容2012年职称英语教材新增内容：综合类理工类卫生类C级B级A级C级B级A级 C级 B级 A级词汇选项没有新增没有新增没有新增阅读判断1篇1篇0概括大意与完成句子2篇0 0阅读理解5篇5篇5篇2篇2篇2篇 1篇 2篇 2篇补全短文1篇1篇0没有新增没有新增完形填空5篇5篇5篇2篇2篇2篇 1篇 1篇 3篇一、新教材内容变化内容及数量【职称英语三个类别（综合类、理工类、卫生类）】1．职称英语三个类别中的只有综合类阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子、补全短文三个题型的文章篇目发生了改变：阅读判断更新了2篇文章，其中C级别1篇，B级别1篇；概括大意与完成句子更新了2篇，均为C级别文章；补全短文更新了2篇，其中C级别1篇，B级别1篇（较2011年相比）。

2．职称英语三个类别中的阅读理解题型文章均发生了较大变化，其中综合类文章变化最大：综合类更新15篇文章，其中每个级别更新5篇（较2011年相比）；理工类更新6篇文章，其中每个级别更新2篇（较2011年相比）；卫生类更新5篇文章，其中A级别和C级别各更新1篇文章，B级别更新3篇文章，（较2011年相比）。

3．职称英语三个类别中的完型填空文章均有变化，其中综合类文章变化最大：综合类更新15篇，其中每个级别更新5篇（较2011年相比）；理工类更新6篇文章，每个级别更新2篇文章（较2011年相比）；卫生类更新5篇文章，其中B级别和C级别各更新1篇，A级别更新3篇（较2011年相比）。

二、2012年职称英语国家指定教材较2011年职称英语教材变化主要体现在以下4个方面：1. 2012年职称英语教材较2011年教材中的文章的选材更加贴近生活，聚焦社会热点问题。

如：l (1) 综合类：The Family 家庭l (2) 理工类：Making Light of1 Sleep不要太在意睡眠l (3) 卫生类：Eat Healthy健康饮食这些话题都是来自我们平时的生活，另外一些文章是社会聚焦的热点话题和大事件，如：l (4) 综合类：“The Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠”，“Global Warming 全球变暖”，这两篇文章都是聚焦环境问题；l(5) 理工类：“Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险”这篇文章关注的是气候问题；“‘Liquefaction’ Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage ‘液化’是日本地震破坏的关键”聚焦影响全球的日本地震事件；l (6)卫生类：“Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years 上世纪人类平均寿命的变化”2. 去年的新增文章、文章题材较老的文章篇目大多数都被替换掉，三个类别新增文章的大多数篇目都是替换了去年的新增文章篇目。

Germs病菌on Banknotes纸币People in different countries use different types of money yuan in China, pesos比索in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use different currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 years. At the turn of the 20th century, some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency within one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different countries.Vriesekoop is a microbiologist微生物学家at the University of Ballarat in Australia. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors小贩and cafes, because those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria细菌-no more than 10 per square centimeter厘米. Chinese yuan had the most-about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly fabric. Different countries may use different materials to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his team such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers［高分子」聚合物.The three currencies with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.The other currencies were printed on fabric made mostly of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that germs have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will compare the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors藏有germs We should wash our hands after touching it; after all, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on itChicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed被捣成糊浆的potatoes, macaroni通心粉and cheese奶酪, may be bad for your arteries．but according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and emotions．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel．"For me personally, food has always played a big role in my family,” sa ys Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has looked at non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their favorite TV show, building virtual虚拟的relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect by making people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment指定作业. Then, some people in each group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．Finally, the researchers had participants complete questions about their levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder起提醒作用的东西of those close others．"In their essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the experience of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experi ence stress, often associated with our connections with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy药物for loneliness．Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist社会学家specializing in climate change and urban development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide二氧化物and other greenhouse gases．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents."Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable易受伤害的,and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefits．The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard标准以下的housing without access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, therefore, should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets销售点could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study．Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack risk.In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset抵消the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the unheal effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments调味品in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provide free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per custom -not much different to a sachet小包of sugar.” Dr Francis said．When peop le engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take measure that lower their risk, 1ike wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational合理的way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．。

1、Captain Cook Arrow LegendIt was a great legend while it lasted，but DNA testing has 1、A. finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook B. who __ died in the Sandwich Islands’in 1779．“There is 3、 D. no Cook in the AustralianMuseum，”museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’S bone．But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its 4、B. exhibition“Uncovered：Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which5、 D. does include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778．Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with 6、A. discovering the“Great South Land，”7、 B. now Australia, in 1 770．He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands，now HawaiiThe 1egend of Cook’s arrow began in 1 824 8、C. when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams，a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife，saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal 9、B. fight with islanders．In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued 10、B. until it came face=to-face with science．DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more 11、C. likely made of animal bone。